Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures
THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Bucharest April 22-24, 2016
DIMITRIE CANTEMIR CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY BOARD
Professor Momcilo Luburici, President of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Professor Corina Adriana Dumitrescu, President of the Senate of the Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Professor Cristiana Cristureanu, Rector of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Professor Georgeta Ilie, Vice-Rector, Research Department, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
Associate Professor Anna Babka (University of Vienna) Professor Marianne Baudin (Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris XIII) Professor Bouchra Benbella (Dhar EL Mehraz Fès) Associate Professor Mónica Bolufer University of Valencia Associate Professor Frédéric Canovas (Arizona State University) Associate Professor Ana-Maria Chisega-Negrilă (Carol I University) Professor Cyra Akila Choudhury (Florida International University) Professor Claire M. Crabtree (University of Detroit) Associate Professor Zoe Dirse (Sheridan College Toronto) Associate Professor Carmen Duţu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Associate Professor Anh Duong Kim (The Vietnam Women’s Academy) Associate Professor Corrine Fournier-Kiss (University of Fribourg) Professor Arianne M. Gaetano (Auburn University) Associate Professor Susanne Hochreiter (University of Vienna) Associate Professor Nancy Honicker (Université de Paris VIII) Associate Professor Nancy Isenberg (University of Rome III) Professor Greg Kucich (University of Notre Dame) Professor Justine Legrand (Paris Sorbonne University) Professor Hélène Lenz (Université de Strasbourg) Researcher Ph.D. Isabel Lousada (Nova University, Lisbon) Professor Ines Sanchez de Madariaga (Technical University of Madrid) Associate Professor Miho Matsugu (DePaul University) Professor Pamela McCauley Bush (University of Central Florida) Professor Ileana Mihăilă (University of Bucharest) Professor Katja Mihurko Poniz (University of Nova Gorice) Professor Anne Marie Miraglia (University of Waterloo) Professor Mechthild E. Nagel (State University of New York, Cortland) Dr. Barbara Nelson (Ph.D. University of Michigan, University of Bucharest) Associate Professor Efstratia Oktapoda (Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV) Dr. Arnaud Paturet (CNRS/ENS, Paris) Associate Professor Agata Popescu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Professor Najib Redouane (California State University, Long Beach) Professor Klas Roth (Stockholm University) Associate Professor Rui Shen (United States Naval Academy) Professor Marie Nedregotten Sørbø (Volda University College) Associate Professor Mădălina Tomescu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Professor Brigitte Urbani (Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence) Professor Susanne Maria Weber (Philipps-Universität Marburg) Professor Carolyn Wells Kraus (University of Michigan-Dearborn) PRESIDENT OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Ramona Mihăilă, Professor Ph.D. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University)
PROGRAM ORGANIZERS
Gabriela Iliuţă, Associate Professor Ph.D. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Mihaela Mateescu, Assistant Professor Ph.D. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Maria Cernat, (Associate Professor Ph.D. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Roxana Mareş, Assistant Professor Ph.D.c. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Maria Boatca, Assistant Professor Ph.D. (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University)
Cristina Sârbu, MA student (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Paula Băloiu, MA student (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Anca Ionescu, student (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Adriana Alistar, student (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) Irina Mocanu, student (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University)
CO-ORGANIZERS
Sara Hunziker, independent scholar Ph.D., Zurich Isabel Lousada, Researcher Ph.D. (Nova University, Lisbon) Luiza Oancea, Assistant Professor Ph.D. (University of Bucharest) Ludmila Branişte, Associate Professor Ph.D. (Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi) Gina Nimigean, Assistant Professor Ph.D. (Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi)
PARTNERS
GenderSTE – Science, Technology, Environment, GENDER, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT – GENDERSTE, TN 1201 COST PROJECT The National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather, Bucharest Women Writers in History, Huygens Institute, the Hague, The Department of German Studies (University of Vienna), Département d’Études des Pays Anglophones (DEPA), University Paris VIII, Paris-Sorbonne University New University of Lisbon -Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities - CICS.NOVA -Inter- disciplinary Centre for Social Sciences The Vietnam Women’s Academy Department of Romanian as a Foreign Language, Faculty of Letters, Al. I. Cuza University, Iași Center for Gender and Intercultural Studies, SUNY Cortland, New York The Contemporary Science Association (New York) The Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (New York) Addleton Academic Publishers (New York) CONTENTS
Program 07
Abstracts 27
Participants 87
Conference Program THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY Day Day 1, (22 April) Day 2, (23 April) Day 3, (24 April) 10.00 Opening remarks Registration Parallel sections 10.30 Room 130 Gender Feminine Repre- Gender Keynote Speech Keynote Speech and senta- Readings – 10.30 Mechthild Nagel Susanne Hochreiter Masculine tions in Contemporary 12.00 Gender and the Law “Love. Respect. Conchita“ or: Queering Europe Roles Society Intersections Room 130 Room 130 Room 130 Room Room 122 121 Closing remarks 12.00 Lunch break Lunch break Room 130 14.00 Trip Parallel sections Parallel sections Women’s Gender Gender Representation in Feminine Identity 14.00 Women’s Spaces Roles in Representatio Romanian Politics – Identities Representa- 15.30 in Theatrical Private and ns in Pluralist Underrepresentation Reflected in tions of Discourse Public Contexts versus Positive Literature Gender Room 121 Spaces Room 130 Discrimination Room 130 Room 121 Room 122 Room 71 15.30 Coffee break Coffee break 16.00 Parallel sections Parallel sections
Women’s Gender Gender- Gender Representation in Women 16.00 Representa- Related “They wrote Representations Romanian Politics – Writers in a 17.30 tions in Issues in too” in Pluralist Underrepresentation Transnational French Linguistics Room 121 Contexts versus Positive Context Spaces Room 122 Room 130 Discrimination Room 130 Room 121 Room 71
7
THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
April 22, 2016
Opening remarks
10.00-10.30
Room 130
Georgeta Ilie, Vice Rector, Research Department, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University
Ramona Mihăilă, Dean of Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University
10.30- 11.30
Plenary lecture
Mechthild Nagel Center for Gender and Intercultural Studies, SUNY Cortland, New York
Gender and the Law
Room 130
9 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Representations in Pluralist Contexts
Chair: Athena Enderstein
Room 130
Estella Ciobanu (Ovidius University, Constanţa) En-gendering Knowledge, Gendering Western Society: The Politics of Gender in Biomedical Representation at the Turn of the Millennium
Andrei Horațiu Ionescu (University of Bucharest) Women in Public Television
Ramona Dima (University of Bucharest) The Homophobic Attitudes and the Romanian Media: Case Study on Several Queer Cultural Products
Andreea Paris (University of Bucharest) Dislodging Moloch’s Masculinity in Allen Ginsberg’s Howl
Codruţa Mirela Stănişoară (University of Craiova) Of Colour and Gender in the African American Women’s Writing
10 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Women’s Spaces in Theatrical Discourse
Chair: Carmen Ghinea
Room 122
Iulia Waniek (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Gender Trouble in Classical Japanese Literature: Transvestite Characters in Heian Monogatari
Oana-Alis Zaharia Popescu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Gender, Translation and the System of Patronage in Elizabethan England
Codruţa Badea (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) The Role of the Masks in Theatrical Representations
Sara Hunziker (independent scholar Ph.D., Zurich) Of Different Types of Femininity in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Silvia Tita (National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.) Defining Female Identity through Playing Cards in the Late Sixteenth Century
11 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Women’s Representation in Romanian Politics – Underrepresentation versus Positive Discrimination
Chair: Maria Cernat
Room 71
Dan Mihalache (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Gender Quotas – Is This a Possible Solution for Gender Equality in Politics?
Marcela Monica Stoica (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) The Impact of Recent Political and Social Transformations on Political Efficiency and Participation of Women in Romania
Sonia Cristina Marghioala (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women in Politics – Social Representations and Media Representations
Sabin Drăgulin (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Gender Quotas – A Form of Democratization of the Romanian Political Parties
Ilarion Țiu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Stereotypes and Representations of Women in TV Ads in Romania
12 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
“They wrote too”
Chair: Isabel Lousada
Room 121
Voices (un)heard
Luciana Deplagne (UFPB/CAPES/CICS.NOVA - UNL) Women of Letters and (in) Libertarian Struggles: Presentation of the translation in Portuguese of the theatre piece L’esclavage des nègres (1789), of Olympe de Gouges
Paula Rodrigues (FLUL) Isotta Nogarola: A Woman’s Voice in Italian Renaissance (1418-1466)
Isabel Lousada/Vania Chaves (CICS.NOVA-FCSH-UNL-FCT) Women Writers: Pioneers of the Almanac
Claims, fights and figures
Isabela Campói (State University of Paraná) The first feminist wave in Brazil disseminated in the newspaper A Família by Josefina Álvares de Azevedo (1888-1890)
Janile Pequeno Soares/Luciana Deplagne PPGL/UFPB/CAPES) Frankenstein and the Feminine Gothic of Mary Shelley
Liane Schneider Universidade Federal da Paraíba/CNPq - PQ2) 20th Century Brazilian Context According to Pagu’s Private Writings
13 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender Representations in Pluralist Contexts
Chair: Maria Boatcă
Room 130
Athena Enderstein (University of Hull) Gendering the Union: The Construction of Gender Equality in Europe
Karin Rainer (AEI – Agency for European Integration and Economic Development) Gender Aspects and Body Worn Video in a Police Context
Bertha Sănduleasa (National Scientific Research Institute for Labour and Social Protection, Bucharest) Gender Roles and Attitudes towards Education, Paid Work and Family Life in Romania and Bulgaria. A Comparative Perspective
Victorița Trif (University of Bucharest) How Can We Become People with Integrity? A Gender Perspective
Liliana Herrera-Saldana (National School of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest) Barriers and Causal Explanations of the Gender Gap in University Management
Ma Li (Nordic Women’s University, Nesna) Gender, Education, Culture & STEM – Lessons Learned from PISA
14 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Women’s Representation in Romanian Politics – Underrepresentation versus Positive Discrimination
Chair: Ilarion Țiu
Room 122
Maria Cernat (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Positive Discrimination – A Possible Solution to the Problem of Women’s Political Underrepresentation
Florian Răpan (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women’s Role in the Analysis Process and Strategic Making Decision
Monica Mitarcă (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Why Can’t Bechdel-Wallace’s Test Be Applied onto the Romanian Communist Feature Film?
Camelia Runceanu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Le genre du débat intellectuel roumain à l’époque postcommuniste: col roulé et noeud papillon
15 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
April 23, 2016
10.30- 11.30
Plenary lecture
Susanne Hochreiter (University of Vienna)
“Love. Respect. Conchita“ or: Queering Europe
Room 130
16 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Feminine Identities Reflected in Literature
Chair: Estella Ciobanu
Room 130
Adela Livia Catană (Military Technical Academy) Family and Gender Identity in Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam and Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games
Carmen Ghinea (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) The American Dream through the Eyes of Female Outsider Romanian Writers
Cristina-Alexandra Drăgoi (University of Bucharest) Virginia Woolf’s Orlando as a Representation of the Androgynous Mind
Miruna Iacob (Transilvania University, Braşov) Capitalist Perspectives of Social Control. Gender Issues in Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman
Angela Drăgan (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Japanese Women Writers
17 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Identity Representations of Gender
Chair: Efstratia Oktapoda
Room 121
Arnaud Paturet (Centre de Théorie et Analyse du Droit (CTAD), Paris X Les études genre et la société romaine antique : un nouveau regard
Zeljka Jankovic (Université de Belgrade) La Princesse de Clèves: quelle place pour les interprétations «genrées» dans le parcours scolaire?
