Hes Od The° Poems and Fragments

H E S OD

THE ° POEMS AN D FRAGMENTS

D ONE INT O E N G L I S H PROS E WIT H INT ROD U CT ION A N D APPE ND ICE S

A R W I M A . fy E T B . MA E C A B . . , . ( R . A NTA ) P ROF E S S OR OF GRE E K m E D I N BU RGH 7: S OME T IME F E L L OW o p G ON V I L L E A N D em us C OL L E G E CAMBRI DG E

OXFORD A T T H E CLARE N DON PRE SS

i g o 8 ' Q Q ‘ Q

H E N RY F R OWD E , P U BL I S H E R T O T H E U NIV E RS I T Y OF OXF ORD L ON D ON E D I N B U RG H N E W Y , , ORK

T ORON TO A N D ME L B OU RN E PRE F A C E

' N o apology seems needed for a new English trans

t on o f H siod sh b e if the r s nt la i e . I all glad p e e r enderi ng lead to a more gen eral stu dy Of a n author who if on for his nt t m st s ossess , ly a iqui y, u alway p

rt r nterest a pa icula i . I n some few cases of great doubt a nd difﬁculty

I h e ons o s e m e e s on ers on av c ci u ly giv n a r ly p rovi i al v i .

hese n ee not b e s e e here a nd ho e to h e T d p ciﬁ d , I p av a n n h e f f s ss n opportu ity elsew er o a ull di cu io . T he I ntroduction aims at no more tha n supplyi ng

ert n mo nt Of nform t on w th n e n te a c ai a u i a i , i i d ﬁ i m ts o t the es o c e os a nd the tr t on li i , ab u H i di p adi i al

es o r t ntro t on was e r e on H i d . A c i ical i duc i cl a ly b y d

h s f h s o o I n he en I ha e en t e cop e o t i b k . t Add da v giv a p reliminary a nd necessarily slight discussion Of a few se e te to s from the Wark: a nd D a : l c d pic y . T he vexed qu estio n Of the sp elli ng Of Greek ro er n mes is rt r tro esome in es o p p a pa icula ly ubl H i d , ‘ s n e as nt an s s ma n rs e s in nom n i c , Qui ili ay , g a pa iu i i ’ b us est o t I h e referre some a roxima ccupa a . av p d pp tion to the Greek sp elli ng rath er tha n the Roman ized forms b ut I h e not tro e o t too or o s , av ubl d ab u a lab i u

ons s en c i t cy .

1 8 6 4 0 6 ' iv P ref a ce

I have had the privilege Of consulting my colleague the Astronomer Royal for Scotla nd (Professor Dyson) on some stronom m tters a nd se er of m a ical a , v al y brothers have given me the b eneﬁt Of their criticism on r o s s of scho rsh Bu t ne ther he nor va i u p oint la ip . i they have a ny resp onsibility for errors i nto which

I ma h e f en y av all . b d h My est thanks a re u e to the careful scholars ip f he staﬁ Of the C ren on ess O t la d Pr .

T H E V E S Y D BU G UNI R IT , E IN R H O to er 1 1 0 8 b . c 3 , 9 I N T RO D U CT I O N

IC O I . THE HESIOD EP S

‘ ’ I O T RY is e r er th n rose is f m r . P E a li a P a a ilia t m of h stor ter r r t sm a nd the t m dic u i ical li a y c i ici , dic u

I t has een is a tru e one when rightly u n derstood . b

fi t w th some th t rose— r om ora tio or a dif cul y i a p p ,

re t s ee h—the s ee h wh h e r n ton di c p c p c ic , lik Ma k A y , ’ on s e s r ht on sho b e ter in ter t re ly p ak ig , uld la li a u

th n Bu t th t is m e nt is mere th s t t a verse . all a a ly i ha

efore the n en t on of som e f rm Of w r t n of b i v i o i i g, ‘ m e h n c me n s in som e sh e or o ther Of re or a c a i al a ap , c d

in the s ok en wor the on k n Of ter t re th t g p d , ly i d li a u a

can e s is m emor ter t re A nd mem or xi t a ial li a u . a ial literature—ca n only b e develop ed with the help of

metre . Ari stotle ﬁ n ds the origi n of poetry in two deep seated huma n i nsti n cts the i nsti nct for Imitation

. a nd the nst n t for rmon a n thm m etres i i c Ha y d Rhy ,

e n e r sect on s Of rh thm ersons therefore b i g cl a ly i y . P , , sta rting With thi s n a tural gift develop ed by degrees

the r s e t t es t the r r e m ro s t on s i p cial ap i ud , ill i ud i p vi a i

e rth o oetr Po t Wh s o s t e . t r e s gav bi P y ( iv) . a A i t tl ay

of r e Po L C is Of et. . tr e oetr in ener T ag dy ( , ) u p y , g al , that it advan ced by slow degrees each new elemen t that showed itself was in turn develop ed an d every ’ vi I ntrodudtzon w here Nature herself discovered the appropriate m easure

oetr then for r m t e man was the on P y, , p i i iv , ly

eh e of ter t re the on me ns wh h the v icl li a u , ly a by ic

re test ex er en es the ee est fee n s a nd s r g a p i c , d p li g a pi a t ons of m n t ﬁnd a n en r n c I n i hu a i y could du i g re ord . ’ n a n N m I r k now o e w on s s r a . . . y ly, ay Pi da , vii 4 q , — we a mi rror for glorious deeds if by grace Of bright crown ed M nemosyne a recomp ense Of toils is fou n d ’ i n o f f erse Wh t in n r is m gl rious olds o v . a Pi da a clai a nd nt is for the r m t e man er r a vau p i i iv lit ally t u e . N ot for n othi ng was M nemosyn e or M emory the mother of the Muses a n d not for nothi ng w a s ’ m er wh h th n s a re e ne the h n Nu b , by ic all i g d ﬁ d, a d

m n of em or m er a n d M emor re si ni aide M y . Nu b y a g ﬁca ntly coupled by Aeschylus in the P rometbeur

Vinctur s . where romethe s mon other , 459 q q , P u , a g ‘ ene ts he onferre on men o sts fo n for b ﬁ c d , b a , I u d

them m er most e e en t of rts a nd the tt n Nu b , xc ll a , pu i g

to ether Of etters a nd Memor neme the m se g l , y (M ) , u ’ iﬁ r of h n s mother a rt ce t . , all i g

oetr or n in the e r est t mes o nte P y , acc di gly , a li i c u d

noth n ommon or n e n b u t em r ed the who e i g c u cl a , b ac l

o n Y et the oe w as from rst r a nge f exp eri e ce . p t the ﬁ

w h e r re erence H e stoo r ega rded it a p culia v . d apart

from his fe ow m en in c oser re t on to the o s ll , a l la i g d

r e his n s n en from whom he de iv d i pi ratio . G erally he was not merely the singer of thi ngs past ‘ Of Old u nhappy far Off things A nd ba ttles long ago I ntrodu ction vii b u t so he was the ro het of th n s to ome a nd al p p i g c , the wise man in whom was enshrined the wisdom of the es the h hest ser in th n s resent hether ag , ig advi i g p , w m ter o s r t W th the e e o ment of a ial r pi i ual . i d v l p a p rose literature which was adequate to record the more or n r th n s of fe the oet more a nd more di a y i g li , p

on ne h mse f to the h her e e s of e er en e or c ﬁ d i l ig l v l xp i c , he e t w th ommon th n s in a n n ommon d al i c i g u c way .

en e as it were a n ent there was e e o e H c , by accid , d v l p d the t wh h howe er h r to e ne we e h quali y ic , v a d d ﬁ , ac of u s th n o rse es e o re o n e a s o Bu t i k u lv abl t c g iz p etic . it still remain s tru e that the one distin ctive essential of p oetry as compared with p rose is that it is marked

m etres wh h are se t ons r v a r a of rh thm by , ic c i ( p ip ) y

2 fo e h n n on of n hen here . e r t e e t wr t t t B i v i i i g, , e ste st o of o r oetr h n e own xi d a va b dy p pula p y, a d d d m emor F or the most rt o t ess it ons ste ially . pa d ub l c i d

Of om r t e short oems Bu t e en w tho t c pa a iv ly p . , v i u the of wr t n memor of tse f was e te to aid i i g, y i l ad qua the comp osition a nd tradition of p oems of considerable

en th T he old r ment nst the nt t of the l g . a gu agai a iqui y Homeric p oems which was fou nded on the alleged imp ossibility of comp osing or p reserving p oems of s h en th me ns of memor on e has on uc l g by a y al , l g s n ce on o ther ro n s e ome o so ete I t is diffi i , g u d , b c b l . cult to u n dersta n d how it could ever have b een ser o s n e SO far as mere en th oes sho i u ly adva c d . l g g I uld not think that a good Greek scholar would find much f t in om os n oem as on as the I lia d di ficul y c p i g a p l g , a nd certainly in committing it to memory he should v iii I ntroducti on

ﬁnd none Bu in a n se oetr in e r er s . t y ca p y a li day r occupi ed a much . more i ntimate part in the popula

1n I n . life than it does now or is ever likely 110 d o aga .

C m a nd in ower in the o r Of the e in the a p b , lab u ld, ' ﬁ

’ ’ ’ she herd s hu t on the hill in the f rmer s h on the p , a all ‘ long wi nter even i ngs a t the season when t he B oneless

‘ On e gnaweth his ow n foot within his ﬁreless home a nd ch eerless dwelli ng p oetry a nd song formed the

e ht a nd so ce of fe enshr n n a s the on e d lig la li , i i g y al did the tr t on s a n d the w s om of h e r e en n adi i i d t ac . P i ’ ’ cu ick s picture of a fa rmer s hall in Old Scotla n d would ’ ' ’ mu ta tzs muta ndzr to f rmer s h in n ent apply, , a a all a ci Greece

’ ’ On a w in ter s n ight my gra nny spin nin T o m ak a w eb of guid S cots li nen ; H er stool b ei ng pla ced n ext to the chimley (F or she w a s auld a nd saw right dimly) M ck a n hon est Wh y lu y dad , ig, Wa s telli ng tales of B othw ell - brig ; H e co not m ss to m n the ttem t uld i i d a p , F or h e w as sitti ng pui ng hemp ; M n t whom n ne re sa has no r ce y au a da y g a , ’ Wa s readi ng 1n the l gr zm 5 P rogram ; T h e m e k e t sker D eD s i l a , avi alla , Was telli ng blad s of William Wallace ; My m ith er bad e h er secon d son say W ’ hat he d by hea rt of D avi e Li n d say

The bairns a n d oyes w ere a ll withi n doors T he o n est of u s chew n c n ers y u g i g i d , ’ A n d the nes te n won ers all auld a lli g d .

A ll the re t t es of l ter oetr are fo n , g a yp a p y u d ‘ / I n trodnm zl L J i x M

- he r - o r oetr One germ or p rototyp e; in t ea ly p pula p y .

one the a e t en so to s eak a n d rr e to by y r ak up , p , ca i d

“ n re N o their full p erfectio on the s tage Of literatu . where is this p rocess Oi developm en t more simple or n t r th n in the ter t re of nc ent ree e wh h a u al a li a u a i G c ic , tt e n en e e tern mo e s r ns r l e at li l i ﬂu c d by x al d l , u pa al l every stage a nd corresp onds to the cou rse of the n on fe T he r st son a nd n e in hono r a ti al li . u ic g da c u Of Dionysus gives birth to the magn iﬁcen t crea tions of Aeschylus a nd S ophocles the rustic harvest- home w th its r e a n d o stero s m rth when i ud b i u i ,

T he ha rvest swains a n d w en ches bou n d F or o se he h ck ca w n e t o e t o rt ro . j y, c d Ab out the cart hea r how the rou t Of r r o n n r se the sho t u al y u gli g ai u , r ess n efore som e com n fter P i g b , i g a , hose w h sh t w h t o a n d these t hter . T i a u , i laug om e ess the c rt some ss the she es S bl a , ki av , S om e p rank them up wi th o aken leaves ;

om e cross the ﬁll - horse som e w th re t S , i g a

e ot on stroke the home- orn e whe t D v i b a , Wh e other r st cs ess tten t il u i , l a T O r ers th n to merr m en t p ay a i , Ru n after with their breaches r en t is the ro en tor Of the r sto h n m e A n d p g i A i p a ic co dy . so i th o ther form s of ter t re W li a u .

ere w e a re con cern e w th oe r n rst H d i Epic p t y o ly . Fi we have the u np rofessional sin ger who sa ng u n bidden a nd u n b ought : when the Muse wa s not yet lover

Of n nor h re n a nd hon e - ton e er s hore gai i li g , y gu d T p ic sold not her sweet a nd tender - voiced songs with x I ntroduction

f s [ /9m 6 e w s ere e n r st 11. t e ilv d ac (Pi da , . N x h e the rofess on m nstre w n erer from ho se av p i al i l, a a d u ’ to ho se s n n for his e hoo a nd n ht s u , i gi g liv li d a ig she ter or a t the to Of his rofess on the hono re l , , p p i , u d a nd m os r s e re ner of o ho seho T he t t u t d tai a r yal u ld . nearest a nalogy to the p osition of the latter typ e of mi nstrel would b e p erhap s the modern clergyma n o nly the early mi nstrel add ed to the privileges of the clergyma n som ethi ng Of the r eSp on sib ilities of the f m w er here a re few m ore e s n ss es a ily la y . T pl a i g pa ag i n Homer tha n those which i ntroduce the honoured m nstre s h a s Phemios in the ce of sse s i l , uc pala Ody u a n d D emod okos in the palace of Alkinoos ; Of the ‘ r in Od rr 62 s h w h her tte e . w e re o t e la , y y, viii . q q , ad ald

rew n h e n the tr st m nstre whom the d ig , l adi g u y i l, Muse loved wi th a n exceedi ng love a n d gave him good a n d e Sh o h m of his e es b u t she e him . e r e i vil bb d y , gav sw eet son F or him Pontonoos set s er - st e g . a ilv udd d

h r i n the m st of the n eters e n n it nst c ai id ba qu , l a i g agai

t r A nd from e he h n the shr re a all pilla . a p g u g ill ly

r s i just ab ove his head a n d guid ed his ha n ds to g a p t .

A nd him he set sket an d t e f r and by a ba a abl ai , by him a cup of wi ne that he might dri nk when his spi rit

e him An d he u for h the r h n s to the bad . t y p t t i a d

oo cheer se r efo r hem Bu t when he g d t eady b e t . t y

ha d u t from them es re of m e t a n d r nk then the p d i a d i , Muse stirred up the mi nstrel to si ng the glori es of

m en 0 1611 d t e en th t whose or was ( p ) , v a lay gl y

then come nto the w e he en Of the str fe f u id av , i o ’ sse s a d h es son of e e s. A nd st as Ody u n Ac ill , P l u ju ‘ I n trod notion xi

‘ ou r Scottish farmer was telli ng blads of William ’ n me I l ad i 1 n W e so i o r i x . 86 s . whe allac , H , , q q , a depu tation of chiefs came from Agamem non to

ers e h es to reno n e his wr th the fo n p uad Ac ill u c a , y u d

him taking his delight in the shrill fair- carven lyre

whereon was a bridge Of ~ gold the lyre which he had

en fr m he s o s h n h f e t o t w e e s e the t o t on . ak p il , ack d ci y E i Therei n he was taki ng his delight a nd was singing the

or es Of m en d 8 wh e o er n st W e. v 6 w gl i ( p ) , il v agai

him one a n d in s en e sa t Patroklos w t n t , al il c , ai i g ill ’ the son of A iakos sho n d his uld e lay . The direct descen dant of this typ e Of minstrelsy is the om H eric epic .

T he rs aim of he omer oet i o e 4. ﬁ t t H ic p s t giv

e s re : he is te her b u t he is so n re t . I t pl a u a ac , i di c ly

i s his r e e na it is on t on of his a rt to b e p ivil g , y, a c di i , ’ m n t e to refer in r stot e s hr se ro e i agi a iv , p , A i l p a , p babl ’ m oss t es to m ro e oss t es a nd the i p ibili i i p babl p ibili i , triumph of Homer is tha t he chi eﬂy has taught other p oets to tell li es a s they ought to b e told N ow the H esiodic epic is the a ntithesis Of the

m r I is t oetr whos a im is no o e . t e t H ic a didac ic p y ,

o s b o n s N O es h n h om t plea e u t t i truct . l s t a t e H eric

oet es o ms n e ns r t on a n d he re o p H i d clai divi i pi a i , c g

h M ses a re e er t e in o n izes t a t the u qually Op a iv b th ‘ ’ t s Of o r We k n ow he m k he M s sa e et . es t es yp p y , a u y

n Tb o on 2 wh r h e his o i e s . e e e r e es t g y, 7 q , c iv call ‘ oetr w e now to e f m n th n s th t p y, k Sp ak ull a y i g a ’ ’ wear the guise of truth ( er rip ow w ép oia ) we know ’ so n o h I n other wor s whe we w t tter tr t . al ill u u d , xii I ntrodu ction

the a im of the Homeric epos is - to please by the i nvention Of a rtistic p robabilities : the aim Of the

es o n n h h H i dic ep os is to i struct men i t e trut .

e n on one s e the sh e wh h wh te er we L avi g id i ld, ic , a v ma th nk o t its thorsh a nd te e on s y i ab u au ip da , b l g

r ther to the omer c t e of e os a nd more ar a H i yp p , p

ticularl to the s ec t e Of I lia d a n d con y p ial yp xviii , ﬁ n i ng Ou r attentio n to the Worler a nd D a y: a n d the

Tbao on w e ﬁnd erha s the est a nd most illu mi g y, p p b n a ti n g parallel to the Hesi odic ep os in the Wi sdom (”P DD) of the Hebrews a s r e resented by Job p ,

ro er s a n d ohe eth mon the c non c oo s P v b , K l a g a i al b k

of the est men t a n d the W s om Of o om on Old T a , by i d S l

a nd the W s om Of es s the son of r ch mon i d J u , Si a , a g

the ocr h f sc ss on of the o n ts Of Ap yp a . A ull di u i p i comparison ca n not b e attemp ted her e ; b u t on e or

two th n s m a b e n ot ce i g y i d .

rst oth the e rew W s om an d the reek as Fi , b H b i d G

re resente es o a re essent act1cal h p d by H i d ially pr . B ot the one a nd the other have less metaphysical b en t than

the se n h- en s es of ree e h s s e t t r . t as v c u y ag G c T u , ju Hesiod i n cludes withi n his scop e not m erely religious

a nd eth re e ts b u t so re e ts of law an d ical p c p , al p c p

or er a n d rece ts o f h s n r a nd e en Of s d , p p u ba d y v ea

f r n so wh e e r ew w s om is m n o cc e a i g, il H b i d ai ly upi d w th eth ser t on s it oes n ot es se the i ical Ob va i , d d pi counsels of practical affairs : I Wi sdom dwell with

r ence and ﬁnd ou t now e e of i tt n ent ons p ud , k l dg W y i v i .

C o nse I S mi ne a n d so n w s om : a m n er u l , u d i d I u d

st n n : h e tren th . me n s re n an a di g I av s g By ki g ig , d ” I ntroduction

‘ i n s r e - B me r n s and no es r e e ee st . e r e p c d c ju ic y p i c ul , bl , ’ e en the es of the e r h ro er s 12 v all judg a t (P v b viii .

" ‘ ‘ ' ’ e e ear a nd he r m o e he r en a nd he r Giv y , a y v ic ; a k , a

“ m s ee h o h the owm n ow to sow ? y p c . D t pl a pl all day doth he op en a nd b reak the clods Of his grou n d ? When he h th m e n the f e thereof oth he not as a ad plai ac , d c t

ro the ﬁtches a nd s tter the c mm n a n d st ab ad , ca u i , ca in the p ri n cipal wheat a nd the app oin ted ba rley a n d t he rie in their place ? F or his G od d oth i nstruct

a n F him to s ret on d oth te h him . or th e ﬁtche di c i , d ac s a re not threshe w th thresh n nstr m ent n e ther d i a i g i u , i is a cart- wheel turned ab out up on the cummi n ; b ut the ﬁtches a re e ten ou t w th st ff a nd the mm n b a i a a , cu i w th rod re orn i s r se e se he w i a . B ad c b ui d ; b cau ill not e er b e thresh n it n or re it w th the whee v i g , b ak i l o f his rt n or r se it w th his horsemen h s so ca , b ui i . T i al

ometh forth from the Lor Of osts wh h is won er c d H , ic d fu l in n n h cou nsel a nd excellent i worki g (Isaia xxviii .

2 ha n x n SO es o W 660 s . s o e er e e 3 H i d ( . q q ) p i c of sh s et w e re the m n Of e s for the ip , y ill I d cla i d Z u , ’ s s n t n r s h mn Mu e have taught me to si g he wo d ou y . n oth the e rew W s om a nd the ree Agai , b H b i d G k

Off er n h o es o W 2 2 - the r rew r i t s w r : . i a d i ld H i d, 5 47 , contrasts the prosp erity which atten ds the just man

e e ent fr tf w fe—w th the ff t ons of the p ac , pl y, ui ul i i a lic i

n s m an—f n n a nd rren w fe SO u ju t ami e a d plagu e ba i . ‘ 1 8 h a nd h no r are w th me ro er s s . es o P v b viii . q q , Ric u i ;

‘ I l a d n h ea r e r hes and r hteo sness. e i t e y , du abl ic ig u ‘ wa of r hteo sness in the mi st of the ths of y ig u , d pa

ment : th t I ma c se th se th t o e me to judg a y au o a l v . ‘ xi v I n tr odnatzon

’ nher t s st n e and - I w the r tre s res i i ub a c , ill ﬁll i a u ‘ h r ht sh we in he e b s . 2 1 s . t e t Prov r ii q , up ig all d ll

n a nd the erfect sh rem n in it : b u t the la d , p all ai

ke sh b e cu t Off from the e rth a nd the tr ns wic d all a , a ’ r so sh b e roote ou t of it es o te s how g es rs all d . H i d ll with the successive races of men old age followed f ster and e er f ster on o th nt one men a v a up y u , u il day

- h SO e h b e h re a t he r rt . ro r s s all e gr y ai d t i bi P v b iii .

h of s is in her r h h n a n n 16 s . en t t d i q q , L g day ig a d n h a h no H er w s a s her left ha d ric es nd o ur . ay re way s a h hs are e Sh of e s ntne s nd er t e . e is pl a a , all pa p ac a tr ee Of life to th em that lay hold up on her ; a n d ’ is er one h t ret neth her happy ev y t a ai . Bu t most notable of all is that striki ng featu re of the

W s om ter t re wh h for w nt of etter wor i d li a u ic , a a b d ,

m a in en r es r e as r o I n he we y g e al d c ib pa ab lic . t B ook

6 e o n n Of ro er s . we r : t erst ro er P v b i , ad u d a d a p v b i (Sign) a nd a riddle (nir big) ; the words of the wise i (D nar; and their dark 3 in 6 ND similarly Habakkuk ii . ( T he several terms here given seem to shade i nto one a nother in me n n a n d o er the who e r n e Of r e a i g, c v l a g pa abl ,

ro er w or r e st oem f e le or p v b , by d, pa all li ic p , abl , al g y . T he distinctions attemp ted to b e drawn b etween these seem to me r ther th n and in an se a re a i , y ca more of form th n of essen e a nd nee not on e n a c , d c c r

s he e I reek we h e s m r r et O e r u r . n G av a i ila va i y f xp es ' ' s ons d iva a lw a wa a oh r wa or oa es st s i , s, yp , p ﬁ j, p p (Eccl ia icu

' ' ’ ’ m 1 s d d a x w ix. . crocu a v w w wv i wv é n a a Ka i. cv q , l px é r j

’ ' h d o e 11 1 1 1 d d tii v a w a a t da o ra t 8 0 y Ov 1. 0 podmr s x n ﬁ 57 1 1 p / . I ntrodu ction xv

’ ’ ' 0 1-13 1! Ka i cv Or pq a Ts n a pa ﬂohéi v O'uvem

’ ’ dn dxpvtﬁa v a po r/d raw exgvrn jo a Ka i cv a ir/ (y ' ' a cn wa a ohé w ? o Ke r o i p p ﬁ yp ! s, p m,

a nd ent re to a xdhw v wh h was ro er I v u add , ic p p ly in its origin a crooked or cryp tic sen timent like ’ he e rew m li a Ver ose in me n n so is t H b g . y cl a i g al ’ x a o a nd ri il tudo T he u se of the f oi v im m i . e d , g abl ,

&c in he e n e n b e s e r e . t e ot tr t here . pa abl , , Bibl d illu a d

I n es o we ﬁnd he s me h r er s h s we H i d t a c a act i tic . T u have the fable (a ir/ a s) of the hawk a nd the n ightin

n W 20 2 s he r in W d e i . t o er s . a n gal . q q , p v b . 345 q q

’ a w m r t e ress ons e diet dr e Sa k a i! W p , c yp ic xp i lik p , 0 &c 7 5 , . T he most curious form Of this phenomenon in Hesio d is the u se of the allusive or descrip tive exp res ' s in l o h ro o on e f t e O or er w r . i p ac mipw v vop a. p p d ’ ’ = Thus we have Athene s serva nt carp enter ; the

three- foo man O ma n w th his st ff cf the ted ld i a ( . ’ hr - ol n A a in he t ee foo ted ways Of the d i Aesch . g ) ; t bo neless one cu ttleﬁsh ; the house- carrier the shell - snail the wise one the a nt the day sleep er the burglar ; to cu t the withered from the quick from the ﬁve- branched to cut the nails

Of the h n a d . Such exp ressions are sometimes described as ritu a

listic Bu t to e henomenon is not to ex l n i . lab l a p p ai t . T he fact would seem to be tha t the u se of the d escrip tive or allusive exp ression may b e du e to a variety of ‘ ’ mot es I n the r st l e our ro er na mes re iv . ﬁ p ac , p p a themse es er r e in the r or n es r t e lv v y ( la g ly i igi d c ip iv xvi I ntrod u cti on

n h r n an n names o ly t e O igi al me i g has b ecome Oh

‘ scu red a nd b een for otten a n d the no m g , y w erely

d eno e w tho t e n fe t to es r h . t e. s e . , i u b i g l d c ib T u , g , ’ s rre is now mere d enot t e e b ut qui l ly a a iv lab l ,

when rst se a n d st fe t to me n sh ow - t ﬁ u d ill l a ad ail ,

or sh - t it w as n ot s m enot e b u t so ady ail , i ply d ativ al

‘ ' ’ es r t e . n w e f ee on e ess o ne to b e d c ip iv Agai , l b l

s n c n t ct res e n me for cu ttleﬁsh h e a ig iﬁ a ly pi u qu a a , w il

o s wh ch is st a s t res e in or n is no p lypu , i ju pic u qu igi ,

on er fe t to b e so e ce t one who k nows reek l g l , x p by G .

' ’ SO dvde ov og es h s ower- work er we p py (A c ylu ) , ﬂ ,

st fee to b e a n e ress e n me for b ee Where s ill l xp iv a a , a ' p eALO'O'a p robably to most scarcely hints its origin al ’ m n n h hone on e t e e . a i g, y T he phenomenon we have to do with is the deliberate choice Of the allusive in p referen ce to the prop er

‘ m n h word when it r e to h n . o t e mot ves , lay ady a d A g i a re the desire for picturesqueness a nd variety (thus " ' ’ M f r . e s h r or . s o t e the crouc e G L . j p) ; h desire — ‘ Of e hem sm dr on a r éiv o e the feet of up i , c v r poetical dign ity the chalice Of the grap es of G od

mm n f n n en n so n the C o on . te the (T y ) u i cup O , agai ,

allusive term is half- humorously mea n t ; this is ‘ esp ecially common in rustic or popular sp eech thu s

" ’ clear buttons for p oliceman ; and the Aberdeen u rchin still salutes the guardian Of the p eace as Tarry

‘ ’ h h h e r wh h n hat tho t e e o s o ed th . , ug adg a ic cca i e

' ' b b s l n e pithet has long een o o ete . Aki to this is the ‘ f “ p et n ame ; thus Scots . cru mmie cow, mean s

r . k r th ter roo e e m umm i . e w roo e li ally c k d (G ) , . i c k d x vii i I ntroduction

T he re er sho b e w rne how e er from ﬁndin ad uld a d, v , g s t e m e n n s where none e sts. T hu s Professor ub l a i g xi , ’ ’ ’ Gilb ert Murray s remarks on Hesi od s ox a nd Hesiod s hm n on 62 of his Rite o the Greek E ich e ploug a p . f p av

n h f n ee he is ref te no Obvious rela tio to t e acts. I d d u d

6 h onfesses h mse f when i n footnote on . e by i l a p 3 c , ’ f N do h n he is do no n erst n . or t v . 5 59 . I t u d a d I i k ’ more fort n te w th omer s ox . 6 when he u a i H , p 4, wr tes hen as the is str ck the hters i T bull u , daug a nd the daughters- in - law a nd the august wife of ” o w e o t ou se as the est r . e N all ail d al ud Exac ly, y , ' ’ f m h t o s w . n ort n te o er oes not sa t T da ail U u a ly, H d y a ’ s w fe a nd h e - i n - aw wa il d N e tor s i daug t rs l e .

