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Mobile Crowd Sourced Translation for Emerging Technologies Mobile Crowd Sourced Translation for Emerging Technologies by Leroy Finn, BA (Mod.) A Dissertation submitted to the University of Dublin, Trinity College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science 2011 Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that this work has not previously been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this, or any other University, and that unless otherwise stated, is my own work. ….................................................................................. Leroy Finn August 31, 2011 2 Permission to Lend and/or Copy I, the undersigned, agree that Trinity College Library may lend or copy this thesis upon request. ….................................................................................. Leroy Finn August 31, 2011 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my project supervisor Dr. David Lewis for all his help and support during this project. It couldn‟t have been a success without him. I would like to thank all my family especially my parents for helping me through the Masters. Finally I would like to thank all the participants who took part in the evaluation of this project. Leroy Finn August 2011 4 Mobile Crowd Sourced Translation for Emerging Technologies Leroy Finn University of Dublin, Trinity College, 2011 Supervisor: Dr. David Lewis Facebook and NGOs such as Translators Without Borders, have shown the power of motivating unpaid volunteers, working over the web, to complete large scale document translation tasks. The volunteers that take part gain a sense of achievement and community with the other volunteer translators. It also gives these volunteers that take part a valuable training experience for those that are trying to develop their professional translation skills. At the moment, most crowdsourced translation systems on the market are designed and targeted at desktop based browsers inspired by the design of professional computer assisted translation tools. This means a large population of potential translators cannot access these tools because these translators are living in less developed or emerging economies where PC access is rare. In these less developed economies, Internet access for business and personal computing is mostly conducted via mobile phones. In some countries, even where economic development is strong a majority of people don‟t choose desktop computing for conducting their personal computing business but opt for their mobile phones. This dissertation examines by means of a prototype, how translation crowdsourcing could be offered in such regions by providing powerful services (such as document segmentation, community management and machine translation) on the cloud in a way that can be accessed via web browsers on mobile devices. This prototype is unique in the way that translation data is stored semantically via the use of a RDF triple store. This means relationships can be built up between data in the triple store such that data can be captured, shared and reused in many other jobs. This means that the language resources in the triple store could help to ease issues that exist in long-tail localization jobs, where translation of material is needed but the demand is not big enough to warrant a translation. The prototype was evaluated on a sample crowd to see if this type of application is usable on a mobile device and also to see if the prototype can truly harness the power of the crowd. 5 Contents Mobile Crowd Sourced Translation for Emerging Technologies .................................................. 1 Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Permission to Lend and/or Copy .................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Motivation .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Hypothesis.............................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 Research Approach ................................................................................................................ 13 1.5 Outline of Dissertation ........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 State of The Art ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Translation and localisation ................................................................................................... 15 2.2 What is Mobile translation? ................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Crowdsourcing ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Crowdsourcing Techniques.................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Open issues in mobile translation .......................................................................................... 27 2.6 Technology Research ............................................................................................................. 28 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3 Design ........................................................................................................................ 38 3.1 Functional Requirements ....................................................................................................... 38 3.1.1 Sociability .............................................................................................................. 38 3.1.2 Usability ................................................................................................................. 38 6 3.2 Design Choices.......................................................................................................................40 3.2.1 Project Scoping. ..................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Data Storage ........................................................................................................... 39 3.3 Key Components....................................................................................................................41 3.3.1 User Pages..............................................................................................................41 3.3.2 Job Life Cycle ........................................................................................................ 41 3.3.3 Deliberations .......................................................................................................... 43 3.3.4 Translation ............................................................................................................. 44 3.3.5 Keyboards .............................................................................................................. 45 3.3.6 Data Model ............................................................................................................ 45 3.3.7 RDFLogger ............................................................................................................ 48 3.3.8 Mobile design......................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 4 Implementation ........................................................................................................ 52 4.1 Deployment ............................................................................................................................ 52 4.1.1 Sesame Server ........................................................................................................ 53 4.1.2 Sesame Workbench ................................................................................................ 53 4.1.3 RDFLogger ............................................................................................................ 53 4.1.4 Visualiser ............................................................................................................... 54 4.1.5 Prototype ................................................................................................................ 56 4.2 Details of Implementation ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Home Page ............................................................................................................
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