Alexandra Dodu (University of Bucharest) Le rapport de force masculin/féminin de l’espace public roumain dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle
Michaela Chapelan (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) Formes de sociabilité culturelle féminine au XVIIIe siècle
El Mostafa Mili (Université Moulay Ismail, Meknès) Contribution de l’approche genre dans la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau au Maroc
18 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender Roles in Private and Public Spaces
Chair: Sara Hunziker
Room 122
Camelia Moraru (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Analysis of Education Expenditures in Romania and other European Countries
Ana Munteanu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) Margaret Thatcher - A Role Model both in 20th and 21st Century
Zoi Arvanitidou (University of the Aegean) Craftivism as a Mean of Feminist Action
George Lăzăroiu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) The Gendered Character of Media Stories
Simona Catrinel Avarvarei (Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Iasi) (Un)veiling Damned Womanhood - From Motherly Womb to Gaia’s Entrails of Earth
Maria Irod (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) The Religious Dimension of the Anti-Gender Discourse in the German Speaking Countries
19 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Writers in a Transnational Context
Chair: Gaetano Sabato
Room 130
Adina Mocanu (Universitat de Barcelona) The Social Construction of the Body in Romanian Literature after Communism. Lizoanca la 11 ani, by Doina Ruști
Adina Câmpu (Transilvania University, Braşov) Gendered Experiences and Women’s Identities in Post-Colonial Literature
Ramona Mihăilă (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women Translating Women: Transnational Reception of Carmen Sylva’s Writing
Teodora Stănescu Stanciu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) Between Parallel Mirrors: Detective Woman – Reality or Fiction at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Roxana Mareş (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women Emancipation Issues in Jubran Khalil Jubran’s Arabic Novels
Onorina Botezat (Spiru Haret University, Constanţa) Picturing Various Female Characters in Olga Kobylianska’s Short Stories
20 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender Representations in French Spaces
Chair: Arnaud Paturet
Room 121
Efstratia Oktapoda (Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV) L’engagement des femmes. Loubna Méliane : Politique et combat des femmes beures en France
Benbella Bouchra (Université Moulay Ismaïl, Meknès) La représentation du rapport homme/femme dans L’année de tous les apprentissages de Najib Redouane
Ana-Maria Mărgescu (Université de Bucarest) Les représentations du genre dans la littérature française du XIXe siècle
Dan Sterian (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) L’interview ou l’argumentation dialoguée dans Le neveu de Rameau de Denis Diderot. Illustration sur le système résponsif et de questionnement
Diana Ligia Tudor (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Épreuves viriles et émancipation littéraire dans les récits voyage de Maxime Du Camp
Antonia Boharec (Institut Français de Bucarest) Suzanne Voilquin en Russie. Le regard d’une Française sur les femmes russes
21 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender-Related Issues in Linguistics
Chair: Onorina Botezat
Room 122
Cristina Athu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) The English Noun-Loans Adjustment to the Romanian Morphological System
Gabriela Iliuţă (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Quelques considérations sur les noms à double genre en français contemporain
Maria Boatcă (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Deconstructing Gender, Recomposing Language
Magda Ciubăncan (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women Language and Women’s Identity in Japan
Maria Luiza Oancea Dumitru (University of Bucharest) Guest’s Speech Delivered to Female Vs. Male Hosts in Homer’s Odyssey
Mihaela Mateescu (Dimitrie Cantemir University, Bucharest) The Linguistic Sexism in the Spanish Language
22 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Feminine and Masculine Roles
Chair: Iulia Waniek
April 24, 2016 / Room 130
María Amor Barros del Río (Universidad de Burgos) Redefining Boundaries: Female Migration in Contemporary Irish Literature
Gaetano Sabato (University of Palermo) Gender Construction and Cultural Dynamics: An Anthropological Perspective
Carmen Duţu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Theorizing Shame. On Judith Halberstam’s Shame and White Gay Masculinity
Dana Macovei (Dunărea de Jos University, Galaţi) The Power of Identity(ies).Considerations on the Process of Identity Building
Valeriu Marinescu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) A Gender Approach to History: Two Outstanding Sovereigns
Răzvan Staicu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University) The Masculine Model of the Traveller-Man of Letters. Duiliu Zamfirescu in Rome
Cristina Maria Sârbu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Women and Insanity in Victorian Times, a Social and Literary Overview
23 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender Representations in Society
Chair: Maria Irod
April 24, 2016 / Room 121
Sonia de Gregorio Hurtado (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid) An Analysis of the Discourse of the Urban Policy of the European Union from the Perspective of Gender
Andreea Chiriţă (Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu) Pervert Women, Hooligan Men and Public Toilets: Three Symbolic Images of Society in Contemporary - Chinese Fiction
Gheorghe H. Popescu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) The Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution
Sofia Bratu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) Fashion in the Light of Social Drama
Sümeyra Buran (The Council of Higher Education, Ankara) Women Studies and Women in Academia in Turkey
Luiza Kraft, Ana Maria Chisega Negrilă (Carol I National Defence University, Bucharest) Gender Policies in the 21st Century Armed Forces
Mariana Gheorghe (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook as “The Bible of the Women’s Movement”
24 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gender Readings – Contemporary Intersections
Chair: Gabriela Iliuţă
April 24, 2016 / Room 122
Elvira Nica (Bucharest University of Economic Studies) Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap
Mădălina Tomescu (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest) Stereotypes and Prejudices in Contemporary Society
Mihaela Hristea (I. L. Caragiale High School) Types of Families in the European Society
Kim Anh Duong (Vietnam Women’s Academy, Hanoi) Gender Construction of Human Trafficking and Anti-Trafficking Responses: The Case of Vietnam
Luminiţa Ionescu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) The Role of Women in the Accountancy Profession
Adina Rădulescu (Spiru Haret University, Bucharest) Gender Issues Associated with the Healer Archetype in Psychotherapy
Elena Savu (Politehnica University of Bucharest) Where Are the STEM Women? – A Lesson to Be Learnt
25
ABSTRACTS
THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
KEYNOTE SPEECH
Mechthild Nagel Gender and the Law
Abstract. To what extend does the essentialist Cult of Domesticity still haunt the legal imagination in the United States and elsewhere? This paper scrutinizes the feminist slogan “the personal is political” through a series of reform legal discourses and their repercussions for women and girls in the U.S. I question whether feminist demands have actually improved the legal status of cisgender women, trans* and gender queer people. In my critique of criminal and family court justice, I propose an alternate penal abolitionist path, Ubuntu justice. Keywords: status of cisgender women, trans* and gender queer people 4
KEYNOTE SPEECH
Susanne Hochreiter “Love. Respect. Conchita“ or: Queering Europe
Abstract. “Beardy queen of Europe“, “communicator of the year“, “ambassador for tolerance“ versus “national shame“, “pervert“, “spawn of the devil“ – to talk about Austrian artist Conchita Wurst beyond superlatives is hardly possible. The most offending element of her performance is the real beard of the artistic character. The intensity in which internationally debates have been taking place is the starting point of my talk. The question why her choice for facial hair means for many people such a threat and provocation leads us to key aspects of the current state of gender studies and
29 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY gender politics between gender mainstreaming and reinvigorated nationalism. Why is Conchita‘s performance of political relevance? In which ways is a female beard a threat for gender constructions? And what do we learn by this when we think about “gender constructions of society“? Keywords: Austrian artist Conchita Wurst, gender constructions 4
Cristina Athu The English Noun-Loans Adjustment to the Romanian Morphological System
Abstract. Most English loans are nouns and their morphological adaptation is achieved in the sense required by the inflected organization of Romanian language. In some cases, the adopted forms of assimilation also depend on the peculiarities of the grammatical structure in the language of origin. The classification and assimilation of English nouns by Romanian raise issues concerning gender and number categories. Lack of gender differences in the flexion is the characteristic that makes the integration of English words in Romanian rather difficult. Keywords: gender, flexional, semantics, animate vs. inanimate 4
30 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Zoi Arvanitidou Craftivism as a Mean of Feminist Action
Abstract. Craftivism is a form of feminist action which has been proposed by the contemporary third wave of feminism, where handicrafts in general and specifically knitting are used to honor and glorify the history and work of women, in order to create and reinvigorate feminist groups. It is even considered a mean of feminist social action, with reflection on the themes of art and also politics or activism. It is a product of do-it-yourself ethics and aims to the re-introduction of the domestic arts into women’s lives, which have been consciously neglected by the feminists of the second wave, as such traditional activities were associated to patriarchal oppression. In our days it is proposed that craft can be used for feminist goals, because it can be easily politicized for various purposes, with the condition to explicitly recognize its connections to the female sex, and in particular to the historical depreciation of the crafts of women, as well as be appropriately associated with a view to positive social change. Several specific examples cite craft as being used as a mean of building local communities and social action. They draw inspiration from popular culture, exploring the social handmade product and placing art into practical everyday contexts, as shown by the qualitative survey of active groups with craftivism. Craftivism, also contributes to the creation of women clothing, which they produce for themselves and their body size. There was intense criticism on the use of craftivism as a way of influencing society because it was found that its effectiveness is not strong and there is an intense debate for careful planning of actions to indicate the desirable social transformation. Keywords: Craftivism, feminism, protest, women 4
31 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Simona Catrinel Avarvarei (Un)Veiling Damned Womanhood - From Motherly Womb to Gaia’s Entrails of Earth
Abstract. This paper approaches the delicate construct of Victorian womanhood from one of its outermost marginalities which deepens further the cleavage that separates it from the canonical institution of the Patriarch. Dickens’s famous words ‘it was the best of times, it was the worst of times’ enclose the spirit of an age that budded at the level of chromosomal makeup – which acted as a genuine sluice gate that (un)loosed the locks of the self, cornering femininity while hyperbolizing autocratic, socially-blind - in what the recognition of the other voice was concerned-, masculinity. The (un)veiling perspective is summoned to (dis)cover the story of Victorian mining women, who, by question of gender and choice of employment, challenged peripherality in its innermost and most dramatic expression so much so that they were denied not only as human beings, but also as mothers and wives, the only social instances womanhood was entitled to and qualified for, according to the morals and the social patterns of the age. The scandal about female miners that surfaced in the summer of 1842, following some articles that were published in The Times, places the paradigm of otherness at its highest and most profound level. Keywords: women miners, Victorian age, workforce, moral standards 4
Codruţa Badea The Role of the Masks in Theatrical Representations
Abstract. The purpose of this study is to consider the role of the mask in theatre and in the process of creating drama, outlining its evolution from a simple object integrated into a ritual bearing
32 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY magical connotations, to its social, ethical and moral values conveyed along with the development of the humanity. It also investigates its values and significance in the Roman and the Greek theatre, in Commedia dell’ arte and its relation with the idea of identity and personality. The paper also considers the ways in which the performer may be affected by wearing a mask, attempting to account for some of the experiences described by wearers, and some of the effects which the masked performance may have on audience. Keywords: mask, role, significance, theatre, identity 4
Maria Amor Barros-del Rio Redefining Boundaries: Female Migration in Contemporary Irish Literature
Abstract. 21st Irish literature is witnessing an increasing production of novels dealing with migratory experiences. More particularly, there is a specific interest in women’s diasporic experiences in the 20th century and their consequent negotiations in terms of identity outside Ireland. Consistently, these novels physical and emotional (dis)locations are explored from a personal and intimate point of view. The object of this study is to analyse the underlying tensions between actual experiences and Irish national discourse from a gender perspective. Besides, it also unveils the multiple ways these transnational literary testimonies challenge the traditional representations of Irish womanhood and how (dis)placement affects national notions of identity. Keywords: Irish women, migration, literature, identity 4
33 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Maria Boatcã Deconstructing Gender, Recomposing Language
Abstract: Isabelle Wéry is a prolific Belgian writer, actor and singer. In 2013, her novel, Marylin désossée [Marylin Deboned], was awarded the Prize for European Literature and was translated in numerous languages. The aim of this paper is to analyse the stylistic techniques used in Marylin désossée when decomposing the notion of gender, with a focus on feminine identity and desire, so as to recreate the self. More specifically, our intention is to examine the various procedures used in language manipulation, either by means of fragmentation and word dismantling, or by narrative mechanisms such as prolepsis. Keywords: gender, feminine, hermaphrodite, recomposed language, fragmentation 4
Antonia Boharec Suzanne Voilquin en Russie. Le regard d’une Française sur les femmes russes
Résumé: Les Mémoires d’une saint-simonienne en Russie rassemblent les lettres envoyées par Suzanne Voilquin à sa sœur, Adrienne Mallard, de 1839 à 1846, période pendant laquelle leur auteure séjourne à Saint-Pétersbourg, où elle exerce le métier de sage femme. Nous nous pencherons sur cette correspondance afin d’étudier les représentations qu’elle fournit des femmes russes. Vu leur appartenance à un espace étranger, ces autres femmes s’avéreront lointaines pour la conscience qui les saisit mais, paradoxalement, elles en seront également très proches en raison justement de leur féminité. Le regard de Suzanne Voilquin sur les femmes russes est d’autant plus intéressant que la vision du monde à laquelle il
34 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY se rattache – ainsi que l’indique explicitement le titre choisi par l’auteure pour désigner ses lettres en vue de leur publication – c’est l’idéologie saint-simonienne, mouvement ambitionnant un renouveau social et religieux, solidaire d’un féminisme émergent. Mots-clés : Suzanne Voilquin, saint-simonisme, femme, Russie. 4
Onorina Botezat Picturing Various Female Characters in Olga Kobylianska’s Short Stories