I n conclu sion I sho e to s est th t the oom , uld lik ugg a gl which is supp osed to characterize the Hesiodic ep os

n k n Y ou d o not i s by no mea s so mar ed as is ofte said . exp ect a sermon to b e as cheerful as a ballad of a dven

A n th n en Of wh ch s m ch ture. d e p oli tical di sco t t i o u

is m e is n m e o n in om Wh n ad o or bvi ous tha H er . e Professor Murray (Greek L i tera ture) says that ther e is ‘ n ee a h0 e when one the emos a riser a nd i d d _ p day d ’ unirber the s ns of the r n es he is m ere mistrans p i p i c , ly lati ng the li nes in w hich Hesiod says that one day the —‘ p eople sa f er for the si ns of the p rinces q u idq u id

d elira nt r e es lectu ntur h —wh ch is some g , p Ac ivi i a w ff hat di erent thi ng . I o ntr du ction xix :

L F OF II . THE I E HESIOD

I t ma b e on en ent for the re er if we here set . y c v i ad . ou t the most noteworthy of the a ncient tertimonia ’ r e r n e e—A n ern e en e f om ga di g H siod s lif . I t al vid c r h e es o oems tern e en e. t H i dic P . B . Ex al vid c ‘ I Wc ies D a 2 . r a nd r s . erses tho A ( ) y , 7 q q O P , lay u , th s to he rt nor let strife th t exu lteth in e t rn i a , a vil u

th m n . from wor to w t h ontent on an d to y i d k, a c c i , k he r en i n the m r et - e L tt e t me h th he for a k a k plac . i l i a wr n n a nd ontent on who h th n ot a t a gli g c i , a laid up . ’ home store of foo s fﬁ ent for the e r emeter s d u ci y a , D r n Wh n h n hee en . e t o h st otte t o h thereof g ai u a g ug , . then b e contentious for the goods Of Others; Bu t no more m st tho do th s L et u s str htw e ay u u . aig ay judg

et en u s w th st ement e en of e s wh ch b we i ju judg , v Z u , i is s ha e e ur nher t n e a n e t . re d w o d b Al ady divid d i i a c , , m h es es st tho se e a nd rr w for the uc b id did u iz , ca y a ay,

re t or Of the r e- e o r n r n es who a re g a gl y b ib d v u i g p i c , f n to e th s s t n t/ 8: Si idéhovO-c ai judg i ui ( i m .

Sucdcro a t) . ’ We ther from th s th t es o s f th er m st h e ga i a H i d a u av .

ther se he e een ma n of ons er e est te. w t r b a , c id abl a O i would have b een rio possib ility of Perses givi ng grea t l

- n r n es On the e th glory to the b rib e devouri g p i c . d a of the r f ther th e two sons had divided his est te i a , . a B s not on wha rinci le we do o ow . u erse t t , - n n . p p t k P ,

on en h s du sha e r e ff h es es. t t w t e r O m , hi . r ca c i . , i d uc b id T he case was about to com e b efote the brib e- devouring b 2 ’ XX » I ntroducl ioiz

r n es who w ere on too to e e the se. p i c , ly glad d cid ca

es o howe er n tes erses to a n e t e ree H i d, v , i vi P qui abl ag m ent w th st ement e en of e s wh h is i ju judg , v Z u , ic ’ est T he m n n o te Pick a nd Others b . e e da tio ad p d by

Sixa mm v gave this verdict with ou r ’ consent m es th t the tr ha d re t k en , i pli a ial al ady a

e A n ss m t on a t o n e m ore r t to s a n d plac . a u p i c g a ui u more a t variance w ith the context ca n hardly b e

m ne es o oes not sa th t erses ot more i agi d . H i d d y a P g ‘ h n his sh n the e st se e t a are by b ribi g judg s. Did iz a nd carry away would not b e the n atural la nguage to

his n c e W he oes sa is apply to acti on i that as . hat d y th t erses too m ore th n his sh re a nd the su b se a P k a a , qu ently necessary lawsuit w as calculated to bring great glory to the brib e- devouri ng p ri nces who would b e glad to decide the case : instead of which Hesiod

ro oses a n e t e rr n ement wh h wo not p p qui abl a a g , ic uld requi re the i ntervention of the p ri nces ' ‘ ‘ ’ W 2 1 2 . I I e m 330 1 evo no e erses. ( ) 99 , p j , y s bl P This might a t ﬁrst sight argue noble birth : b u t the e thet is on con ention e as it is pi ly a v , appli d

m wn e E u ai 0 a i n o er to the s eh r m os d . rrirn H i d ( p ) , who of o rse a s the son of r n e Ktesios wa s c u p i c ,

n ee Of no e rth—on d o not th n it is i i d d , bl bi ly I i k n vi rtue of his birth that the epithet is appli ed to m hi .

W 6 en as h f h and . t t er m ne fo (3) 33 Ev y a i , olish

erses was wont t o s in sh s see n P , ail ip , ki g a goodly

e hoo : who so on t me c me h ther tr ers n liv li d al a i a i , av i g great space Of sea in his black ship from Aiolia n Kyme: ‘ I n troduction xxi

not ee n from n n e nor from r hes and e ﬂ i g abu da c , ic w al,

‘ b u t from e en r wh h e s eth nto m en vil p u y , ic Z u giv u . A nd he made his dwelli ng near Helikon in a sorry townsh e en A skra in w n ter h r in s mm er ip , v , bad i , a d u , ’ ’ oo c or n to th s es o s f ther was never g d . A c di g i H i d a a n i nhabita n t of Kym e in Ai olis on the coa st Of Asia

nor who e rn e his e hoo as m er h n t a n d Mi , a d liv li d a c a , ultim ately cam e across to G reece a n d settled a t A skra in Boio tia ick is n ot st e in s n th t c me . F ju iﬁ d ayi g a a

h ther c n not refer to a n n n tow n k e A skra b u t i a i la d li ,

m r efer to o st tow n—i e N au aktos in the ust a c a . . p

he We tern L Okria n ess on n n district of t s s . S till l c vi ci g ’ is k s r m ent th t the Wcr ies a nd D a s or th t Fic a gu a y , a p ortio n of it which Fi ck calls the Riigelied could

n ot h e een wr tten a t A skra or a t an r te n ot av b i , y a

she there e se the oet w o not i n th t publi d , b cau p uld a case have sp oken so dispa ragingly of the p ri n c es of Thespiai ‘ W 6 8 w show thee the me s res f (4) . 4 I ill a u o

the s r n sea tho h h e no s of se f r n or u gi g , ug I av kill a a i g

Of sh s F or n e er et h e s e o er the sea in ip . v y av I ail d v

sh s e on to E u b oia from s where of a ip av ly Auli , Old the h ns o e storm when the ha d ssem e Ac aia ab d a , y a bl d a mighty host that should go from sacred Hellas u nto

ro he n of f r m - h h en n t wo en . t er e to T y , la d ai T i v u

C h k s ro sse to the m es Of w se m h m s al i I c d ga i A p ida a .

A nd the p rizes full ma ny did his great - hea rted sons

o ffer a n d set forth where ow th t was tor o s , I av a I vic i u with my hym n a n d carri ed Off a n eared tripod which

offere to the ses Of e on where rst the I d up Mu H lik , ﬁ y i xx i I ntroduction

' s ‘ O s n h is th et me on the path f sweet o g . Suc all e ’ e sh s xp eri en ce I have of dowelled ip . T he ﬁ rst i nference from this is that Hesiod was ’ orn h se n a A s ra b subsequent to his fat er s ttli g t k . ’ Again w e have here a clear reference to Hesio d s ’ accou n t in the Tb eogony p rooemium of the Muses s to him n Mo n e k on T he te Of the vi it o u t H li . da

m h m s referre to is n fort n te nk nown A p ida a d u u a ly u , ’ the e r er hrono o sts n his te es o s a li c l gi ﬁxi g da by H i d , ’ n o s his t He iod s by .

’ ’ I n h s ss e for the wor s 6 6— t i pa ag d (v . 5 7 ) évdd p e

i ' ' ’ ’ ' / - r r 4. m a vr a ( e a v r trrod orroi evr a there d aw m 9 i b p p , ’ w as r n t roc s te s u s e ( i i t fi c a va ia , P lu ll , p l m I ,t ’ ’ q O h er n e b e n mmja a w i v K a h u di Oei ov uvjpov. T e e d o d o t wh te er th t the rst is the correct re n ub a v a ﬁ adi g , b u t the legen d Of the contest between Hesio d a n d

omer o t ne m h rren in ter mes T e H b ai d uc cu cy la ti . h

cho t on n N m 1 r s s e . tt s o e lia Pi d . ii . a ibute t H siod the li nes

' ’ " év A ﬁhqi r d‘rc 1rpt5'rov éyco Ka i on-typos docdo i ' i {i / / ehvro cv Ev vca oi t 0 4. a a w e docdv v u p , p s n 9 p d ; j , ’ ’ ’ ' Oi 0 v A 7 r6hho wa vcrdo ov i w r ex e A ui j8 , xp p , m ,

‘ a nd we h e oem ent t e Of omer a nd es o av a p i l d H H i d , ’ the r ne e a nd the r con test en er k no n i li ag i , g ally w as

he C ontest or A on of om er a n d es o B t g H H i d . u t

m n ons the m eror r n A D - a s it e t . 6 1 8 i E Had a ( . p i 7 3 ,

m or A D 1 1 —8 it nno b e e er . t e r er h n p . 7 3 ) ca a li t a the

‘ s on ent r fter Chr st ec d c u y a i . T he tripod which Hesiod won in this contest was I ntr od u cti on

' " still shown in the ti me Of Pausanias ‘ in hi D rcri tion o Gre c 1 : On wr tes s e e e . . i p f , ix 3 3

He i on mon other tr o s erete the most l k , a g ip d c d , a ncient is that which Hesiod is said to have won at ’ h n h r s as o in n s C s o t e o t r oet o te t . alki Eu ip , vic a p ic c

us n s s no h n of the n n i se Pa a ia say t i g i scription O the va . ‘

“ I n the A gon it is given as follows

t ’ ‘ ' ‘ Ti Mo u IDuaa o x a rim s ovio v. we0n ev 47 I s A fl “ M/ ( in a -a cv Xa AKLSL decoy O v W 9 n j s mjpo ,

’ and so it is en in Proclus s L i e o H omer a nd i n giv f f ,

G elli u s 1 1 A . , 3 . .

Tbeo on 22— the ses wh h a so Of (5) g y, 35 ( Mu ) ic l Old t aught Hesio d sweet song what time he tended his

shee n er ho e on hese or s rst S e p u d ly H lik . T w d ﬁ pak to me the o ess ses of m os the hters g dd Mu Oly p , daug of Zeus the Lor d of the Aigis Shepherds of the

e s e th n s of sh me e es on We no to ﬁ ld , vil i g a , b lli ly k w s e f l m n th n s th t we r the se of tr th p ak u l a y i g a a gui u , ” a n n h n w w r h SO s e d k ow al so w e e ill to utter t ut . pak

' the n d au h ers of mi ht e s A nd the elo que t g t g y Z u . y

e me a st ff e en r n h Of st O e won ro s gav a , v a b a c lu y liv , d u

to k a nd re the in me o e ne that m ht pluc , b a d a v ic divi I ig celeb rate the things that shall b e a nd the things that

f m he e me n the r e of the were a oreti e. T y bad si g ac

esse nes wh h a re for e er b u t w s to s n Bl d O ic v , al ay i g

r n s an d s Bu t wherefore th s t e thei ow selve ﬁrst la t . i al , of stock or stone ? T he i ncident here ment ioned is clearly that referred to in the previous quotation from the Works a nd I n trodu ction

D a yr : where ﬁrst they set me on the path Of sweet song? ’ Of e tern so r s f f o es o s B . x al u ce o in ormation ab ut H i d life we may take ﬁ rst the d gon and the L ife by I oannes Tzetzes (twelfth century T he L ife by Tzetzes m ay b e shortly summarized as follows Hesiod a n d his brother Perses were the

h ren Of os th s n me wh ch is re r ss ne c ild Di [ i a , i gula ly a ig d ’ to es o s f ther in ter not ces Of the oet seems H i d a la i p ,

’ t o b e derived from the varia nt readi ng A i ov ’ or 1 in 2 s m r fr 2 f 320 1 y evog W. 99 ; i ila ly om 7 1510 7 0 15 in W 10 o ne Pol zelos n en te n es as n of . , y i v d Ty a Ki g

Ch s a nd P kimede of me in o s who ow n alki ] y , Ky Ai li , i g to str ess Of o ert remo e to Askra townsh p v y v d , a ip n e r th e foot of e on in Boiotia w n to the a H lik , . O i g p overty of his parents Hesiod b ecame a shepherd Of shee on e on es o te s how n ne women m p H lik . H i d ll i ca e to him a nd e him to eat shoots of e on n gav H lic ia bay, whereby he was i nspired with wisdom and poetry ' ( o ocpia s' Ka i wocmtmjs So far the — n arrative is true that Hesiod was the son of Dios a nd P kimed e a nd th t he was she her on y , a a p d

e i on the rest is m th and l e or For H l k : y ical a l g ical .

e ther es o wh e she her n on e k on fe i H i d, il p di g up H li , ll

s ee and in re m ehe n ne women who fed a l p , a d a b ld i — him with bays the dream signifyi ng that through partaki ng of the educati on of bitterness a nd toil he

ho ro e er reen oems es o then h n s e . uld p duc v g p H i d , avi g

ehe d th ese th n s i n re m wok e from s ee an d b l i g . a d a , a l p gave up shepherding and devoted himself to toil a n d

xxvi I 72troduction

babble Of . a while he records his own ’ o n on or r ther hewr tes now for ert n pi i a , i , I k c ai

—th t omer was m h e r er th n es o H e a H uc a li a H i d . suggests that the Hom er who comp eted with Hesio d

Im h e een no ther o mer hoc n a n d son ay av b a H , a P ia fof E u hron s n ce here were m s e t r o s o er . p , i va i u H , g

ter than the hoc n omer there was omer la P ia H , H ,

son of A n drom a chos nt ne thor of the , a Byza i , au

- E r lei T he nc ent mer n u a . o e or ypy a i H liv d , acc di g

to D on s os 6 xvxh o of bog i n the t me of the i y i yp g , i

he n e e t ons and h k n of o en ce T ba xp di i t e ta i g Tr y . ] H I conclude that he lived four hu ndr ed years

efore o F h h oso her—F o r es . or r stot e t e b H i d A i l , p il p

r ther m ne the thor of the Pe loi—in his a , I i agi , au p

‘ Poli t o i be Or cb omenia nr s s th t Stesichoros the y f , ay a ,

r oet was the son of es o Ktimene s ster ly ic p , H i d by , i

Of A m hi han es a n d G a n ktor a n d hter of p p y , daug

he e s h s Stesichoros w as ontem or r w th P g u . T i c p a y i

‘ th or s the h oso her a nd P h r s of A cra as Py ag a , p il p , ala i g . Others say he was four hundred years later tha n

m r as H e do s so s s o e ro to . H , al ay ‘ ’ es o wrote s teen ooks omer th rteen H i d ix b , H i . T zet zes concludes wi th a n accou nt of the death of

h sh efer er es o to wh c r t . H i d, i I all la

‘ T he A on wh ch as we h e seen nnot in its g ( i , av , ca ,

resent form at a n r te b e e r er th n the se on p y a , a li a c d

cent r fter Chr st ens w th enealo o f omer u y a i ) Op i a g gy H , a n d then pro ceeds Some say that he ( Ho mer) was

e r er th n es o others th t he was o n er a n d a li a H i d, a y u g

‘ kinsrii an he e the ene o th s a . T y giv g al gy u XXV I].

P oseidon i Ap ollo Aitl ou sa

Li n os

Pi er os M ethon e

Oia gros 2: Calli op e

Orph eus

Oi tes

I a dm on i d es

P hiloterp es

E u ph em os

H esi od a n d P erses Ma i on I

” A da ughter - F Meles

omer H .

thers sa the were ontem or r es an d om ete O y y c p a i , c p d ’ to ether a Ch s in E u b oia hen fo ows a n g t alki . T ll

o nt o f the ontest wh h is ntro e in the acc u c , ic i duc d following words Homer havi ng comp osed the Mar

tes wen t o t fro m h o n H e gi ab u city to city r aps dizi g . went to e h so where he n ire wh t was his D lp i al , i qu d a ’ mother s n t e o ntr T he th n r estess a iv c u y . Py ia p i ‘ x xviii I ntroduction

’ a nswered T he Isle of I os is thy mother s fatherland wh h sh re e e thee e Bu e re of h e ic all c iv d ad . t b wa t e riddl ” of o n h ren ome on n h . r he r t s o e y u g c ild H , a i g i , av id d

o n to I os a nd st e in the str ct ro n o g i g , ay d di i u d ab ut

e hi . o t the s me t me G an ktor ho n the D lp Ab u a i y , ldi g f ner fe st of his f ther m h m s n of u al a a , A p ida a , Ki g

E u b oia n te to the meet n n ot m ere m en , i vi d i g, ly all

who were st n she for stren th a n d s ee b u t di i gui d g p d ,

those so who w ere st n she for w s om hono r al di i gui d i d , u

n h m h e e SO a a i t e w t r t r w r s . s we re to g i g a a d , ld ,

o m er a n d es o met c en t at Ch s T he H H i d by ac id alki . judges Of the contest were certain emin ent Chalcidia ns

a nd w h t hem Pa neid es rother of h e s t t e e e . , i , , b d c a d

T he ro e re a t the co ntest is tt e r d o s a n d p c du a li l i icul u ,

m a b e sm sse r e rst es o u t s n e y di i d b i ﬂy . Fi H i d p i gl

es o n o omer h h omer ns ere h s qu ti s t H w ic H a w d . T u

es o omer so n of e es who k nowest w s om H i d H , M l , i d from the o s ome te me rst Of Wh t is est g d , c ll ﬁ all a b for men ? T o this Homer replies : Never to b e

orn at is est for mort men a nd if orn to ss b all b al , b pa ’ n ma b e the es of es T o se on as soo as y gat Had . a c d a nd similar question by Hesio d Homer r epli es in the ’ f Od sse 6—1 I h s re of om r s mo s nes O . e a u li y y, ix T i ply H

h n re t e hts the es. es o c r e at g a ly d lig judg H i d, ag i d ’ ‘ omer s s cess n e t tr es omer w th n e n te H uc , x i H i i d ﬁ i

est ons C ome se the th n s th t are a nd the qu i , Mu , i g a things tliat shall b e a n d the thi ngs that were aforetime ’ - n n b u t m n thee of not er so n thereof si g ot i d a h g . Homer a nswers : Never a roun d the tomb of Zeus

h rses w th tter n feet wre k the h r ot s all ho i cla i g c c a i , ’ omer h n nswered contendi ng for victory . H avi g a su essf es o has re o rse to m o s sen cc ully, H i d c u a bigu u " i e es o re tes ne or nes a nd omer tences . . , H i d ci a li li , H

e e sense h s es o adds a line to compl te th . T u H i d — N ow when they ha d made libation a nd dru nk the wave of the sea Homer they were to voyage ’ n h - n he sh s omer h n o ver o t eir well b e c d ip . H avi g successfully a nswered a numb er of qu estions of this ‘ t e es o ne t ro o n s ro em How m n yp , H i d x p p u d a p bl a y Achaia ns went to Troy with the A treid ae ? Homer a nswers by mea ns Of an arithmetical problem There were fifty hearths in each hearth fifty spits on each spit fifty pieces Of flesh roun d each piece Of ’ n r h ns h flesh thrice three hu d ed Ac aia . T is would e as et es s s a n n re e n m er : 0 x giv , Tz z ay , i c dibl u b 5 5 0 x 50 x goo Hom er having got the etter of him in these est ons es o e n b all qu i , H i d , b i g ’ e o s ro oses some f rther est ons whi h are j al u , p p u qu i , c

i again so successfully answered that all the G reeks . were for awar ding the crown to Homer : b u t Kin g Paneides ordered each of the p oets to quote the b est

i ems es o o W 8 — 2 ss e n the r o . tes pa ag i p H i d qu . 3 3 9 ‘ the ss e ommen n Wh t t me the e es pa ag c ci g a i Pl iad , ’ the hters of t s r se 8cc. omer otes daug A la , i , H qu ‘ ’ I liad 1 26— — ro n h . t e two Aiantes , xiii 35 , 339 44 A u d ,

8cc t l the ree s were for w n . S i l G k a ardi g the victory

o m B n P id s t o er . ut ane e rowne es o H Ki g c d H i d, sayi ng that the victory o ught to go to the poet who

n te to r t re a nd e e not to him who i ci d ag icul u p ac ,

es r e w rs a nd t es. SO es o wo n a nd d c ib d a bat l H i d , x xx I ntrodu ction rece e ra en r od wh ch e e c te to the iv d a b z t ip . i h d d i a d Muses with the inscription : Hesiod dedicated this to the e on n M ses h n his h mn at H lic ia u , avi g by , y ’ C h k s on ere ne omer al i c qu d divi H .

T he rest of the A on so far as on erns es o is g , c c H i d, the stor of his e th a nd th t is the onl f rther y d a , a y u ’ circumstan ce of Hesio d s bi ography which it is worth wh o ons er e e e the h ef n s h ile t c id h r . I giv c i accou t whi c h e come own to u s av , d 6 D 1 h es . : emosthenes h n . T ucydid , iii 9 [ ], avi g bivouack ed with his army in the precin cts of Nemea n

s in wh ch es o the oet is s to h e u , H i d a d av Ze “ i p i

een e th e eo e of the o ntr a n or e b kill d by p pl c u y, acl . having b efore declared that he should suffer this fate ’ a em a s t u 8cc i e he c ha d fo t N e e o t . . . t or e r eto , , , a l ld th t es o sho die a t eme where he n t r a H i d uld N a, by a u

n erstoo eme in r o s to b e me nt not ally u d d N a A g li a ,

m in L okris Ne ea .

’ ‘ ' 2 L i e in L is n h e s e . es o okr t e . Tz tze f H i d di d i following mann er : after his victory a t the funeral fe s f Am idamas he went to e h wh h s t O h , , ere t a _ p D lp i i ‘ oracle was given to him f Happy is thi s man who

s eth m ho se e en es o hono re of the vi it y u , v H i d, u d deathl ess Muses his glory shall b e vvideﬂu ng asthe ‘ n Bu t ew re tho of the f r ro e of eme n daw . b a u ai g v N a e s for there the end of d eath is fore oome for , Z u ; , d d ” hee o n eme in e o onnesos he was s n t . Av idi g N a P l p lai , a Oi noe in L okris m hi a nes a nd G an k or t by A p ph y t , e sons O he eu s and st nto the sea as h n ‘ , th f v g , ( ca i avi g

i r ne the r s ster Ktimene . mother of Stesichoros ui d i i ( ) , em e f m a Zeu s N ow Oinoe was called the t pl o tN e e m .

Three days afterwar ds the bo dy was carried ashore by .

' dolphi ns b etween L ok ris a nd E ub o ia [thi s seems to b e a confusion Of the E picnemi dia n Locrians with the

Ozolian L ocrians in whose o ntr Oinoe was s t te , c u y i ua d] ,

him a me in His a nd the Lo cria ns buried t N e a in O oe. murderers went on boar d a ship and en deavoured to

es e b u t er she in a storm . Af terwards the eo ca , d p p i , p

le Of r homenos in e en e to an or e ro ht p O c , Ob di c acl , b ug ’ es o s ones a n d r e them in the mi e of H i d , b bu i d ddl t e r m r et - e and wrote o er him th s e t h h i a k plac , v i pi ap

A skr of r ch orn - n w as the f ther n b u t the a i c la d a la d,

' k nightly Minyan la n d holds the b ones of Hesio d dead

es o whose or is re test mon men when men H i d, gl y g a a g , ’ ’ are tr e w s om s to hstones h s e t h is i d by i d uc . [T i pi ap

en in the ree ntho o as Mnasalcas giv G k A l gy, vii . 54, by ‘ f h ent B c n o on t r r . . r so wrote a n Siky , i d c u y ] Pi da al e t h : es o ! tw e o n tw e r e pi ap Hail, H i d ic y u g, ic bu i d, ” who holdest the measure of wisdom for men

T he A on fter the meet n a h was 3 . g A i g [ t C alki s] dissolved Hesio d sailed across to D elphi to consult th e o e and to e te the fr ts Of t to the od racl d dica ui vic ory g .

As he ro he the shr ne it is s the r estess app ac d i , aid; p i ” e me ns re an said is th s ma n &c. b ca i pi d d , Happy . i ,

' [as in Hesiod ha ving hear d the oracle with

rew from the e o onnesos th n n th t th e od d P l p , i ki g a g

‘ me nt the e o onnes n » N eme a nd went to Oinoe a P l p ia a , in L okris where he st w M hi ha n es a n d e th . , ay d i p p Q G an ktor the sons of he e s- not n erst n n , y , , P g u u d a di g

- the ora e. For the who e of th s e was ed i , cl l . plac call xxxii

the tem e of N eme n e s n st e . con pl a Z u . Havi g ay d a

sidera b le t me in Oinoe he was s s e te the o n i , u p c d by y u g

men o f orr t n the r s ster SO the e es o c up i g i i . y kill d H i d a nd threw his body i nto the sea b etw een E u b oia a nd

L okris On the th r a o h hore . i d day the body w s br ug t as

o h ns wh e the eo e of the str t were by d lp i , il p pl di ic

ce e r t n o fest — h iad neia she l b a i g a l cal ival t e Ar . All ru d

to the shore a n d reco n n the o the r e , g izi g b dy, y bu i d

it w th mo rn n a nd ro ee e to see out his i u i g, p c d d k

m r erers . he fe r n the n er of the r fe low u d T y, a i g a g i l

t ens n he ﬁshin - esse a nd s e ross to ci iz , lau c d a g v l ail d ac

' C re e I n he o rse of the r o e s s n em t . t c u i v yag Zeu a k th

w th th n er o t—as Alkidama s s s in his Museum i a u d b l ay .

r tosthenes howe er in his Hesiod s s th t when E a , v , ay a

Ktimenos a nd A nti hos the so ns of G an ktor ha d p , y ,

s n es o on the h r e efore- ment one the lai H i d c a g b i d, y were sacr iﬁced to the gods o f Hospitality (Hea ts ’ E u l T e m en s s e . the seer r k es. h t r gemozs) by y aid , i

o f the fores fter her r n h n e herse f : her a aid, a ui a g d l

r n howe er was d u e he s s to a str n er who ui , v , , ay , a g

w as fel ow tr e er of es o n m e D emonides a l av ll H i d, by a ,

a fterw r s the eo e who w s killed by the brothers . A a d p pl

o f rcho menos in o e en e to a n or e tr nsferre O , b di c acl , a d ’ es o s o to the r own t where the r e H i d b dy i ci y, y bu i d

h n his tom Askra &c as im an d ns r e o . , i c ib d b [ i n Tzetzes] . ‘ Sa Convio 1 A n . t r h Se tem . . : es 4 Plu a c , p p 9 Mil ia with whom Hesiod shared hospitality in L okris was ’ r hos s hter discovered to have ruined thei t daug .

H esiod was susp ected of having been . cognisant of the

' xxxiv I n trodu l tion

m en t on n the d o o u sho n o t h e o m tte the i i g g , y uld av i d

o h ns F o r n ha d een the n form t on o f the d lp i . bli d b i a i do rk n a n d cr n a s it ore ow n o n the g , ba i g yi g b d up m r erers ha d n ot his e o w h ch w a s r ft n u d , d ad b dy, i d i i g i n the sea n e r N em eu m een t k en o h n s a , b a up by d lp i , who eagerly took it up a n d i n r elays brought it ashore ’ n s o s n a t Rhiu m a n d show He i d lai . ‘ ’ Po 2 : es o s o s r em n n es e 7 . llux , v . 4 H i d d g , ai i g b id him when s n the r rk n con cted his m u r lai , by i ba i g vi ’ det ers .

