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Violence Against Women Violence Against Women Karen F. Balkin, Book Editor Daniel Leone,President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor Helen Cothran, Senior Editor CURRENT CONTROVERSIES San Diego • Detroit • New York • San Francisco • Cleveland New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich © 2004 by Greenhaven Press. Greenhaven Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Greenhaven® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover credit: © Najlah Feanny/CORBIS SABA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Violence against women / Karen F. Balkin, book editor. p. cm. — (Current controversies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-2042-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-2041-7 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Women—Violence against. 2. Women—Violence against—United States. I. Balkin, Karen F., 1949– . II. Series. HV6250.4.W65V536 2004 362.88'082—dc21 2003048328 Printed in the United States of America Contents Foreword 8 Introduction 10 Chapter 1: Is Violence Against Women in the United States a Serious Problem? Chapter Preface 15 Yes: Violence Against Women in the United States Is a Serious Problem Violence Against Women Is a Serious Problem by Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes 17 Physical violence against women in America is widespread, injurious, and sometimes deadly. Since most violence against women is committed by intimates, violence prevention strategies must focus on how women can protect themselves from loved ones. Rape Is a Serious Problem for Women by Alyn Pearson 22 Rape pervades every aspect of American society and is a threat to all women. Men and women must change the cultural environment that toler- ates and encourages rape. Prison Rape Is a Serious Problem for Women by Andrea C. Poe 29 Sexual abuse of female prisoners in the United States is epidemic. Unfor- tunately, only ten U.S. states have laws prohibiting staff members from engaging in sexual abuse of prisoners, and prisoners have little recourse against abusive guards. Violence Against Women of Color Is a Serious Problem by Angela Davis 32 Women of color experience physical violence of all types at a much greater rate than do white women. Addressing the problem of violence against women of color will require more than just providing social ser- vices for the victim; activists must change the social conditions that make such inequality possible. Violence in Lesbian Relationships Is a Serious Problem by Jacqueline Williams and Kathleen O’Connell 39 Domestic violence within lesbian relationships has been traditionally regarded as rare. However, recent evidence has debunked this myth about same-sex violence and proven that violent lesbian relationships can be just as dangerous for women as violent heterosexual relationships. No: The Problem of Violence Against Women in the United States Has Been Exaggerated The Problem of Violence Against Women in the United States Is Exaggerated by Richard L. Davis 42 Violence against women is terrible but does not occur nearly as often as feminists maintain. The women’s rights movement has inflated the num- ber of victims and portrayed all men as batterers and all women as equally at risk for being battered, when, in fact, research proves other- wise. Feminists Exaggerate the Prevalence of Rape by Wendy McElroy 47 Feminists have exaggerated the prevalence of rape to further their own financial and political agendas. Moreover, they have trivialized rape by classifying abusive comments as assault and accepting claims of attack without requiring proof. Advocacy Groups Exaggerate the Prevalence of Female Rape in Prisons by Dyanne Petersen 50 Female prison inmates are not often rape victims; rather they are willing participants in consensual sexual relationships with male staff members. Many women initiate relationships hoping for emotional commitment or special privileges and then report abuse when their plans go awry. Female Violence Against Men Is a Serious Problem by Richard J. Gelles 56 Recent statistics show that women are just as likely as men to initiate domestic violence. Domestic battery should be considered violence between intimates, not violence against women. Chapter 2: What Causes Violence Against Women? Chapter Preface 64 Pornography Causes Violence Against Women by Kristin Olson 66 Studies have shown that viewing violent pornography increases men’s acceptance of violence against women. Those who consume violent por- nography sometimes recreate what they see or read, causing injury and death to hundreds of women every year. Pornography Does Not Cause Violence Against Women by the American Civil Liberties Union 73 There is no conclusive proof that pornography, even violent pornography, causes violent sex crimes against women. The suppression of pornogra- phy violates the right to free speech and impedes the struggle for women’s rights. Men Are Biologically Inclined to Rape by Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer 77 Men are biologically hardwired to rape. The instinct to rape gives low- status men, who might not be chosen by women as mates, a chance for reproductive equality with more desirable males. Claims That Men Are Biologically Inclined to Rape Are Faulty by Laura Flanders 82 Men rape for social and psychological reasons, not because they are bio- logically driven to do so. Homosexual rape, the rape of the very old and very young, and the impotence of many rapists contradict the evolution- ary theory that rape is an instrument of reproduction. Promoting Marriage to Reduce Poverty Will Increase Violence Against Women by the Family Violence Prevention Fund 85 Allowing welfare funds to be used to promote marriage among welfare recipients in an effort to reduce poverty may endanger women. Coercing women into staying in abusive relationships will only increase violence against women. Promoting Marriage to Reduce Poverty Will Decrease Violence Against Women by Patrick F. Fagan and Kirk A. Johnson 88 Mothers who are or have ever been married are far less likely to experi- ence violent crime than those who never marry. Efforts to promote mar- riage among welfare recipients will therefore result in a decrease in vio- lence against women. Poverty Increases Women’s Vulnerability to Abuse by Susanne Beechey and Jacqueline Payne 93 Because their employment and economic security are constantly threat- ened by domestic and sexual violence, battered women are often unable to leave their abusers and become trapped in a cycle of poverty and abuse. Patriarchy Encourages Violence Against Women by Deborah J. Cohan 102 Patriarchy, the domination of women by men, is at the root of all violence against women. Violence against women will not end until patriarchy does. Chapter 3: Are Current Approaches to Reducing Violence Against Women Effective? Chapter Preface 106 Yes: Current Legal and Social Remedies Are Effective Mandatory Arrest Laws Reduce Domestic Violence by Christopher D. Maxwell, Joel H. Garner, and Jeffrey A. Fagan 108 Arresting batterers is associated with less repeat offending. Further, there is no association between arresting the offender and an increased risk of subsequent aggression against the batterer’s partner. Therapy for Abusers Helps Reduce Domestic Violence by Cindy Baskin et al., interviewed by the Education Wife Assault Newsletter 114 Batterers who have completed therapy programs show reduced physical and psychological aggression toward women, and their recidivism rates are half those of batterers who did not participate in therapy programs. The Violence Against Women Act Is Necessary to Protect Women by Judith Resnik 122 The federal government has an obligation to secure women’s physical safety. The Violence Against Women Act offers federal remedies to abused women who have not been adequately protected by state laws. Changing Male Attitudes Reduces Sexual Violence by Andy Peck 127 Teaching boys that sexual aggression is always unacceptable and supply- ing them with male role models to help them become empathic toward women is the only way to reduce rape. No: Current Legal and Social Remedies Are Ineffective Mandatory Arrest Laws Do Not Reduce Domestic Violence by John Klofas 136 Research has shown that mandatory arrest laws do not provide universal protection for abused women and may put some women in even greater jeopardy. Therapy for Abusers Does Not Help Reduce Domestic Violence by Martin Dufresne 140 There is no reliable evidence that batterers’ intervention programs reduce violence against women. Men should be sanctioned for their abusive behavior, not coddled with therapy. The Violence Against Women Act Is Unconstitutional by Anita K. Blair and Charmaine Yoest 146 The federal Violence Against Women Act is unnecessary and unconstitu- tional. State and local authorities have proper jurisdiction and can best ensure the personal safety of women. Chapter 4: What Is the Extent of Violence Against Women Worldwide? Worldwide Violence Against Women: An Overview by Charlotte Watts and
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