Abstract. Interested in the author’s oeuvre, based on her Romanian roots and self-educated literary career, we intend to analyze her female portraits in short stories. Olga Kobylianska female characters are empowered by natural mindful aristocratic and intellectual soul enrooted in the indigenous traditional identity, still emancipated through European readings and cultural encounters. The author frames in a unique way social gendered issues and personal problems, depicting different women, in various human relationships, struggling for equal treatment within a family, the right to spiritual development. Her profound concept of a modern woman describes proud, independent, passionate and nature- bound characters that arise through opposition of antagonist features of women depicted in short stories, yet all of them focus on the expending the spiritual life, as means of self-disclosure and strength of women. Keywords: female characters, Olga Kobylianska, social issues 4
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Benbella Bouchra La représentation du rapport homme/femme dans L’année de tous les apprentissages de Najib Redouane
Résumé: L’année de tous les apprentissages (L’Harmattan, 2015) est un roman qui dénonce, sans pour autant tomber dans la virulence paroxystique gratuite, les dérapages d’une société souffrant d’un déplorable dépérissement des valeurs. Cette dérive sociétale touche précisément la relation controversée homme/femme à travers des types de femmes et d’hommes représentant des rapports basés sur la domination, le profit, l’injustice, l’opacité et la perfidie. Le romancier stigmatise la persistance d’une mentalité phallique et sclérosée, se nourrissant de stéréotypes séculaires définissant la masculinité et la féminité dans la société marocaine. Mots-clés: société marocaine, féminité/masculinité, société ultra- genrée, 4
Sofia Bratu Fashion in the Light of Social Drama
Abstract. Throughout the centuries, fashion has exerted a special fascination upon people, irrespective of their status or role. It has always been connected with social history as it represents a hobby, an activity, a type of entertainment, a way of expressing one’s artistic tendencies and of conveying non-verbal messages as well as a research object. Irrespective of the perspective from which it is approached, fashion cannot be detached from the social context, as it mirrors society, standing for the result of human interaction, being shaped by the history of mentalities, civilization, art, economy, science and politics. Keywords: fashion, subjectivity, history, society, social role. 4 36 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Sümeyra Buran Women Studies and Women in Academia in Turkey
Abstract. In terms of social gender equality issue, women have a prominent place in academia even they have a higher presence in many disciplines compared to many developed countries. The Council of Higher Education (CoHE) established a department/unit in 2015 under the name of Women Studies in Academia aiming at the raising social gender equality consciousness in Turkish universities. The presence of women in academia at universities is very much positive in Turkey than in other European countries. There is not an existing a gendered pay gap in Turkish academia. In European Union member countries, the proportion of female researchers was 33% and the case is 36% in our country. In Higher education sector, this rate goes up to 40% in European member countries and 41% in Turkey. In terms of disciplines or field of study, Turkey is one of the leading countries in distributing women academics across different fields such as science, engineering, mathematics and computer science. That is, we can say that Turkey gives much more importance to female academics than the other EU countries. The European leading countries in Europe in terms of proportion of women with full professorship are Romania (36%), Lithuania (32%) and Turkey (28%) and in general the rate of women professorship in Europe is 15%. However in Turkey, women academicians are 43%; full professorship (29.3 %), associate professorship (33%), assistant professor (48.1 %) and research assistant (49%). Last, in terms of glass ceiling used as an indicator of vertical segregation in academic careers, Turkey has the lowest glass ceiling value among other European countries. All in all, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the position of women studies and women in academia in Turkey. Keywords: Women Studies, Academic Women, Social Gender Equality 4 37 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Adela Livia Catană Family and Gender Identity in Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam and Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games
Abstract. This article is based on two critical utopian trilogies, Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam and Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games and aims to explore the concept of ‘family’, the interaction between husbands and wives as well as the parents’ impact over the way in which their children appropriate ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’. ‘Family’ represents a “locus of much of a person’s social activity” (Nam 12) and implicitly a prolific environment where individuals can acquire and put into practice well- established gender roles. Little boys and girls learn from their fathers and mothers how to behave, speak, dress and end up assimilating numerous stereotypes. The characters of Atwood and Collins clearly reflect the idea that gender identity is first taught and learned in the bosom of one’s family. Deeply anchored in the realities of the contemporary society, they reflect not only traditional but also newly born gender expectations. Keywords: Family, femininity, gender identity, masculinity, stereotypes 4
Adina Câmpu Gendered Experiences and Women’s Identities in Post-Colonial Literature
Abstract. This paper aims to explore the cultural markings of femininity and masculinity by analyzing representations of gender in two contemporary post-colonial novels: Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah (1987) and Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance (1995). Written a decade apart and rooted in cultures dominated by the binary opposition male power / female
38 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY weakness , both novels try to break with traditional thought and bring to the fore strong, assertive female characters who strive to preserve their independence. I argue that the characters of Beatrice Okoh and Dina Dalal are constructed as foils to African and Indian stereotypical representations of gender. Keywords: gender, post-colonial, identity, culture, literature. 4
Maria Cernat Positive Discrimination – A Possible Solution to the Problem of Women’s Political Underrepresentation
Abstract. The initiative of imposing that a certain percentage of political candidates to be represented by women is often regarded as an artificial and even absurd idea. Some academics compared it to the numerus clausus forbidding the Jews to attend certain universities during the Romanian extreme right regime in the Second World War. In their opinion, this is some sort of “numerus clausus for men” forbidding them – despite their obvious merits – to become political representatives simply because they are men. My intention is to do a research among the academics working in the political science and international relations departments in our University to see how would they evaluate the gender quotas that the Liberal Party intended to introduce for this year elections. My goal is to analyze their position towards this political initiative because they are not only academics but opinion leaders enjoying the symbolic power granted by their social standing and professional prestige. Keywords: gender quotas, political representation, discrimination against women, sexism, positive 4 39 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Michaela Chapelan Formes de sociabilité culturelle féminine au XVIIIe siècle
Résumé: Les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles marquent le début de l’ère de l’émancipation féminine, du moins pour les femmes des couches supérieures de la société. Sans ignorer les tentatives des « précieuses » de participer à la construction d’une vie sociale fondée sur le respect de la femme dans l’espace public mai aussi dans l’espace privé, intime, notre intervention accordera une place spéciale au XVIIIe siècle, car c’est bien à cette époque que les structures sociales traditionnelles éclatent et permettent de plus en plus à la femme d’avoir un rôle autre que celui d’épouse soumise ou de mère dévouée. Des femmes prennent part activement à la «bataille» des Lumières, dont l’idéologie ne les laisse plus de côté et initie un véritable débat sur l’instruction féminine. Nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence l’importance que prennent au XVIIIe siècle les diverses formes de sociabilité culturelle féminine et la manière dont celles-ci contribuent à l’établissement de réseaux de diffusion des idées des Lumières. Mots-clés: idéologie des Lumières, sociabilité culturelle, rôles féminins, salons, correspondence, lecture féminine 4
Andreea Chiriţă Pervert Women, Hooligan Men and Public Toilets: Three Symbolic Images of Society in Contemporary Chinese Fiction
Abstract. Ever since the early 1980’s, misogynistic and macho representations alike embodied the perfect constructs within avant- garde and neorealist Chinese literature depicting China’s post-Mao societal developments. This gendered narrative formula is also completed by an equally ubiquitous literary trope, that of China
40 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY as an immense public toilet. All three images are intertwined and symbolic of the marginality-mainstream dynamic in reconfiguring the Chinese contemporary society and its paradoxical ways of dealing with a new social order dominated by neoliberal values adorned with political “Chinese characteristics”. This study takes a hermeneutical approach to investigating the social motivation during the last two decades behind the continuous changing representations of China’s socio-political and moral decay in the fiction of authors such as Yu Hua, Su Tong or Li Zhenyun. I argue that the change in aesthetics, narrative techniques and literary modes and symbols when depicting the New China as a cannibalized female victim, whore, and self-destructive macho scoundrel originate in the very traditional patriarchal Chinese thinking, which reproduces itself under every changing circumstances. Such literary discourses aim to subvert the discourse of misogyny itself, but in the process, unwillingly, they very often re-empower it. Keywords: gender, scatology, Chinese contemporary literature, misogyny 4
Estella Ciobanu En-gendering Knowledge, Gendering Western Society: The Politics of Gender in Biomedical Representation at the Turn of the Millennium
Abstract. This paper investigates the contribution of bio-medical knowledge to the en-gendering (Teresa de Lauretis), viz. gendered production, of the epistemic dimension of contemporary Western society, itself both consumerism- and knowledge-driven. Despite Lyotard’s belief in the demise of grand narratives in postmodernity, contemporary bio-medical knowledge is underpinned by the traditional gendering of humankind as male, as visible in anatomical
41 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY illustration since early modernity. I will examine applications of cutting-edge medical imaging technology in both medical communication (the Scottish Vis-invis project) and popular culture (U.S. TV series House M.D.) to demonstrate the conservative epistemic and political stakes of bio-medical representation gender-wise. Keywords: Western society; en-gendering (Teresa de Lauretis); bio-medical representation; medical imaging technology 4
Magda Ciubăncan Women Language and Women’s Identity in Japan
Abstract: Among the sociolects of the Japanese language, women language has enjoyed considerable popularity in research, especially after the 1980s, when women studies appeared in Japan as a distinct academic field. Often discussed in relation to politeness, women language is particularly challenging today, since the differences between men’s speech and women’s speech seem to be disappearing under the influence of internet communication. The present paper focuses on the Japanese women language beginning with the Meiji Era (1868-1912), when the process of modernization affected Japan on all levels, including the linguistic one. Meiji is the period when Japan emerges as a modern country and when the nation’s identity is being constructed. The role of women in society changes and that brings about a new language for the new type of Japanese woman. In our paper, we analyse whether what today is called “women language” developed naturally, as a result of the changes in society, or was consciously and programmatically developed in order to sustain the changes that were taking place in the Japanese society of the time. We further present the lexical and pragmatic characteristics of the Japanese women language and discuss its presence (or absence) in the speech of female protagonists in the novels of the Japanese writer Hiromi Kawakami,
42 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY in an attempt to determine whether the woman of the 21st century still uses the markers of femininity that have characterized women speech for at least one century. Keywords: lexical and pragmatic characteristics of the Japanese women language 4
Luciana Deplagne Women of Letters and (in) Libertarian Struggles: Translation Presentation in Portuguese Dramatic Work L’esclavage des nègres (1789), of Olympe de Gouges
Abstract. The emergence of feminist criticism and the history of women as field of study enabled a re-evaluation of the literary canon, and questioning about the silence of the official History about the political and socio-cultural role played by women. This communication will address at first initiatives that are being developed under the GT “Women and Literature” of the National Association of Language and Literature (ANPOLL), with the two lines of research: “Rescue” and “Contemporaneities”. Then we will present the current project I’m developing in the New University of Lisbon entitled „Women of Letters and (in) libertarian struggles: Translation proposal dramatic work L’esclavage des nègres (1789 version) of Olympe de Gouges. The translation of this work the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791) seeks to contribute to the dissemination of the ideas of this proto-feminist and abolitionist writer. Keywords: L’esclavage des nègres, Olympe de Gouges, feminine authorship, proto-feminism, translation 4
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Ramona Dima The Homophobic Attitudes and the Romanian Media: Case Study on Several Queer Cultural Products
Abstract. In the context of the Romanian society that mostly rejects discussing issues concerning queer (LGBTQIA+) persons, I consider this topic necessary, both at academic and social discourse levels. I will present and analyse the interconnected layers of sexual identity, media representation, affects and forms of discrimination in several Romanian films (based on contemporary novels). I am using a feminist approach, with regard to contemporary theories from research fields like queer studies, gender studies and media studies. The focus of the paper is on how the queer film characters are built, in relation to the books they are based on, how they are transformed (reduced, augmented etc.) in these transmedia narratives. The queer reflection in media products consists of two directions: how the queer persons are perceived and embodied as characters by the “majority” (usually, the general opinion of the society has a great negative impact) and the second one: how they perceive themselves and reflect their identities in the cultural products in which they take part. A secondary “reflection” mechanism that I will also discuss is how queer people can relate and read between the lines while being exposed to subtle hints about sexuality of a character or another (as we can observe, for example, in one of Cristian Mungiu’s films, “Beyond the Hills”). This queer gaze might stand at the core of the relation of various queer audiences and the media products they are exposed to - which are, most of the time, heteronormative and traditionalistic. Even in these cultural products, one could sometimes find traces of their identity which is usually diminished or violently negated by the oppressing groups. Keywords: interconnected layers of sexual identity, media representation 4 44 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Alexandra Dodu Le rapport de force masculin/féminin de l’espace public roumain dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle
Abstract. Le parcours de Constanța Dunka-Şchiau - la première femme à avoir obtenu un poste de professeur - dans le système public (Pédagogie et Morale à l’Ecole Centrale, 1863) représente la perception et l’exploration du masculin et du féminin dans l’espace public. Grâce à sa ferme implication dans la reforme éducationnelle, elle a été déléguée par la mairie de Bucarest comme inspectrice des écoles de filles. Un rapport particulier portant sur les conditions précaires d’enseignement a déterminé les autorités à faire intervenir l’instance masculine, toujours le paradigme majeure d’interprétation des tous les réalités socioculturelles. Mots clé: espace public, tension, masculin, féminin 4 Angela Drăgan Japanese Women Writers