D i t o Gr c 1 n s scr . ee e 6 o n 8 s e . . C . Pau a ia , p f , ix 3 (5) ’ c n ts a re en so o f H s s h tra dicto ry ac ou giv al e io d d eat . ’ All a re ree th t G a n k tor s so ns Ktim enos a n d ag d a y ,

A n ti hos ﬂ ed fro m N a u ak tos to Mol k ri a ow n to p , p y i g the m r er of es o a n d ther e comm tte m et u d H i d , i d i pi y towards Ap ollo a n d r eceived their pu ni shm en t a t ’ Molykria : b u t som e say the you ng m en s sister w as s m e nother erso n a n d th t H es o w ro n ha d by a p , a i d gly ’ go t the blam e for a no ther s sin Others say tha t Hesio d ’ h t erson him self w as t e guil y p . i 8 s n s o . c t . . . : 9 . Pau a ia , p ix 3 3 a m s o f M n s a n d es o h e sa the re to b i ya H i d . T y y y ’ o d s ones in th s w a e r eceived Hesi b i y . A plagu e s izing

oth m a n a n d e st the sen t a n em ss to the o d b b a , y ba y g

i to o o a t D e h a nd the n swer the r ece e e . [ . Ap ll lp i], a y iv d from the Pythia n p ri estess w as that thei r o n e rem edy w a s to bri ng the bones Of Hesio d to the la n d of Oi cho

h e n e t sk e where in the n o f m eno s. T y x a d , la d Nau

ak to s the sho d ﬁn d his ones a n d the r estess p y ul b , p i

h t r en sho in te to t m e ace r epli ed t a a av uld dica he th pl . I nt rodu ction x xxv

c or n the m en n ed a t N a u a k to s a n d n o t A c di gly la d p , fa r fro m the ro ad they saw a rock a n d the bi r d sitti n g ’ o n it a n d in a cleft Of the r ock they fo u n d Hesio d s

o n es A n d o n is tom s n s r e A sk ra &c . h b b i i c ib d .

the e t h in et es [ pi ap Tz z ,

I O id a L a h f . Su s ex es o e s t e est o nt , . H i d di d gu A i

ho s a n d Ktim eno s who n ht s ew him n w r es p , by ig l u a a th nk n the w er e s n the etr er Of the r s st r i i g y layi g b ay i i e .

1 1 h a a . c 6 1 t r c s s As k r w s ro s o n W . P lu . 3 Plu a ay

n nh te e en then the hes n s h n estro e u i abi d v , T pia avi g d y d the n h t n ts those who esc e e n re e e i abi a , ap d b i g c iv d by the Orchomenia ns en ce so the od e th e . H al g bad Or chom enia ns tak e the remai n s Of Hesio d a nd i n ter t hem i n their Own la n d a s also Aristotl e says in the ’ o t o f he O ch m en ia n s p li y t r o .

1 2 A n tb olo vii e r m Alk a ios of Messen e . gy, . 5 5 , pig a by I n the shady grove of L okris the nymphs w ashed ’ es o d s cor se from the r ow n s r n s a n d t h h H i p i p i g , buil ig his tom A n d the o ther s s r nk e it w th m b . g a d p i l d i ilk k n e e w th e ow ho n e F or e en a s ho ne was ad d i y ll y . v y the s eech the m a n re the when he ha d t ste p Old b a d , a d ’ the f n ﬁ th n n e C f 2 o nt ns u de led of e ses . . u ai Mu i . vii . 5

III POEMS ASC RIBED TO HESIOD

We shall n ext consider the most n o ticeable o f the

n ent references to the n t re t t es a nd con tents a ci a u , i l ,

Of the es o c ems H i di Po .

1 Xeno h nes of o on cir 0 - 80 . p a K loph ( ca 5 7 4 c 2 ’ x xxvi I n tr odu t ti on a Sex E m i . t . r 4do Ma tk 1 . . m e a nd . a om r p p . ix . 93 : H Hesiod ascrib ed to the gods all thi ngs that among

’ men are a shame an d a reproach (Ovei dea Ka i lzé os) — q y to steal a nd to commit adultery and to deceive one ’ a no ther .

2 . a ext E m A 2 8 . . i . do a b : omer . r t m . M id p S p e ; i . 9 H a nd es o or i n to Xeno h nes Of o o hon H i d , acc d g p a K l p , — who told f ull ma ny lawless deeds of the gods to steal a nd to commit adultery a nd to deceive one ’ nother a .

a l N 1 . . el iu s A 1 e . G e . m h . So 3 id p Aul , . iii . av — written that Homer was Older than Hesiod among them Philochoros a n d Xenophanes others that he ’ w as o n er s n h nk ro e . r te loc. t s it y u g Ka , ad , i p babl that G ellius took hi s remark about Xenopha nes from

Phil ochoro s whom he ment ons rst , i ﬁ . H a li f — . er c tos O he s c c a 4 Ep so ( ir a 5 35 47 5 p . ‘ ’ o en t 1 M h n n . e Di g Laer . ix . : uc l ar i g (wok vua 9i n) does not teach sense else it would have taught Hesio d a nd th or s a nd n Xeno h nes a n d e Py ag a , agai p a H ka ’ t aio s.

I st n in . n bm m o h t h b r . . : t e e 5 Pi da , v 95 La p , a ' ’ stoweth en e on works sh em v é ms dr oi wv dilig c (u py f ) , ’ e hon s s f s i e h r o r h r e O e o . e m t e t . re em v ily u i p c p H i d, ’ ers s s n in W 12 D en e os e o s . r ereth b H i d ayi g 4 , ilig c p p ’ wo e e o rk . W hav already qu ted the epigram on ’ 8cc e es o . ttr t to n r H i d, Hail , , a ibu d Pi da . 6 h 0 —2 . es r 8 1 1 s Bacc ylid (ci ca 5 7 4 v . 9 qq

h s s e the oeot n es o ser nt of the T u pak B ia , H i d, va sweet ses Whomsoe er the mmort s hono r Mu , v i al u , I n troduction xxxvii

o en oes w th him so the goo d rep ort f m g i al .

Tb o 80 s es o e . H i d, g. q q ‘ H erodot s When e e h of the o s o . : 7 . , ii 5 3 c ac g d s r n or if the were from etern t a nd wh t p a g , y all all i y, a were the r ttr tes men new not t so to sa i a ibu k ill , y,

te o he efore F or I ons er t t yes rday r t day b . c id ha Hesiod and Homer were earli er in date tha n myself

fo n e rs an d no more A nd the it was by ur hu dred y a . y

" who re te the heo on of the e l enes an d who c a d T g y H l , a ssigned to th e gods their n ames a nd deﬁned thei r hono s and he s and ec re the r ttr tes r t r rt . u i a , d la d i a ibu

T he e r er oets Of whom we he r were e e e a li p a , I b li v ,

ter th n these T he rst of these o nts is th t la a . ﬁ acc u a given by the p riestesses of odon a the latter accoun t n D ’ Of es i ha ho self H iod a nd Homer s w t I ld my .

8 h s F o s 10 0 s Fo ons er . r sto ne r . : r A i p a , g , 3 q q c id from the b egin n ing how useful the noble poets have

een r he s showe u s m ster es -(i a nd b . O p u d y i (“ Aer s) to abstai n fro m murder : Mu saios the heali ng Of

' se ses and o r c es : es o the t re o f the so il di a a l H i d cul u ,

’ ' the se sons of fru ts o h n s i ‘ e a o i a e a i , pl ug i g (y js py , ‘‘ a Ji d D ne om e — hence x m iw a é ov . r w p p s, p r s) ivi H

o t he hono r a nd or s e from th s th t g u gl y av i , a he taught goo d thi ngs (or useful thi n gs disp o sitions ee s o f rowess rm n s of men ? ei n , d d p , a i g (r g s, d er oi Orr-Aid a d d éi ? p s, ; v p v)

n D Gra ci a e 1 — hose . s s escr i t. e . . 9 Pau a ia , p , ix 3 4 5 T Of the B oeotia ns who dwell ro u n d Heliko n recor d it as the traditio nal opi n ion that Hesi od comp osed no other oem s e the Works a n d of th t the t k e p av , a y a o c xxxvu i I n troductton

w the roo em m o the M s i e W 1 t es . . a ay P iu u [ . sayi ng that the p o em b ega n w ith the passage about the S trifes ( E pi Ses) a n d they show ed m e a

e en t e where he fo nt n is i e k n e t t . . o re l ad abl u ai [ Hipp ], for the m ost part d estroyed by lap se of time : on it is nscr ed he Work s h ere is secon d n on i ib t . T a Opi i ff erent from the rst to the effect th t es o com di ﬁ , a H i d

ose r e n m er Of oem s on w om en a n d wh t p d a la g u b p , , a

' ‘ the c l the Grea t E oi a i Me‘ dAa L H oi a i a n d y al ( y ) , the Tb eo on a n d on the seer Mela m os a n d a n g y, p , acco u nt Of the descen t to Had es o f Theseu s w i th

Peirithoos a nd the A dz/ ices o Cb ir on for the in stru c , f t o n Of ch es a n d th t is em r ced o therw se i A ill , all a b a by [ i

n s d th t fo ows the Wor ks a nd D a s tr a late all a ll y .

hese t oo m nt n th t es o d w a s t u ht the a rt T , , ai ai a H i a g o f t he seer by the Acarn a n ian s a n d there exist — — o r acular verses which I r ead myself a n d explan a ’ n s f n s t i o o p ort e t . ‘ 10 o cit 1 8 I here a r e t os ho . . h e w . id . p . . viii T ’ ’ o o s thi nk the The g ny Hesi o d .

c 2 2 a m w e h it . . r t s 1 1 id . . t e od . . Op ix 7 I a a a H i , or h e who fo ste the Theo on on es o w ro te th t i d g y H i d , a ’ &c C h os . a , ’ c c A D 0 0 H is s 1 2 S u id as r . es s m . o oe . ( i a 9 ) [H i d ] p a re t hese : Theo on Wor k s a nd D a s Sb ield C a ta g y, y , , lo ue o Women i n ﬁve oo k s D ir e for on e Ba tra chos g f b , g

’ of im O the D a k t loi I da i oi a n d m n h e o e h n o t ers . b l v d , y , a y

1 r m en t re e to Shield T e e n n n 3 . A gu p ﬁx d h b gi i g

Of the Sb i eld a s fa r as erse 6 is co n t n ed in the , v 5 , ai ‘ rth C t o e Wherefore r sto h n es n o t Fou a al gu . A i p a I ntrodu ction xxxix

m n a d the . omi c oet b u t som e other r m r d c p , a g a a ia , ’ M i n o o b e es o s b u the some . s s ect t t t t SS ] u p H i d , work of some other whose design w as to imitate the

c ld i I l ; Bu Me a les e o er Shie . e . t k H m i [ . xviii] g [M ga k e es SchOm a n n the then n re o n es th e oem l id , ] A ia c g iz p a s en ne b u t n s f t w th es o on other g ui , ﬁ d aul i H i d

s F it is n re sona e he s s ha H ro n . or t t e g u d u a bl , ay , ’ h stos sho d m k e rm s for his m other s foes p ai ul a a . Apollon ios Of Rh odes in his thi rd b ook says the p oem ’ is es o s oth o n th e ro n of st e H i d , b g u d yl a n d from the fact that he fo u n d I olaos agai n in t he

C a ta lo u ct n a s ch r o teer to er es tes g e a i g a i H akl . S i ’ ’ s he o em is es o s cho ros also say t p H i d .

eser n for the m o m en t the Wor ks a nd D a s R vi g y ,

Theo on a n d Shield we m a er r e cons er the g y, , y v y b i ﬂy id p oems other tha n those w hi ch we ﬁn d i n on e author o r

n o h e sc es o a t r a rib ed to H i d . ” 1 The Grea t Works Me afh a E a : A n non . ( y py ) a y

m s co mmen t tor o n r sto e E th N i t . 8 a n d o t . . . u a A i l , v ,

'’ s o W 1 26 efer s o roc s o n e . r to e Ev r oi P lu H i d , , H i d s ” a nd so m e er r s es n Me oih ore E ocs t w ter . y py , la i ( p Pli y,

I 1 &c &c o as N H . . . te es o . . xv . , xxi 7 , , ) qu H i d thei r authori ty for va ri o us stat em ents which a re no t fo n a n d o n to cs wh h a re not t re ted i n the u d , pi ic a

x n rks I t is re so n co n c e th t t ere e ta t wo . a ably lud d a h ’ w a s a p o em passi n g u n der Hesio d s n am e whi ch ha d

w er sco e th n ou r Wor k s a n d wh ch it w o a id p a , i , uld

e r sc sse mon other th n s the c t re a n d app a , di u d, a g i g , ul u

u se of n pla ts.

‘ 2 a a o u ‘ a n E oi a . T he C t l g e (K a T CiAOYOS) d the i X1 I n trodu cti on

H ei d i h se seem o h e een two s ( ) . T e t av b di tin ct works of ene o c t e T he tter oem i a g al gi al yp . la p s supp osed to have tak en its n ame from the catch - phrase “ i; oh; or such as she with which each n ew

h ero ne is n e T he rst ﬁft - six nes of he i i troduc d . ﬁ y li t

Shield wh ch commen es w th th t hr se is s in , i c i a p a , aid,

the old r ment re ote to h e een con a gu al ady qu d , av b t ained in the Fourth C atalogu e Hence it is argued that in some editions the E oi a i form ed the fourth

ook of work wh ch as who e b ore the n me of b a i , a l , a

C a ta lo ue Su idas s s the C a ta lo ue o Women was g . ay g f

i n ﬁ b k ve oo s.

Th Ma rr ia e o K 3 . e g f eyx (v uxo; Whether this was a n i n d ep en dent work or a n epi so de

i n the C a ta lo ue or the E o a i w e c nnot ete m ne g i a d r i .

t rch r e r e it as s r o s A then aios wh e Plu a ga d d pu i u ; , il r ecordi ng t hat the ‘ a u u a T LK fiW r a ids; con sider it yp l l

s s his wn ef h i is n c ent r o sserts o e t t t . pu i u , a b li a a i

’ Ma rr ia e H mn o or Peleus a nd 4. g y (em da hdp i v) f

h s Of h r ct c h n is k nown T ti . s n t e t i p a i ally o i g .

Th D s o Th s us o H a d s e e cent e e t e . 5 . f

6 A imios oss n the war of Ai imios w h . t ig . P ibly o g i

he L a it ai t p h .

M la m odi a t e o es o A h n a s . e ttr t t e o . 7 p . A ibu d H i d by i

8 On h D k lo I da oi h s oem Of h ch t e a t i . w . i y T i p , i

n oth n s r es e t w th the D a k t loi Of who i g u viv , d al i y Ida ,

ro ht he n f nt s b ug up t i a Zeu .

A stronomia or A str olo ia ttr te to o 9 . g a ibu d Hesi d

n a n d t rch r e r ed a s s r o s A the by Pli y Plu a , ga d pu i u by

113 10 3 .

ANALYSIS OF THE WORKS A N D DA Y S

1—10 e I n v oca tion to the Muses a n d to Z us . H esi od l e k r h r wil sp a t ue t in gs to P e ses .

1 1 - 2 6 Th e t o r of r f — a n d 2 - 1 w so ts S t i e good bad . 7 4 erses is exh or ted to p u t fr om him S trife which r ej oi ces .P i n evil ; h ow P er ses took a n un just p r op or ti on of their ’ f ther s est te for the re t or of the b r e- e o r n a a , g a gl y ib d v u i g p rin ces who k n ow n ot h ow m u ch m ore is the ha lf th n the who e n or wh t b esse n ess there is in m a l ow a l , a l d l — a n d a sphodel 42 5 2 Toil n ow n eed ed to ea rn a liv eli h oo h ow e s h n b een ece e b r om etheu s d ; Z u , avi g d iv d y P , took a w ﬁre fr om m n ki n n t rom etheu s stole it ay a d , u il P — ck n in h f n - t lk in n er ba agai a ollow e n el s a . 5 3 89 Z eus a g c u se e ha stos to cre te n or th e rst w om a n a d H p i a Pa d a , ﬁ , to b e the b an e of m en ; 90 - 10 5 Hi ther to m an k i n d h a d n f r l B he b een m m e om a ll ls se se a n d to . u t t i u il , di a , i ‘ w om a n took off th e gr ea t lid of the Ja r a nd s ca tter ed ’ the con ten ts a n d e se w oe f or m en n l o e r e , d vi d O y H p m n e in the a r a n or h n b th e e s n o f ai d J , P d a avi g y d vi i g Z eus repla ced th e lid befor e H op e escap ed ; fr om tha t t m e the ea r th a n d the sea a r e f u l of e l a n d se ses i l vi , di a

10 - 0 1 T a ssail m en b y n ight a n d d a y . 5 2 h e Five Ra ces of Men : 1 The G ol en a ce wh o e in th e t m e of ( ) d R , liv d i

Th e l er ce . Th e r e Kr n . 2 o os ( ) Si v Ra (3) B az n Ra ce. Th e er o c ce or ce of The ron (4) H i Ra , Ra (5) I ’ — ’ a ce whi ch i s es o s own . 20 2 2 1 2 a ra b l e of R , H i d k d h n le 1 — o th e h a w a n t e n ighti ga . 2 3 2 97 t u r u e u e n d to v om n s olen e n d i 2 8— 1 p s j sti c a a c a s n . 9 3 9

— ° 0 - Exh ort a ti on to w ork . 3 2 3 34 M n 0 t s tea l thou shalt n ot w ron g the suppl i a n t n or the stra n ger wi thin ’ t h ou ha lt n ot en th b r h er b thy ga es t s ter y ot s ed . Th ou ‘ shalt n ot w ron g th e fa therless : th ou s ha lt h on ou r thy i r l 1 h or t t o p a ren ts n th ei o d a ge. 3 3 5 34 Ex a i n to worship

i th b rn t - off er n s l b a t on s a n d i e th e o s w n c n se . g d u i g , i i , — 0 r r r rb 8 1 8 I f 342 3 8 C e ta in p a ctical p ove s . 3 3 2 th ou l h t th u s n d d o on ork fter es rest w e t a c a e w a n other . d i a , a ’ 8 —61 Th e a rm er s ea r w th su n r ces a b ou t 3 3 7 F Y , i d y advi ’ A na lysi s of the Worhs a nd Days xliii — - f m m 618 6 Of se f r n . 6 0 Of a r i plem en ts . 94 a a i g 95 7 5 .

7 0 6- 7 64 C er tain so cial a n d r eligi ous p r ecep ts a n d — b 6 8 en ar of ck a n d n ck s . ta oos . 7 5 2 5 Cal d lu y u lu y day 82 6- 82 8 Happy is he who k n owin g a ll th ese thin gs rk hi rk m e ss in the s ht of the mm ort s w o s s w o bla le ig i al , i r eading om en s a n d av oidin g s n .

ANALYSIS OF THE THE OGON Y — 1 1 1 5 P rooem ium 1 - 3 5 The Muses cam e on a tim e to H esi od a s h e sh epher d ed his sh eep un d er H elik on a n d ’ u ht him he her of th e e s th e t sw eet s on . s a g g S p d ﬁ ld , y s e th n s of r e r o ch b ell es on ! We k n ow to aid , vil i g p a , i ly s e k f u l m a n th n s th a t w e r th e se of tr th a n d p a l y i g a gui u , ’ k n ow a lso wh en w e w ll to tter tr th . S o s a n th e i u u yi g, y ga v e to H esi od a w on d r ou s oliv e b r a n ch a n d b rea th ed i n him a V oi ce divin e tha t h e m ight sin g of th e thi n gs tha t — shall b e a n d th e thi n gs tha t w er e afo r etim e 3 6 67 Of th e m a n n er of th e s on g of th e Muses h ow in Pi eri a M n em o s n e b re th em u n to eu s 68— H ow th e u ses a fter y a Z 7 4 M , s t n es o e rte n to m os —1 0 Th e vi i i g H i d , d pa d u Oly p ; 7 5 3 n am es of the Muses a n d th e m a n n er of thei r gifts to

m en . — 10 4 1 1 5 I n v o cati on of the Muses to sin g the gen er a ti on o f the e er a st n o s th e ch r en of r th a n d e en v l i g g d , ild Ea H av a n d ht a n d S ea h ow G o s a n d r th c m e n to b e n Nig d Ea a i i g , a n d th e Rivers a n d the S ea a n d th e S ta rs a n d H ea v en a o e a n d th e o s wh o s r a n f r om th ese : h ow the b v , g d p g y h ei r divid ed t p osses si on s a n d a ttrib utes . 1 1 6—1 f 2 5 Fi rst o a ll w a s Cha os a n d then Ea r th a n d E r os . r om h os s ra n reb os a n d ht a n d fr om ht F C a p g E Nig , Nig in w e ock h r b o r n 1 6 dl wit E e s sp a g A eth er a n d D a y . 2 1 rth rs t a re ra n os e en a n d th e ou n ta n s 5 5 Ea ﬁ b Ou (H av ) , M i d on o n h e h r e th k . I n a P t s (S ea ) . T es s e ba wi out w edlo c w edlock wi th 0 n os sh e b a r e Ok ea n os a n d K oi os a n d Kri os a n d ri on a n d I a p etos a n d Th eia a n d Rh eia a n d h em s a n d n em os n e a n d Ph oib e a n d T eth u s T i M y , , a n d o n est r on os a so the K k l o es— ron tes , y u g , K l y p B , tero es r es a n d fu r th er th e h u n r e - h a n e K ottos S p , A g d d d d ,

" — “ B ria r eos G es 1 2 10 H ow 0 u ra n os ha te his ow n , y ; 5 5 d “ xliv A na lysis of the Theog ony ch ren a n d a s e ch w a s orn hid it in r th h ow rth ild , a b Ea Ea e n sore str ten e e se cr ft e ce a n d e b i g ai d , d vi d a a y d vi gav to Kron os sh r s ck e wherew th she ers e him a a p i l , i p uad d to d o hi s si re g riev ous hurt h ow the b lood of the w oun d fe n to the la of r th when ce s r n the r n es a n d ll i p Ea , p a g E i y the G n ts a n d the N m hs e e b u t fr om the esh ia , y p M lia ﬂ y pa rts tha t w ere ca st in to the s ea sp ra n g Aphrodite a n d h ow Oura n os n am ed his son s Ti ta n s 2 1 1—2 2 The ch ren of ht W1thou t s r e z— oom 5 ild Nig , a i D oros te K er e th lee r e m s m e om os (M ) , Fa ( ) , D a , S p , D a , Bla (M ) , Woe Oizu s es er es o ra i l otho ches s tro ( ) , H p id , M i (K , La i , A os em es s ece t o e dum y Old A e a n d p ) , N i , D i , L v ( m ), g , r f S t i e (Eris) . — 2 26- 2 2 Th e chi ren of tr fe r s z o i on 3 ld S i (E i ) T il, Obl vi , a m n e G r efs W rs tt es u r ers n sl u hter F i , i , a , Ba l , M d , Ma a g , Qu rre s se eech s te w essn ess n A te a l , Fal Sp , Di pu , La l , Rui ( ) , a n d H ork os th (Oa ) . — 2 3 3 2 39 Th e child ren of P on tos (S ea ) a n d Ea rth ere s or the Old Ma n of the S ea h m s Phork s N u , , T au a , y

a n d eto a n d r b . K , Eu y ia 2 0 —2 6 The hters of Nere s son of on tos a n d 4 4 daug u , P h d or u h er of Ok ea n os z— het &c a r t a n s t s . E , D i , da g T i , ft in ll ﬁ y a . 2 6 —2 6 The hters of h m s a n d ek tr 5 9 daug T au a El a , — daugh ter of Ok ea n os z I ris a n d the Ha rpies (Aello a n d k O yp ete) . — 2 7 0 2 7 9 The children of Phork y s a n d Keto (son a n d — daughter r espectively of Pon tos) z the G ra ia i (P emphred o u d a n d n o a n d the G or on s then o r e a n e u s . E y ) g (S , E yal , M d a) — ’ 2 80 2 86 Wh en P erseu s cu t off Medusa s h ead th ere r fro h er hr or a n d the h orse e o The sp a n g m C ysa P ga s s. l tter left e r th f or the mm ort s a n d n ow we s in the a a i al , d ll f u h alls o Z e s . 2 8 —2 Bu t hr s or wi th K a llir rhoe hter of 7 94 C y a , daug

Ok ea n os b e t three- he e G er on eu s wh om era kl es , ga ad d y , H — slew in E ry th eia 2 95 30 5 K a llirrhoe n ext b a re E chid n a — 3 0 5 3 3 2 E chid n a i n wedlock with Tﬂ ha on b a re Or thos the d o of G er on eu s a n d Kerb eros th e ho n of es g y , , u d Had a n d th e ern a e n ra whom er k es s ew a n d L a Hyd , H a l l

Chim a ira wh om e sos a n d e er o hon s ew . Chim a i ra , P ga B ll p l b r e to rth os th e h n a n d the em e n lion which a O Sp i x N a , k l — 6 t to Ph ork s b re the r a on Hera es slew . 3 3 3 3 3 Ke o y a d g A na lysis of the T heogony xlv which gua rds the gold en appl es of the H esp erid es 3 3 7 ers r n from eth s a n d Ok ea n os - l e 345 Riv sp u g T y Ni ,

i & & . 6 A l he os m o s Sk a m a n d ros A cheloos c. c p , Si i , , , , 34 6 m hs s r n fr om the sa m e n c n t e est 3 3 Ny p p u g , i ludi g S yx , ld ‘ ’ or m o t f 6 — 0 h r ee th o s n ( s excellen t ) o them all . 3 4 3 7 T u a d — daughters of Ok ea n os there b e a n d s on s a s m a n y soun din g ‘ r ers wh ose n m es it w ere h r f or m or t m a n to te l iv , a a d al l ’ b u t those wh o dwell by ea ch k n ow them every on e. 1 - The ch ren of he n d er on - S u n 3 7 3 7 4 ild T ia a Hyp i , oon wn — the chi ren of ri os a n d r M , Da 3 7 5 3 7 7 ld Eu ybia — K A stra ios s erses 8- 82 t e chi ren of A , Palla , P ; 3 7 3 h ld stra ios a n d w n - the w n s r estes Ze h r os ore s Da i d A g , p y , B a ,

- he Notos a n d fter them the orn n t r . 8 0 t , a M i g S a 3 3 4 3 — child r en of S tyx a n d Pa lla s z Z elos a n d Nik e a n d K ra tos a n d who we w th Z e s a s he h a d ow e of old Bia , d ll i u , v d to t when w th her ch ren sh e a e him n st S yx , , i ild , id d agai the Ti ta n s S tyx h erself h e a pp oin ted to b e th e Mighty Oa th of the gods 40 4- 4 10 the child ren of K oios a n d — h oib o r 1 1 - s ter re to P e L et a n d Aste ia . 4 45 2 A ia ba P erses H ek a te : the em in en t p ow ers a n d p ri v ileges of ek te a s n sw er er of r er h e er in co n c in m es H a , a p ay , lp u il ga , a n d in wa r er of k n s in u em en t of horsem en , aid i g j dg ; a n d of se m en a n d of she her s : a n d n the n rse a , p d ﬁ ally u f r e o child n . - 8 The chi ren of Rheia hter of ra n os 45 3 45 ld , daug Ou a n d G a n d ron os z— est em eter er a a es aia , K H ia , D , H , H d , ose on e s - 1 how ron os le rn n from P id , Z u ; 459 49 K , a i g Our a n os a n d Gaia tha t h e wa s fa ted to have a son who sho l o erthrow him swa owe hi s own ch ren h ow u d v , ll d ild Rheia when o t to b e r e s took co n se of a r th , ab u a Z u , u l E a n d H eav en to s ave her child : h ow they ca rri ed her to L k tos in rete where she ro ht f or th Ze s a n d hi d y K , b ug u him in a cave on the hill A iga ion b u t she swaddled a gr ea t stone a n d e it nto ron os who sw ow e it th n k n gav u K , all d , i i g i to b hi - o Ze r m h a n d t e s son Z e s . 2 0 6h w s th o e t u 49 5 u v ig ily, how 1n t m e the e s n of rth r on os om te f or th i by d vi i g Ea , K v i d the ston e : whi ch Zeus set up a t Pytho to b e a sign in the a fter t Z et free hi s m e m r e to m ort l m en . A n d e s s i , a a v l a u ’ f th er s rothers wh o 1n r t t e e him th n er a n d a b , g a i ud gav u d ' htn n 0 - 1 1 the ch l ren of I a etos a n d l m en e lig i g ; 5 7 5 i d p K y , a u hter of Ok ea n os - A t s Men oiti os rom eth e s d g la , , P u ,

im h - iti os et e . 1 the f tes of methe s Men o Ep us 5 2 5 20 a Epi u , , x lv i ﬁ na lysis of the Theog ony

n d l 1—61 f ’ a At a s . 5 2 6 the a te of P r om eth eu s : hOW a t M ek on e h e cu t u p a n ex a n d a ttemp ted to d eceive Z eu s b y off erin g him th e b on es con cea led in fa t (wh er efor e to thi s d a y m en b u rn white b on es to th e im m or ta ls u p on fr agr a n t h ow Z eus i n v en gea n ce r efu sed m en ﬁr e till i t w a s s tolen b y P r om eth eu s crea ted th e ﬁrst w om a n to b e th e b a n e of m en : b ou n d P r om eth eu s a n d s en t a n e le to e ou r his l er wh ch r ew a n b ag d v iv , i g gai y n ight a s m u ch a s th e eagle d evou r ed b y d a y - till h e w a s a t l s t b con sen t of eu s eli ere b era k es who a , y Z , d v d y H l , l w 6 1 - 1 f s e th e eagle. 7 7 9 h ow with th e h elp o th e h u n d red h a n e n ts B ria r eos Ko ttos a n d G es eu s o er ca m e d d gia , , , y , Z v th e Ti ta n s a n d im p ri son ed th em i n Ta r ta ros ; 7 2 0 - 7 45 d es crip tive of Ta r ta r os 7 46- 7 57 th e a b od e of Atla s i n the w est 8 66 th e a b o e of ee a n d ea th ch l ren , 7 5 7 d Sl p D , i d o f h t 6 - th e b o e of es a n d erse h on e Nig 7 7 7 7 4 a d Had P p , g u a rd ed b y th e d og Kerb er os 7 7 5 - 80 6 th e a b od e of S tyx h ow th e o s sw ea r b t a n d th e u n shm en t of g d y S yx , p i er r 80 —8 1 of a r ta ros in wh ch the t n s a re p ju y ; 7 9 T , i Ti a im p ri son ed of th e a b od e of th e hu n d red - h a n d ed gia n ts

