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RADAR Research Archive and Digital Asset Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/ orother copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, the full bibliographic details must be given as follows: Finnen, A J (2011). The International Community’s Management of ‘Post-Conflict’ with particular reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina. PhD Thesis. Oxford Brookes University. WWW.BROOKES.AC.UK/GO/RADAR The International Community’s Management of ‘Post- Conflict’ with particular reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Alexander John Finnen M.B.E., T.D. Doctoral thesis submitted to Oxford Brookes University, 2011. 1 Contents Abstract 3 Acronym Guide 4 Introduction 17 Research Design 34 Imperialism, Colonialism and other Post-Conflict models 70 A historical and comparative overview of Intervention 132 Towards a Typology of Post-Conflict intervention 184 Frontispiece to Chapters on Bosnia and Kosovo 236 Post-Conflict Operations in Bosnia 243 Post-Conflict Operations in Kosovo 323 The EU and Post-Conflict 374 An Analysis of Post-Conflict Intervention & Legacies 417 Conclusion 456 Bibliography 483 2 Abstract The purpose of the thesis is to examine the International Community’s (IC) responses to post-conflict at the turn of the twenty-first century and in a period of transition. The thesis will establish whether there are any standard models for the IC’s engagement in post-conflict and if so whether these models are gradually ‘evolutionary’ or subject to radical change. The thesis will situate the IC’s response within the existing academic models and will encompass a review of these models so as to establish whether recent post-conflict interventions can be adequately defined by them. The thesis will also define a typology of post- conflict so as to establish whether the existing definitions are ‘fit for purpose’. The thesis will make use of a substantial body of empirical evidence which was gathered by the author during a period of fourteen years spent in the Western Balkans. It will in consequence address the issue of ‘observation’ in the research design and conclusion. The thesis will use this corpus of evidence gathered to illuminate the points raised during the thesis and to establish whether the changes in the typology of the IC’s response to post-conflict in the Western Balkans were specific to those particular missions or whether they represented a longer-term change in approach by the IC. As part of this changing approach to post-conflict, the thesis will also examine the role of the European Union (EU) and question the role which the EU, only one amongst many regional and sub- regional organisations, has ascribed to itself in the IC’s management of post- conflict. 3 GUIDE TO ACRONYMS (in English) AFBiH - Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina AFRICOM - Africa Command AFV - Armoured Fighting Vehicles ANP - Afghan National Police ANSF - Afghan National Security Forces APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Forum ARRC - Allied Rapid Reaction Corps ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange AU - African Union (successor to the OAU) AV - Alternative Vote BG - Battlegroup BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation BFBS - British Forces Broadcasting Service BiH - Bosnia and Herzegovina BRIC - Brazil, Russia, India and China C3 - Command, Control and Communications CAFAO - Customs and Fiscal Assistance Office CAG - Civil Affairs Group CAM - Customs Assistance Mission (of the EU), suffix letter denotes state or entity e.g. CAM-A is the CAM for Albania. Has now been replaced by CAFAO CAPOC - Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command CAR - Central African Republic CARDS - Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation CAST - Conflict Assessment System Tool CCA - Control Commission for Austria CCG - Control Commission for Germany 4 CEC - Central Election Commission CEU - Central European University CFE - Conventional Forces Europe CFSP - Common Foreign and Security Policy (of the EU) CIMIC - Civil Military Co-operation CMEA - Council for Mutual and Economic Assistance (The civilian equivalent of the Warsaw Pact) CMT - Crisis Management Team CNN - Cable News Network (a US Time-Warner owned broadcaster) COE - Council of Europe CORE - Centre for OSCE Research (in Hamburg, Germany) CP - Close Protection CPA - Coalition Provisional Authority CPC - Conflict Prevention Centre (of the OSCE) CRHB - Croat Republic of Herceg-Bosna, (the wartime third ‘entity’ in BiH) CSCE - Conference on Security and Co-operation Europe CSDP - Common Security and Defence Policy (of the EU) CSRC - Conflict Studies Research Centre (of the UK Defence Academy) DCAF - Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces DDR - Disarmament, Demobilisation and Re-integration DECC - Department of Environment & Climate Change DfID - Department for International Development (UK) DHM - Deputy Head of Mission DHR - Deputy High Representative DM - Deutschmark DoD - Department of Defense (of the USA), see MoD for UK DPKO - Department of Peacekeeping Operations (at the UN) DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 DRS - Data Research Systems DSF - Directorate of Special Forces EAM - National Liberation Front (in Greece, from 1941) EC - European Commission ECB - European Central Bank ECMM - European Commission Military Monitors EDB - European Development Bank EEAS - European External Action Service EEC - European Economic Community EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone EIC - East India Company ELAS - National People's Liberation Army (in Greece, from 1941) EPC - European Political Co-operation ESDP - European Security and Defence Policy (now the CSDP) ESRC - Economic and Social Research Council (UK) ESS - European Security Strategy EU - European Union EUFOR - European Union Force EUFOR RD Congo - European Union Force Democratic Republic of Congo EULEX - European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo EUMM - European Union Military Monitors EUNAVFOR - European Union Naval Force EUPM - European Union Police Mission EUROPOL - European Police Office EUSR - European Union Special Representative FAC - Forward Air Control FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization FASP - Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (see also HR FASP) FCO - Foreign and Commonwealth Office FDI - Foreign Direct Investment FIDF - Falklands Islands Defence Force 6 FO - Field Offices FOM - Freedom of Movement FOO - Forward Artillery Observation FPTP - ‘First Past The Post’ – Element of an electoral system such as that used in the UK FRG - Federal Republic of Germany FRY - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia FY - ‘Former’ Yugoslavia FSI - Failed States Index fYROM - former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GATT - General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs G8 - Group of eight (leading economies) G20 - Group of 20 (leading economies) GDR - German Democratic Republic GFAP - General Framework for Peace, often referred to as the Dayton Agreement GDP - Gross Domestic Product GDR - German Democratic Republic (GDR) – DDR in German GTZ - German Agency for Technical Cooperation HCNM - High Commissioner for National Minorities (OSCE) HDZ - Croatian Democratic Union, the principal Bosnian-Croat political party, whose parent political party is based in Croatia HGV - Heavy Goods Vehicle HighRep - High Representative (in Kosovo) HLPG - High Level Planning Group (of the OSCE) HMSO - His/Her Majesty’s Stationery Office HOM - Head of Mission HR - High Representative (in BiH) HRFASP - High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus HV - Croatian Army (in Croatia) 7 HVO - Croatian Defence Forces (in BiH) IAWG - Inter Agency Working Group IBIS - Institute for British-Irish Studies IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IC - International Community ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organisation ICC - International Criminal Court ICG - International Crisis Group ICITAP - International Criminal Investigative Assistance Training Program (US) ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross ICTR - International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY - International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (sometimes referred to as the ‘Hague’ tribunal) ID - Identity (Card/s) IDEA - International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IDP - Internally Displaced Person IED - Improvised Explosive Device IGB - Inner German Border IEBL - Inter Entity Boundary Line IED - Improvised Explosive Device IFES - International Foundation for Electoral Systems IICK - Independent International Commission on Kosovo IFOR - Intervention Force II - Image Intensifying ILO - International Labour Organisation IMC - International Mercy Corps IMF - International Monetary Fund INGO - International Non-Governmental Organisations 8 INTERPOL - International Criminal Police Organisation (a UN affiliated body with 184 member countries) IO - International Organisation IO - Information Operations (UK & US Military term) see also PsyOps IOM - International Organisation for Migration IPTF - International Police Task Force IR - International Relations ISAF - International Stabilisation Force IT - Information Technology ITU - International Telecommunications Union JCC - Joint Civil Commission