Abstract. Around 1000, in Japan, Murasaki Shikibu, a noblewoman and a lady-in-waiting wrote Genji Monogatari, the story of Hikaru Genji, a nobleman of Heian period (795-1185). The amorous adventures of Genji are described over 52 chapters and the writing has a large number of women characters. Genji Monogatari has certain elements that have lead critics to qualify it as the first novel in the world. The number of women authors is considerable in Japanese literature proving women have been a major force in Japan for centuries. My paper will discuss women authors in Japan, starting with Murasaki Shikibu. Keywords: Murasaki Shikibu, Japanese women writers 4 45 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Cristina-Alexandra Drăgoi Virginia Woolf’s Orlando as a Representation of the Androgynous Mind
Abstract. In one of her essays, Virginia Woolf claims that every individual encompasses, at the level of the mind, both male and female characteristics. Therefore, gender identity appears to be given by a fusion between the two and by the prevalence of certain features. This belief seems to be reflected by the main character of Orlando: A Biography. Oscillating between being a man and a woman, Orlando appears to be the representation of the mind as a synthesis of male and female features. Keywords: Virginia Woolf, Orlando, gender identity 4
Sabin Drăgulin Gender Quotas – A Form of Democratization of the Romanian Political Parties
Abstract. The main objective of this short analysis is to put forward through qualitative research tools the gender relations existing in the current Romanian parliamentary political parties. Keywords: political parties, gender, gender quotas, positive discrimination 4
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Kim Anh Duong Gender Construction of Human Trafficking and Anti-Trafficking Responses: The Case of Vietnam
Abstract. Human trafficking is a violation of human rights and human dignity. Countries worldwide undertake different measures to stop the crime. Human trafficking responses are helpful in some ways, but also add to the indignity of women. In Vietnam, for long, human trafficking was identified as trafficking in women and children, with a focus on sexual exploitation. Using both primary and secondary data, this paper discusses anti- trafficking responses of the Vietnamese government in the last 10 years (2004 to 2014) to explore gaps in policy interventions. The paper suggests that the over-emphasis on morals and values of women in the society influences the ways how policy actors perceive trafficking and shape anti-trafficking responses. It also negatively impacts on gender equality, human dignity, especially that of women, and challenges the government commitments to stop human trafficking in the country and the government efforts to reframe anti-trafficking policy. Keywords: Human dignity, human trafficking, human rights, gender, anti-trafficking responses. 4
Carmen Duţu Theorizing Shame. On Judith Halberstam’s Shame and White Gay Masculinity
Abstract. Emotions have been figured predominantly as feminine and in opposition to reason, whereby reason (or rationality) was regarded as the higher value. Theorizing Shame. On Judith Halberstam’s Shame and White Gay Masculinity will examine
47 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY this implicit gendered ideology of emotions and explore them as sources of knowledge, starting from the assumption that they do not only vary from culture to culture but also have histories within cultures. Moreover, the paper aims at illustrating that studying the theorization, rhetorics, and expression of the emotions (or affects and sensations) is itself a study in the politics and values of a culture. Keywords: gendered ideology of emotions, shame, masculinity 4
Athena Enderstein Gendering the Union: The Construction of Gender Equality in Europe
Abstract. The construction of gender is a complex, iterative and multidimensional process, negotiated through cultural and sociohistorical realities. This paper explores the transnational process of the conceptualization of gender equality in Europe, with reference to agendas and policies of the European Union as a social and cultural institution. I consider the interaction of local and global elements and problematize the ways in which “gender equality” may be used to legitimate Europeanization. Finally, I reflect on the resultant implications and opportunities for building cultures of equality in the European context. Keywords: gender, culture, equalities, European Union 4
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Mariana Gheorghe Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook as “The Bible of the Women’s Movement”
Abstract. The Golden Notebook, a literary experiment and daring game with multiple perspectives, traces the struggle of Western women in the twentieth century, who demanded rights by asserting their individuality, being aware of the semi-slavery reality they were living within a Western patriarchal society. The novel is considered a true bible of the Feminism: “The most important work of Doris Lessing has influenced the thinking and feelings of a whole generation of women.” (New York Times Book Review) The Golden Notebook was written by Doris Lessing – winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature – and tells the story of a writer Anna Wulf, who registers in the four books the story of her life viewed from multiple perspectives. My intention in this paper is to demonstrate that the novel is an almost perfect attempt to express feminist, socialist, racial, social, sexual and parental liveliness within the 20th century. Keywords: women, movement, feminism, sex wars 4
Carmen Ghinea The American Dream through the Eyes of Female Outsider Romanian Writers
Abstract. The voices of female immigrant Romanian writers are tenacious in the Romanian-American diaspora literature that has developed under the ‘post-colonial’ umbrella. Sanda Golopenția, Domnica Rădulescu, Mirela Roznoveanu or Saviana Stănescu can all, in different ways, be considered female writers in exile, even if an exile by choice. They have all reached a new, “foreign” land
49 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY and each one interacts with the English language as both “a home” for their words and an alien tongue in different areas: fiction, journalistic, memoir and theatre. Moreover, they managed to give a new face to the hyphenated artistic act, embedded into the new concept of the global immigrant. Female writers who have opted for an exile or who have been forced to exile by the Communist totalitarian regime in postwar Romania, are currently in aloof geographical and cultural spaces, on different continents, which made them perceive their person as “outsiders” considering their native culture; Keywords: diaspora, exile, female immigrant, global immigrant, outsider 4
Liliana Herrera-Saldana Barriers and Causal Explanations of the Gender Gap in University Management
Abstract. The theoretical discourse in this article is arguing two versions in which the underrepresentation of women is either the result of their own choices, or the consequence of direct or indirect obstacles, visible or invisible, which affect professional progress. The proposed solutions for the advancement from the bottom of the hierarchy to the top, and for breaking the glass ceiling in order to obtain professional growth are geared towards the membership in professional peer networks, the existence of female role models, the transparency of the appointment process and flexible work arrangements. Extended to the educational field, the arguments brought up reflect the difficulties encountered by women in academia and relate to the whole system of selection and promotion, to institutional sexism, to access to research funds and to additional sources of income, to the amount of published
50 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY research work etc., all being in relation with the influences on personal life (pregnancy, number of children, marital status). Keywords: competition, higher education, gender representation, invisible barriers, glass ceiling 4
Mihaela Hristea Types of Families in the European Society
Abstract. The change of the gender roles transformed the family today. It is no more meant to last until the death of the partners and it does not often have a legal basis being no more a spiritual bond, religiously – honoured by the church. This is why it does no more represent a moral, psychological and spiritual unlimited support for the children who results of these types of relationships, therefore it seems that the new generation will be more mentally insecure and even more unsettled than the previous ones. Keywords: bond, family, gender, insecure, relationships 4
Sara Hunziker On Different Kinds of Femininity in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Abstract: If the feminist yoga theories of Andrew Harvey, Sally Kempton or of Elizabeth Harding purport to guide a person to develop and cultivate the qualities of a series of yoga goddesses, seen as outward and very powerful energies, who only after a long period of learning, meditating and practising, offer to the
51 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY initiated one the possibility to become, only for a moment of enlightening, one with the goddess, Jean Shinoda Bolen’s theory in her bestselling trilogy Goddesses in Every Woman, challenges us to explore and revive the archetypal inborn figures of a series of Greek mythical goddesses. Though indirectly validating a kind of social escapism- it is not anymore the woman the one who is responsible for her actions, but an unstoppable force from within- Bohem’s theory continues to enjoy a great success to the public, opening to many women the way to a better self-understanding from the psychological and affective points of view, at the same time facilitating both genders’ in-depth knowledge of the feminine nature. In the light of Bohlen’s theory, my article identifies and analyses the way the archetypes of Aphrodite, Hera and Persephone operate in a series of Shakespearean heroines in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Keywords: archetypal criticism, Hindu Goddesses, Greek Goddesses, Shakespearean heroines 4
Sonia de Gregorio Hurtado An Analysis of the Discourse of the Urban Policy of the European Union from the Perspective of Gender
Abstract. Cities are on the focus of policy action in the European Union (EU) from the 80’s. The relevance of the urban issue within the UE has taken place through a complex process that has led to the definition of the urban dimension of the EU policy along the last 30 years. During that process entered into force the Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) that introduced for the first time in the Treaties the concept of gender mainstreaming. This work stems form the question: Has the urban dimension of the EU policy integrated the gender mainstreaming vision, as encoded in the Treaty? The analysis of the policy language assumed in the policy documents
52 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY launched by different institutions and stakeholders of the EU from 1997 (year in which the Treaty of Amsterdam was signed) to the present shows that the gender dimension has not been introduced in the urban policy of the Union. The study undertook shows that it has failed to mainstream gender, excluding it from the definition of the policy problem (contradicting the Treaty of Amsterdam, but as well a relevant corpus of theory and empirical evidence). The outputs of the research allow shedding light on this issue with the aim of bringing it to debate. Keywords: Urban dimension of EU policy; gender; gender mainstreaming; sustainable urban development; urban regeneration 4
Miruna Iacob Capitalist Perspectives of Social Control. Gender Issues in Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman
Abstract: The present paper attempts to highlight the features of eating disorders in literature as instruments against entering predefined gender roles and against capitalism with its consumerist social background. The emphasis will be laid on Margaret Atwood’s use of anorexia in her novel The Edible Woman, focusing on the traditional patriarchal model which undermines gender balance during the turbulent ‘60s. The chapters of the paper also present a short semiotic approach of the body with its paradoxical ability to protest against social control, but also to adapt to any cultural background as history shows it. Keywords: gender roles, anorexia, patriarchy, capitalism, consumerism 4 53 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Gabriela Iliuță Quelques considérations sur les noms à double genre en français contemporain
Résumé: Dans la classe des noms non animés le genre est fixe et arbitraire, c’est qui expliquerait les divergences de genre dans des langues différentes. Notre article vise à passer en revue les noms à double genre en français contemporain, en analysant tant les noms ayant la même étymologie que les noms d’origine différente selon le changement du nombre ou l’utilisation dans des expressions figées. Mots-clés: nom, homonymie, genre, nombre, emprunt, figement. 4
Andrei Horațiu Ionescu Women in Public Television
Abstract: There is an increasing pressure on media to step out and to take the necessary measures to ensure women’s access to the media industry and at the same time to combat gender stereotypes. Some countries adhered to it since 1995 by adopting the Beijing Platform for Action, however, how can there be no more gender inequality in the media? In the media sector, the male dominance persists in many areas, both in the industry itself and in the output. Men still dominate many of the media sectors in Romania. It is difficult to say whether there is progress towards gender equality, due to a lack of consistent, reliable and comparative data about the gender equality situation in Romanian media. For instance in Public Television, journalism is a sector where the newsrooms seem to be more gender equal than the content that they produce. Still, most sources and experts involved are still men. Many newsrooms seem to have a decent gender balance in terms of numbers. However,
54 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY men still dominate in top positions. Board members and CEOs are most likely to be men. Sometimes the male presence is even bigger than in the business sector, which is often accused of topping the list of being the most male-dominated occupational domains. But at the same time, many of the leading positions in the Public Television are owned by women. Keywords: women, gender, media, journalism, television 4
Luminiţa Ionescu The Role of Women in the Accountancy Profession
Abstract. In the last decades, the role of women has become significant in the accountancy profession, not only in the European Union, but also in the United States of America. It is interesting to observe the progress of women in the accountancy profession as percentage from the total number of professional accountants, but also to know how women have successfully occupied many Executive Officer positions in business and industry or as partners in CPA firms nationwide. Despite the fact that accountancy is considered a “masculine” profession in some countries, such as Spain or Italy, in Romania there is an important percentage of women involved in it. Keywords: women, accounting, leadership, democracy, accountancy profession 4
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Maria Irod The Religious Dimension of the Anti-Gender Discourse in the German Speaking Countries
The rise of conservative movements based on dogmatic Christian views on the human nature is a topical issue in post-secular German speaking countries. From the Catholic social scientist Gabriele Kuby whose opinions on the alleged danger of feminist and queer theories expressed in her recent book Eine Top-down- Revolution. Der ‚Genderismus’ zerstört Identität und Familie (2014) have become extremely popular in German mass-media to the German writer of Turkish origin Akif Pirincci who makes the German policy of gender equality and the inclusive attitudes towards ethnic and sexual minorities responsible for the decay of German society (in his controversial book: Deutschland von Sinnen. Der irre Kult um Frauen, Homosexuelle und Zuwanderer, 2014) there are many voices opposing what they call “gender ideology” or “gender mainstreaming”. The paper offers a brief account of German opponents to feminism, LGBTI rights and sex education in schools and tries to suggest a strategy of deconstructing such discourses by using arguments from the feminist theology. Keywords: gender equality, ethnic and sexual minorities 4
Zeljka Jankovic La Princesse de Clèves: quelle place pour les interprétations «genrées» dans le parcours scolaire?