82 0 - 868 of hoeu s s on of r th a n d a r t r os a n d h ow Typ , Ea T a , eus overcam e him a n d h u rl ed him in to Ta r ta r os : 869 Z — 880 th e o ff s r n of h oeu s a ll w n s e ce t otos p i g Typ i d x p N , — or e s a n d Ze h r os 88 1 88 h ow eu s b eca m e k n B a , p y ; 5 Z i g of th e g ods ; 886- 90 0 h ow Z eu s t ook M eti s to wife a n d sw all ow ed h er wh en a b ou t to give b i rth to Athen e ; 9 0 1 0 6 eu s n e t took to w fe h em s m other of the ou rs 9 Z x i T i , H —T or. e son s Q a t n m el u n om a k e a n d ( S a ) p , a y E i , Di , ren e a n d of the a tes o ra n m el l otho ch es s Ei , F (M i i) , a y , La i , — K a n d tro os 0 1 1 n e t eu s took to w fe u r n om e A p 9 7 9 x Z i E y , u hter of Ok ea n os wh o b a r e to hi m th e G ra ces n m el da g , , a y

l u hros n e a n d ha l 1 2 - 1 n e t eu s took Ag aia , E p y , T ia 9 9 4 x Z t o w fe em eter w h o b re to him ers e h on e wh om i D , a P p , — i on eu s c r r e off 1 1 n e t n em os n e wh o A d a i d ; 9 5 9 7 x M y , re th e n in e u ses 1 8 20 n e t eto wh o b re ba M ; 9 9 x L , a ollo a n d r tem s 2 1 2 la st er wh o b re eb e Ap A i 9 9 3 ly H a , a H , — b e ot r to en fr r es E ileithu ia . 2 2 eu s e om A , 9 4 9 9 Z g T i g ia his own h e a n d er of h erself b re e h stos 0 ad , H a a H p ai 93 37 th e son of Am phi tri te a n d E n n osiga i os - Triton ; 9 — h e chi l r en of res a n d K thereia e r a n d err or t d A y F a T— a n d Ha rm on i a ; 93 8- 944 other children of Zeus z b y a hter of tl s - erm es b em e e hter M ia , daug A a , H y S l , daug A na lysis of the T heogony x lvn — o f K a dm os — on sos Alk m en e er kl es , Di y ; by , H a ; 945 e ha stos w e e a th e o n es t of th e 9 5 5 H p i dd d Aglai , y u g G r ces on s os w e e r n e u hter of n os a ; Di y dd d A iad , da g Mi , a n d Z eu s m ad e h er imm or ta l ; H er ak l es w edd ed H ebe a n d w e ls w th the m m or t s s orr ow ess a n d e ess for d l i i al , l ag l e er 6— 62 the ch ren of e os a n d P erseis a hter v 95 9 ild H li , d ug o f Ok ea n os z— Ki rk e a n d A i etes A ietes w e e I d u ia ; dd d , — u hter of Ok ea n os w h o r e to him e e . 6 10 2 0 da g , ba M d a 9 3 g odd esses wh o b a r e child ren to m or ta l m en : D em eter to — I a sios—Plou tos rm on a to K a dm os I n o em e e ; Ha i , S l , e u ton oe w fe of A ris ta ios a n d P ol d or os K a l Agav , A ( i ) , y ; — lirr h oe to Chrysa or G ery on eu s ; Dawn to Ti th on os — M em n on a n d Em a thi on D a wn to K eph a l os Ph a eth on e ea to I a son —Med eios s m th e hter of ere s M d P a a , daug N u , — — to Ai a k os Ph ok os Theti s to P eleus Achilles Ky therei a to Ai n eia s— n ch ses i rk e to sseu s— r os A i ; K Ody Ag i , La t n os T ele on os n s of the rrhen ia n s K so to i , g , Ki g Ty ; alyp

— - Odysseus N a u sithoos a n d N a u sin oos 10 2 1 10 2 2 A n d n ow sweet- o ce u ses of m os s n e the r ce , v i d M Oly p , i g y a ’ f e o wom n .

[H er e th e p oem br ea k s off]

ANALYSIS OF THE SHI E L D — — 1 6 k m en e re tw n son s er k es to e s 5 Al ba i H a l Z u , I phik l es to Amphi try on 5 7 - 1 2 1 h ow H era k les a n d I ola os en cou n ter ed Kyk n os a n d his fa th er Ares in the p r ecin cts of the temple of Ap ollo a t P a ga sa e ; 12 2 - 3 20 Th e Arm i n g of er k es : 1 rea es of or ch c m o n t n r ss H a l ( ) g v i al ( u ai b a ) , 2 b r e st te of o sw or of ron er w th ( ) a pla g ld (3) d i , (4) quiv i rr ow s w n e w th fe thers of the ck e e s e r a i g d i a bla agl , (5) p a sh o w th ron e 6 h e m et of m n t sh el — th e d i b z , ( ) l ada a , (7 ) i d d es crip ti on of whi ch occupi es 1 39 - 3 20 ; 3 2 1 - 480 Th e ht K k n os i er k ﬁg y s slain by H a les . HESIOD

D A H a t the he n s es o on a o E T adla d , H i d, l g g Gave tkfee to dri nk of his u nho nied w ine

N ow ore s nnot re h thee n low B a ca ac lyi g , ’ N or Sirius heat vex a ny hour of thi ne T he Pleiads rising a re no more a sign

F or thee to re nor when the set to sow ap , , y ,

Whether a t m orn or eve r t r s sh ne A c u u i ,

' T o or r ne the n e tho nst not now pluck p u vi u ca k .

’ V n now for thee the cr ne s t mn ht ai a au u al ﬂig ,

T he o c ckoo the tw tter n sw ow— n l ud u , i i g all vai ’ T he flow ri n sco m s the n trees g ly u , buddi g ,

ee t me a nd r est ossom n a n d ht S d i Ha v , Bl i g Blig ,

T he mid the e r a nd the tter r n , a ly, la ai ,

A nd s ron r o n a nd h es t g O i t e Hyad . W M A . . .

‘ — Works a nd Days zy yz

potter {contendeth z the hewer of wood with the hewer of wood : the e r 1s e o s f the e r b gga j al u o b gga ,

s t e in strél ea lou of the m nstre . i li h in j i l ( erses la tho th s to he rt nor let tr fe th t O P , y u i a , S i a

exu lteth m e t rn th m n from work to w t h vil u y i d , a c

k rk - ce tt e con tention a nd to hea r en in the ma et pla . Li l ti me h th he for w r n l n a nd con tent on who h th a a g i g i , a

no t a t home store of foo for the e r the laid up d y a , ’ son e fr s of the e r h D eme er s r n When se t t t . a abl ui a , g ai

tho hast otten thee eno h thereof then b e con u g ug ,

n f he o s of o hers Bu t n o more m st te tions or t g od t . ay

ho h s L et us str htw e etween u s t u do t u . aig ay judg b

w th st ement e en of e s wh ch is est i ju judg , v Z u , i b .

re ha d we e ou r nher t nce and m h Al ady divid d i i a , uc

es es st tho se e a n d rr w for the re t b id did u iz ca y a ay, g a

or of the r e- e o r n r n es who a re f n to gl y b ib d v u i g p i c , ai

h s s oo s ! who k now not ho h judge t i uit . F l w muc ’ more is the half than the who e n or wh t esse ness l , a bl d

her i in m a nd s h e t e s allow a p od l .

F or the o s h e h en the e hoo of men g d av idd liv li d . Lightly in a day mightst thou have won sufﬁcien t store e en for e r of eness a nd soon m htst v a y a idl , ig

tho h e h n the r er in the smo e a nd the u av u g udd k ,

" work of o en a nd of st r m es ha d er she Bu t x u dy ul p i d .

e s in his n er hid the re of fe for th t Pro Z u a g b ad li , a

metheu s of croo e o nse s h ad ec e him k d c u l d eiv d .

Wherefore men a nd hid ﬁre . Z , Bu t that the go gain for men

from e s the C o nse or in ho ow fen ne st k Z u u ll a ll l al ,

h r r f r no h t t me t e e - he n w w a i Hu l o t Thu nde k e t . Works a nd D a ys y3 - 8 0 3

Bu t in wr ath did the Gatherer of the Clouds say h im Son of I a etos nn n o e men tho to . p , cu i g ab v , u

est to h e e t e e tf a nd sto en f re re t joy av d al d c i ully l i , g a ba ne a s it shall b e to thyself a n d to the m en of after ’ m e F or ﬁre w e them a n e th n where n ti . ill I giv vil i g i ’ m r he r o oom the sh re o e e n t wn . y all j ic , b aci g i d

S o s e the ther o f m en a nd o s a nd he pak Fa g d , laug d

o A n d H e e or o s e h stos ee al ud . bad gl i u H p ai Sp dily to m n e e rth w th w ter a n d u t there n h m n i gl a i a , p i u a sp eech a nd strength a n d mak e a s the dea thless god

n h f r f f n desses to look up o t e ai orm o a lovely maid e .

A nd then e H e e te h her h n wor to we e A bad ac a di k , av

he em ro ere w eb A nd H e e o en A hro t b id d . bad g ld p dite shed grace ab out her head a nd grievous desire

n A n n r and w st ss on . d ermes the esse e a i g pa i H , M g , the er of os H e e e her sh me ess la Arg , bad g a a l S y , iv m n a nd e e tf so i d a d c i ul ul . ‘ So Zeus bade a n d they h ea rkened u nto Zeus the

n th e Son of r n s h f e rth o o . tr tw o Ki g, K S aig ay a did the gloriou s Lame On e fa shion the likeness of a mo dest m en a s the Son o f ronos w l e A n d the o ess aid , K i l d . g dd grey- eyed Athene girdled a nd a rrayed her the goddess Graces a nd the Lady Persuasion hu ng chai ns of gold ab ou t her : the fair - tressed H ours crown ed

' her w th owers of s r n m nn e m i ﬂ p i g . All a r of adorn ent

l s th en e estow o t her o A nd in did Pal a A b ab u b dy .

' her re st the M essen er the Sla er of r os u t b a , g , y A g , p

es a nd n n n wor s a n d e e tf so as eus li cu i g d a d c i ul ul , Z th e h n erer w e so the M essen er of the T u d ill d . Al g

o s e her s ee h A n d he n me h s wom n g d gav p c . a d t i a

B 2 — 4 Works a nd Ddys 80 10 7

n or for th t the we ers in m os Pa d a , a all d ll Oly p ha d b estowed on her a gift to b e the ba ne of m en that

b re live y b ad . N ow when H e ha d wrought the sheer delusion

u nesca eab le the ther sent the or o s er of p , Fa gl i u Slay ’ r os the o s sw ft M essen er nto m ethe s A g , g d i g , u Epi u

h the ft A n d m ethe s ook n ho h wit gi . Epi u t o t ught ow Prom eth eus ha d bidd en him n ever tak e a gift from

m n e s b u t sen it ck est h it ecom e Oly pia Z u , d ba , l aply b

m en Bu he k i the n e of . t too t a nd fterw r in ba , a a d

rr e rne its m e n n so ow l a d a i g . F or of old the trib es of m en lived on the earth apart from evil a nd gri evous toil a nd sore diseases

h r n he f es f e h n F o in the t at b i g t a t o d a t to me . r day

of e men s ee ax old Bu the w om n took vil p dily w . t a off the great lid of the Ja r w ith h er ha nds a n d mad e a sca tteri ng thereof a nd devi sed baleful sorrows for

en n o e o e w th n in her n re e m . O ly H p ab d i i u b akabl

h m e n er h s f he a r a n n h c a b r u d t e lip o t J d ﬂ ew ot fort .

F or ere sh e co th e wom n u t on the of the uld, a p lid ’ ar a s e s the or of the e s the there of j , Z u L d A gi , Ga r

’ h C o s e se Bu t ten thou sa nd o th er e s t e . l ud , d vi d vil

n r mon m en or the earth is f of e a n d ,wa de a g . F ull vil

a is f n ht a nd om e se ses the se ull . By ig by day c di a

of the r own mot on r n n e nto mort men i i , b i gi g vil u al ,

s en t s1nce e s the C o nsel or h th t k en w il ly, Z u u l a a a ay

' the r o e So s re m a none es e the w of i v ic . u ly y cap ill

e s Z u . A n d if tho w t et nother t e w I for u il , y a al ill build

hee we a nd nn n a nd do t hou it to th t , ll cu i gly, lay y — Works a nd Days 10 7 13 7 5 heart : how from one seed spring gods a nd mortal

men . rst of o en r e of mort men the Fi all , a g ld ac al did

n m f n h Immortal D well ers i Oly p os ashio . T ese lived i n the t me of ronos when h e was n in e en i K ki g H av .

k e o s the ve h n so n now n sorrow Li g d y li d , avi g a ul u k i g , fr m o a n d r e her re apart o t il t avail . N it we they su b ‘ ect to m ser e eld b u t e er the s me in h n a nd j i abl , v a a d foot the too the r e s re in fest rt from , y k i pl a u ival apa all

e A nd he e as o er of All . oo vil t y di d v come sleep . g d

th n s w ere the rs T he o nteo s e rth re fr i g i . b u u a ba uit

fo r th em of her own w in ent a n d w tho t st n t . ill , pl y i u i A nd they in p ea ce a nd quiet lived on their la nds with

“ m n oo th n s r h in o s a nd e r to the a y g d i g , ic ﬂ ck d a

ess o s Bu t s n e th s r e was h en in the bl ed g d . i c i ac idd

e rth r ts a re b th i i h eu s , g t l a Spi i mﬁ fw y ll‘ o y ’ i w

118

“ e er wh ere o er the e o e 1 1 m st : ers of v y v arth, cl k d 1 i giv we lth E en thi s n r le e1s the rs a v ki gly p ivi g i . Then next the Dwellers 1n Olymp os crea ted a fa r nfer or r e r e of s er no w se e to the i i ac , a ac ilv , i lik

o en r e in o or in m n F or h n re e rs g ld ac b dy i d . a u d d y a ’ the h rew his oo mother s s e n c ild g up by g d id , playi g

s h n his ho e Bu t when he in u tter childishnes wit i m . grew to ma nhoo d a nd came to the full measu re of

a e for b u t tt e s e the e a nd in sorrow g , a li l pac y liv d

h f o shness F or the o not by reason of t eir o li . y c uld

refr n from s n the one nst the other n e ther ai igni g agai , i “ wo the wo rsh the deth ess o s nor do s r e uld y ip a l g d , ac iﬁc on the ho t rs of he esse nes asis the m nn er ly al a t Bl d O , a — 6 Works a nd Days 13 7 167

of m en heresoe er the e heref s in w v y dw ll . W ore Zeu

n er u t th em w e se the e not hono r a g p a ay, b cau y gav u

to the esse o s who w e in m ow bl d g d d ll Oly p os. N

s nce th s r ce too wa s h en in e rth the ene th i i a idd a , y b a

the e rth a re c e esse mort s of ow er r n a all d bl d al l a k ,

et the oo h e the r h n r y y t av i o ou . Then Zeus th e Fa th er created a j hi rd race of

o al n r ce of b nze e otten of the Meli ai mrt g g , a a i g , b g , ‘ terrible a nd strong whosedelight wa s in the dolorous

works of res a nd in nso en e re the ate not A i l c . B ad y

b u t so s the ha d st orn of m nt u na roach ul y ubb ada a , pp able grea t was thei r might a nd i nvincible the a rms

th r from the r sh o ers on s o fr mes Of at g ew i uld t ut a .

ron e was th e r rmo r of ron e the r we n s b z i a u , b z i d lli g , w h on e the ro h k ron as n e t w ot t . i br z y w ug t . Blac i y These by their own ha nds slai n w en t down to the

n hi es n m ess A n d ck ho se of c e . da k u ll Had , a l bla

D e th s ew them for th t the were m ht a nd a l , all a y ig y, \ the eft the r ht ht of the su n y l b ig lig .

N ow when thi s r ce so was h en in e rth et a al idd a , y a fou rth race did Z eus the Son of Kronos crea te up on

th e o n teo s e rth s er ra b u u a , a ju t lik e race of h ero m en who a re the

e r er r ce n he n l ss e r h them a li a up o t b ou d e a t . did

e war a nd re tt e s some a t se en - te vil d ad ba l lay, v ga d

he es the n of Ka dm os ht n for the oc s T b , la d , ﬁg i g ﬂ k o f Oidip odes som e when wa r ha d b rought them in shi ps across the great gulf of the sea to Troy for the

- s k f f resse e n here the ss e - f a e o air t d H l e . T did i u o

h c r h m o Bu t e s the th r the e o e t e t . e d a t v ab u Z u Fa , Works and Days 167 - 19 3 7

Son of ronos e them fe a nd a n o e rt K , gav a li ab d apa from m en a nd est l she them a t the en s of the , ab i d d earth afar from the dea thl ess gods amon g them is

ronos k n A nd the w th so nto he of K i g . y i ul u uc d sorrow dwell in the I sla n ds of the Blest by deep e n Okea nos h heroes for whom the ddyi g appy , bou nteous earth b eareth honey - sweet fruit fresh thrice

e r a y a .

wo then th t e n ot mon th e ﬁft ra ce I uld a I liv d a g , hﬂ of men b u t e ther ha d e efore or had een orn , i di d b b b

n r i of r n h f F or ow e s o . e t er a terwa rd . v ily a i N i

sh the e er e se from w e r n ess a nd woe by day all y v c a a i , ne ther in the n ht from w st n a n d sore res sh i ig a i g, ca all

he e hem ow e t e en for them sh t gods giv t . H b i v all

n h e Bu t h s r f m good b e mi gled wit vil . t i ace also o ortal men shall Zeus d estr they shall have m y

h h sh not b e e hi temples a t t gi i birt . all lik to s ch ren ne ther the en e nto the f ther ild , i lik u a n e ther sh est to host nor fr en to fr en nor i all gu , i d i d , b rother to b rother b e dear a s aforetime : a nd they sh e no hono r to the r sw ft e n rents all giv u i i ly ag i g pa , a nd sh h e them w th wor s of b ittei' s ee h all c id i d p c , s nf men now n no the fe r of the o s he e t . s i ul , k i g a g d T will not return to their aged pa ren ts the p ric e of their ) n rt re z . b u t a nd one sh l s u u M M ! , a l ack ’ th e other s t e ther sh l here b e a n s ci y . N i a l t y re p ect of the oa th abidin g or of the just or of the good rather shall they honour the door of evil a nd the m a n

f n o so en e. ht sh li e in m ht of h n a nd i l c Rig all ig a d,

' Reverence shalt b e no more th e b a d shall wrong the — 8 Works a nd D ays 19 3 22 0

etter man s e k n roo e wor s a nd ett n them b , p a i g c k d d ab i g

h a n o h n r n re o n in e of w t t . w i a E vy, b a li g, j ici g vil , h tef co nten nce sh fo ow men to the r a ul u a , all ll all i sorro hen er sh e eren e a nd A we e w . T v ily all R v c v il th eir fair b odies 1n white rob es a nd depart from the

Wide- wayed earth u n to Olymp os to j oin the compa ny of th e mmort s fors k n m en : b u t for men th t I al , a i g a die shall remai n b u t miserabl e w oes a nd against evil th ere sh b e no all avail . N ow will I tell a tal e to p rinces who themselves are

s h s k e th e h wk to the n ht n e of wi e. T u Spa a ig i gal s e e ne as he ore her fa r oft to the o s in p ckl d ck , b al cl ud the c t h of his t ons wh e she on his rook e lu c al , il , c d t ons m e m e t f men t : nto her he al i pal d, ad pi i ul la u spak e masterfully : Wretch ! wherefore dost thou shr e L o tho a rt he in the r s of s ron er i k u ld g a p a t g .

here sh t tho o e en where c rr thee for T al u g , v I a y , all

h ns re s A n d a s w sh m k e m me t m t . y i l y I ill , I all a y al l of thee or et thee o . foo is h e who wo c0n , g A l uld t en w th the s ron er H e oseth the tor a nd d i t g . l vic y ’ s ffereth n sh h hissh me S o s k e h e s f u a gui wit a . pa t wi t

n h wk he n - n e r Bu d o ho erses t o w . t t ﬂyi g a , l g i g dbi d u , P , h k n h ns e r e to st ce n e t er n rse o ence . nso en e a ju i , i u i l I l c is a n th n f r r n N o e en oo m a n ill i g o a p oo ma . t v a g d m a ht e r it b u t r ene it h nceth on y lig ly b a , bu d d by c a up

o m e er is it to ss on the other s e o . tt to d B pa by id ,

ns e s ce st ce in the en d is et er h n nso e u ju ti . Ju i b t t a i

nce a nd he foo learneth i u ﬂ ef in F h e t t s . or t l , l by g Oa

H or os r nne h s on em her ( k ) u t clo e crooked judg ents. T e is th e noise of the haling of Justice wheresoever b rib e

1 0 Works a nd Days 248- 2 7 6

r nces d n r h n F r o e too o s e t s e e nce. o O P i , y c id i v g a the Immortals a re n igh among m en a nd remark them th t w th roo e em en ts o ress on e nother a i c k d judg pp a ,

k n n h f he n er of the o s l ea thr e t o ee o t . a i g d a g g d , ic ten thou sa n d Immortals a re there on the b ou nteous e rth who ee w tch o er mort m en who w t h a , k p a v al a c over judgements a nd frowa rd work s : clad in mist fa ri ng everywhere over the ea rf h) Also there is the m en ce the hter of e s or o s a nd aid Insti , daug Z u , gl i u worsh f mon the h ho A nd ip ul a g m o ld Olymp os. whene er on e in u reth her w th rook e re n v j i c d vili g,

‘ straightway she sitteth by Zeus the Father the S on s

‘ of ronos a nd te l eth of the nr hteo s m n of K , l u ig u i d m en t l the eo e for the fo of their kin s , i l p pl pay lly , g , who w th tho hts wrest s e ements d eclar i ill ug a id judg , in f s e re of hese h n s 0 n s a nd set e . w t t g al ly B a i g , Ki g , str ht o r s ee h r e- e o rers a nd tter aig y u p c , b ib d v u , u ly for k n H e e seth e for him get croo ed judgeme ts. d vi vil self who deviseth evil for 31110 t i ors f r him th T he e em s w t o ac . y tha tm m remark eth eho eth w all , b ld these th n s too a n H e w a nd H e f eth n ot to i g , ill , ail notice wha t m a nn er of justice this is that ou r city

h m a ne her nor son of m ne b e st hold et . N ow y it I i ju

n m en F or i is a n h n o b e s if the mo . t t t t a g ill i g ju ,

n s sh l h e the re ter st e ow e t these u ju t al av g a ju ic . H b i thi n gs I d eem n ot that Z eus the Hurler of the Thu nder

m sh erse ho hese thi n o w o . s t t s t ill acc pli O P , lay u g he rt a nd he rk en to st ce a nd tter for et a , a ju i u ly g

o n F or th s law h th the Son of ronos vi le ce. i a K Works a nd D ay s 2 7 6- 3 06 1 1

o n te n to m en e en th t shes a nd e sts a nd app i d u , v a ﬁ b a w n e r s sho e o r e h other s n e there i g d bi d uld d v u ac , i c is n o s e in hem Bu m en H e ha th en j u tic t . t to giv

ust ce wh ch is far the est F r if one w s e j i i b . o ill p ak

st ce a s he k noweth to him e s of the far- orne ju i , Z u b

o e eth w e Bu t whoso of his swe reth v ic giv al . will a f se w tn ess a nd eth a nd wron eth st e a nd al i li , g ju ic s nneth e on re em t o n his r e is mmer in the i b y d d p i , ac di afterdays b u t the race of him that keep eth his oath is et er in me me Bu o hee foo sh erses t t to o . t t t b i c , li P , w s e w th oo n tent one ma tt n ill I p ak i g d i . Evil y a ai smooth is M ay a nd it

w el eth v ni h . Bu t d l ery _ _ g deﬁ s ﬁ gods set swea t

' des s the to e s 1s it ere fter te 1ts hardnes . p, a y th a pi B est is tha t ma n who thinketh on all thi ngs for h mse f t n hee to th t wh h sh b e etter i l , aki g d a ic all b

fterw r a n d in the end a nd oo too is he who a a d g d , , hea rkeneth to good advice : b u t whoso nei ther think eth — himself nor layeth to hea rt the wo rds of a nother he

s ss m a n agai n is a u ele .

