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A Theological Inquiry Regarding the Practice of the Eucharist in Cyberspace

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A Theological Inquiry Regarding the Practice of the Eucharist in Cyberspace University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 3-1-2013 A Theological Inquiry Regarding the Practice of the Eucharist in Cyberspace Janice L. Duce University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Duce, Janice L., "A Theological Inquiry Regarding the Practice of the Eucharist in Cyberspace" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 170. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/170 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. A THEOLOGICAL INQUIRY REGARDING THE PRACTICE OF THE EUCHARIST IN CYBERSPACE __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology Joint PhD Program University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Janice L. Duce March 2013 Advisor: Theodore M. Vial, Jr. Author: Janice L. Duce Title: A THEOLOGICAL INQUIRY REGARDING THE PRACTICE OF THE EUCHARIST IN CYBERSPACE Advisor: Theodore M. Vial, Jr. Degree Date: March 2013 ABSTRACT This study looks at the Eucharist in cyberspace, beginning with a case study of a faith community who met with controversy after the group shared the ritual in cyberspace. Based on a qualitative study of the practice and its aftermath, the theoretical analysis includes the nature of the Internet itself and its capacity as a location for networked communities; its capacity to operate as a communication medium for a religious ritual; and the involvement of active users. The users in this case were members of a religious community interested in preserving their Eucharist theological tradition. The first set of major issues revolves around the process of negotiating the manner in which the practice and the use of technology can be reconfigured to accommodate the innovation. Such reconfiguring involves a level of interaction in which the criteria of a networked community for Eucharist can be said to exist. Negotiating a use of the Internet should give attention to aesthetic elements that makes for a robust engagement using the medium. The next set of major issues involve evaluating whether or not a Wesleyan/holiness theology of Eucharist, nuanced by a Calvinistic view of Christ’s presence, would be fitting to an online venue. I explored a creative redeployment of these theological traditions in terms of Eucharist in cyberspace being a networked communication of grace characterized by the agency of the user, who joins other participants in a sacramental encounter with ii Christ. I analyzed what each piece looked like theologically in tandem with a cultural perspective of the Internet and religious practice in cyberspace. I concluded that there was theological warrant for adapting the Eucharist to cyberspace for a legitimate practice that could fulfill the religious and theological purposes sought by a networked community. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Theoretical Framework of The Analysis ................................................................ 2 The Definition, Description and Use of Key Terms and Phrases ......................... 11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 21 Chapter Two: Cyberspace As Networked Mediated Communication .............................. 23 Cyberspace As Networked Communities ............................................................. 25 Toward Community As Networks in Cyberspace .................................... 25 The Integrative Nature of Community, Identity, And Embodiment in Cyberspace ................................................................................................ 38 Cyberspace As Communication Media ................................................................ 42 The Transmissional Perspective of Mediated Communication ................ 44 The Ritual Perspective of Mediated Communication ............................... 49 Cyberspace And The Agency of The User ........................................................... 52 Agency And Technology .......................................................................... 53 The Active Agent And Technology .......................................................... 61 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 71 Chapter Three: Narrative And Negotiation of Cyberspace Practice ................................. 73 Narrative of The Observance of The Eucharist in Cyberspace ............................. 74 Networked Community in Cyberspace Ritual Observance .................................. 80 Mediated Communication And Ritual Observance in Cyberspace ...................... 91 Agency of The User In Cyberspace Ritual Observance ..................................... 104 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 109 Chapter Four: Analysis of Reflections of Two Listservs Regarding The Eucharist in Cyberspace ...................................................................................................................... 111 The Eucharist in Networked Community in Cyberspace ................................... 114 Observation of Reflections in First Listserv ........................................... 115 Observation of Reflections in Second Listserv ....................................... 122 Toward Reconfiguration And Innovation of The Eucharist For A Networked Community in Cyberspace ................................................... 125 The Eucharist And Materiality in Mediated Communication in Cyberspace ..... 133 Observation of Reflections in First Listserv ........................................... 134 Observation of Reflections of the Second Listserv................................. 140 Toward A Reconfiguration And Innovation of The Eucharist For Communication Media in Cyberspace .................................................... 142 The Eucharist and the Agency of the User in Cyberspace .................................. 150 Observation of Reflections in Second Listserv ....................................... 151 Toward A Reconfiguration And Innovation of The Eucharist in Terms of The Agency of The User ......................................................................... 152 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 154 iv Chapter Five: Theological Analysis of The Eucharist in Cyberspace ............................ 157 A Redeployment of Wesleyan/holiness Theology And Networked Communities For The Eucharist in Cyberspace ........................................................................ 161 A Redeployment of Wesleyan/holiness And Calvinist Theology For The Eucharist As Mediated Communication in Cyberspace ..................................... 176 Calvin’s Understanding of The Eucharist As A Sacramental Encounter With Christ From A Transmission And Ritual Perspective Of Communication ....................................................................................... 177 Wesleyan/holiness Understanding of The Eucharist As A Sacramental Encounter With Christ From A Ritual Perspective of Communication . 193 A Redeployment of Wesleyan/holiness Theology And The Agency of The User For The Eucharist in Cyberspace ........................................................................ 206 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 215 Chapter Six: Conclusion ................................................................................................. 218 Cyberspace Can Feature The Communal Aspect of The Eucharist .................... 219 Cyberspace Can Support A Substantive Observance of The Eucharist .............. 223 Cyberspace Can Promote The Agency of The User ........................................... 231 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 235 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 236 v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION In the spring of 2008 an online class affiliated with Nazarene Bible College1 engaged in a practice that many would regard as inappropriate. 2 This faith community shared the Eucharist in cyberspace. Creating a “cybersanctuary,” by utilizing an mp3 file from a church website, and a chat room, the professor and his online class observed this sacrament together. 3 The enthusiastic recounting of this online event via an electronic communiqué to various constituencies of the college was met with controversy concerning the legitimacy of this practice. My stake in this work is that of an insider--a faculty member of this college-- who was intimately involved with online education for ministerial students at this institution. I am also an ordained minister in the Church of the Nazarene. The scope of this dissertation
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