Abstract. La célèbre Princesse de Clèves de Madame de Lafayette ne cesse de susciter l’intérêt des chercheurs. À partir des années 1980 un corpus considérable de travaux envisagent l’œuvre à la lumière des théories du genre, parmi lesquels nous soulignerions l’importance du volume Approaches to Teaching Lafayette’s
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The Princess of Clèves (éd F. E. Beasley & K. A. Jensen, 1998). Tout en résumant dans un premier temps les résultats de ces approches modernes, nous nous donnerons pour tâche principale d’examiner dans quelle mesure elles figurent aux côtés des lectures «classiques» du roman dans le matériel scolaire et universitaire des trois dernières décennies, pour inciter à la réflexion sur les enjeux idéologiques du choix non seulement du «canon» littéraire mais aussi de son interprétation. Mots-clés: La Princesse de Clèves, interprétations genrées, manuels scolaires et universitaires. 4
Luiza Kraft, Ana Maria Chisega-Negrilă Gender Policies in the 21st Century Armed Forces
Abstract. The present paper is focused on the recent resolutions adopted by the UNO regarding the implementation of gender policies in the armed forces. It examines the various gender policy contents as applied in Romania in the current geostrategic environment (i.e., 2000–2015), as a result of the dissemination of United Nations (UN) Resolution 1325 (2000) and 2242 (2015). Both resolutions pivot around the crucial role of women on the theaters of operations under the umbrella of Peace Support Operations (consisting mainly in prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace- building, peacekeeping, humanitarian response and post-conflict reconstruction), and highlight the need for their equal participation and full involvement in the world-scale efforts for maintaining peace and security. Keywords: gender policies, gender issues in the armed forces, UNO resolutions
4 57 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
George Lăzăroiu The Gendered Character of Media Stories
Abstract. The material gathered in this study provides a rich and diverse context for understanding the media’s function in the dissemination of gendered discourses concerning violence, the gendered social and political roles of media stories regarding media effects, and the gendered dynamics of public viewing. Keywords: gendered discourse; media stories; public viewing 4
Isabel Lousada/Vania Chaves Women Writers: Pioneers of the Almanac
Abstract. Many of the voices advocating the principles of a fairer and more egalitarian society are now ceasing to be heard. Men and women from more or less known circles used to debate ideas, gathering around emancipatory causes. The project we have been developing for some years now, entitled “Ladies of the Almanac” was largely aimed at retrieving the writings of women in the press during the period of circulation of the Almanaque de Lembranças Luso-Brasileiro [Luso-Brazilian Remembrance Almanac]. Both the number of female authors and their production in this publication are surprising. We intend to make the characteristics of this literary production known to a wider audience, as well as the topics discussed in these texts, which reflect the contemporary society. Keywords: Women Writing, Female authorship, Pioneers, Feminism, Gender 4
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Dana Macovei The Power of Identity(ies). Considerations on the Process of Identity Building
Abstract: Identity is “a concept – operating ‘under erasure’ in the interval between reversal and emergence; an idea which cannot be thought in the old way, but without which certain key questions cannot be thought at all” (Hall The Question of Cultural Identity). The first major step in the construction of identity is acknowledgment. Primarily, one acknowledges the existence of another, realizes there is a difference between oneself and the other; and then there commences a complex process of identity building – both of oneself and of others. The present paper attempts at exploring a number of views on the process of identity construction, starting with the outcome of pure imagination via reshaping of one’s self, through story-telling and ending with institutionalized constructs of identities according to political, cultural, economic, or simply put - power-oriented interests. Keywords: identity, construct, other, institution, power 4
Roxana Mareş Women Emancipation Issues in Jubran Khalil Jubran’s Arabic Novels
Abstract. The issue of women’s emancipation is linked in the Arab space to the flow of ideas and cultural reforms, considered a true Arab “Enlightenment”, known as the “Arab Renaissance” in the early part of the nineteenth century, having its nucleus in Egypt and then expanding rapidly in Syria and Lebanon, then in other parts of the Arab world. But the subject of women, in all its complexity, is approached by exponents of this “Arab Enlightenment” in the
59 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY second half of the nineteenth century. It was part of the extensive reform project of the traditional Arabic society which reflected an awakening of the social conscience of intellectuals, the thinkers and men of culture and an attempt to modernize the Arab society while performing a world cultural synchronization with modern Europe. Women and their emancipation, at the Lebanese great writer Jubran Khalil Jubran is part of the broader themes of social value that constitutes a sequence of his work, and especially, of his prose in Arabic. But compared with the general trends of cultural and literary discourse on this topic, Jubran addresses the situation of women and the ideal of their emancipation from a higher and more comprehensive perspective, that of freedom and human dignity, the ideal of releasing the human being from the slavery, forged by unwritten laws, traditions and customs that handcuffed the spirit that was meant to be free. Keywords: Jubran Khalil Jubran, women’s emancipation, 4
Sonia Cristina Marghioala Women in Politics – Social Representations and Media Representations
Abstract. The media stereotypes contribute immensely to the way women and especially women in politics are perceived. The social representations are closely related to the media representation of women in politics. In my article I shall focus on the way the mainstream media is promoting gender stereotypes when it comes to women involved in politics. Keywords: gender stereotypes, social representations, media representations, women in politics 4 60 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Valeriu Marinescu A Gender Approach to History: Two Outstanding Sovereigns
Abstract. My study focuses on defining the waivode’s image, starting from the idea that the Romanians had profound feelings of trust, respect and veneration towards their princes, who were (seen) enthroned due to divine grace and also to national will. Due to the space reserved for my communication, I had to limit myself to data regarding Matei Basarab and Constantin Brâncoveanu. The texts that I am to draw my attention to at this point promote sovereigns that are exemplary in all their actions. The princes were supposed to outshine everybody by their wisdom, righteousness, courage, forgiveness, mercy, self-control, in a word, to reign by the example of their virtues. But the writers had a double duty: on the one hand, to settle the “object” on a convenient and stable platform, and, on the other hand, the eulogy should please the eulogized, in his position as a receiver. Keywords: The Old Romanian Literature, Udrişte Năsturel, Radu Greceanu 4
Ana-Maria Mărgescu Les représentations du genre dans la littérature française du XIXe siècle
Abstract. La littérature de voyage et sociale de Flora Tristan est représentée par: Pérégrination d’une paria, Promenades dans Londres, L’Union ouvrière. Ces ouvrages fortifient l’idée de reforme sociale et en même temps la projection d’une nouvelle image du genre: l’idéalisation de la femme grâce à son pouvoir de métriser l’homme en utilisant des instruments séductrices pour influencer la vie politique et sociale. Romancière aussi –Méphis- l’écrivaine
61 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY s’autoanalyse en s’insérant dans une perspective hermaphrodite -on la retrouve dans le personnage-femme et aussi dans le personnage-homme. Son travail c’est un essai d’établir l’équilibre social. Mots clé: littérature, représentations masculines/ féminines, équilibre social 4
Mihaela Mateescu The Linguistic Sexism in the Spanish Language
Abstract. The language is the tool we use to express our thoughts, our ideas and our way of conceiving the world. Therefore it contributes to our perception and our interpretation of reality. It is also a reflection of the culture of a society at a given time. On the one hand, it reports the changes that have taken place and, secondly, bears witness everything that we have been, thought and belived. The incorporation of women into the public sphere has entailed social transformation that is leaving its mark on the language; The aim of this research is to analyse the sexist language in the Spanish media. Keywords: culture and society, women, sexism, influence, language 4
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Dan Mihalache Gender Quotas – Is This a Possible Solution for Gender Equality in Politics?
Abstract. This short study is meant to present an overview of the gender equality issue in Romanian politics, starting from a quantitative analysis and using the statistics regarding women representation in Romania and in the Parliaments of EU member states. The authors also examine different approaches of the gender equality issue in Romania and the attempts that were made to address it. Keywords: gender, political representation, gender relations, gender equality, gender quotas 4
Ramona Mihăilă Women Translating Women: Transnational Reception of Carmen Sylva’s Writing
Abstract. Pauline Elizabeth Ottilie Louise (1843-1916) was born in Neuwied, Germany and she became Queen Elizabeth of Romania by marrying (1869) Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Carol of Romania. She adopted Romania as her own country and she introduced it to the whole world due to her works inspired from the Romanian legends, ballads, folksongs and stories. Since she published her first poems “Sappho” and “Hammerstein” (Leipzig, 1880), Queen Elisabeth of Romania wrote under pseudonyms: ‘Carmen Sylva’ when she signed as sole author and ‘Dito and Idem’ when she wrote short stories, novels and a tragedy together with Mite Kremnitz, one of her maids of honor. My study intends to highlight the transnational connections that Queen Elisabeth of Romania accomplished by dedicating all her life to writing on
63 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY different cultures and offering support to all the gifted Romanian or foreign artists and writers who attended her literary salon at the Peles Castle. It would be very interesting to illustrate how the writer Carmen Sylva was more famous than Queen Elisabeth of Romania in partly due to the fact that her works had a huge reception all around Europe as well as in other parts of the world. Keywords: Carmen Sylva, women translators, transnational connections 4
El Mostafa Mili Contribution de l’approche genre dans la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau au Maroc
Abstract. Le Genre réfère au concept d’inégalité sociale et permet de démontrer que les rapports inégalitaires peuvent obstruer le développement d’un pays. Etant conscients de l’importance, voire de l’urgente nécessité d’intégrer la femme dans le processus de gestion et de préservation de l’eau en tant que bien commun, selon l’expression de Riccardo Petrella, les décideurs ont inscrit le Genre dans la gestion intégrée de l’eau à partir de 1992 au Sommet de la Terre à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil. Les états participant au sommet sont convenus que : « Les femmes sont au cœur des processus d’approvisionnement ; de gestion et de conservation de l’eau ». En 1995, le Maroc a intégré la GIRE dans sa loi 10-95 sur l’eau et a entrepris des campagnes, dans l’espace urbain et les régions enclavées, visant à sensibiliser les hommes aux spécificités de genre liées à la gestion de l’eau. Nous allons tenter dans cette étude de montrer par des résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs que l’intégration effective de la femme dans la GIRE permet efficacement à la contribution de la durabilité de l’eau en termes de quantité et de qualité. Aussi, est-il souhaitable d’accommoder
64 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY les techniques de communication aux spécificités linguistiques, géographiques et culturelles de chaque région du Maroc. Mots-clés : Eau, GIRE, Maroc, approche genre 4
Monica Mitarcă Why Can’t Bechdel-Wallace’s Test Be Applied onto the Romanian Communist Feature Film?