Bu t do tho b e e er m n f of ou r n n t on a nd u v i d ul i ju c i ,

work no e erses th t h n er ma hor thee b u t , bl P , a u g y ab , w orshipful D emeter of the fair crow n love thee a nd ' ‘ ll h h F o h n er is to ether ﬁ t y b arn wit livelihoo d . r u g al g

‘ ’ ’ A t meet compa mon of the ma n who will n ot work .

him are o s a nd men w roth whoso l eth in eness g d , iv idl ,

e in tem er to the st n ess rones wh h in eness lik p i gl d , ic idl

a n f h s Be it th waste d devour the labo ur o t e b ee . y Works a nd D ays 3 0 6

ho e to or er the wor s wh h are meet th t th c ic d k ic , a y

n ma b e f of se on e e ho wor s ba r s y ull as abl liv li od . By k

do m en wax r h in o k s a nd e r ea a nd wor ic ﬂ c g a y , by k shalt thou b e far dearer to immortals a nd to mortals

for the tter hor the e Wor i e roach . s ngr y u ly ab idl w k p

‘ the re ro ch is idl Bu t if tho w t wor soon a u il k, ’ M thee thy wealth on wealth

tten oo a nd or . A nd wh te er b e th lot a d g d gl y a v y ,

wo r is est if tho w t t rn th foo sh n from k b , u il u y li mi d the goods of o ther men to work a nd study livelihood

sh me a as I bid thee . Ill a ttendeth the n eedy m a n :

sh me wh h re t ha rmeth men or rea tl h a c g a ly g el eth . i \ y p h me oeth w th nwe o ness w th we S a g i u al b ld i al . Wealth is not to b e sei zed violently god - given er far F or if ma n d se w ealth is b ett . a o ize grea t wealth

o en e o f h n or ste it r ft of ton e as by vi l c a d , al by c a gu , cha nceth oftentimes when greed b egu ileth the mind

of men a nd sh me ssn ss ram le h on sh me a le e t p t up a , ’ lightly the go ds aba se him a nd mak e that ma n s house

‘ ’

d e a nd weal atten d eth b in? b u t for tt e wh e . cay, a li l il Alik e is he who w rongeth a supplia nt a nd he who ’ wron eth est or h e wh t er s g a gu , W h M sin

or he who in his foo lishness sin neth agai nst fa therless children or who chid eth a n aged p erson on the evil

thresho of old a e ss n him w th h rsh wor s. ld g , a aili g i a d

A a t l e s h mse f is n ere a nd in the g ig h g sg gey Z u i —l a g d , end for his u nrighteous works he lay eth on him a stern

ens recomp e. Bu t from these things d o thou utterly refrain thy Works and D ays 3 3 y- 3 61 1 3 foo sh so a nd w th th m ht d o s r e to the li ul , i all y ig ac iﬁc e th ess o s in ho w se a nd re a n d rn d a l g d ly i pu ly , bu

or o s me t off er n s w th a nd a t other t mes do gl i u a i g i al , i tho ro t te them w th t ons and w th n ense u p pi ia i liba i i i c , b oth when thou layest thee to rest a nd when the holy

ht ometh th t the ma h e r o s he rt daylig c , a y y av a g aci u a a n d m n tow r s thee a nd th t tho m est the i d a d , a u ay buy

f o h no no h r h n est te o t ers t t e t e . a , a i

C to me t him th t o eth thee b u t e e th n e all a a l v , l av i

n m on A nd him chieﬂiest who we eth e e y al e. call d ll n h thee F or if ht n tow r h en in the ig . aug u a d app townsh the n e h o rs ome n rt th e nsmen ip , ig b u c u gi , ki

hemse es A n n e h r is ne a r t . o e en s gi d lv ill ig b u a ba , v

o ne h o r is r ess n H e h f n eth a g od ig b u a g eat bl i g . w o i d

ne h o r ﬁnde h re s h n N ot a n a good ig b u t a p ciou t i g .

x e en er sh if h n h o b e n k e o v will p i t y eig b u r ot bad . Ta just mea sure from thy n eighb our a nd give him just return with the same mea sure or yet b etter if thou

‘ nst th t e en so fterw r in th n ee tho m st ca , a v a a d y d u ay

ﬁnd him s re he e not ill ns n s a re a u lp . G t gai ill gai e en a s s sters L o e hi th t o eth thee a n d s t v di a . v m a l v vi i him th t s teth thee A nd e to him h t e h a vi i . giv t a giv t

nd no o him h e h no T o the er n a give t t t a t giv t t . giv o e

e h b u n n e h him h e h n t t o e t to t t t ot . A giv , giv a giv

f is oo b u h ft is e er of e F or t t t e th . gi g d, vil , a giv d a wh tsoe er m an 1veth w n e he n e er so a v a g illi gly, giv v m h h e h th o in his ft a nd r e o ceth in his uc , a j y gi j i heart b u t whoso hea rkeneth to frow ardness a nd t eth ht h mse f b e it n e er so tt e it chilleth ak aug i l , v li l ,

he he r F r if b a nd t a t . o thou a ddest u t little to little ‘ 1 4 Works a nd Days 3 62- 3 9 2

f en so n e en th b e re Whoso oest it o t o w t t . d , ill v a g a

h h h h he sh esc e er e h n er eth t o t t e t . add a a , all ap ﬁ c u g

a n Tha t which is laid up a t hom e vexeth no t a m .

etter it is to h e store a t home s nce th t wh ch is B av , i a i

ro is r no s oo it is to t k e of th t one h th ab ad ui u . G d a a a , b u t a sorrow to the soul to desire that which is ab sent

n o f h hee o A he ro ch n a d t is I bid t t b eware . t t b a i g

of the esse a nd in the end thereof t k e th b u t v l a y ﬁll , a t the midst b e spa ri ng a p oor thi ng it is to b e spa ri n g

in the ees L et the rom se re r of fr en b e l . p i d wa d a i d I

s re . ) A n d w th sm e set w tness e en on b rother u i a il a i v a é j F or f th a nd u nf th a re k e the ne of men ai ai ali ba . let the scarlet woma n b eguile thee with

or s m n a t h rn h e h w t . W o tt t g d , ai i g y ba pu

r st in wom n tteth his tr st in ece er u a a pu u a d iv . ’ May there b e a n on ly b orn son to feed hi s father s ho se for so is w e th ncre se in the h s Bu t u : al i a d all .

b h e h if h e se n S n Y e en la te e t y d a t t ou leav a co d o . et v

m re m ht e s e si e enteo s we th to o ig Z u a ly giv pl u al .

ore is the wor of mor a nd re ter the n r e se M k e g a i c a .

N ow if th he rt in th re st is set on we th y a y b a al , thus a n d w ork one work up on a nother

Wh t t me th e e es d hters o f tl s r se a i Pl iad , aug A a , i ,

' e n th h r est th ow n when the set Fort b gi y a v , y pl i g y . y days a n d n ights are they hidden a nd shi ne agai n with the revolvi ng yea r when ﬁ rst the sickle is

sh r en e . h s is the law of the n s of them a p d T i plai ,

th t we n h the sea or in la d ed e s fr m a d ll ig , g d ll o

he oss n a f r in fer e So t se t a e. w u n t i g a a , a il pl c c e ow u nclok ed re u nclok ed if tho wo st lok d, pl , ap , u uld — Works a nd Days 3 9 2 42 0 1 ;

ther in se son the wor s of emeter e en as ga a all k D , v the row in the r se son est h fterw rd for y g i a , l aply a a

’ ‘ lack thou b eg to other houses a n d in vain even : as n ow tho h m m Bu t w e - the e u a st co e to e . I ill giv n h h Work foo sh erses t nor m ete ht n to t ee . aug aug u , li P , the wor s wh ch the o s h e o nte n to m en k i g d av app i d u , lest on e day with wife a n d children in a nguish of so ul thou seek livelihoo d amon g the n eighb ou rs a nd they r e r thee n o ga d t .

w ce or thr ce h tho sh t o t n b u t if tho T i i aply u al b ai , u f rther vex n ht sh t tho n b u t sh t s e u , aug al u gai , al p ak m n th n s in n a nd e sh l b e th o f a y i g vai , idl a l y play wo s hee h e h n of r . t t e e to t e so d Nay , I bid ak d lvi g

h e s a nd he n f h n t y d b t t avoida ce o u ger . G et a house ﬁ rst a nd a woma n a nd a plowing ox — a slave woma n- ( not a wiig who might also follow the o en a nd et e r rr e w th n the ho se x g all g a a ay d i i u , lest thou b eg of another a n d he deny thee a nd thou

o k n a nd the se son ss and th work b e g lac i g , a pa by, y m n she e ther u off he m orr w nor h i i d . N i p t till t o t e

fter T he e man ﬁlleth not his rn day a . idl ba , n e ther he th teth off D en e ros ereth i at put . ilig c p p l work b u t the man who tt th off e er wrestleth , pu e v w th r n i ui . What time th e might of the keen su n ab ateth swe ter n he t when e s m ht r 1neth i n the l i g a , Z u Al ig y a — autumn and th e ﬂ esh of m en tu rneth lighter far for then the star Sirios goeth over the heads of m en b orn to e th b u t for r ef s e in th e t m e a n d d a a b i pac day i , — tak eth a greater space of the n ight then is wood cu t “ — 1 6 Works a nd Days 420 449 w th ro axe ess e to b e worme ten b ut she eth i i n l liabl a , dd its e es to e rth a nd e se h to s ro hen b e l av a c a t p ut . T tho m n f to cu t oo se son e work hree u i d ul w d a a abl . T foot cu t th mort r est e of three feet an e of y a , a p l axl se en so w it b e r ht m eet ow e t if tho cu t v : ill ig . H b i u

f h f e h c n it o e t e t t o st cu t therefrom m et . ig , u a a all Three spa ns cu t thou the felloe for a waggon of ten

ms C u t here h m k n n . t w t n en t n s A d r pal i al a y b pla . b i g tho home lowb eam when tho ﬁnd est it se rch u a p , u by a — o n hill or held of holm oak F or thi s is the strongest ’ to ow w th when thene s ser nt fasten eth it i pl i , A va n the share b eam a n d fi xeth it with dow els to the pole? G et thee two ows fash o n n them a t home one o pl , i i g , f the n t r woo the other o n te s n ce it is fal' a u al d , j i d , i

etter to d o so . So if tho re k the one tho b u b a , u

ok e the o en o the other reest of worms are y x t . F of or elm G et thee then shareb ea m of bay .

lowb eam of ho m a nd two o en s of nin p l , x , bull

F or the stren th of s h is not we k in the g uc a , of the r a e he a r es for ork he i g t y e b t w . T y

rre in the f rrow a nd re k the ow a nd e e qua l u b a pl , l av the r or n one A nd w th them let ma n of fort i w k u d . i a y fo ow his nner o f o f fo r rters e ht eces ll , di a l a u qua , ig pi , who w m n his work a nd r e str ht f rrow ill i d d iv a aig u , no more n fter his fe ows b u t h n his he rt gapi g a ll , avi g a

k h n he no o n er man i e in his wor . T a y u g s b tter a t

n F or the m n of o n er ma n is t ere sowi g . i d a y u g ﬂu t d

f er his a e- fe ows a t g ll . Tak e heed what time thou hearest the vo1ce of the

r ne from the hi h o s tter n her e r cr c a g cl ud u i g y a ly y ,

' 1 8 Works a n d D ays 47 y - yoz have hop e that thou wilt rej oice a s thou takest of thy store of e h A nd in oo c se tho sh t ome liv li oo d . g d a u al c to re r n a nd sh t not ook to others b u t g y Sp i g al l , nother sh h e n ee of thee a all av d .

‘ Bu t if a t the turni ng of the su n thou dost plow the oo e rth s tt n sh t tho re r s n g dly a , i i g al u ap , g a pi g

tt e in th h n n n it contr r w se co ere a li l y a d , bi di g a i i , v d w th A n k sh t st n o w a re o c n . nd i s et i du , y j i i g a ba al tho r n it home a nd few there b e th t sh u b i g , a all

m re h h erw se a t other t mes is the w of ad i t ee . Ot i i ill Zeus the L ord of the Aegis a n d ha r d for mortal men to now Bu t if tho lowest te th s sh b e k . u p la , i all

ch h When rst the cu oo ttereth a a rm for t ee . ﬁ ck u his note amid the l eaves of the oak a nd rej oiceth men o er the m t ess e rth then ma e s r n on the v li i l a , y Z u ai th r a nd e se not n e ther o er ssn the hoof i d day c a , i v pa i g o f a n ox nor falling short thereof so shall the late

o e h h ee tho th n s we pl w r vie wit t e ea rly . K p u all i g ll in min d nor fail to ma rk either the comi ng of grey

n n e r n sp ri g or seaso abl ai . ’ Bu t pass by the smith s forge a nd su nny place of dallia nce in the wi n ter sea son when cold constraineth m en from wor where n en t ma n wo re t k, i a dilig uld g a ly

ros er his ho se est the he essness of e w nter p p u , l lpl vil i overtake thee with p overty a n d thou press a swollen

h n h n Bu he e ma n ho te foo t wit lea a d . t t idl w wai th on em t h0 e for c of e hoo arnereth m n p y p , la k liv li d g a y

r s for his so o e is oor o n on for so row ul . H p a p c mpa i

m a n in nee who s tteth in e of n e a d, i a plac dallia c ,

hen he h h no e h o s re e w t o e . e r a liv li d cu d Nay, d cla — Work s a nd D ays yoz ygo 1 9 thou to thy thralls while it is still midsummer I t will n mm er w s e rns o t b e su al ay build y ba .

Bu t the month L enaion e s tt e- ﬂ a in , vil day , ca l y g e er on e do tho sh h a nd the frosts th t e r v y , u u , a app a ’ f or men s sorrow over the earth a t the b reath o f

ore s wh ch o er hr ce the n rse of horses oweth B a , i v T a u bl on the w ide sea a nd stirreth it up a nd earth a nd

a n a n oak of oft fo e a nd wood b ellow aloud . M y l y liag ma ny a stou t pin e in the m ou ntai n glens doth his onset r n low to the o nteo s e rth a nd the u n b i g b u u a , all n m ere forest r eth o a nd w d e sts sh er u b d c i al ud , il b a udd

' a nd set the r t s etween the r e s e en the whose i ail b i l g , v y

is co re w th h r Y ea e en thro h these h e e . id v d i ai , v ug , sh —re ste tho h the b e he oweth w th aggy b a d ug y , bl i

h h h h h f x e h ch re t . ro t e e o th e o h owet ill b a T ug id bl , a nd it st eth him n ot a nd thro h the th n - h re ay , ug i ai d goat b u t nowi se through the sheep doth the might of the w n ore s ow e se of the r n n t i d B a bl , b cau i abu da

Bu it m k e h h d h he woo . t t t e ol m an en hro t l a b t . T ug d e te m en it oweth n ot who W1thin the ho se lica aid bl , u ’ eth her e r m other s s e not et now n th e abid by d a id , y k i g works of golden Aphrodite when she hath ba thed her ten der b ody a nd a noin ted her with olive oil a n d

eth own a t n ht w th n the ho se on w nter li d ig i i u , a i

when the one ess One nawe h hi o n foo t day, B l g t s w withi n his ﬁreless house a nd cheerless home for th e su n showeth him no st re whereto to o b u t pa u g , wheeleth over the la n d a n d city of swarthy men a nd sh neth m ore s ow o n the Pa nhellenes hen too i l ly . T , ,

th e horne a nd hornl ess cre t res of the oo s th d a u w d , wi ’ 2 0 Works a nd D ays ygo- yyh

teo s ch tter n teeth ﬂ ee thro h the ee pi u a i g , ug d p

es a nd ht is the tho ht i n the re sts of glad , ﬂig ug b a all who seeki ng shelter haun t close covert or rocky c hen k e hr e- fo e m a n h s k is ave . T li a t e ot d w o e bac — broken a nd his head look eth to the ground even lik e such a one they go to a nd fro avoiding the white

snow .

I n that sea son d o thou for the defence of thy b ody a rray thee a s I bid thee in soft clok e a nd full - length t n a nd ne m ch of in s n tw wo t w r . u ic, i u a , ca y a p Therewith a rray thee tha t thy hair m ay b e a t rest nor st n o n en d o er th o o t th fee so a d v all y b dy . Ab u y t al

n tt n s n s of the h e of a n 0 x o ent s n bi d ﬁ i g a dal id vi l ly lai , co er n them w th n w h fe A nd when the frost v i g i i i t lt . com eth in its season sew thou together with thread of oxgu t the ski ns of ﬁrstling kid s to pu t ab out thy back a s sh e ns he r n A n d on th he e r a i ld agai t t ai . y ad W a tho of wro ht fe t th t tho m st not h e u a cap ug l , a u ay av

e F or ch is the wn a t the onset thi ne ears wett d . ill da o f or s A n d in the w n fr tf m st is stretche B ea . da a ui ul i d over th e earth from sta rry h eaven above the ﬁ elds of happy m en : a mi st which drawing from th e everﬂowing rivers is lifted high ab ove the ea rth by the blowi ng

f the w n a n d non t rneth to r in tow r e ent e o i d, a u a a d v id ,

d o therwh es to w n when hr c n ore s a n il i d, T a ia B a

r eth the thron n o s. orest n h t w n d iv gi g cl ud F alli g t a i d ,

n sh th work a nd et thee hom e et mes est the ﬁ i y g b i , l darkening cloud in Heaven cover thee a n d mak e thy

h r n nk a nd et t me t . ther a i b ody da w y ai Ra void t .

F h s is the h r est of the months w ntr h r on or t i a d , i y, a d — Wori g a nd Days ys8 y84 2 1

tt e a nd h r on m en I n h t se son let the men ca l a d . t a a

et r er r t on s let the o en et b u t h f for on g la g a i , x g al l g a re the fr en n h s e tho hee of these th n s i dly ig t . Tak u d i g t the e r b e en e t tho h st otten n ht a nd ill y a d d , ill u a g ig

e e en to the t me wh en on ce n e rth day qual , v i agai a the mother of all thi ngs b ri ngeth forth her ma n ifold fr ts ui . Bu t when Z eu s ha th completed sixty days after the t rn n of the su n then the st r A rk tu ros e n the u i g , a , l avi g s re stre m of e n rst r seth in hi s r n e a t ac d a Oc a , fi i adia c e en t e f er him he tter n w ter . t t tw h v id A i i gm alol , daug of n on om eth n to the i ht of m en when s r n Pa di , c i i g p i g is st e nn n E re her c m n r ne the nes ju b gi i g . q i g p u vi for it is etter so b . W Bu t when th e House C a rrier crawls up the pla nts from the ro n ee n from the e es th en is it g u d , fl i g Pl iad , no on er se son e to o t the n es b u t r ther l g a abl dig ab u vi , a to sh r en s c es a n d rouse the thr s a nd to a p i kl a all , fly sh se ts a nd s ee tow r the wn in the se son ady a l p a d da , a of h r est when th e su n arche h h sk n I n th t a v p t t e i . a se son m st tho s thee to e the h r est hom e a u u bu y l ad a v , risin g up in the morni n g tha t thy livelihoo d m ay b e se re F or th n h cu . e mor ing taketh the t ird part o f ’ m n s s n ess M or n n h a n u n hi a a bu i . i g a dva ncet a m p o s j ourney a nd a dva nceth him also in his w ork m orn i ng wh ose app earin g setteth ma ny m en up on the road a nd setteth the o e on m n o en y k a y x . Bu t what tim e the art ichok e b loom eth a nd the chatt erin g cicala sitti n g on a tree p oureth his shrill song from b en eath his wings 1n cessantly in the sea son — 2 2 Works a nd Days -y84 6 13 of we r s mmer then are o ts f ttest a nd w ne est a y u , g a a i b , women most w nton a nd men most we k s n e r os a a , i c Si i

archeth he a nd nee a nd th e s n is r p ad k ki d y for hea t .

hen let me h e the sh ow of rock a nd Bib lin e T av ad a , w ne a nd m c k e a n d m l of o ts r ne dr i , a ilk a , i k g a d ai d y , a n d ﬂ esh of a pastu red h eifer that hath not yet b orn e

c f a n d esh of firstli n k s w th r w n e to a al , fl g id , i uddy i w sh it ow n w th wh e sit in the sh e he rt a d i al , il I ad , a sa tisfied w th foo t rn n m f e tow r the fresh i d , u i g y ac a d

West W n a nd let m e from a n nm e everﬂow i d, u uddi d ing spring whi ch ﬂ oweth away p our three measures of

er a nd the fo rth of w ne wat u i .

Bu t so soon as the stren th of r on e reth g O i app a , urge thy thralls to thresh the holy grai n of D emeter in a w i ndy place a nd on a rou nded ﬂ oor ; mea sure a nd store it in vessels a nd when thou ha st laid up

th e hoo w th n th ho se then thee all y liv li d i i y u , I bid get a thrall tha t hath n o family a nd seek a serving

n ho ch ro o s is ser n wom n woma wit u t a ild . T ubl u a vi g a

h h h ch C re too for the do of e . t t t . a a a ild a , , g jagg d

h re no his foo est the ee er ﬁlch teet . t Spa d , l Day Sl p h oo s l so r n in fo er a nd l tter th t away t y g d . A b i g dd i a thou mayst have sufﬁci ent store for thy ca ttle a nd

h es hen let th thr s rest the r nees a n d t y mul . T y all i k

se h ne o en loo t i x .

Bu t when r on and r os ome nto mid - he en O i Si i c i av , a nd ros - ﬁn ered M orn n ook eth on A rktu ros y g i g l up ,

erses k and r n home th r es a nd O P , pluc b i g all y g ap ,

ow them to the su n for ten s and n n hts sh day te ig . C over them for ﬁve a nd on the sixth draw off i n to Works a nd D ays 6 13 - 644 2 3

ess s he f D on os Bu when h v el t gifts of j oy ul i ys . t t e

e es a nd the es a nd the m ht of r on set Pl iad Hyad ig O i , then b e m n f of se son e ow n a nd let the i d ul a abl pl i g,

b e s o n er e rth seed duly b e t wed u d a .

ow e t if es re of stressf se f r n se e thee H b i , d i ul a a i g iz wh en the e es ee n the m ht stren th o f Pl iad , ﬂ i g ig y g

r on n e n to the m st ee then do ow th e O i , plu g i i y d p , bl bla sts of all the wi n ds then k eep thou no mor e the sh on the w n e- r sea b u t m n thee to t th e ip up i da k , i d ill so as thee a nd r w the sh on n a nd o er il I bid , d a ip la d c v it ab out w i th ston es to keep off the violen c e of the wet w n s a nd ou t the ottom - th t the r n o f i d , pull b plug a ai b e s rot not th esse . A nd est om a ll t sh Z u y v l duly ‘ hy ip e r w th n th ho se we f r n the w n s of the g a i i y u , ll u li g i g se f r n sh a nd h n the we - wro ht r er in a a i g ip , a g ll ug udd

e A nd th se f w t the com n of th the smok . y l a ai i g e s n se son a nd then h e the sh to the sea a n d aili g a , al ip ,

’ there n estow the r o th t tho m est r n i b ca g , a u ay b i g

’ ro t home e en as th f ther a nd m ne foo sh p ﬁ v y a i , li erses was won t to s in sh s see n oo P , ail ip , ki g a g dly

e hoo who so on t me c me h ther tr ers n liv li d al a i a i , av i g great spac e of sea in hi s black ship from Aeolia n Kym e not ee n from n n e n or from r hes a nd we ﬂ i g abu da c , ic al , b f om en r wh h e s e h n men u t r e t to . vil p u y, ic Z u giv u A nd he made his dwelling n ea r Helikon in a sorry townsh e en A skra in w nter h r in s mmer ip , v , bad i , a d u , n e er oo v g d .

A nd in se son do tho erses b e m n f of a u , P , i d ul all

ork a n chieﬂies f se f r n r se ho he s w s d t o a a i g . P ai t u t mall

esse b u se th oo s in r e re r he r o t t . te t v l , y g d a la g G a ca g , — 2 4 Works a nd Day s 644 67 3

a nd re ter the n on n w b e if the w n s g a gai up gai ill , i d

refr n he s hen tho wo st t rn th ai t ir evi l bla ts. W u uld u y

fool sh so to tr fﬁck n to es e de ts a nd o ess i ul a i g, cap b j yl

h n er w show thee the me s res of the s r n u g , I ill a u u gi g

f f h s sea tho h h e n o sk of se r n or o s . , ug I av ill a a i g ip F or n ever yet have I sailed over the sea in a ship save onlyM where o f old the Acha ea ns o e storm when the had ssem e m ht ab d a , y a bl d a ig y

host th t sho o from s cre e s n to ro a uld g a d H lla u T y .

the n of f r men h ther e en nto Ch k s la d ai wo . T i v u al i

rosse o he mes of se m h m s A n d the I c d t t ga wi A p ida a .

prizes full ma ny did his great- hearted sohs offer a nd set

forth where ow th t was ctor o s w th m , I av a I vi i u i y hymn a nd carried off a n eared trip od which I off ered

to the M ses of e kon where rst the set me up u H li , ﬁ y on the th of sweet son ch is the e er en e pa g . Su all xp i c

h e of ow e e shi s Y et e en so sh I e re I av d ll d p . v all d cla

th m n of h f he e s F or h e e s t e or o t . t e i d Z u , L d A gi

ses h e h m e o sm he on r .h mn u av taug t t g t w d ous y . WM E or ft s fter the t rn n of the su n when ﬁ y day a u i g ,

h r est the w e r se son h th ome to a n end a v , a y a , a c ,

s n is se son e for m en ho sh t no re aili g a abl . T u al t b ak

th sh n or sh th e sea estro th crew s e on y ip , all d y y , av ly if Poseidon the Shak er of the Earth or Zeu s the Ki ng

of th e mmort s b e ho n e o es F or I al w lly mi d d t d troy .

w th them is the ss e k e of oo a nd e hen i i u ali g d vil . T

a re the ree es e s to e a nd the sea is h rm ess b z a y judg a l .

h en tr st tho in th e w n s a nd w th so ntro e T u u i d , i ul u ubl d

nch the sw ft sh in the sea a nd we es o lau i ip , ll b t w

h r o A nd h therein all t y ca g . a ste with all sp eed to

— 2 6 Works a nd Days 7 0 f 7 3 0 w tho t r n and eth him o er to nt me i u a b a d , giv v u i ly a e g . thou very min dful of the a nger of the blessed

ortals n or m k e th fr en as rother Bu t if , a y i d a b . t ho so oest sin n ot tho nst him rst n e ther u d , u agai ﬁ , i lie for the e s re of he ton e Y e if h rst sin pl a u t gu . t e ﬁ nst thee whether w th n n wor or w th agai , i u ki dly d i

ee remem er tho to re him twofo : et if d d, b u pay ld y

n he wo t k e thee nto fr en sh a nd is w n agai uld a i i d ip , illi g to e thee s t sf ct on rece e him oor ma n is giv a i a i , iv . A p h h h e er nother for his fr end Bu t as for e t a t taket v a i .

thee let not th m n u t to sh me th e t . Be , y i d p a y b au y thou called n either the ma n of ma ny friends nor the fr en of few nor the om n on of e men nor the i d , c pa i vil ,

h r f h oo e er e n to r e ro h ma n c ide o t e g d . N v d ig p ac a w th ef en r th t w steth the he rt s n e i bal ul p u y a a a , i c

i n of he e er st n o s T he est p overty s give t v la i g g d . b tre s re mon m en is the tre s re of s r n ton e a u a g a u a pa i g gu ,

h ch is most e s n when it wa eth in me s re w i pl a i g gg a u .

I f tho s e k e re ter e sh t tho he r non . u p a vil , g a vil al u a a Be not i ntolera nt of common feast when ma ny gu ests a re en re test the e s re a n d the ost is e st bidd g a pl a u , c l a . N ever p our libation of the spa rkli ng wi n e to Zeus

fter wn w th h n s nw she n e ther to others of a da i a d u a d, i

h ess o s F or then the h e r n o b the deat l g d . y a t u t ,

he er spurn t pray . N either mak e wa ter sta nding upright with face to

the su n a nd from his sett n t he r seth n e ther , i g ill i ; i ' ‘ m k e w ter a s tho oest whether on or off the ro a a u g , ad, ' - nor u ncover thy nakedn ess: the nights b elong to the — ' Works a nd Days 7 3 0 7 f 0 2 7

esse o s the man whose he rt is w se bl d g d . Nay, t L , a i , ‘ sitteth down or draweth to the w all of a fen ced court; N either Show thy p rivy parts u np u riﬁed by the hearth w h n he ho e b o i e her e e ch ren t t s u t t . N t t i i u , av id i b g ild when tho retu rnest from th e om n o s firmeral b u t u i u , r a ther when thou comest from a holy fest1val of the

o s g d . C ross not the fai r wa ter of everﬂowing rivers u n til thou ha st p rayed with eyes turned to the fair stream s a nd w she th h n s in the f r a n er Whoso a d y a d ai w wa t . crosseth r er w th h n s nw she for w e n ess a iv i a d u a d ick d ,

nst him are the o s wroth and e him sorrow agai g d , giv

er aft wa rd . N either a t a j oyful festival of the gods cu t thou wi th gleami ng i ron with ered from quick from the ﬁve

r n h L n o the a e o er the m n - b ow b a c ed . ay t l dl v ixi g “ hen m n n F or e f i s hereo n e r r o s e s et t . w d i k . a g i v u a t

When tho est ho se e e it not n ne u build a u l av u pla d ,

est the ro k n r en si her n o ro k e ther l c a i g av t t eo t c a . N i from u nhallowed vessels take thou wherewith to ea t or w sh for on h m o i rse t e to s . a , , a cu N either let a b oy of twelve days sit up on holy things — — for it is not well so to do for that maketh a ma n

nm n ne her b o of twe e mon ths for th t u a ly, it a y lv ; a is e en so v . N either should a ma n wash in wa ter wherewith a woma n hath wa shed for a baleful p en alty a tta cheth to th t so for se son e her if ho cha n cest a al a a . N it t u on rn n off er n s m e r m rm r A t th s so bu i g i g ak da k u u . i al is G od n ere a g d . — 2 8 Works a nd Days 7 f 7 7 83

N either make water at the outp ouri ng of seaward

ow n r ers n e ther a t s r n s b u t hee f o ﬂ i g iv , i p i g , d ully av id

it h n F or it is n ot we so ; n either ease thyself t erei . ll

o do t .

f m n Thu s do thou a nd avoid the dread rumour o e .

F or mo r is a n th n e s to r se ht b u t Ru u ill i g, a y ai lig ly,

r A n d n o g i evou s to b ea r a nd ha r d to pu t away .

h h n m n er Rumou r altogether p erisheth w ic ma y e u tt .

Y ea in some sort is mo r so ne . , Ru u al divi Heed thou a nd declare duly u nto thy thralls the days that com e from Zeu s the thirtieth day of the m onth to b e the b est to insp ect w orks a nd de

r t ons when the eo e ho the tr e en a i , p pl ld u cal da h e b h f h nse or t es e t e days that come o Zeus t e C ou ll .

rst the rst the fo rth a nd the se enth is e ch Fi ly, ﬁ , u , v a a holy day for on the seventh day L eto bare Ap ollo

of the golden sword also the eighth a nd the n i nth . T wo days a re there of the waxi ng month beyon d all ’ others good for m en s work : even the eleven th a nd

the twe fth : ea oth a re oo whether for she r l y , b g d , a in h h d fr Bu t the s ee or for re n t e t . g p , api g gla ui

e f h i fa r h n he e n h F or on the tw l t s b etter t a t el ve t . twelfth the soa ri ng spider w eaveth his web in the full

h n he W se ne her h h r h On th w e t O t et e e . t day, i ga ap a

too sho w om n set her oom a nd day, , uld a a up l lay

the e nn n of her wor b gi i g k . Avoid the thirteenth of the waxi ng month for the

commencem en t of so n Bu t it is oo for wi g . a g d day

n n nts pla ti g pla .