Abstract. In 1985, when Allison Bechdel first introduced in her comics book, Dykes to Watch Out For, the idea that the popular culture and films notably have a certain gender bias, so that films where two named female characters rarely get to talk to each other on screen of anything other than men, she did it in the form of a criticism towards what popular culture does, in terms of constructing ‘our’ reality. Its later reappraisal by the feminists led to many theoretical studies in which various films or film genres are assessed against the gender bias usually associated with mainstream, Hollywood- produced films. Our paper aims to answering to the question, ‘Why can’t Bechdel-Wallace’s test be applied onto Romanian communist feature film?’, by analyzing four decades of such films against the elements of the test and identifying the social and political backdrop of their production (planning, shooting, screening) as defining for their surprising compliance to the test. An analysis of those films enables us to devise our own version of the test for films produced under communist regimes. Keywords: Bechdel – Wallace test, feminism, Romanian fiction film, Communism 4
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Adina Mocanu The Social Construction of the Body in Romanian Literature after Communism. Lizoanca la 11 ani, by Doina Ruști
Abstract. The social construction of the body is intertwined with the ways in which society has conceptualized ideals and expectations of the individuals. This paper will look at these particular ways in which the body is seen as a social construction, with particular focus on the extent to which individuals are predisposed to conform to socially constructed ideals. This will be explored in the Romanian novel Lizoanca la 11 ani (2010) (Lizoanca at age of eleven), by Doina Ruști. Through a literary and discourse analysis, I will explore the manner in which the main character, a young girl, puts under the question her role associated with passivity and subordination. It is social influences that shape how females and males act and are expected to act. Furthermore, I will also talk about the ways in which society penalizes those who do not conform to the norms (Gayle Rubin 1975; Butler 1992; Stoljar 1995; Haslanger 2000). Keywords: female, body, construction, role, norms 4
Camelia Moraru Analysis of Education Expenditures in Romania and other European Countries
Abstract. Currently, many countries are facing a number of interdependent and complex challenges, social consequences of the global financial crisis still being felt. For this reason, the education system must ensure that all citizens will benefit from the knowledge, abilities and skills to face the challenges, requirements in the workplace, but also in modern life. This article highlights that expenditure on education also contribute to economic growth,
66 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY increased productivity, personal and social development of the people, and thus reduce social inequalities. The paper presents data on education expenditure level in the case of Romania and other European Union member states during 2000-2015. Keywords: global financial crisis, education expenditure level 4
Ana Munteanu Margaret Thatcher - A Role Model both in 20th and 21st Century
Abstract. In a male-dominated society Margaret Thatcher led a major Western democracy for eleven and a half years. She guided the law-making process and reversed what a lot of people perceived as a precipitous national decline. She was a mother, a wife and a career woman at the same time; and because she did all of them well, women felt encouraged to follow her example. However, Margaret Thatcher never attributed her success to being a woman or to the feminist movement. She never tried to play the role of the weaker sex. And her qualities are still highly regarded, according to some old and new surveys we will talk about in our paper. Keywords: role model, a controversial figure, a career woman 4
Elvira Nica Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap
Abstract. The aim of the present study is to examine and evaluate the role of discrimination in the downturn of the labor-market outcomes gender gap, the modifications in the labor market outcomes of women relative to men, and the influence of welfare
67 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY state schemes on gender earnings disparity. This research makes conceptual and methodological contributions to the impact of harmonization schemes on female labor force involvement, the effect of welfare states on women’s labor market achievements, and the pay difference contingent upon gender features. Keywords: labor-market outcomes; earnings disparity; female labor force involvement 4
Maria Luiza Oancea Dumitru Guest’s Speech Delivered to Female Vs. Male Hosts in Homer’s Odyssey
Abstract. The present study proposes an exploration of speech paradigm delivered to a female host comparing it with a speech delivered to a male host. We will take into consider excerpts from Homer’s Odyssey, especially those parts that, on the one hand, refer to speech delivered by Odysseus to Nausicaa and later to Queen Arete, and on the other, the speech he delivered the same evening to King Alkinous. Keywords: hospitality, speech, female, male, Odysseus, Nausicaa, Arete, Alkinous 4
Efstratia Oktapoda L’engagement des femmes. Loubna Méliane : Politique et combat des femmes beures en France
Résumé: Loubna Méliane a 38 ans, elle est en 6e position sur la liste départementale de l’union de la gauche aux élections
68 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY régionales et vit depuis décembre 2015 son premier mandat d’élue. C’est la suite d’un parcours marqué par son action en faveur du droit des femmes. La militante lycéenne fut la vice-présidente de SOS-Racisme et elle a milite depuis 2003 aux côtés de la socialiste Fadela Amara (la future secrétaire d’État chargée de la Politique de la Ville du deuxième gouvernement François Fillon) pour une France meilleure, pour une France généreuse et pour la liberté de la femme. Si Loubna Méliane est une militante politique française, elle aussi une écrivaine d’origine marocaine née en France, de père et mère marocains immigrés à Dijon dans les années 70. Dans l’entre-deux cultures, la jeune Loubna sent tôt les différences qui séparent les deux mondes. Voix de la résistance et de l’engagement de dimension groupale, Loubna se fait le porte-parole d’une génération, explicitement mêlée à la politique, et qui milite pour avancer. Mots-clés: Loubna Méliane, femmes; beures, Engagement, politique 4
Andreea Paris Dislodging Moloch’s Masculinity in Allen Ginsberg’s Howl
Abstract. In America of the 1950s, during the McCarthy era, the “domestic revival” established clear gender roles for society. The male figure was supposed to be the heterosexual father, breadwinner of the family that met all the mythical characteristics of masculinity and stood in direct opposition to the feminine, docile housewife. In the present paper I argue that the fixity of such conformism is represented by the character Moloch in Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Howl”, while an alternative to it is given by the homosexual “generation” portrayed in the first part of the poem. The latter re-conceptualizes the idea of masculinity as a form of
69 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY resistance to Moloch, by means of liberating the image of manhood from an antagonistic “us versus them” relationship, from the Masculine-Feminine polarity that necessarily implies oppression and embracing a more accepting perspective in which masculinity and femininity can co-exist. Keywords: masculinity, femininity, Moloch, Howl, Ginsberg 4
Arnaud Paturet Les études genre et la société romaine antique : un nouveau regard
Abstract. L’historiographie concernant la société romaine antique a d’abord été écrite comme une histoire des hommes avant que les «Women’s Studies» ne viennent rétablir un certain équilibre. Cette dualité n’était pas sans contenir certains défauts car il s’agit à chaque fois d’une histoire racontée autour de thèmes ou caractéristiques réputées propres à chaque sexe et érigées sous le prisme d’un regard moderne. Les études genres, longtemps considérées par les historiens classiques comme une discipline peu légitime au sein des sciences antiquisantes, permettent de jeter un regard neuf sur la société romaine antique du point de vue de sa structuration mais aussi de renouveler à la fois les problématiques et les méthodes d’investigation. La hiérarchisation de la société romaine - réputée très machiste - ne repose pas forcément sur un simple rapport de sexe mais sur un rapport de genre dans un univers socio-mental où la domination se situe du côté de la masculinité. En d’autres termes, le seul sexe biologique de l’individu ne suffit pas à sceller son identité puisque des attitudes réputées déviantes par rapport à celui-ci peuvent provoquer sa remise en cause. En effet, de nombreux critères relatifs aux attitudes corporelles au sens large (gestuelle, vêtements, hygiène etc.) étaient finalement plus importants pour apprécier l’identité sexuelle de l’individu. Dans
70 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY cet environnement complexe, le droit fait presque exception car lorsqu’il s’agit par exemple de savoir quel sexe il faudrait attribuer à un intersexué comme l’hermaphrodite, on a recours à une expertise médicale donc à un exercice pragmatique qui met hors jeu l’aspect comportemental: c’est la consécration d’une identité censée être conforme au sexe biologique. Mots-clés: Rome, Antiquité, sexe, genre, historiographie 4
Gheorghe H. Popescu The Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to emphasize gender disparity in the labor market, the gender configuration of the labor force, and the extent and diverseness of the gender earnings gap. The results of the current study converge with prior research on the prime human capital drivers of men’s and women’s wages, the magnitude of employment discrimination by gender, and the determinants of the gender wage gap. Keywords: gender disparity; labor market; employment discrimination 4
Karin Rainer Gender Aspects and Body Worn Video in a Police Context.
A focused perspective of the EBeCa project: Evaluation and monitoring of the launch of Body Worn Cameras. Response analysis, societal perception and recommendations for accompanying
71 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY measures regarding the launch for police use in Austria Abstract. Employing a material approach and with respect to the current gender practice at the police force in Austria, the perspectives of male and female officers and leading personnel regarding their gender-specific view on Body Worn Video Systems will be analyzed. The empirical outputs of a mixed methods survey among 1000 officers and a qualitative study among about 80 superiors will be inter-linked with theoretical approaches of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and studies regarding video surveillance in the public space. Taking into consideration the specific social topology of the employment at the police forces, the EBeCa study offers relevant insights regarding this interdisciplinary and highly relevant topic. Keywords: police, Austria, Body Worn Video Systems 4
Adina Rădulescu Gender Issues Associated with the Healer Archetype in Psychotherapy
Abstract. The fact that the field of psychotherapy is nowadays a female-dominated profession is beyond any presumption of sexism, a statistically-based reality. The present paper seeks to explore the reasons that lay behind the findings of recent research surveys and studies related to why men tend to desert women-dominated professions. It is a study in archetypal psychology which generates insight about the feminine hypostasis of the healer archetype, not as opposed, but as complementary to the masculine hypostasis of the same archetype. Keywords: psychotherapy, counseling, healer archetype, women- dominated professions. 4 72 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Florian Răpan Women’s Role in the Analysis Process and Strategic Making Decision
Abstract. Women are important in modern society. The role of women in society has been greatly overseen in the last few decades but now it is coming to a more perspective to people. Women were still being marginalized into a certain category of jobs. However, women continued their fight and today they fulfill such roles as doctors, pilots and political women. Throughout history, women have made many contributions to society and their role has been noticed and has changed over the years. Women have played and continue to play a significant role in economy, politics and strategic decision. Women from all different backgrounds, religions and races have contributed to the change of women’s role in society. Keywords: modern society, women’s role, strategic decisions, politics, employment 4
Paula Rodrigues Isotta Nogarola: A Woman’s Voice in Italian Renaissance (1418-1466)
Abstract. Nowadays, as in most western countries, women may access education and enjoy nearly the same rights as men regarding social, professional and political life. However, these recent female achievements did not came without a cost and we may find its roots in the speeches of Renaissance learned women, who, six centuries ago, dared to raise the question of female equality and opportunity. One of these women was Isotta Nogarola, considered the first truly erudite woman of the Renaissance, who attempted to follow an academic career in the circles of the exclusively male beginnings
73 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY of Humanism. Facing a society that did not approve of a woman’s aspiration to an active academic and literary life, Isotta dared to raise her voice to prove that, in fact, men and women were equal. Keywords: Isotta Nogarola, Italian Renaissance 4
Camelia Runceanu Le genre du débat intellectuel roumain à l’époque postcommuniste: col roulé et noeud papillon
Abstract. Ecrivaine consacrée sous le communisme, elle est devenue rédactrice en cheffe d’un périodique, tribune du plus connu groupe rassemblant à la fin de l’année 1989 des intellectuels et des rares opposants ou dissidents roumains. Nous analysons ici la manière dont ses compétences et son activité sont discutées par des membres de ce groupement composé majoritairement d’hommes. Dans leurs appréciations au sujet de ses pratiques, des collègues, dont un philosophe de la période communiste, un auteur formé à la philosophie en autodidacte après 1989 et recevant sa consécration comme auteur d’essais politiques ou d’un politiste de la période postcommuniste, font référence à certaines caractéristiques d’une identité sexuée. Mots-clés: intellectuelle, Roumanie, journalisme, littérature, engagement, philosophie, (science) politique 4
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Gaetano Sabato Gender Construction and Cultural Dynamics: An Anthropological Perspective
Abstract. From an anthropological point of view gender, at least, implies some form of cultural dynamic. Indeed, social construction of gender is culturally determined. By using some interesting ethnographical cases that refer to different cultures, this paper aims to show some fundamental modalities through which gender can be constructed, recognized and shared. The anthropological cases will be discussed using a comparative perspective in order to highlight cultural processes involved to define what is “sexed”. Moreover, employing an anthropological and semiotic perspective, it will be possible to reflect about the ethnographical texts that report those cases: in this sense, gender is also a textual construction. Keywords: gender, anthropology, cultural dynamic, ethnography, texts 4
Elena Savu Where Are the STEM Women? – A Lesson to Be Learnt
Abstract. Starting from the idea that stereotypes and gender bias are still some of the most prevailing social and cultural barriers that continue to hinder women’s participation and involvement in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) nowadays, the current paper looks into ways in which educators alongside with advocates from civil society represented by women’s non- governmental organizations could help to create a wider opening in scientific and engineering fields to young girls. Keywords: gender bias, STEM, women empowerment
4 75 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Bertha Sănduleasa Gender Roles and Attitudes towards Education, Paid Work and Family Life in Romania and Bulgaria. A Comparative Perspective
Abstract. In the context of Europe 2020 Strategy, both Romania and Bulgaria are below the national targets regarding tertiary attainment rate among population aged 30 to 34 years and labour market participation of women and men aged 20 to 64. The paper uses a descriptive comparative approach regarding the relation between employment, education, parenthood and gender in two European ex-communist countries (Romania and Bulgaria). Analysis of official statistics based on Europe 2020 targets in educational attainment and employment, and data extracted from the 3 waves of the European Values Study will be used, in order to capture possible variations in gender role attitudes regarding family and paid work. Keywords: gender role attitudes, work-life balance, gender gap in parental employment 4
Cristina Maria Sârbu Women and Insanity in Victorian Times, a Social and Literary Overview
Abstract. The 19th century came with important changes in the view and treatment of the mentally insane. Science and innovations in psychology were applied as a more methodical treatment of the troubles of the mind. Madness began to be regarded as a disease of the mind and of the brain rather than a moral insanity. This paper studies the social context of the treatment of women with mental issues in the 19th century, inside and outside of their homes. Women were considered to have a predisposition to
76 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY insanity, an inherent frailness that under certain social pressure could lead to troubles of the mind. British literature of those times was a great mirror of the social context, and many mad female characters made their way from female writers’ imagination, and also into our own. Under the sensational and gothic literary imagery there lies a harsh reality and sometimes even traumatic experiences and experiments. Keywords: women, insanity, nineteenth century Victorian society 4
Liane Schneider 20th Century Brazilian Context According to Pagu’s Private Writings
Abstract. Patrícia Rehder Galvão (1910-1962), better known by her nickname ‘Pagu’ was a Brazilian writer, journalist, translator and political militant, very active during the first half of the 20th century. Along this text I focus on the long letter she wrote in the 1940s to her second husband, at his request, which he passed on to their son in 1970. This text was later published and sold as an autobiography entitled Paixao Pagu - autobiografia precoce de Patricia Galvao, in 2005, more than forty years after her death. Thus, through the very words that compose Pagu’s memories, words that were never meant to become public, we, as readers, have access to what is in-between the lines of the stories she tells. Her experience as a woman taking a position on issues prominent in the thirties gives us some hints as to how gender and political relationships were established in Brazil in that time period. In the letter, we come across her personal interpretations on marriage, politics, motherhood and sex, topics that strongly marked her life as a private and public person. In order to present our reading of Pagu’s letter, we take as our main theoretical foundation bell hooks,
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Sidonie Smith and some Brazilian critics developing research on Pagu’s writings, such as Lúcia Maria Teixeira Furlani, among others. We defend that Pagu’s private discourse illustrates very well Brazilian public context at the beginning of the 20th century, bringing to light in clear ways ideas that were very often disguised or kept in secret by the majority of women. Keywords: Patrícia Rehder Galvão, Brazilian public context 4
Janile Pequeno Soares/Luciana Deplagne Frankenstein and the Feminine Gothic of Mary Shelley
Abstract. The writing of Frankenstein began 200 years ago exactly and remains attractive for decentralize the narrative motif out of haunted castles, family curses that torments the characters, as the English traditional gothic novels did. Frankenstein begins a new period of gothic novels centering the focus on the psychological limits of its characters; exploring the monstrosities from the attitudes as a reflex of the society from the historical period that the novel is product. On this paper, we highlight how the fiction of Mary Shelley overflows the feminine experience originated from the contact with a society haunted for the masculine domination. Keywords: gothic, feminine authorship, Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. 4
Răzvan Staicu The Masculine Model of the Traveller-Man of Letters. Duiliu Zamfirescu in Rome
Abstract: Duiliu Zamfirescu is a complex case in the context of the Romanian intellectual of the 19th century’s relationship
78 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY to the Italian space. Given the special circumstances of Duiliu Zamfirescu’s journey to Italy (as a clerk in the Romanian diplomatic corps in Rome, between 1988 and 1906, with a two-year gap), there is no travel writing proper, as is the case of other authors. However, his profound admiration and love for Italy, especially for the capital, Rome, leave a strong trace on a number of his writings, such as Novelele romane, the epistolary novel Lydda, a series of original poems, translations from Italian authors, but these feelings of his are reflected especially in the correspondence with his master, Titu Maiorescu, and with other men of letters back in the country. We can find here the profound masculine resonance in love with a feminine principle hypostasised as the Italian cultural world, especially Rome. Keywords: male typology, traveller, correspondence, Italian cultural space 4
Teodora Stănescu Stanciu Between Parallel Mirrors: Detective Woman – Reality or Fiction at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Abstract: This study wants to turn into a foray into the era between the late nineteenth century and early part of the twentieth century from the perspective of feminine involved in modernizing society. Such an approach would allow the release of different perspectives on both a continuously changing society, but especially on the character - type generated and generator. The case study focuses on a special experience: the first female detective – real or imaginary characters – in continuous confrontation with male world: Kate Warn (1833-1868), the first female detective in the U.S. or, for the other side – fictional a) aged detective: Mrs. Paschal, the character of W.S. Hayward’s The Revelations of a Lady Detective (1860); well-
79 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY known Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple (created in 1927); Miss Silver (featured in 32 novels by British novelist Patricia Wentworth, 1878- 1961); b) the iconic teenage detective – Nancy Drew, created by publisher Edward Stratemeyer (1862-1930) or c) the female James Bond with fatal charms and thirst for adventure – later Modesty Blaise (created by Peter O’Donnell and illustrator Jim Holdaway in 1963). Keywords: female characters; modernizing society; female detective; fictional female detective
4
Codruţa Mirela Stănişoară Of Colour and Gender in the African American Women’s Writing
Abstract. The paper aims at tracing back African American woman writing from early beginnings up to the present days from two determining perspectives: colour and gender. African American women writers have created women characters that pass on their knowledge of life and survival through their culture and history from one generation to the next. Characters are neither perfect nor flawed. They are all trying to survive in an imperfect world, a society that judges them because of the color of their skin and their gender. Their literature reveals black women’s efforts to redefine black womanhood. For the purpose I have selected three novelists who share the same guiding principles: Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker and Paule Marshall. Keywords: black, woman, colour, gender, society, womanism 4
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Dan Sterian L’interview ou l’argumentation dialoguée dans Le neveu de Rameau de Denis Diderot. Illustration sur le système résponsif et de questionnement
Résumé : L’analyse du corpus - Le Neveu de Rameau de Denis Diderot – nous permet d’observer les traits du dialogue diderotien, qui s’avère encore très moderne de la perspective du système responsif et de questionnement, et de le percevoir souvent comme une vaste argumentation dialoguée construite souvent soit sur le principe de la stichomythie, soit sur le principe de la maїeutique, en tant que technique dialogale qui dépasse la conversation philosophique traditionnelle et annonce l’interview moderne. Notre recherche part de l’extérieur vers l’intérieur, en tenant compte des deux propriétés de la conversation, l’une de surface qui est représentée par la forme dialogale et l’autre interne qui est la fonction dialogique, agissant comme facteur de cohésion discursive. Mots-clés : interview, réplique, réponse, dialogue, dialogique, argumentation dialoguée 4
Marcela Monica Stoica The Impact of Recent Political and Social Transformations on Political Efficiency and Participation of Women in Romania
Abstract. Gender quotas have been a progressive measure that many democracies embraced in order to offer women the political representation they deserve. This is why I consider it it vital to prepare our country for the acceptance of this type of progressive initiative too. In my study I shall focus on the way our current political elites view this progressive measure. My research
81 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY method is the in depth interview with important Romanian political leaders. Keywords: gender quotas, political representation, progressive initiative, political elites 4
Mădălina Tomescu Stereotypes and Prejudices in Contemporary Society
Abstract. Gender stereotypes and prejudices still exist in contemporary society. We encounter them everywhere, because our society people grew up hearing stereotypes and prejudices every day. They represent an obstacle to better know the world in which we live. Under the influence of stereotypes and prejudices people tend to think more rigid and reject any idea that is contrary to what “they know better.” Prejudice leads to discrimination. This article intends to briefly analyze gender stereotypes and prejudices in the contemporary society. It also aims to analyze the way from prejudice to discrimination. Keywords: gender stereotypes, gender prejudices, discrimination, gender discrimination 4
Victorița Trif How Can We Become People with Integrity? A Gender Perspective
Abstract. This paper analyses the Romanian contemporary society from the vantage point of honesty. There are various tensions between moral rights and legal rights, between corruption and
82 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY extravagant integrity. The multidisciplinary research is part of the longitudinal investigation conducted between 2005-2015 years. The findings integrated gender perspective: there are sets of behaviors, attitudes, expectations, cognitive representations about integrity and justice. Critical exegesis of the qualitative data could be considered an ethnographic framework linking patriarchal Romanian values with discourses on justice. To conclude, are both positive and negative descriptors of honesty structured in males and females configurations. This suggests an invitation to explore the limits of legal law in countries in transition. Keywords: ethics, gender identity, communication, moral brain, qualitative research 4
Ilarion Țiu Stereotypes and Representations of Women in TV Ads in Romania
Abstract. Advertising has been the main target of analysis and criticism from the feminists who were trying to point out the incredible objectification of women in commercial messages. The Romanian TV Ads are, unfortunately, no exception to this rule contributing by their explicit and implicit messages to the spreading of a rape culture encouraging men to see women as mere commodities. Keywords: television, advertising, gender stereotypes, rape culture, woman as commodity 4
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Iulia Waniek Gender Trouble in Classical Japanese Literature: Transvestite Characters in Heian Monogatari
Abstract. Gender roles were strictly defined in classical Japan, women being secluded and submissive to the norms of a polygamous society. They were supposed to be reticent to male advances, the shier they were, the more erotically desirable they would become. However, late Heian (mid-12th century) literary works reveal a few female characters who are outgoing, refuse to comply to feminine fashions, or simply behave like the opposite gender. Torikaebaya Monogatari (The Changelings) is such a romance, which presents a pair of siblings who end up as transvestites, but eventually revert back to their original sex (and gender). By comparing this romance with European counterparts and analyzing its reception through the ages, we will try to point out certain features specific to Japanese society in the classical era. Keywords: Torikaebaya Monogatari, transvestite, Heian Japan, polygamous society, gender roles 4
Oana-Alis (Popescu) Zaharia Gender, Translation and the System of Patronage in Elizabethan England
Abstract. The present paper aims to explore the role of Queen Elizabeth I as literary patron and dedicatee of translations by focusing on the dedication that precedes Geoffrey Fenton’s rendering of Francesco Guicciardini’s Storia d’Italia. Fenton’s extensive dedication to the Queen is extremely revealing of the manner in which the system of patronage was understood in Elizabethan England. Moreover, it facilitates our understanding of
84 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY the translator’s role and position at the Elizabethan court, of the political and cultural implications of choosing the Queen as the patron of a translation. Keywords: Queen Elizabeth I, Elizabethan court, translations 4
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ACADEMIC PARTICIPANT AFFILIATION COUNTRY POSITION Associate ATHU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Cristina University, Bucharest Ph.D. Teaching ARVANITIDOU Assistant, University of the Aegean Greece Zoi Ph.D.c Assistant AVARVAREI Ion Ionescu de la Brad Professor, Romania Simona Catrinel University of Iaşi Ph.D. BADEA Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Lecturer, Ph.D. Romania Codruţa University, Bucharest Assistant BARROS DEL RÍO Professor, University of Burgos Spain María Amor Ph.D. Assistant BOATCĂ Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Maria University, Bucharest Ph.D. BOHAREC Teacher Ph.D. Institut Français de Bucarest Romania Antonia Assistant BOTEZAT Spiru Haret University, Professor Romania Onorina Bucharest Ph.D. BOUCHRA Professor Université Moulay Ismaïl, Morocco Benbella Ph.D. Meknès BRATU Professor Spiru Haret University, Romania Sofia Ph.D. Bucharest Assistant BURAN Professor, Akademia Bilkent Yök, Ankara Turkey Sümeyra Ph.D. CAMPOI History State University of Paraná Brazil Isabela Candeloro Professor CATANĂ Ph.D. Military Technical Academy Romania Adela Livia Assistant CÂMPU Transilvania University, Professor, Romania Adina Brasov Ph.D. CÂRCIUMARU MA student University of Bucharest Romania Alexandru Associate CERNAT Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Maria University, Bucharest Ph.D. Associate CHAPLAN Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania Mihaela Bucharest Ph.D. THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ACADEMIC PARTICIPANT AFFILIATION COUNTRY POSITION Associate ATHU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Cristina University, Bucharest Ph.D. Teaching ARVANITIDOU Assistant, University of the Aegean Greece Zoi Ph.D.c Assistant AVARVAREI Ion Ionescu de la Brad Professor, Romania Simona Catrinel University of Iaşi Ph.D. BADEA Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Lecturer, Ph.D. Romania Codruţa University, Bucharest Assistant BARROS DEL RÍO Professor, University of Burgos Spain María Amor Ph.D. Assistant BOATCĂ Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Maria University, Bucharest Ph.D. BOHAREC Teacher Ph.D. Institut Français de Bucarest Romania Antonia Assistant BOTEZAT Spiru Haret University, Professor Romania Onorina Bucharest Ph.D. BOUCHRA Professor Université Moulay Ismaïl, Morocco Benbella Ph.D. Meknès BRATU Professor Spiru Haret University, Romania Sofia Ph.D. Bucharest Assistant BURAN Professor, Akademia Bilkent Yök, Ankara Turkey Sümeyra Ph.D. CAMPOI History State University of Paraná Brazil Isabela Candeloro Professor CATANĂ Ph.D. Military Technical Academy Romania Adela Livia Assistant CÂMPU Transilvania University, Professor, Romania Adina Brasov Ph.D. CÂRCIUMARU MA student University of Bucharest Romania Alexandru Associate CERNAT Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Professor, Romania Maria University, Bucharest Ph.D. Associate CHAPLAN Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania Mihaela Bucharest Ph.D.