T he m e s th is er for nts b u t oo iddl ix v y bad pla , a g d — Works a nd Day s 7 83 80 8 2 9

' day for the birth of males not good for a girl either to b e b orn a t the fi rst or to hold her wedding . e ther is the rst s th oo for the rth of r s N i fi ix g d bi gi l , b f he e n of s a n d oc s of shee u t goo d or t g ldi g kid fl k p ,

- A n d a nd for building a sheep p en it is a kin dly day .

h of m e Y et he th t is th t goo d it is for th e birt al s. a a day b orn shall b e p ron e to raillery a nd lies a nd cu nni ng

a n e re - nce words d s c t dallia . On the eighth of the mon th geld the b oa r a n d the

el ow n a n d on the tw e fth the st r m es. b l i g bull , l u dy ul On the grea t tw en tieth a t full day should a wise ma n

n Ver s h on e sh b e of s reet m n . b e b or . ily uc a all di c i d

T he ten th is oo for the rth of m es day a g d day bi al , the m e f rth for the rth of r On th t iddl ou bi a gi l . a day tame thou by touch of ha n d sheep a n d horned traili ng

ne a nd sh - oo h o a s Bu t ki a rp t t ed d g nd stur dy mule . b ewa re in thy hea rt tha t gri efs a ssail th ee not on the fo rth heth of the n n h n n h w er w or t e w mo t . u , a i g axi g I t is er f tef a v y a ul day .

On the fo rth of the mon th e home th r e u l ad y b id , re n the omens th t a re est for th s s n ess adi g a b i bu i .

T he fth s o s nce h e a re h r a d re fi day av id i t y a d n d ad . On the fifth day they say the E ri nyes a tten ded the rth of H orkos whom r s re to b e the ne of bi , E i ba ba men th t swe r f se a a al ly . On the middle seventh circumsp ectly cast the grain of em eter on the ro n e thresh n - floor A nd let D u d d i g . the woo m n cu t woo for the ho se a nd m ch d a d u , u

t m er for sh - n e en s h t m er a s is meet i b ip buildi g , v uc i b

f r sh s o ip . — 3 0 Works a nd Days 8 09 82 8

On the fou rth day b egi n the building of slender sh s ip .

f n on T he middle n i nth is a b etter day toward a ter o .

n oo T he ﬁ rst n i n th is u tterly ha rmless for m e . A g d

is th s to e et or to b e orn whether for ma n or day i b g b , w m n a n i n r f e o a d it s eve a day o vil .

F ew men howe er k now th t the tw ent - se enth , v , a y v is b est to b roach the ja r a nd to set the yoke o n n ecks of o en a nd of m es a nd sw ft - foote horses a n d to x ul i d , draw down to the wi ne- da rk sea the swift ship ma ny

n c r On the fo rth en he F ew me it t . b c d . all uly u day o en the a r T he m e fo rth is o e ho p j . iddl u ab v all a ly

F ew n k now th th e fo rth wh h fo oweth day . agai a t u ic ll the tw en t eth of the mon th is the est a t wn b u t i b da , it is w orse to r f ern on hese s a re wa d a t o . T day a grea t

n o en n e r h Bu t the others are sh ft a nd boo t m o a t . i y fa eless a nd r n n h o h r s h h t t . n t er et not er , b i g aug A p ai a

b fe n n non s m ther u t w me ow . 13 te o day k A a day a p ,

non m h h n h a nd e se 1 he ho ot er . ere s 5 w a a T i appy bl d ,

now n these th n s wor eth his work m e ess k i g all i g , k bla l

efore the e th ess o s re n omens a n d o n b d a l g d , adi g av idi g

s1n . T H EO G ON Y

1 —2 6

WIT H the Muses of Helikon let u s b egi n ou r song which hau n t the high a nd holy mou nt of Heliko n a n d da nce with soft feet arou n d the violet Spring a nd the altar of the mighty Son of Kronos a n d havi n g ’ ba thed thei r ten d er ﬂ esh i n Perm essos or the H orse s

o nt ok rene or ho Olmeios rr the r F u (Hipp ) , ly , a ay i

n es f r a n d o e on to most e on m o n da c ai l v ly p H lik , vi g

h on h r fe hen e s ee n t t e et . o e i n lig ly i T c p di g , cl k d th c m st the f re forth in the n ht w th tter n e i k i , y a ig i u a c o f sweet o ce s n n of e s the L or of the e s v i , i gi g Z u d A gi a nd so r n er of r os whose feet a re set in s n s v a H a A g , a dal o f o a n d of re - e e thene hter of e s g ld, g y y d A , daug Z u l the or of the e s a nd hoe s o o a nd a r h er d A gi , P bu Ap l , L q ‘ ’ Artem s a nd ose on r er a nd h er of the i , P id , Gi dl S ak

' rth a nd re eren hem s a n d hro te of the Ea , v d T i Ap di

nc n e es a nd o en - row ne hoe e a nd f r gla i g y , g ld c d P b , ai

D on e a nd D w n a nd m ht Su n e os a n d r ht i a , ig y (H li ) b ig

oon e ene a nd eto a nd I a etos and ronos of M (S l ) , L , p , K croo e o nse s a n d rth a nd re t Okea nos a nd k d c u l , Ea , g a ,

ck ht a nd the s cre r e of o ther e hl ess bla Nig , a d ac d a t on es wh ch a r f i e or ever . Which also of old taught Hesiod sweet song what t me he ten e his shee n er ho k n hese i d d p u d ly H eli o . T wor s rst k e to me the o ess ses of m 0 s d ﬁ Spa g dd Mu Oly p , the daughters of Zeus the Lord of the Aegis Shep her s of the e s e th n s of sh me e li es on I d ﬁ ld , vil i g a , b l ly 3 2 Theogony e 7 - f z

e know to sp eak full ma ny thi ngs that wear the guise ’ tr th a nd now so when w e wi to tter tr th . u , k al ll u u

“ s So spake the eloquen t daughters of mighty Zeu .

A n d the e me st ff e en r n h of st o e y gav a a , v a b a c lu y liv ,

won ro s to a nd re the in me o e i n e d u pluck , b a d a v ic d vi

“ ( that I might celeb rate the things that shall b e a nd the th n s th t were foret m e he e m e s n i g a a i . T y bad i g

the r e o the esse nes wh h are for e er b u t ac f Bl d O ic v ,

o s n h n s s rs a nd s Bu t always t i g t eir ow elve ﬁ t la t . wherefore this tale of stock or stone

C ome th ou w th the ses let u s e n who w th , i Mu b gi , i their hym ns delight th e mighty min d of Father Zeus

w th n m os te n of th n s resent a nd th n s i i Oly p , lli g i g p i g

to come a nd the th n s th t were foret me w th one i g a a i , i

o ce to ether nwe r n ﬂ oweth the r sweet v i g . U a yi g i

o e from the r s a nd the h s of ther e s the v ic i lip , all Fa Z u L ord of Thu nder laugh as the lily voice of the goddesses is s re ro a nd the e k of snow m os a nd p ad ab ad, p a y Oly p

he h ll s of h r e h in n A nd the t t e mmo t s o swer . a i al c a y,

tter n the r mmort o e ce e r te w th the r u i g i i al v ic , l b a i i

son rst th e wf r ce of the o s e en from the g , ﬁ a ul a g d v — b eginni ng the children of Earth a nd wide Heaven

r n s a nd the o s th t s r n from them ers (U a u ) , g d a p a g , giv

of oo h n s g d t i g .

e t in t rn of e s ther of o s a nd men do N x u Z u , Fa g d ,

the o esses s n oth in the e nn n of the r g dd i g, b b gi i g i song a nd in the en d th ereof how he is most excellent

o f o s a nd r in m st nd n h mn n all g d g eatest aj e y . A agai y i g

the r e of men a nd m ht nts the e ht the ac ig y gia , y d lig

m n of e s w th n m os—the ses of Ol m os i d Z u i i Oly p Mu y p ,

' ’— 3 4 T heog ony 7 S zoo

f h m m s e c n r n a nd o e who is o t e o t e e t . U a ia Kalli p , all x ll F o r she a tten d eth o n r everen d ki ngs : whom so ever a m ong k i ngs divi n e the daughters o f mighty Zeus hono r a n d ook on a t his rth o n his to n e the u l up bi , gu y she sweet d ew a n d from his m o th ﬂ ow hone ed d , u y w o r ds : a n d all the p eople look towa r d him a s he d ecid eth o o m s w th st emen ts a nd he w th d i ju judg , i s eech nerr n sw ft a n d sk f tteth a n en d p u i g , i ly il ully pu e en to re t rre F or th s c se a re k n s w se v a g a qua l . i au i g i , b ecause when the p eo ple a re b ei n g p erverted i n

ssem the ee w ork re ress ers n them a bly y Sp dily d , p uadi g w th so ft wo r s A nd a s k n oeth thro h the i d . a i g g ug c t the reet him w th sweet reveren ce a nd when i y y g i , they a re a ssembled together he is conspicuous amo ng them in such w ise is the holy gift of the Muses u nto

m en .

Y ea for r ce o f the M ses a nd rcher o o , by g a u a Ap ll a re m en m i nstrels up o n the ea rth a n d players of the

re a nd r ce of e s do k n s re n a nd esse ly , by g a Z u i g ig , bl d is he who m the M ses o e a nd sw eet ow eth the u l v , ﬂ s eech o f his s Y ea e en if o n e h th so rrow i n p lip . , v a hi s so n ew w o n e a n d n eth in n sh of he r t ul u d d , pi a gui a ,

et if the m nstre the re o f th e M ses s n the y i l , squi u , i g glori es o f m en o f old a nd the blesse d go d s who k eep

m os str htw he for etteth his h e tho hts Oly p , aig ay g avy ug a n d remem ereth his c res no more a n d the fts of b a , gi

the M ses s ee ert his n u p dily div pai .

! ch ren o f e s a nd r n t e ect e son . Hail ild Z u , g a d l abl g Si n g ye the holy race of the d eathless go d s which a re

for e er e en them th t w ere orn of rth a nd v v a b Ea , T heog ony 10 6- 13 1 3 y st r e en a n d sk ht a n d those w hom the a r y H av , du y Nig ,

h A n d ec re e how in the b ri ny S ea b ro ught fort . d la y

n s a nd rth c m e nto e n a n d b egi nn i g G od Ea a i b i g ,

a nd the n n te S ea w th r n oo a n d the Rivers i ﬁ i i agi g ﬂ d , sh n n t rs a n d the w e e en o e a nd the i i g S a , id H av ab v ,

o s wh ch s r n from them ers of oo th n s g d i p a g , giv g d i g

he e the r we th a nd how the a n d how t y divid d i al , y

ort o n e the r h on o rs ea a n d how a t the rst app i d i u y , ﬁ

f n - fo e m os hese they p ossessed them o ma y ld d Oly p . T th n s e en from the e n n n ec re e n to m e i g v b gi i g d la y u ,

M ses who w e in the h s of m os a nd te O u d ll all Oly p , ll

f hem a s r t cre te m e which o t w ﬁ s a d .

rst er w as cre te Ch os a nd then ro Fi v ily a d a , b ad

osom e rth the h t t on nsh k en for e er o f b d Ea , abi a i u a v all the dea thless go ds who k eep the top o f sn owy

m os a nd m st r t ros w th n the w e- w e Oly p , i y Ta a i i id ay d

rth a nd o e ros wh ch is the f rest m o n th e Ea , L v (E ) i ai a g dea thless gods : which looseth the limb s a n d o ver com eth wi thi n the b reasts of all gods a nd all m en thei r

m n d a n d co nse w se i u l i . Fr om Cha os sp ra ng E reb os a nd bla ck Night a n d from Night in tu rn sp ra ng B right Sky (E ther) a n d D a y whom Night con ceived a n d ba r e after lovi ng u n ion

w th re os A nd r h he s r n . t rst re t t r e e i E b Ea ﬁ ba a y H av , of e st t re to herse f th t he m ht co er her qual a u l , a ig v

tter o t to th e en d th t there m ht b e for the u ly ab u , a ig

esse o s a n h t t o n ste f st for e er A nd bl d g d abi a i ad a v .

she re th e oft s the e s n t h n ts of the ba l y Hill , pl a a au

o ess m hs wh ch w e m o n th la d ed s g dd Ny p i d ll a g e g Hill .

so she re the nh r este ee th r n oo Al ba u a v d d p wi agi g ﬂ d , — 3 6 T heogony 13 2 1; 7

n he Sea on tos w tho t the sw ee r f e e t t tes o o e . v (P ) , i u i l v A n d then in the b ed o f Heaven (Ura nu s) she ba re the

ee - e n Okea nos a n d Koios a n d r os a nd d p ddyi g , , K i ,

er on a n d I a etos a n d he a n d he a nd Hyp i , p , T ia , R a ,

h em s a nd M nemos n e a nd he e o f the o en T i , y , T b g ld

n nd o e h s A n d f e h crow a et . t r t ese wa s orn , l v ly T y a b h er o n est son e en ronos of crooke co nse s y u g , v K d u l , o f her ch l ren m ost t err e a n d he h te his all i d ibl , a d lusty Sire. A nd again she ba re the Kyklop es of overweeni ng he r t— ron tes a nd tero es a nd sto t - he rte r es a B S p , u a dA g w hich gave to Zeus thu nder a nd fa shioned for him the

n e N ow the in e se e e nto th thu d rb olt . y all l w re lik u e

o s b u t o n e on e e wa s set in the m st of the r g d , ly y id i

h hese were m s f mm s o f fore e . ort son o ort ad T al i al , h m n s eech a nd k o es w a s the n m e where u a p , Ky l p a by the w ere c e ec se o ne ro n e e w a s set in y all d , b au u d y their forehead strength a nd vi olen ce a nd craft were in he r w ork s t i . A n d agai n there w ere b orn o f Earth a nd H eaven three sons m ht a nd stron e on n m n ottos ig y g b y d a i g, K a nd Bria reos a nd es ch r n r hese ha d e o . Gy , ild p ud T

h n re rms shoo t n from the r sho ers a u d d a i g i uld ,

n ro ch e a nd e h ft he s row n from u app a abl , ac ﬁ y ad g i g their shoulders on sto u t limbs a nd u n approachable was the mighty strength which clothed their gia n t

F or o f the son of r h a nd e en stature . all s Ea t H av these w ere the most terr e a nd the w ere h te of ibl , y a d their Sire from the b egi nn ing a nd so soon a s a ny of his sons were orn he wo h e th em e er o ne 11 b , uld id v y 1 0 — T heogony 0 7 184 3 7 a covert of Ea rth a n d allow them n ot to rise up i n to

k Bu t n t ht a nd he re o ce in his e w or . lig , j i d vil gia

rth was str ten e a nd ro ne w th n her a n d she Ea ai d , g a d i i ,

f e e tr htw she cre te the devi sed a cra ty d vic . S aig ay a d

ree o f re m nt a nd f sh on e m ht s ck e b d g y ada a , a i d a ig y i l , a n d show e the m tter n to her e r ch ren a n d d a u d a ild , s k e en he rten n them tho h her ow n he r t wa s pa a i g , ug a sm tten w th n sh i i a gui .

o n s m n e a n d of s n f f ther if e w he rk en S i , a i ul a , y ill a to m e w e wo en e the e en tre tm en t of o r , uld av g vil a y u - fa ther fo r he ﬁ rst devised u nseemlyd eeds) S o she

k fe se e h m k o r e a n d r t e a n d n on e s e w . Spa a iz d all , pa a d Bu t mighty K ronos o f the croo k ed cou nsels took hea r t a n d nsw ere his oo m other s n M o ther a d g d , ayi g ,

w o n er t k e a nd f th s ee s n ce reck I uld u d a ulﬁl i d d , i I n o t o f o u r fa ther of evil n am e : for he ﬁ rst devi sed ’ nseem ee s u ly d d .

So he k e a n d n t rth re o ce re t in her Spa , gia Ea j i d g a ly he r t a n d she set a n d hid him in a n m sh a nd u t a , a bu , p i n his h n s s ck e o f e teeth a nd u t in his a d a i l jagg d , p he rt m n n er o f e N ow m ht e en m e a all a guil . ig y H av ca

r n n o n ht a nd e rn n for o e he him b i gi g Nig , y a i g l v laid

o t rth a n d stretche him o t her hen ab u Ea d all ab u . T f rom his m sh his son re che forth his eft h n a bu a d l a d , a n d in his r ht he took the e s ck e lon o f ig jagg d i l , g ,

e teeth a n d s ee he shore w his own jagg d , p dily a ay ’ f ther s r rts an d c st them to the w n s eh n a p ivy pa , a i d b i d him A nd n . ot i n the f from his h n s va ly did y all a d . F or all the bloo dy d ro p s tha t w ere sp ed from his ha nd

rth rece e a n d w th the c r c n se sons she did Ea iv , i i li g a 3 8 T heog ony 78y - 2 zo

re the stron r n es a n d the m ht nts sh n n ba g E i y ig y Gia , i i g

i n the r rmo r a nd ho n on s e rs in the r h n s i a u ldi g l g p a i a d , a n d the Nymphs w hom m en call the Melia i over the

m t ess e rth A n d e en off the li i l a . v a s a t ﬁ rst he cu t p rivy pa rts with the adama nt a nd hu rl ed them from

the m n n n to the fo m n sea e en so were the ai la d i a i g , v y

orn e o er the sea for on t m e a n d from the esh b v a l g i , ﬂ

mmor t wh te fo m rose ro n it a nd there n i al a i a a a u d , i

m en rew A n d rs sh m n h n to ho a aid g . ﬁ t e ca e ig u ly

ther h n - os w e ce n e t she c m e to sea rt K r . Ky a , x a gi yp

A nd she c me forth a s re eren o ess e t f a a v d g dd b au i ul,

a nd ro n her the feet a u d gra ss waxed u n d er her ten d er .

H er d o o s a n d m en c hro te the fo m - orn g d all Ap di , a b go dd ess a n d fai r - cr own ed Kythereia ; for tha t she w a s n u rtu re d in foam a nd Kythereia b ecau se she

had chan ced u p o n Kyther a a n d Kyp ros- b orn

“ b ecause she was b orn in sea - wa shed Kyp ros ; al so ‘ for th she a s o n of A n d qrdkop ju nhrjg a t w b r widen .

w th h er fo ow e o e f r D es re o th i ll d L v ai i , b a t her rth in the e n n n a n d wh en she en tere bi b gi i g, d

n e com n of h e o s A nd th s hono r she i to th pa y t g d . i u

h th from the e n n n a n d th s fa te h th she a b gi i g, i a

otte her mo n m en a n d m on the e th ess o s all d a g , a g d a l g d ,

e en n ce of m en s a nd sm es a n d ece ts v dallia aid , il , d i ,

d s ee e h t a n d o e a n d k n n ess a n w t . d lig , l v , i dli

Bu t those ch ren wh om h e ha d h mse f e otten ild , i l b g ,

V m ht e en c e t n s n m n them r e ro ch ig y H av all d Ti a , a i g p a fully : for h e said tha t by strai n i ng (T w a in/ ow n s) i n

the r fo the ha d w ro ht a n wf ee wherefor i lly y ug a ul d d ,

r L ther e should b e vengea n ce afterwa d . T heog ony 2 1 1- 2 3 8 3 9

A nd Night ba re ha teful D oom (M oros) a nd bla ck

te Ker a n d D e th a n d ee she re a n d she Fa ( ) , a Sl p ba , ba re the trib e o f D reams : all these did da rk Night

e r t m n n n e e re sh me e te to o . t e b a , alb i a d u N x ba Bla

Momos a nd n f Woe Oizu s a n d the es er es ( ) , pai ul ( ) , H p id , who ten d the fai r golden apples b eyon d glori ou s

Ok ea nos a n d the fr t - e r n trees a so the o r , ui b a i g l M i ai a n d the t ess en n tes eres otho a n d pi il av gi g Fa (K ) , Kl ,

ches s a nd tro os wh ch s en se n to m en a t La i , A p , i di p u bi rth the lot o f w eal o r w oe which also deal w ith the tr ns ress o ns of m en a nd o s a nd n e er ce se a g i g d , v a from dread w ra th u n til they ren der a n evil retribu tio n

n to him th s n h so em es s to b e the n e t n et . u a i Al N i , ba o f m o rt m en e ht e r a n d fter al , did d adly Nig b a , a

em es s re she D ece t a n d o e c thér s a nd N i ba i L v ( h n ) ,

ef a n d s o n - s e r fe tr o t . bal ul Eld , g ul d S i

A nd h tef tr fe re n f o a nd on a ul S i ba pai ul T il , Oblivi , a nd m ne a nd te r f r efs a n d W rs a n d tt es Fa i , a ul G i , a , Ba l , a n d M r ers a n d Ma nsla in s a n d rr s a n d u d , y g , Qua el ,

se eeches a n d D s tes a nd w essn ess a n d Fal Sp , i pu , La l , n A te o f o n e ch r cter w th o n e no ther a n d Rui ( ) , a a i a ,

H o rk os wh ch mo st a fﬂ icteth men o n rth when , i Ea , a n o f his s e re h f se y will w a t al ly . A n d the S ea (Pon tos) b ega t a s the eldest o f his ch ren ere s who c n n o t lie a n d w hose w or s a re ild N u , a d t r th a nd him m en c the Ma n for as m ch a s u all Old , u he is soo ths eakin a nd is k n a n d fo r etteth n o t the p g , i d , g

em en ts o f r hteo sn ess b u t k n ow eth co nse s judg ig u , u l

st a n d k n n m ht T h m s the S ea ju i d . Agai ig y au a did

e et in n on w th rth a n d or Ph o rk s a n d b g u i i Ea , l dly y , 4 0 T h eogony 23 8- 2 69 f r - cheek e eto a n d r whose he rt w th n ai d K , Eu ybia , a i i he re s is of n r b a t adama t .

A n d of ere s a nd f r - tresse D or s hter of N u ai d i , daug

Ok ea nos th t erfect stre m were orn in the nh r , a p a : b u a

este sea Pro tho a n d Eu k ra n te a nd o a nd m h v d , , Sa , A p i t r te a n d o r a n d het s a n d en e a nd k e i , Eud a , T i , Gal , Glau , a n d K mo thea a n d sw ft S eio a nd o e h y , i p , l v ly T alia , a nd r c o s Melite a nd E u limin e a n d e a n d g a i u , , Agav ,

s the a nd r to a n d n k e ros - rm e a nd D oto Pa i a , E a , Eu i y a d , , a nd ro to a n d Pheru sa a n d D n mene a n d es P , , y a , N aia, a nd Ak a ia a nd Pr0 tomedeia : D or s a nd Pa no e t , i , p , a n d f r te a nd o e H i o thea a nd ros ai Gala a , l v ly pp , y

rme H i on oe a n d K mo dokewh ch w th m a d pp , y , i , i Ky a tole e a n d f r - nk e m h tr te ht a ssu a eth g ai a l d A p i i , lig ly g the waves up on the misty sea a n d the bla sts o f the r n w n s a nd K m o a n d R on e a n d f r - crow n e agi g i d y , i , ai d

H a lim ed e a n d hter - lovm G la uk on om e a n d , laug g ,

Pon to orea a n d L ea ore a n d E va ore a n d L a om ed ea p , g , g , , a nd Pou l noe a n d A n ton oe a nd L sia n a ss a n d y , , y a,

E va rne o e of form a n d f r of m en : a nd s m the , l v ly ai i P a a , of r c o s form a n d n e M en e a nd eso a n d g a i u , divi ipp , N ,

E u om e a n d hem sto a nd Pronoe a n d em ertes p p , T i , , N ,

r hese which ha th the wi sd om o f h er imm o rtal si e . T w ere the ft hters o f m e ess ere s m ens ﬁ y daug bla l N u , aid

k e in n o e h n work s ill d bl a di .

A n d T h m s we e ek tr hter of ee au a dd d El a , daug d p ﬂ owing Ok ea nos a nd she ba re swift I ri s a n d the fair

tresse r es e o a n d Ok ete wh ch fo ow o n d Ha pi , A ll yp , i ll swift w i ngs the wi n d s a nd the birds f or swift a s tim e

the s ee y p d .

— Tb eog ony 29 6 3 19 l ess o s w th n ho ow c e e en the n e g d , i i a ll av , v divi — ch n st orn - he rte h f f r check e n m h E id a , ubb a d al a ai d y p

of nc n e es a nd h f “ mo nstro s ser en t terr le gla i g y , al a u p ib

a n d re t s otte r eno s en eath the co ert s o f g a , p d , av u , b v

the ho e r h A nd ther e is her c e en e h n er t . t ly a av b a , u d

ho ow r ock f r from e th ess o s a n d m or t m en a ll , a a d a l g d al , where the go d s app oi nted her a glorious habita tion wher ei n to dwell a nd u n d er ea rth she ha th E ina rim a

in h er k ee n — re ch n n m h e th ess pi g d ad E id a , a y p d a l

a nd e ess for e ermore ag l v .

W th her the sa T ha on m et in o n n on i y y yp l vi g u i ,

re a nd ster n n w h r h - e a d ad blu i g Wi d it a b ig t yed maid .

A nd sh c nce a n e s - n e o e d r to t he rte ch re . iv d , ba u a d ild Fi rst Orthos she ba re to b e the dog of G eryo n eu s

a n d n e t n she re m o n ster ns e k e e en x agai ba a u p a abl , v

the r en o s er eros the r en - ton e ho n o f av u K b , b az gu d u d

h ft h s sh m e ess a n d s ron A n d es w t e t . Had , i ﬁ y ad , a l g

th r she re the ef ern e n r wh ch i d ba bal ul L a a Hyd a , i the o ess er of the wh te rms n rt re i n g dd H a i a u u d ,

h ns e a n st m ht er k es A n d her wra t i a tiabl gai ig y H a l .

the Son of e s e en er k es of the ho se o f did Z u , v H a l u

m h tr on s w th the t ess ron e e A p i y , lay i pi il b z , aid d by

I ola os e r to r es the e s n of thene r er d a A , by d vi i g A , d iv

o f the s o p il .

Bu t ch n re C him aira whose re th w a s E id a ba , b a

r n ﬁre terr e a n d m ht sw ft of foo t a n d agi g , ibl ig y, i

stro n A n d she ha d three h e s : one the he o f g . ad ad

ﬁerce - e e o n the o ther of o t the o ther of a y d li , a g a ,

m ht r on I n fron she sn k e e en . t w a a a , v a ig y d ag

o n eh n r on in the m st o t re th n a li , b i d a d ag , id a g a , b a i g — T b eogony 3 19 3 f 1 4 3

the err e m ht o f n ﬁre H er e sos t ibl ig blazi g . did P ga with goo dly B elleropho n slay ; a n d she ba re the

e h n to b e the n e of the Ka dm ea n s in d adly Sp i x ba , u n io n w i th Orthos ; also the Nem ea n lion which

er the or o s s o se of e s n rt re a n d est H a , gl i u p u Z u , u u d ab

l shed on the h s of em e to b e the ne of m en i ill N a ba .

here he re e on the tr es of her ow n eo e T p y d ib p pl , lor di ng it over T retos in the la n d of Nem ea a n d

o er A esas Bu t the m ht of stron er k es o er v p . ig g H a l v

c m e him a .

A n d eto in o n n on w th Phork s re a s her K , l vi g u i i y , ba youngest child the dread serp en t who i n the secret places o f the da rk ea rth gua r d s in his mighty coils th

o en es ch is he r ce s r n from eto all g ld appl . Su t a p u g K

a n d Phork s y .