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Coordinator National Research & CHAVEZ Unit 6 Clepul - FLUL –UL-FCT Portugal GHIŢULEASA Development Institute for Vania Ph.D. Romania CLEPUL Carmen Textiles and Leather, Assistant Bucharest CHIRIŢĂ Professor Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu Romania HERRERA- Assistant National School of Political Andreea Ph.D. SALDANA Professor, Studies and Public Romania CHISEGA Associate Liliana Ph.D. Administration, Bucharest Carol I National Defence NEGRILĂ Professor, Romania Associate University, Bucharest HOCHREITER Austria Ana Maria Ph.D. Professor, University of Vienna Susanne Associate Ph.D. CIOBANU Ovidius University of Professor, Romania HRISTEA National College “I. L. Estella Constanta Teacher, Ph.D. Romania Ph.D. Mihaela Caragiale”, Bucharest Assistant Assistant CIUBĂNCAN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian HUNZIKER Professor, Romania Professor, Independent researcher Switzerland Magdalena University, Bucharest Sara Ph.D. Ph.D. DANIELESCU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian HURTADO Postdoctoral Universidad Politecnica De Ph.D.c. Romania Spain Dominic University, Bucharest Sonia De Gregorio Researcher Madrid Pós-Doc – IACOB DEPLAGNE UFPB/CAPES/CICS.NOVA– Ph.D.c. Transilvania University, Braşov Romania CICS.NOVA Brazil Miruna Luciana UNL UNL Associate ILIUŢĂ Dimitrie Cantemir University, DIMA Professor, Romania PhD.c. University of Bucharest Romania Gabriela Bucharest Ramona Ph.D. DODU IONESCU Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Alexandra Andrei Horațiu Assistant Associate DRĂGAN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian IONESCU Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania Professor, Romania Angela University, Bucharest Luminiţa Bucharest Ph.D. Ph.D. Assistant Associate DRĂGOI IROD Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, University of Bucharest Romania Professor, Romania Cristina Alexandra Maria Bucharest Ph.D.c. Ph.D. Assistant JANKOVIC DRĂGULIN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Ph.D.c. University of Belgrade Serbia Professor, Romania Zeljka Sabin University, Bucharest Ph.D. JEVTIC Ph.D.c. University of Belgrade Serbia Associate Radojka DUONG Vietnam Women’s Academy, Professor, Vietnam JORDANOVA Sofia University St. Kliment Kim Anh Hanoi Ph.D.c. Bulgaria Ph.D. Kristina Ohridski Associate Associate DUŢU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian KRAFT Carol I National Defense Professor, Romania Professor, Romania Carmen University, Bucharest Luiza University, Bucharest Ph.D. Ph.D. ENDERSTEIN United Associate Ph.D. University of Hull LĂZĂROIU Spiru Haret University, Athena Kingdom Professor, Romania George Bucharest FARAIAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Ph.D. Ph.D. Romania Rinalda Napoca LENDȂK-KABŎK Ph.D.c. University of Novi Sad Serbia GHEORGHE Dimitrie Cantemir University, Karolina MA student Romania Mariana Bucharest LOUSADA Researcher – Portugal CICS.NOVA-FCSH-UNL-FCT National University of Isabel FCSH-UNL GHEORGHIU Ph.D.c Political Studies and Public Romania Associate Marina MA Nordic Women’s University, Administration Professor, Norway Li Nesna Assistant Ph.D. GHINEA Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania MACOVEI Dunărea de Jos University, Carmen Bucharest Ph.D. Romania Ph.D. Dana Galaţi
88 THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY
Coordinator National Research & CHAVEZ Unit 6 Clepul - FLUL –UL-FCT Portugal GHIŢULEASA Development Institute for Vania Ph.D. Romania CLEPUL Carmen Textiles and Leather, Assistant Bucharest CHIRIŢĂ Professor Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu Romania HERRERA- Assistant National School of Political Andreea Ph.D. SALDANA Professor, Studies and Public Romania CHISEGA Associate Liliana Ph.D. Administration, Bucharest Carol I National Defence NEGRILĂ Professor, Romania Associate University, Bucharest HOCHREITER Austria Ana Maria Ph.D. Professor, University of Vienna Susanne Associate Ph.D. CIOBANU Ovidius University of Professor, Romania HRISTEA National College “I. L. Estella Constanta Teacher, Ph.D. Romania Ph.D. Mihaela Caragiale”, Bucharest Assistant Assistant CIUBĂNCAN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian HUNZIKER Professor, Romania Professor, Independent researcher Switzerland Magdalena University, Bucharest Sara Ph.D. Ph.D. DANIELESCU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian HURTADO Postdoctoral Universidad Politecnica De Ph.D.c. Romania Spain Dominic University, Bucharest Sonia De Gregorio Researcher Madrid Pós-Doc – IACOB DEPLAGNE UFPB/CAPES/CICS.NOVA– Ph.D.c. Transilvania University, Braşov Romania CICS.NOVA Brazil Miruna Luciana UNL UNL Associate ILIUŢĂ Dimitrie Cantemir University, DIMA Professor, Romania PhD.c. University of Bucharest Romania Gabriela Bucharest Ramona Ph.D. DODU IONESCU Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Alexandra Andrei Horațiu Assistant Associate DRĂGAN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian IONESCU Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania Professor, Romania Angela University, Bucharest Luminiţa Bucharest Ph.D. Ph.D. Assistant Associate DRĂGOI IROD Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, University of Bucharest Romania Professor, Romania Cristina Alexandra Maria Bucharest Ph.D.c. Ph.D. Assistant JANKOVIC DRĂGULIN Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Ph.D.c. University of Belgrade Serbia Professor, Romania Zeljka Sabin University, Bucharest Ph.D. JEVTIC Ph.D.c. University of Belgrade Serbia Associate Radojka DUONG Vietnam Women’s Academy, Professor, Vietnam JORDANOVA Sofia University St. Kliment Kim Anh Hanoi Ph.D.c. Bulgaria Ph.D. Kristina Ohridski Associate Associate DUŢU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian KRAFT Carol I National Defense Professor, Romania Professor, Romania Carmen University, Bucharest Luiza University, Bucharest Ph.D. Ph.D. ENDERSTEIN United Associate Ph.D. University of Hull LĂZĂROIU Spiru Haret University, Athena Kingdom Professor, Romania George Bucharest FARAIAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Ph.D. Ph.D. Romania Rinalda Napoca LENDȂK-KABŎK Ph.D.c. University of Novi Sad Serbia GHEORGHE Dimitrie Cantemir University, Karolina MA student Romania Mariana Bucharest LOUSADA Researcher – Portugal CICS.NOVA-FCSH-UNL-FCT National University of Isabel FCSH-UNL GHEORGHIU Ph.D.c Political Studies and Public Romania Associate Marina MA Nordic Women’s University, Administration Professor, Norway Li Nesna Assistant Ph.D. GHINEA Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania MACOVEI Dunărea de Jos University, Carmen Bucharest Ph.D. Romania Ph.D. Dana Galaţi
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Assistant RAINER Ph.D. Austrian Federal Ministry of Austria MAREŞ Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Karin the Interior Roxana Bucharest Ph.D. Associate RĂDULESCU Spiru Haret University, Assistant Professor, Romania MARGHIOALA Dimitrie Cantemir University, Adina Bucharest Professor, Romania Ph.D. Sonia Cristina Bucharest Ph.D. RĂPAN Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Romania Associate Florian Ph.D. University MARINESCU Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania RODRIGUES History FLUL/CICS.NOVA- UNL Valeriu Bucharest Portugal Ph.D. Paula Researcher MĂRGESCU RUNCEANU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Ph.D.c. Romania Ana-Maria Camelia University Assistant SABATO MATEESCU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Researcher University of Palermo Italy Professor, Romania Gaetano Mihaela Bucharest Ph.D. National Scientific Research SĂNDULEASA Sociologist Assistant Institute for Labor and Social Romania MIHALACHE Dimitrie Cantemir University, Berthaa Ph.D. Professor, Romania Protection Dan Bucharest Ph.D. SÁNCHEZ Spain Professor MIHĂILĂ Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir University, MADARIAGA de Madrid School of Architecture Romania Ph.D. Ramona Ph.D. Bucharest Inés MILI Professor Université Moulay Ismaïl, Assistant Morocco SAVU University Polytechnic of El Mostafa Ph.D. Meknès Professor Romania Elena Bucharest Assistant Ph.D. MITARCĂ Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania SÂRBU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Monica Bucharest MA student Romania Ph.D. Maria Cristina University MOCANU Associate Ph.D.c. University of Barcelona Spain SCHNEIDER Universidade Federal da Adina Professor Brazil Liane Paraíba/CNPq - PQ2 Assistant UFPB MORARU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania SOARES PPGL/UFPB/CAPES Camelia Bucharest Ph.D.c. Brazil Ph.D. Janila Pequeno Assistant Assistant Dimitrie Cantemir Christian MUNTEANU Spiru Haret University, STAICU Professor, Romania Professor, University Romania Ana Bucharest Răzvan Ph.D. Ph.D. United STANCIU Associate NAGEL Professor SUNY Cortland University, Spiru Haret University, States of STĂNESCU Professor, Romania Mechthild Ph.D. New York Bucharest America Teodora Ph.D. NICA Professor Bucharest University of STĂNIŞOARĂ Professor Romania University of Craiova Romania Elvira Ph.D. Economic Studies Codruţa Mirela Ph.D. OANCEA DUMITRU Senior Romania Assistant University of Bucharest STERIAN Spiru Haret University, Maria Luiza Lecturer, Ph.D. Professor, Romania Dan Bucharest OKTAPODA Professor Ph.D. University of Sorbonne France Efstratia Ph.D. Assistant STOICA Dimitrie Cantemir Christian PALOŞANU Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Professor Romania Ph.D. Romania Marcela Monica University Oana-Meda Napoca Ph.D. PARIS TIMOTIJEVIĆ Centre for Promotion of University of Bucharest Romania Researcher Romania Andreea Đur�a Science, Belgrade PATURET Chercheur Ecole de Hautes Etudes en United France TITA Researcher National Gallery of Art, Arnaud CNRS Science sociales, Paris States of Silvia Ph.D. Washington D.C. POPESCU Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian America Romania H. Gheorghe Ph.D. University TOMESCU Professor Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Romania RADU Spiru Haret University, Madalina Ph.D. University Researcher Romania Cătălin Bucharest
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Assistant RAINER Ph.D. Austrian Federal Ministry of Austria MAREŞ Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Karin the Interior Roxana Bucharest Ph.D. Associate RĂDULESCU Spiru Haret University, Assistant Professor, Romania MARGHIOALA Dimitrie Cantemir University, Adina Bucharest Professor, Romania Ph.D. Sonia Cristina Bucharest Ph.D. RĂPAN Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Romania Associate Florian Ph.D. University MARINESCU Spiru Haret University, Professor, Romania RODRIGUES History FLUL/CICS.NOVA- UNL Valeriu Bucharest Portugal Ph.D. Paula Researcher MĂRGESCU RUNCEANU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Ph.D.c. University of Bucharest Romania Ph.D.c. Romania Ana-Maria Camelia University Assistant SABATO MATEESCU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Researcher University of Palermo Italy Professor, Romania Gaetano Mihaela Bucharest Ph.D. National Scientific Research SĂNDULEASA Sociologist Assistant Institute for Labor and Social Romania MIHALACHE Dimitrie Cantemir University, Berthaa Ph.D. Professor, Romania Protection Dan Bucharest Ph.D. SÁNCHEZ Spain Professor MIHĂILĂ Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir University, MADARIAGA de Madrid School of Architecture Romania Ph.D. Ramona Ph.D. Bucharest Inés MILI Professor Université Moulay Ismaïl, Assistant Morocco SAVU University Polytechnic of El Mostafa Ph.D. Meknès Professor Romania Elena Bucharest Assistant Ph.D. MITARCĂ Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania SÂRBU Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Monica Bucharest MA student Romania Ph.D. Maria Cristina University MOCANU Associate Ph.D.c. University of Barcelona Spain SCHNEIDER Universidade Federal da Adina Professor Brazil Liane Paraíba/CNPq - PQ2 Assistant UFPB MORARU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania SOARES PPGL/UFPB/CAPES Camelia Bucharest Ph.D.c. Brazil Ph.D. Janila Pequeno Assistant Assistant Dimitrie Cantemir Christian MUNTEANU Spiru Haret University, STAICU Professor, Romania Professor, University Romania Ana Bucharest Răzvan Ph.D. Ph.D. United STANCIU Associate NAGEL Professor SUNY Cortland University, Spiru Haret University, States of STĂNESCU Professor, Romania Mechthild Ph.D. New York Bucharest America Teodora Ph.D. NICA Professor Bucharest University of STĂNIŞOARĂ Professor Romania University of Craiova Romania Elvira Ph.D. Economic Studies Codruţa Mirela Ph.D. OANCEA DUMITRU Senior Romania Assistant University of Bucharest STERIAN Spiru Haret University, Maria Luiza Lecturer, Ph.D. Professor, Romania Dan Bucharest OKTAPODA Professor Ph.D. University of Sorbonne France Efstratia Ph.D. Assistant STOICA Dimitrie Cantemir Christian PALOŞANU Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Professor Romania Ph.D. Romania Marcela Monica University Oana-Meda Napoca Ph.D. PARIS TIMOTIJEVIĆ Centre for Promotion of University of Bucharest Romania Researcher Romania Andreea Đur�a Science, Belgrade PATURET Chercheur Ecole de Hautes Etudes en United France TITA Researcher National Gallery of Art, Arnaud CNRS Science sociales, Paris States of Silvia Ph.D. Washington D.C. POPESCU Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian America Romania H. Gheorghe Ph.D. University TOMESCU Professor Dimitrie Cantemir Christian Romania RADU Spiru Haret University, Madalina Ph.D. University Researcher Romania Cătălin Bucharest
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Assistant TRENDAFILOVA Sofia University St. Kliment Professor Bulgaria Ekaterina Ohridski Ph.D. Associate TRIF Professor, University of Bucharest Romania Victorița Ph.D. Assistant TUDOR Dimitrie Cantemir University, Romania Professor, Diana Ligia Bucharest Ph.D. ŢEGLAŞ Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Ph.D. Romania Camelia Napoca Associate ŢIU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Ilarion Bucharest Ph.D. Associate WANIEK Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Iulia Bucharest Ph.D. Assistant ZAHARIA POPESCU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Oana-Alis Bucharest Ph.D. ZUCCHINI Ph.D. Independent researcher Spain Elena
92 Assistant TRENDAFILOVA Sofia University St. Kliment Professor Bulgaria Ekaterina Ohridski Ph.D. Associate TRIF Professor, University of Bucharest Romania Victorița Ph.D. Assistant TUDOR Dimitrie Cantemir University, Romania Professor, Diana Ligia Bucharest Ph.D. ŢEGLAŞ Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Ph.D. Romania Camelia Napoca Associate ŢIU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Ilarion Bucharest Ph.D. Associate WANIEK Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Iulia Bucharest Ph.D. Assistant ZAHARIA POPESCU Dimitrie Cantemir University, Professor, Romania Oana-Alis Bucharest Ph.D. ZUCCHINI Ph.D. Independent researcher Spain Elena