A n d eth s re to Okea nos the e n ers T y ba ddyi g Riv ,

lﬁg ilos a n d Alpheios a n d deep - eddyi ng E rid a nos a n d

tr m o n a n d Ma ia n d er a n d f r - ﬂowin ster a n d S y , ai g I ,

h s s a n d Rhesos a n d s er - e n A cheloos a n d P a i , , ilv ddyi g ,

essos a n d Rho dios a n d H aliakm on a nd H e ta oros N , , p p ,

a n d G ra n ik os a n d A ise os a n d m o s n e a n d , p , Si i divi ,

en e s a n d erm os a n d f r - ﬂowin Ka ik os a n d P u , H , ai g ,

m ht a n d o n a n d Pa r then ios a nd ig y Lad , , en o s a n d A r d esk os a n d n Sk a m a n d er e . Ev , , divi Also she ba re the holy ra ce o f her daughters who

o er the e r th to ether w th r n ce o o a n d the v a , g i P i Ap ll

ers h e o n m en in the r k ee n th s is the r Riv , av y u g i pi g i i p rivilege app o i n ted them o f Z eu s even Pei th o a n d

m ete a nd l n the a n d ek tr a n d D or s a n d Ad , a , El a , i ,

P r m n o a n d o k e r n a n d o a n d Kl y , g dli U a ia , Hipp , y — T eo on 1 44. b g y 37 3 7 9 men e a n d Rho d eia a nd K allirrhoe a nd e o a n d , , , Z ux ,

t a nd E idu ia a n d Pa sithoe a n d Plex au ra n d Kly ia , , , , a

G ala xau ra a nd o e D i e a n d Melob osis a nd , l v ly m ,

hoe a n d f r o or a nd Kerk eis of o e form T , ai P lyd a , l v ly ,

a nd r e -e e Plou to a n d ersei s a nd n r a nd la g y d , P , Ia gi a ,

Ak aste a nd X n the a n d o e etr a nd Menesto , a , l v ly P aia , ,

a nd ro a nd et s a nd r no m e a n d s ff ron Eu pa , M i , Eu y , a

ro e e esto a nd K ren eis a nd s a nd ch rm n b d T l , , A ia, a i g

so a nd o r a nd che a n d A m hiro a n d Kalyp , Eud a , Ty , p ,

Ok rrhoe a n d t wh ch is the m ost e ce en t o f y , S yx , i x ll

them all .

These were the eldest- b orn daughters of Okea nos

a nd eth s e there b e m n o hers F or thr ce T y y t a y t . i

tho s n ﬁne - nk e ce n n m hs there b e who a u a d a l d O a y p ,

sc ttere ro e er w here k e ten the e r th a n d a d ab ad , v y ali , d a

he e hs h o f o esses t t of the mere or o s c ren . d p , gl i u ild g dd A nd a s m a ny rivers agai n there b e tha t ﬂow with

r n din sons o f Ok ea nos orn of een eth s gu gli g , , b qu ly T y who se n am es it w ere ha r d for m ortal ma n to t ell b u t

those w ho h k he e er o ne dwell by ea c now t m v y .

A n d he in o n n on w th er o n re T ia , l vi g u i i Hyp i , ba

e o s a n d r ht e en e a nd E 0 3 wh ch eth H li , b ig S l , , i giv light to all m en up on the ea r th a n d to the d ea thless

o s ho k ee the w e h e en g d w p id av .

A nd r th t r ht o ess in o n n on Eu ybia , a b ig g dd , l vi g u i

w th r o s re to him m ht A stra io s a n d s i K i , ba ig y , Palla ,

a n d erses who was em n en t mo n m en for P , i a g all

n erst n n u d a di g .

A n d to A stra ios D w n rethe stron - so e W n s a ba g ul d i d ,

r estes Z e h ros a n d ore s o f the sw ft th A g , p y , B a i pa , — T/Jeog ony 3 8 0 40 ; 4 ; a d o os—a ss o n e in o n n n w th od n N t godde j i d l vi g u i o i a g .

A n d fter them D w n the e r o rn re the a a , a ly b , ba

M orn n t r a n d the sh n n conste t ons wher e i g S a , i i g lla i w h h n s n i t t e heave i crow ed .

A n d t hter o f Ok ea nos i n n on w th S yx , daug , u i i

s re e os a nd f r - n e k e in his h s Palla , ba Z l ai a kl d Ni all , a n d Kra tos a nd or o s ch ren wh h h e Bia , gl i u ild ic av n o ho se rt from e s n or a n h t t on n e ther u apa Z u , y abi a i , i a ny pa th save tha t wherei n G o d gu id eth them b u t evermore they a re establi shed in the house of Zeu s the h n ere F or s mmor t the hte r . o t r T u d didi al S yx , daug o f Ok ea nos evse o n th t when the m n , d i a day Oly pia , the or o f htn n s mmo n e the e th ess L d Lig i g , u d all d a l o s to h h m os a nd ec re th t whosoe er g d ig Oly p , d la d a v o f the o s sho ht w th him nst the t ns g d uld ﬁg i agai Ti a , him w o he n o t e e t from his r hts b u t e h uld j c ig , ac should have the honou r he ha d aforetim e amid the dea thless god s : a nd Whoso had b een dep rived o f hono r a nd o f r hts rono s him w o he u ig by K , uld e h e n is m A n d stablish in hono ur a n d rig ts ve as eet .

rst c me mmort t the hter of Okea nos ﬁ a i al S yx , daug ,

n to m os w th her ch ren thro h the o nse s u Oly p i ild , ug c u l o f her f A n d e s hono re her a n d e d ear a ther . Z u u d gav her fts e ee n re t F or he m e herse f to b e gi xc di g g a . ad l the m ht o th of the o s a nd her hi ren he m e ig y a g d , c ld ad to m A nd e en so a s w e w th h mse f for e er ore . d ll i i l v v , he rom se so nto he f e tter a nd him p i d , u all ulﬁll d u ly se f he r h s a n d r e h them l g ea tly b ea ret way ul t . A nd Phoib e i n turn cam e i n to the lovely b ed of K i o os. A n d he o ess in o n n on w th od t g dd , l vi g u i i a g , — 46 T heog ony 4oy 43 4

con ce e a n d re rk - ro e eto en t e e erm ore iv d ba da b d L , g l v , k n to men a n d to the e th ess o s en t e e en i d d a l g d , g l v from the e n n n en t est of o s w th n m os b gi i g, g l all g d i i Oly p .

A n d she re f r—n m e ster w hom o n ba ai a d A ia , a day

erses led to his re t h m b P g a o e to e called his d ea r b rid e .

A n d sh e con ce e a nd re ek te whom e s the iv d ba H a , Z u

S on o f ron os hono re o e o thers a nd he e K u d ab v all , gav her S en fts to h e h er sh re of e r th a n d o f pl did gi , av a a

th e nh r s s a Y ea h h n r n h th e te e . s e ot o o e e t e u a v d , g u b a

st rr h e en a n d m on the e th ess o s she is a y av , a g d a l g d

ho no re in the h hest ea for e en n ow when a n u d ig y , v y amo n g m en o n ea rth do eth fai r sa criﬁ ce a n d p rayeth

he c eth on ek te a nd m ch hon o r duly , all up H a u u lightly follow eth him whose p rayer the goddess will

h h u hsa fe h him ros e r t rece e . Y ea a nd s e vo c t a ily iv , p

erit s n ce she h h th e o er F or o f them th t p y i a t p w . all a

w ere orn o f r th a n d e en a n d a t hono r o f b Ea H av , g u ,

those h th she the lot a nd the S on o f ron os all a , K did h er n o vi ol en ce n or took away aught that she ha d

o t n e m on the e er t n o s b u t e en a s b ai d a g ld Ti a g d , v

th n s w ere e a t rst from the e n n n she i g divid d ﬁ b gi i g, k eep eth her right o n ea r th a nd in heaven a n d in the

sea e her ha d th e o s ess hono r ec se . N it g dd es l u b au

she w a s a n o n ch b u t fa r more s n ce e s o th ly ild , , i Z u d

hono r her Whom she w she re t he eth a n d u . ill , g a ly lp

re t roﬁteth a n d w hom she w em nen t is he g a ly p ill , i

m o n the eo e in ssem A n d when m en a re a g p pl a bly .

rm n them f or estro n w a r then the o ess a i g d yi g , g dd com eth gra ciously to gra n t victory u nto whom she

a nd to e th m or l so in em n she w e . e t ill , giv gl y A judg — Theog ony 43 4 460 4 7

h r eren n s is she when s ttet e . oo too i by v d ki g G d , , m en con ten d in games there also is the goddess very

resen t n to m en a n d ess h hem A n d he w ho p u bl et t .

his m h a n d his str n h he f r r e by ig t e gth wi n n et t ai p iz ,

ht c rr eth it w a n d w th his ow n o r n eth lig ly a i a ay , i j y b i g

ono r o his r en ts A n is she to st n h t . d oo too u pa g d , , a d

horsemen whom she w a nd to them who o r by , by ill , lab u the stormy grey sea a n d p r ay to H eka te a nd the lo ud r m n h k er o f the rth the or o s o ess u bli g S a Ea , gl i u g dd lightly vou chsa feth m u ch p rey a nd lightly tak eth it fr m efore the r e if h oo too is o e s so s e w . b i y , ill G d , , sh e i n a steadi n g to bless th e fl ock s along with Herm es . T he her s o f c tt e a n d the ro es of shee a nd the d a l d v p , w e- r n n ock s o f o ts a n d the ocks of fl eec id a gi g fl g a , fl y shee if so she w she m k eth stron from e n p , ill , a g b i g

m o r sm fr m t she is her s o e n re t . S o e all all b i g g a , alb i ’ m o ther s o n ch she is hono re w th r e es ly ild , u d i p ivil g

m the mm ort s A nd the So n of ronos m e a id all i al . K ad her n rse o f ch ren e en o f who fter her a u ild , v all a

ehe w th the r e es the ht o f E os who seeth b ld i i y lig , m n th n s S o fro m h n she is n rse a y i g . t e b egi n i ng a u o f ch r n a n d h r e t ese a e her hono rs . ild , u

A n d he in n o n w th ronos re or o s R a , u i i K , ba gl i u ch ren est a nd em eter a nd o en - s n e ild , H ia , D , g ld a dall d er a n d stron es who w e eth n er e rth H a , g Had , d ll u d a , whose hea rt is pitiless a nd the loud - rumbli ng Shak er

' of the r th a n d e s the C ou nsellor ' F a ther of o s Ea , Z u , g d

a nd men whose th n er th e ro e rth is sh k en . , by u d b ad a a

A n d these m ht ron os sw ow e en a s e ch did ig y K all , v a ’ c m e forth from the ho m to his m other s k nees a ly wo b , — 4 8 T h eog ony 46 1 487 w th th s es n th t n on e o ther o f the or o s sons i i d ig , a gl i u of Heaven should hold the ki ngly honou r among the

mmor t s F or he e rn ed from r h a nd s r i al . l a Ea t tar y H eaven tha t it w a s fa te d him to b e o ver come by his o w n son for his stren th thro h the ecrees o f , all g , ug d m ht e s Wherefore he e t no n w r b u t ig y Z u . k p bli d a d, w tche a nd sw o e his o n ch n A nd a d all w d w ildre .

nfor ett e sorrow a t ho of he Bu t when u g abl g ld R a . she w a s o t to r n forth e s the ther of o s ab u b i g Z u , Fa g d a n d m en then she eso ht h er e r rents e en , b ug d a pa , v

r th a nd st rr e en to e se co nse w th her Ea a y H av , d vi u l i ,

how she m ht r r n forth her e r son a nd ig p ivily b i g d a ,

en e herse f o n the r n es o f his f ther for the av g l E i y a , childr en w ho m mighty K ronos of the crook ed cou nsels

a A nd he rk n er he r h d devou red . t y hea e ed eag ly to t i

e r hter a nd o e e her a nd the to her d a daug b y d , y ld all tha t wa s fa ted to happ en in r ega r d to K ronos the ki ng

a n d his sto - he rte s n A nd the con e e her ut a d o . y v y d

nto L k tos nto the r ch n of rete when she u y , u i la d K ,

w as o t to r n forth the o n est of her ch ren ab u b i g y u g ild ,

e en m ht e A nd him m ht rth t k e v ig y Z us. did ig y Ea a f rom h er ha n ds to rea r him a nd foster him in b road

ete h ther c me she e r n him thro h the K r . T i a b a i g ug

k h n k s A nd she ook him sw ft c n t to L to rst . t i bla ig , u y ﬁ

i n her rms a nd hid him in oft c e n er the secret a a l y av , u d

aces of he e rth ne e en o n the h A i a ion pl t a divi , v ill g ,

n e A nd hen she ha d sw e sheltered a d w ood d . w addl d

re t sto ne she e it nto him e en to the m ht a g a , gav u , v ig y

n the son of e en the former n of the o s. ki g , H av , ki g g d

A nd he too it in his h n s a nd u t it in his e k a d p b lly,

— y o T b eogorgy f 14 y4o

w a s m a n of n so en ce a n d e s o f the fa r - see n a i l , Z u i g e es sm ote him w th sm ok n th n er o t a nd sen t y i a i g u d b l , him down to E reb os by r ea son of his foolishness a n d o erw een n r e A nd t s re constr n v i g p id . A la by di ai t k ee eth the ro he en a t the en s o f the e rth p b ad av , d a ,

efore the c e r—o ce es er es st n n r ht b l a v i d H p id , a di g up ig , w th he a n d h n s nwe r e F or th s oom i ad a d u a i d . i d did

e s the C o nse or o n t n to him A n d he o n Z u u ll app i u . b u d

rom ethe s o f c n n n co nse in fetters u nesca ea b le P u u i g u l p , even in gri evous b on d s d riven through the middle o f

r a n d sen t nst him on - w n e e e a pilla , agai a l g i g d agl .

A n d the e e e o re his er e er more a n d agl d v u d liv v , by n ight his liver grew in all wi se a s mu ch a s the long w n e r e o re I t the n t i g d bi d d v u d all day . did valia son o f f r - nk e km en e s e en er k es a nd ai a l d Al lay , v H a l , w r e o ff the re e fr om the son o f I a etos a d d d ad plagu p , a n d oo se him from his on n ot w tho t the w l d ag y , i u ill o f m n e s who r eth on h h to the en d th t Oly pia Z u ul ig , a the hon ou r o f the Theba n - b or n Herakles m ight b e

re ter th n f re m e er h e o nteo s e r th yet g a a a o ti ov t b u u a . Havi ng r ega r d u nto these thi n gs did Z eu s honou r his

o s son r o h h h he as he ce se from the or . W t t o w gl i u ug , a d a nger w hich b efore p ossessed him b ecau se he ha d

S n of ron os ma tched his cou nsel against the mighty o K . F or Wha t tim e the gods a nd mortal m en w er e con t en n a t M ek one he w th w n h e rt cu t di g , i illi g a up

m ht ox a nd set it efor e them ece n the a ig y b , d ivi g

n of e s F or he set for them the esh a n d the m i d Z u . ﬂ

n m e ts w th r ch fa t on h e a nd co ere them i a i i up a id , v d wi th a n ox pau nch ; b u t for Zeus he set the white — T /Jeogony p ro y a; y 1

on es r ft rr n them a nd o er n them w th b , c a ily a ayi g , c v i g i

s en n fa t gli t i g . Then the Fa ther of gods a nd men spak e u n to him

Son o f I a eto s m ost n ot e of r n ces how p , abl all p i ,

nf r fo n ! h st tho e the ort o ns u ai ly , O d a u divid d p i

So s k e e s who k noweth co nse s m er sh e pa Z u , u l i p i abl ,

o ck e him hen s k e to him in rn om e a n d m d . T pa tu Pr the s of crook e co n se s sm n et b u t for et u d u l , ili g qui ly , g t n not his cr ft e e s most or o s i g a y guil Z u , gl i u , m ht est of the e er st n o s of these ort o ns ig i v la i g g d , p i choo se whichever thy soul within thy b rea st bidd eth theeﬁ

k h h cr f n ten t Bu t e s h So s e e w t t . w o pa i a y i Z u , k noweth o n se s m er sh e k new a nd f e not to c u l i p i abl , ail d r emark the guile ; a nd i n his hea rt he b o d ed evil th n s for mor t m en w h ch were est n e to b e i g al , i d i d

W th oth his h n s he fte the wh te fulﬁlled . i b a d li d up i fa t A n d he w a s n ere in his he r t a n d wr th c m e . a g d a a a ab ou t his soul when he b eheld the white b ones of the

x n m in cr f e Ahd then eforth do the o give hi a ty guil . c trib es of m en o n ea rth bu rn white b on es to t he

f r n s hen h mm ort s o n r t t r . e m o e i al up ag a al a T avily v d , Zeus the C loud Ga ther er spake u nto him Son of I a etos who k nowest o nse s e on others p , c u l b y d all , 0 fon d thou ha st not yet forgotten thy crafty ’ e guil .

So in n er s e e s who k noweth o nse s a g pak Z u , c u l

m er sh e A n hen efor r rem em . d t w er n e er i p i abl c a d , b i g v m ore th t e he e n ot the m ht o f n ﬁre a guil , gav ig blazi g to wretche mort s who wel on the e rth Bu t d al d l up a .

E 2 — y z T heogony f ey mo the goo d son of I ap eto s d eceive d him a n d stole the fa r - seen e m o f nw e r e ﬁre in a h o ow fen n e gl a u a i d - ll l st k a nd st n to th e e ths the he rt o f e s who al , u g d p a Z u th n ereth on h h a n d n ere his e r h e r t when u d ig , a g d d a a

ehe m n h f - h n m o f ﬁ e he b ld a o g m en t e a r s i i ng gl ea r .

n d r h n T he A st aig tw ay for ﬁre he d evi se d evil for m e . gl oriou s Lam e On e fa shion ed o f ea r th th e lik en ess o f m o est m en a s the S on o f ronos e se A n d a d aid K d vi d . t he go dd ess grey - eyed Ath ene gi r dled her a n d a rray ed h er in shi n i ng raimen t : a n d over her head she ca st w th h er h n s c n n n - f sh o n e e m r e i a d a u i gly a i d v il , a a v l to b ehold ; a nd ab ou t her head Palla s Athen e set

o e r n s h f fr sh r ss n reen e en w re t s o e a d . l v ly ga la d , v a g a g

A nd o t her he she set em o f o wh ch ab u ad a diad g ld , i t he glori ous Lam e G od w rought him self a n d fa shio n e d i n s w th h s h o n e s re n to ther e s. i a d , d i g pl a u u Fa Z u

A n d therei n w ere wrought ma ny cu n n i ngly - fa shio n e d

e sts m r e to eho e en the e sts th t the b a , a a v l b ld , v all b a a

n n r t res f m n a s the b e a n d the cre t res la d u u , ull a y y , all a u

f e her f he her e n re t o the s a . T eo set t i a g a t mul i tud e

— a nd r ce o n n e me from ité —m r e o s g a ab u di g gl a d a v ll u ,

k n to o ce n th n s li e u v i d livi g i g . N ow when h e ha d fashio n ed the b eautiful ba n e in the ce o f ess n he led h er for th where w re pla a bl i g, e the o ther o s a n d m en or n in the r er g d , gl yi g b av y

r - e hter of m ht s re A n d of the g ey ey d daug a ig y i .

m emen t he mm ort o s a n d m ort m en a az ld i al g d al , when they b eheld the sheer delusio n . u nescap ea b le

m en f o r .

f om her cometh the r ce of w om n - k n F or r a a i d .

— 5 4 T b eog ony 618 647

them in str on on e e n e o s o f the r o er g b dag , b i g j al u i v

w een n m nhoo a nd e t a nd st t re a nd m e i g a d b au y a u , ad

hem o w n e he - h her t t e r t w e w e e rt . e d ll u d i‘d ay d a T the w ere set in the tterm ost rts a t the o n s of y u pa , b u d

the re t e rth we n n er ro n in re t tr g a a , d lli g u d g u d , g a ibu

t on for on s ce in re r ef h n re t la i , a l g pa , di g i , avi g g a

sorrow i n the r he r s Bu t the o o f ronos a n d i a t . S n K

the o ther dea thless gods whom fai r - tressed Rhea ba re i n w e dlock w ith Kro nos b rought them by the devisi ng

o f r th ck n n to ht F o r rth herse f Ea ba agai i lig . Ea l

ec re th n s n to them e en th t w th those d la d all i g u , v a i

n s ccess to help they should wi victory a n d glo rio us u .

F o r o n t m e w ere the ht n w th r e o s to l g i y ﬁg i g i g i v u il , the Ti ta n go ds a n d the go d s tha t w ere sp ru ng fro m

ron os nst e ch o ther in r e o s w a r the ro K , agai a g i v u , p ud

T t ns f ro m oft Othr s a n d the o s from m os i a l y y g d Oly p ,

ers o f oo th n s whom f r - tresse he re in giv g d i g , ai d R a ba

h b o f r n hese hen in e s tt e fo ht t e ed K o os. T t gr i vou ba l ug

n st e ch o ther for ten f e rs cont n a nd agai a ull y a i ually ,

there w a s n o reso n o f the r tter str fe n or a n lvi g i bi i , y

d f her b u he s nce en or e t t t s e of w a r h n in the . i , i u u g bala Bu t when the son o f Kronos ha d given them all things

m eet e en n ect r a nd m ros wh ch the o s them , v a a b ia i g d

se es ea t the or s r t o f them w e in the r lv , l dly pi i all ax d i

re sts A n d when the h a d t s e m ros a nd b a . y a t d a b ia

o e n ect r then the f ther of m en a nd o s s ke l v ly a , a g d pa

mon st them e r me or o s ch ren of rth a g H a , gl i u ild Ea

a nd e en th t I m a te the th n s wh ch m he rt H av , a y ll i g i y a

h me r n in my b reast biddet . Al eady for a very lo g time we have fought agai nst each other every day for — T heog ony 647 6 7 6 y y

ctor a n d m ster we the son s o f ronos a nd t he vi y a y , K

t n s hew e o r m ht stren th a n d h n s Ti a go d . S y y u ig y g a d

n nc e to the t ns f ce to f ce in r e o s tt e i vi ibl Ti a a a g i v u ba l , — rememb eri ng o u r lovingki n dness even after wha t suff eri ngs ye cam e ba ck agai n i n to light from gri evous

on e ou t of the m st r ness thro h ou r b dag , i y da k , ug ’ e s n d vi i g .

So he s e a nd no e o ttos nsw ere him n pak , bl K a d agai

or th n s n ot nk now n to u s ost tho ec re . L d , i g u d u d la w e o rse es k now th t th m n a n d th tho hts Nay , u lv a y i d y ug a re e on o thers a n d tho st w r off from the b y d all , u did a d dea thless- gods chilly doo m a n d it w a s by thy devising that w e came back agai n from u nki n dly b on dage

ene th the m st rk ness n son o f ron os b a i y da , O Ki g, K ,

hen w ha ff ere h n s h Wherefore w e d su d t i g b eyon d op e.

so n ow w th ste f st m n a n d w se co nse w e al , i ad a i d i u l , sh s o r o r M est in re tt e f ht n all ucc u y u aj y d ad ba l , ig i g h ’ wit the Tita ns in sto u t strife .

‘ So he s k e a n d the o s ers of ood thin s pa ; g d , giv g g ,

e when the h r hi A d the r e s wor s . n applaud d , y a d d i so s e rne for a r e m e f re A n d ul y a d w y t or tha n a o .

tt e nen e the ro se m e a n d fem e ba l u viabl did y all a u , al al

k e o n th t oth the t n o s a n d the ch ali , a day b Ti a g d il

ren of ronos a n d those whom e s ro ht n to d K , Z u b ug i

ht from re os en e th the e rth terr e a nd lig E b b a a , ibl stron of e cee n m ht who k e ha d h n re g , x di g ig , all ali a u d d h a nds shoo ting from their shoulders a n d each ﬁfty he s row n from the r sho r n fr m e ad g i g i uld e s o sto u t a s. A nd when they stoo d agai n st the Tita ns in baleful str fe w th sheer ro ks in the r sto t h n s a nd the i , i c i u a d , — 7 6 T /Jeogony &7 6 7 0 3

Tita n s on the o ther side eagerly strengthened their r nk s a n d these a nd those to ether show e forth the a , g d i w o rk o f the r h n s a n d the r m ht the o n ess sea i a d ig , b u dl

“ ro re terr ro n them a n d the e rth cr she a d ibly a u d , a a d

o a n d the w e h e en ro ne a s it w a s sh k en al ud , id av g a d a , a n d high Olymp os w a s shak en from its fou n da tio n s a t the o n set o f the mm ort s a n d r e o s con s o n i al , a g i v u vul i c m e o n m st rt ros a n d the sheer din o f the r a i y Ta a , i feet in o nset u nsp eakable a n d n oise o f mighty blows so they hurled agai n st on e a nother thei r grievou s sh f s A nd the o ces of e her s e c me n o he a t . v i it id a u t t s r h n a s he sho te A n d the c m e to ether ta ry eave t y u d . y a g w h h din N or e s a n on er restr n it a mig ty . did Z u y l g ai

his so b u t str htw his m n w a s e w th f r ul , aig ay i d ﬁll d i u y

a nd he show e for th hi m h A n d from he en d all s ig t . av

a n d from m os he c m e to o n them hten n Oly p a j i , lig i g

h c m e A n d his o ts ﬂ ew n e r a t h n w th a s e a . b l a a d i

th n er a nd w th htn n th ck o ts from his stron u d i lig i g , i b l g

ha nd rollin g a holy ﬂam e a nd a ro u nd the life- givi ng

e rth cr she a s it rn e a n d the n n te w oo cr e a a d bu d , i ﬁ i d i d

h ﬁr A n d h ho e rth o e a n d the o w t e . t e w e al ud i l a b il d ,

stre ms of Ok ea nos a n d the nh r este sea a nd the a , u a v d

hot re th eset the t n s from n er e rth a nd b a b Ti a u d a ,

n n te m e c m e n to the ho ether a nd th e i fi i fla a u ly , flashi n g glare of thu n d erbolt a n d lightn i ng robb ed

A nd th e r e es of s ht e t the w ere stron . i y ig , alb i y g a

A n d it seem e o see wo n ro s he t eset C h os . t d u a b a d ,

w th the e es a nd to he r the din w th the e rs a s if i y a i a , Ea rth a nd the wid e Heaven above drew n igh to o ne

no ther F or s ch m ht din wo h e r sen if a . u a ig y uld av a i

— y 8 T /Jeog ony 7 3 1 7 y9 e r h A n d the m a n ot com e for h for ose o n a t . y y t P id h th set thereto tes o f ro n e a n d w r ns ro n a ga b z , a all u u d o n h r s h s n d ot os a nd r t e t e e . ere e a t e i id T Gy , K , g a he rte Bria reos we the f thf w tchers of e s a d d ll, ai ul a A gi

e r n s A nd there a re the s r n s a nd he en s b a i g Zeu . p i g t d o f sk e rth a nd o f m st rt ros a nd o f the du y a , i y Ta a ,

nh r este sea a nd of st rr he en in o r er u a v d , a y av , all d ,

n a n d terr e wh ch e en the o s hor da k ibl , i v g d ab a mighty cha sm if a m a n once came w ithi n the ga tes thereo f no t t the en d of who e e r w o he , ill a l y a uld re ch the ro n b u t th s w a a nd th t r e o s a g u d , i y a g i v u h whi rlwi n d on grievous whirlwi nd w ould ca rry im .

A d read p orten t is this even to the dea thless go d s. A nd there sta n d the terrible habita tions of murky

ht shr in rk c o e o s . Nig , ud d da l ud

I n fron t o f these the son o f I a etos stan s ho n p d , ldi g steadfa stly the w ide h eaven w ith head a nd ha n d s

nw e r e w here ht a nd D a meet a nd reet o ne u a i d , Nig y g

n her a s he h r hr ho of n a ot t y pa ss t e g ea t t es ld b ro ze .

On e oeth ow n w th n the o ther cometh forth a n d g d i i , , a t no tim e do th thei r habita tion have them b oth w th n b u t e ermore o n e of them is forth of the ho se i i , v u a n d w h eeleth o er e rth wh e the o ther eth v a , il abid w i thi n the house a nd awa iteth the comi ng of her time for goi ng forth : the o ne holding in her ha nds all- seei ng

ht for m en o n e rth the other e en ef ht lig a , v bal ul Nig , shro e in m st c o ho n in her h n s ee ud d i y l ud , ldi g a d Sl p ,

o her of D e h the b r t a t . A nd there the children of dusky Night have thei r h t t ons e en the re o s ee a nd D e th abi a i v d ad g d , Sl p a ; ' — T/yeo on 7 y9 7 8 7 5 cg y 9 o n them th r ht S u n n e er ook eth w th his r s e b ig v l i ay , either wh en he goeth up i n to the heaven s o r wh en he com e h Of them the o ne fa reth o er e r th t d ow n . v a a nd the ro ck of the sea e cef a nd k n n to b ad ba , p a ul i dly u m en B h h r h h he rt o f ron a n d r en . u t t e o t e t a a a i , b az a n n h Whom soe er d pi tiless is the soul wi thi is b reast . v

m on m en he o n ce h th se e he ee eth a n d he a g a iz d , k p is h h h s a ted even o f t e dea t less go d . There in fron t sta n d the echoi n g halls o f the god o f the n erw or o f stro n es a nd re erse u d ld , g Had d ad P

hon A n d o k ee h h f re hem p e . d a d read g p et w a tc b e o t

t ess is h a n d he h th a n e e n hem who pi il e a vil guil . O t en ter h e fa w n eth w i th his tail a nd w i th b o th his ea rs b u t to com e forth n he ow eth n o n e b u t ee eth agai all , k p wa tch a nd devou reth whomsoever h e ca tcheth comi ng for th from the ga tes of strong Hades a nd d read

erse ho n e P p . A n d th ere dw elleth a goddess ha ted o f the dea thless

o s e en re t e est hter of ckw r g d , v d ad S yx , ld daug ba a d

ow n Ok ea nos rt fro m the o s she h th h er ﬂ i g . Apa g d a

or o s h t t o n roo fe w th re t rocks a n d re red gl i u abi a i , d i g a , a to he en w th s er rs ro n e o m o th av i ilv pilla all a u d . S ld d sw ft- foo te r s the hter of h m s f re i d I i , daug T au a , a th ther w th m ess e o er the ro o f the sea i i a ag v b ad back , even wha t tim e strife a n d qua rrel a ri se am o n g the

mm or s A n d f a n f h i tal . i y o t e dw ellers in the halls of

m os s e k eth f se th en e s sen eth r s to Oly p p a al ly , Z u d I i b ri ng from afa r in a gold en ewer the grea t Oa th of the

o s th t f mo s w ter h wh ch ﬂ ow eth from G d , a a u a c ill , i a sheer h h ro k F ar n - ig c . u der the wide wayed ea rth it — 6 o T b eogony 7 88 8 1y

ﬂ ow eth thro h ck n ht h orn of the ho r er ug bla ig , a ly iv o f Ok a h r f t en h r t is e to e nos w e eo t ott t . , a pa all d S yx I n n i n e silver eddyi ng str ea m s he coileth ab ou t ea rth a n d the ro ck o f the sea a n d f eth n to the b ad ba , all i d eep b u t this o n e ﬂ ow eth forth from a r ock to b e

re t ne to the o s Whosoe er o f th e mm or t s a g a ba g d . v i al who h old th e top of snowy Olymp os mak eth liba ti on a n d sw e reth f se eth r e th ess t e r b e a al ly , li b a l ill a y a f A n d h e n e er r h n h ea o f ulﬁlled . v d aw et ig to t

m ros a n d n ect r b u t re th ess a n d s eech ess he a b ia a , b a l p l

h n n b d a n a n r h him et o strew e d e st or co e et . li a , vil up v

Bu t wh en h e h th f e his se se for re t e r a ulﬁll d di a a g a y a ,

no ther a n d nother m ore rievou sﬁ eal a w a iteth him a a g , a n d for n i n e y ea rs he is sepa ra ted from the everla sti ng

o s a n d n e er com eth to th e r co nc s o r the r fe sts g d , v i u il i a f or n i n e whole y ea rs : b u t in th e ten th yea r he entereth agai n the a ssem bli es o f the im m ortals who hold th e

o f ch a n h the s o n t halls Olymp os. Su oa t did go d app i the w ter o f the t to b e the w ter m er sh e a S yx , a i p i abl ,

r m e w h ch o reth thro h r e ce . p i val , i p u ug a ugg d pla

A n d there a re the s r n s a n d en s o f sk e r th p i g d du y a , a n d o f m st r t ros a n d of th e nh r este sea a n d i y Ta a u a v d , o f st rr h e en in or er nk a n d t err e w h ch a y av , all d , da ibl , i

n h e h r A n d th ere a re th e sh n n tes eve t go d s ab o . i i g ga a n d thresho o f ron e n sh k e e o f n t r ld b z u a abl , a u al

row th tte w th roo ts w h ch erce r ht thro h g , ﬁ d i i pi ig ug

he h A n d in fro t r t from the o s t e r t . n a , apa all g d ,

w e the t ns o n the f rther s e o f rk som e d ll Ti a , u id da

C h os a . Bu t the glorious allies of Zeus the Thu n derer have

— 6 2 Tbeogony 844 87 0

A nd by r ea son o f th em b oth hea t p ossessed the violet sea e en the he t o f the th n er a n d the htn n , v a u d lig i g

“ a n d the ﬁre from th t m o ms er of htn n s a n d w n s a , lig i g i d a n d m n h n er o t A n d the who e e r h ﬂa i g t u d b l . l a t seethe a n d the he ens a nd the sea a nd ro n a nd d , av , u d ab ou t th e shores the long waves raged a t the onset o f the mmort s ~ a nd n en ch e con s on rose i al , u qu abl vul i a .

H es trem e the or of the e e ow a nd the ad bl d , l d d ad b l ,

T t n s n er rt ros who we es e ron os a t i a u d Ta a , d ll b id K , the n ench e din a n d re str fe Bu t when u qu abl d ad i .

e s ha d rr e his m ht a nd se e his rms the Z u a ay d ig , iz d a , thu n d er a n d the lightn i ng a nd the smoki ng thu nder

o t he e t on him from m os a nd smote him b l , l ap up Oly p , a nd all a rou n d h e scorched the wo n drous heads of the

on t er Bu t when he ha d sco r ed him w th d read m s . u g i str es a n d o ercom e him hoe s fe m e a n d ip v , Typ u ll la d ,

e r h ro n e A n d a s th t he mighty a t g a d . a t p ri n ce wa s str ck en i th the th n er o t the m e s re ro i W u d b l , ﬂa p ad ab ad in the dim rocky m o u n tai n glen s a s he w a s smitten a n d grea t spa ce o f the gia nt ea r th w a s bu rnt by the

wf re th a nd m e te e en a s tin m e teth when a ul b a , l d v l h e te the cr ft of m en a nd the we - ore cr c e a d by a ll b d u ibl , o r a s ron wh ch is the stron est of met s is o ercome i , i g al , v

n ﬁre in th e m o n t n ens a nd m e te in by blazi g u ai gl , l d the h oly ea rth by th e ha n d s of Hephaistos even so the e rth w a s m e te the e o f rn n ﬁr e a l d by blaz bu i g . A n d in the vexa tio n of his hea rt he hurled him i n to

T r ros b road a ta . A n d from Typhoeu s sp ri n geth the fu ry of the moi st

ow n W n s s e otos a nd ore s a nd r est es bl i g i d , av N B a A g — Th eog ony 8 7 0 89 9 6 3

d Z e h r hese a re o f the r ce of th e o s a n os. p y T a g d ,

n en Bu t the others are r n om a grea t b oo to mo rtal m . a d wi n ds blowi ng ﬁtfu lly up on the sea t hey fall up on

the m st ee re t ne to mor t m en a n d r e i y d p , a g a ba al , ag

w th e m s D ff eren t a t ff eren t t m es the i vil te p e t . i di i y

n es ro s ors A nd h ow a n d s tter sh s a d t . t ere bl , ca ip d y ail is n o defence agai n st woe for m en who m eet those

n s n h ee A nd those 1n o r h wi d up o t e d p . aga ve t e i n ﬁ n ite ﬂ owery ea rth destroy the plea sa nt w orks of

e rth - orn men n them w th st a nd r e o s a b , ﬁlli g i du g i v u

t rm o u il .

N ow when the o s ha d m e a n en d o f the r to g d ad i il,

a nd ha d ec e the ss e o f hono rs w th the t ns d id d i u u i Ti a ,

then s est on of rth the r e e s of the , by ugg i Ea , y u g d Z u

w e- see n e es the or o f m os to b e n a nd id i g y , L d Oly p , Ki g er of he mor s A n d he or on Rul t im tal . app ti ed u n to

them he r hono rs t i u . A n d Zeu s the ki n g o f the go ds ﬁ rst too k to wife

M et s who o f o s a nd mort m en k noweth most i , all g d al .

Bu t when she wa s ab ou t to b ea r the godd ess grey - eyed

then e then he cr ft ece e her m n w th A , a ily d iv d i d i

c nn n word s a nd the s n of rth a nd st rr u i g , by advi i g Ea a y

e en he u t her in his ow n el F or so the to d H av p b ly . y l

him to d o th t n one o ther sho h e the k n sh , a uld av i g ip

o f the e er st n o s n ste o f e s F or of her it v la i g g d i ad Z u . w a s destin ed tha t children o f exceedi ng wisdom should b e b orn : ﬁ rst the maiden grey - eyed T ritm en eia eer of her f ther in s r t a nd w se co se g , p a pi i i un l ; a n d n ext she wa s desti n ed to b ea r a son to b e kin g of

o s a nd men n h er een n Bu t ere o e w t o w he rt. g d , i v i g a — 6 4 Theog ony 8319 9 2 ; tha t Zeus pu t her in his b elly tha t the goddess might

e se oo a n d e d vi g d vil .

e t he w e e r ht hem s w ho re the N x dd d b ig T i , ba ; o rs or e en oo o ern m en t nom H u (H ai) , v G d G v (Eu ia) , a nd st ce D k e a nd oo m n e ce i rene who Ju i ( i ) , bl i g P a (E ) , c r e for the works of mor t m en a n d the tes a al , Fa

Mo r n to whom e s th e C o nse or h th en ( i ai) , u Z u u ll a giv ho no r in the h hest otho a nd ches s a nd u ig , Kl , La i , tro os wh ch e m or t m en to h e oo or e A p , i giv al av g d vil .

A nd r no me the o e hter o f Ok ea n os Eu y , l v ly daug ,

re to him the three f r - cheek e r ces a nd ba ai d G a , Aglaia

hros ne a nd o e T h from w hose e es a s Eup y l v ly alia , y t he ook e ow e o e w h ch ooseth the m s a nd y l d ﬂ d l v , i l li b ,

e t f the n ce ene th the r ro s b au i ully y gla b a i b w .

A n d he c m e n to the b ed o f o n t f D emeter a i b u i ul , who re wh term e erse hone hom o n e s ba i a d P p , W Aid u sn atched from her m o ther for Zeus the C ou n sellor

e her n to him gav u .

A n d n he o e f r - tresse M nemos n e of agai l v d ai d y , w ho m w ere bo rn u n to him the n i n e Muses gold en crow n e w th whom m rth a n d th e e ht o f son d , i i d lig g h e fo n f o r av u d av u .

A n d eto re o o a nd r her r tem s r th L ba Ap ll a c A i , a bi o e e on the on s o f e en in o n n on l v ly b y d all S H av , l vi g u i

e s h e or o f the e s w th t . i Z u , L d A gi h m k e his oo m n r A n st er e e . d La ly , H a did a bl i g b id she re e e a nd res a n d E ileithu ia i n o n ba H b , A , , l vi g

h h n o f o s a nd m en u n io n wit t e ki g g d . A nd him self from his ow n head b rought forth grey e e r to ene re o ess w k en er of tt e y d T i g ia, a d ad g dd , a ba l

— 6 6 T heogony 9 yo 9 7 8

A nd the nt son of f r - n e mene e en valia ai a kl d Alk , v m ht er es when he ha d f e his r e o s ig y H akl , ulﬁll d g i v u

o rs m e e e his na u u st r e in snow lab u , ad H b g b id , y

m os h w ht who h n om she Oly p appy ig , avi g acc pli d

m ht t s we eth mon the mmort s sorrow a ig y a k, d ll a g i al ,

es a nd fo l s ageless r evermore.

A nd to nwe r e e os Perseis or o s u a i d H li did , gl i u

hter of Okea nos e r r e a nd n A ietes daug , b a Ki k Ki g .

A nd Aietes son of e os who eth l ht to men , H li , giv ig , we e e s n of the o s f r- hee e I du ia dd d, by d vi i g g d , ai c k d ,

hter of Okea nos th t erfe t stre m a nd she i n daug , a p c a ,

o n n on r e of o en hro te re to him l vi g u i by g ac g ld Ap di , ba f - n air a kled Medeia . rewe l now e we ers in m n h s a nd Fa l , y D ll Oly pia all , n in e ye I sla ds a nd C ont en ts a nd th b riny S ea withi n .

A nd now th e r e of o esses s n e sweet- o e ac g dd i g y , v ic d ses of m os hters of e s the or of the Mu Oly p , daug Z u L d Aegis even all them tha t b eing 1mmortal entered the b of men a nd re ch ren k e nto he o s ed mortal ba ild li u t g d .

D emeter th t r ht o ess in o n n on , a b ig g dd , lay l vi g u i w th the hero I asios in thr e- owe f ow e in i a ic pl d all ﬁ ld , the fert e n of rete a nd re oo Plou tos who il la d K , ba g dly , fareth everywhere over the earth a nd the b road back of the sea a nd whom it ch nceth a nd nto whoso a , i ’ e er s h n s he ometh th t ma n h e m keth r h a nd v a d c , a a ic ,

h him m ch ros e givet u p p rity .

A nd rmon hter of ol en hro te b re Ha ia , daug g d Ap di , a to K dmos I no a nd eme e a nd f r - cheee e a , S l , ai k d Agav , a d tonoe whom on - h red A ristaios e e n Au , l g ai w dd d,

a nd Pol doros in f r rowne he es . y , ai c d T b T beogony 9 7 9 6 7

A nd Kallirrhoe hter of Okea nos in o n , daug , l vi g

n on of o en hro te re to sto t- he rte u i g ld Ap di , ba u a d

C hr s or son whowas stron est of mort men e en y a a g al , v

er oneu s whom m ht er es s ew for th e s e G y , ig y H akl l ak

- o f his o en of tr n t in sea rt E r theia . x aili g gai , gi y A nd E os bare to T ithonos the brazen - mailed rr or emnon n of the Aithio ia ns a nd the wa i , M , Ki g p , n e m th on A n d to Ke halos she re or o s pri c E a i . p ba a gl i u son stron Phaithon man i e nto the o s whom , g , a l k u g d wh e et h w th h sh tho hts new ome il y a c ild i c ildi ug , ly c to the fresh ten er ower of or o s o th l hter , d ﬂ gl i u y u , aug o n hro te ht and ﬂew w w th a n d l vi g Ap di caug up a ay i , m e him ee er n ht in her ho shr nes s r t ad k p by ig ly i , a pi i

n divi e .

A nd the hter of Aietes foster n of e s daug , li g Z u , did the Son of sou e i si n of the e erl st n o s Ai , by d v g v a i g g d ,

e from the ho se of Aietes when he ha d f e l ad u , ulﬁll d the grievous labours which full ma ny the mighty King

on him—e en o erw een n el s nso ent laid up v v i g P ia , i l ,

‘ s nf a nd of o en e h n he Son of sou t e s . W t i ul , vi l d d e Ai

ha d f e these o rs fter m h tr u t on he ulﬁll d lab u , a uc ib la i ,

me to I olk os rr n on sw ft sh the r ht- e e ca , ca yi g a i ip b ig y d m en a nd m e her his n n she oom r e. A d aid , ad bl i g b id , in we o w th son the she her of the hosts re dl ck i Ia , p d , ba

son Medeios whom Ch ron the son of h r re re a , i P ily a a d in the hills : a nd the purp ose of mighty Zeus was f e ulﬁll d . A nd of the hters of ere s the Ma n of daug N u , Old

the Sea sam the th t r ht o ess re Phokos , P a , a b ig g dd , ba in o n e o th Aiak os r e of o en l vi g w dl ck wi , by g ac g ld F 2 — 6 8 T heog ony l oa f 1022

hro te a nd the o ess het s of the si er feet Ap di g dd T i lv , i n we o w th e e s re h es the re er of dl ck i P l u , ba Ac ill , b ak

’

- h the r n s of men the o n rte . a k , li ea d

A nd f r - crown e K thereia re Aineias in sweet , ai d y ba we ock Wth the hero nch ses mon the e s o f dl i A i , a g p ak m n - fo e oo e a y ld d w d d Ida .

A n d ' rk e hter of e os er on in o n Ki , daug H li Hyp i , l vi g

n on w th sse s of en r n so re r os u i i Ody u du i g ul, ba Ag i , a nd a t nos me ess a nd stron lso she re L i , bla l g a ba T le o nos r c o f o n hr hese e e e o te. g , by g a g ld Ap di T ,

er fa r w w th n th e ho s es r e o er the v y a ay i i ly i l , ul d v all

or ous rrhen ns gl i Ty ia .

A n d so th t r ht o ess in o n n o n Kalyp , a b ig g dd , l vi g u i ,

ss s au sith s a nd au sin bare to Ody eu N oo N oos. These are the immortals who entered the b eds of

ds mort men a nd re h ren e nto the o . al , ba c ild lik u g

A nd now sweet- o e ses of m os da u h , v ic d Mu Oly p , g ters of Ze s the or of the e i s sm e th e r e of u L d A g , g y ac

WOII I CII .

’ 7 0 Ti m Sbi ela of H ﬁ a féler z y - f g

ose- ﬁ htin L okroi a nd re t- he rte Phokeans cl g g g a a d .

A nd the oo son of Alk aios led them e n in his g d , xulti g hosts Bu t the ther of s a nd men o e o h r . Fa q w v t e

o nse in his m n e en th t he sho e et on e c u l i d, v a uld b g to b e a warder - off of destruction for gods a nd men p H fr who l e re . e e om mos roo n iv by b ad Sp d Oly p , b di g in his m n c nn n s heme f n for the o e of i d a u i g c , ai l v

f r - r l e wom n in the n ht if l h m . v t e c e a ai gi d d a , ig y a

n to T ha onion a nd then e n o n - to m ost u yp , c agai p

Phikion e s the C o nse or set his fee here he Z u u ll t . T sa t own a nd in his re st de se wond ro s ee s F or d b a vi d u d d . o n th e same night he k new the b ed a nd love of the

ﬁne - n e hter of E lektr on a nd ch e ed his a kl d daug y , a i v

es re a nd on the s me n ht m h tr on the or d i ; a ig A p i y , l d of hosts the or o s hero h n ch e e his m h , gl i u , avi g a i v d ig ty

k c hi n h m A nd h h t s me to s ow o e . e ste n ot to o a , a a d g to his thralls a nd shepherds in the ﬁ elds ere he en tered the b ed of his Wfe h es re took ho of h h i . Suc d i ld t e ea rt

f he she her of hos s A n d e en as hen m an o t p d t . v w a h th esc e e whether from r e o s se se a gladly ap d vil, g i v u di a or stron on e e en so on th t n ht m h tr on g b dag , v a ig A p i y , h n wo n the e of h r to a nd w e come avi g u dup clu a d il, glad l

m e n o his o n ho se n h he his ca u t w u . All ig t lay with r e eren s o se re o c n in the fts of o en v d p u , j i i g gi g ld

A nd he h n hro te . s n w th od a nd th Ap di , avi g lai i a g wi one th t was far the est of men in se en - te he es a b v ga d T b ,

re tw n hi ren b u t not of k e m n e t the ba i c ld , li i d, alb i y were rothers : one we er the other a far etter b ak , b ma n terr e a nd stron e en the m ht er k es , ibl g, v ig y H a l him re she to the Son of ronos or o f the r ba K , l d da k i — T/Je Sh eld of H emeler 3 83 7 1

o ds b u t I hikles she re ~ to m h tr on the or cl u ; p ba A p i y , l d o f hosts se r te see : one in the b ed of m a n , a pa a d a , the other to e s the Son of ronos r er of o s Z u K , ul all g d , wh h lso s ew K k nos the re t- he rte son of ic a l y , g a a d

res F or he fo n him in the tem e of r her A . u d pl a c

o o oth h mse f a nd his f ther res ns t te of Ap ll , b i l a A , i a ia

War sh n n in the r rmo r as the sh ne of n , i i g i a u i blazi g

ﬁre st n n in the r car a nd the sw ft horses smote , a di g i i the e rth and tore it w th the r hoo es a nd ro n a , i i v , u d them blaz ed the du st smitten by plea ted car a nd feet of horse T he we - wro ht car a nd h r ot r ms r n . ll ug c a i i a g

ro n a s the horse r e A nd me ess K k no s a u d s ag d . bla l y re o e th n n to s w th the ron e the w r k e j ic d, i ki g lay i b z a li son o f e s a n d his h r oteer a n d stri them of the r Z u c a i , p i

or o s rms Bu t ho os o o he r not his gl i u a . P ib Ap ll a d p rayers ; for himself he u rged against him mighty

er es A nd the ro e a nd t r of Pa asaea n H akl . all g v al a g ’ o o shone w th the re o s rmo r a nd h mse f Ap ll i d ad g d a u i l , a nd the sh n of his e es wa s a s ﬁre Wh t mort ﬂa i g y . a al man would have en dured to m eet himface to fac e save H erakles a nd gloriou s I olaos F or great was their might a nd invin cible the a rms that grew from their sho ers on s o m s H e then s e unto hi uld t ut li b . pak s

h r oteer stron I olaos c a i , g

hero I olaos far e rest of mort men s re O , d a all al , u ly

M hitr on s nn e re t nst the est mmort s p y i dg a ly agai Bl I al , who ee m os when he w ent to f r - ro n e k p Oly p , ai c w d

he es e n T ir nthos th t we - e c t T b , l avi g y , a ll build d i y, when he ha d slain E lektryon on accou nt of his wide

o e oxe n he n and on br w d n. A d came u to Kreon l g 7 2 T17 19 Sbie/d bf f femeler 8 3 - 111 ro e en o he who we ome him and e him b d H i c , lc d gav all th n s as were meet wh h is the c e of su nts i g , ic lu pplia , ‘ n he r a s e m re H e ' li e a nd honoured him i t i ( e rt y t o . v d i n or w th the f r - nk ed hter of e tr on gl y i ai a l daug El c y ,

fe A nd soon w th the ro n se sons we in hi s wi . i lli g a , t rn w ere orn k e ne ther in o nor 1n m n u b , ali i b dy i d ,

h nd r m him e s took w his even t y father a I . F o Z u a ay w ts who eft his home a nd his r ents a nd Went to i , l pa ,

do hono r - to s nf r sthe s foo th t he wa s u i ul Eu y u , l a surely in after days he groa ned much in lam en ta ti on

e ee b u t th t nnot b e t k en ck of his i nfa tua t d d a ca a ba .

b n me od m ose h r o rs m How eit o G i p d a d lab u . O y fr en b u t do tho k t e the r mson re n s of i d , u quic ly ak c i i the sw ft- foo te stee s a nd n rs n h h o r e in i d d , , u i g ig c u ag th h e rt ho str ht on the sw ft car a nd stren th y a , ld aig i g of sw ft - foo te stee s a nd fe r not a t the din of i d d , a all m r ero s r es who now w th sho t n r eth ro n u d u A , i u i g ag u d the ho ro e of ho os o o the rcher r n e ly g v P ib Ap ll , a p i c .

Ver stron tho h he b e he is ike to h e his ily, g ug , l av ﬁll ’ of wa r .

Then spake to him 1n tu rn blameless I olaos

r en er the ther of men a nd o s hono reth F i d , v ily Fa g d u th he e en a s so the or o f s the rth y ad , v al l d bull , Ea

h k er who k ee eth the coron of T ro a nd u a rdeth S a , p al y g the c t so stron a nd m ht m a n is th s whom i y , g ig y a i the ea n to th h n s th t tho m st win f r y l d i y a d , a u ay ai

eno n Bu come d o on th n rmo r of ar h r w . t e w t t , i a u , a with all sp eed we may b rmg close the car of Ares a nd ou r own a n d do battle,si n ce verily he shall not p u t to ht the a nt ess son of eu s nor the son of ﬂig d u l Z ,

' 7 7 8 S ie e — 7 4. 7 b ld of H m e!“ 141 17 0

All rou nd it shone again with gypsum and white ivory

a nd e e tr m a nd shone th e m n o a nd fo s l c u , wi gl a i g g ld, ld

of n s were r n h ‘ i I n h m t . e s cya u d aw at w. r t t id t was

r on terror ns e e oo n kw r w th a d ag u p akabl , l ki g bac a d i

e es h t shone w h re Whose mo th so was l e y t a it ﬁ . u al ﬁl d w th rows of wh te teeth terr e n ro h e i i , ibl , u app ac abl ; a nd on hi s sh row ho ere re tr fe mar aggy b v d d ad S i , sha lli n the thron of men r th ess tr fe wh h took g g , u l S i , ic mi nd a n d wits from men who ca rried war agai nst the s n of e s he r so o o n n h e r o . s w e e t the th Z u T i ul . g d b a a w th n the ho se o f es b u t the r on es when the i i u Had , i b , sk n has e e ro n them rot o n the k e rth i d cay d u d , blac a

n er s or h n r os On it too were f sh oned u d c c i g Si i . , , a i

Ch r e a nd etre t a nd D in a nd o t a nd l hter a g R a , , R u , S aug o f Men : a nd tr fe a nd ot s e them thereon S i Ri bu i d ,

a nd e te w th one ma n in her c t h n ew d adly Fa , i lu c wo n e nother w tho t wo n et nother e u d d , a i u u d y , a d ad she haled by the feet through the mellay . A nd the raiment upon her shoulders was red with the blood of

m en t err e her nce a n d the din of her el ow n : ibl gla b l i g .

e s of re ser ents too were there ns e e H ad d ad p , , , u p akabl , tw elve serp ent heads tha t terriﬁed the trib es of m en on e rth whoso ore wa r nst the son of e s a , b agai Z u a nd thei r teeth ra ttled when the son of Amphitryon

fo ht and r ht shone those won ro s work s. ug , b ig ly d u A nd there showed as it were sp ots on the dreaddragons

h r s a nd en e the r s azu re were t ei back black d i jaw .

oreo er there were on the sh e her s of w o rs M v , i ld d ild b a n f ons th t re at one nother in n er and a d o li , a gla d a a g r e hereof the r n s n e to ether ne ther ag , w a k adva c d g , i — Tb a Sbield of H era kler 17 1 19 9 7 ;

' did the trem e these or those b u t b riStled their y bl , m nes e F or re had the low m ht a alik . al ady y laid a ig y

on a nd him wo o rs th t had en the li , by lay t b a a giv up

host a nd the r r oo owe to e rth whi e the g , i da k bl d ﬂ d a l y, w th o tstret he ne s e en e th the er e i u c d ck , lay d ad b a ﬁ c on A nd oth troo s w ere et the more o se o li s. b p y r u d t

ht in the r wr th the w o rs a n d the ﬁerce- e e ﬁg i a , ild b a y d o so there w as on the sh e the tt e of li ns . Al up i ld ba l the w rr or L a itha i ro n r n ce Ka ineu s a nd a i p , a u d p i ,

D r s a nd Peirithoos a nd H o leu s a nd E xa dios a n d ya , , p , ,

Phaleros a n d Prolochos a n d Mo sos son of A m k e , , p , py o f T itaresia s on of res a nd hese s son of Ai eu s , ci A , T u g ,

k e nto the e th ess o s s ern m en w th o en li u d a l g d , ilv i g ld

rmo r n h r es A nd o er n st hem a u o t ei b odi . v agai t

there the Kentau roi ro nd m ht Petraios a nd ga d u ig y , 5 the seer A sb olos a nd A rk tos nd C rc os a n d r - , , a u i , da k h re m s a n d the two sons of Peu keu s e en ai d Mi a , , v er me es a nd D r alos s ern men w th o en ne P i d y , ilv i g ld pi

r in he h n s A nd r sh n to e her e en a t ees t r . t s i a d u i g g , v

n men the n e a t one nother th s e r a nd livi g , y lu g d a wi p a

ne pi .

hereon too stoo the sw ft- foote stee s of er e T , , d i d d ﬁ c res wro ht in o a nd h mse f Wth e en mu r A , ug g ld, i l i al, v d erou s r es e rer of s o s s e r in h n r n on A , b a p il , p a a d, u gi g the va n r mson w th oo a s if it w ere n men c i i bl d , livi g he s ew he s n is a A nd him s oo too o c r . t l , d up h by d

r and f h e o t n to enter t e war of men . F a R u , ai

hereon too was the r er of the o T rito e T , , D iv Sp il , g n e hter of e s e to her e en as if she were ia , daug Z u lik , v fa n to arra ~ b attle w th her s e r i n her h n a nd i y , i p a a d , — 7 6 T77 19 Shield of H ei ne!“ 19 9 224 her o en helmet a nd her e s o t her sho ers g ld A gi ab u uld , she r n e thro h the re str fe a g d ug d ad i .

‘ hereon so was the h t ho r of the e th ess T , al , i y c i d a l

od s a nd in the m st the son of e s a nd eto m e g , id Z u L ad sweet minstrelsy on a golden lyre also the habita tion of the o s s re m os a n d the ssem of the g d , ac d Oly p , a bly

o s w tha a n d ro n them was wre the n n te g d i l , u d a d i ﬁ i bli ss in the meeti ng place of the immorta ls a n d the

o ess M ses o f er led the son k e n to c e r g dd u Pi ia g, li u l a

o ce n ers v i d si g .

W th there was h en o f the n sea w th i al , a av ragi g , i

f r n hor e wro ht in r e of . fined tin k e a s ai a c ag ug a ci cl , li it were agitated by waves a nd ma ny dolphins in the midst thereof were dashing hi ther a nd thither in pu r s t of fish e as if the were sw mm n a nd two ui , lik y i i g, dolphins wrought in silver were blowing a s they feasted on the o e ess fish A nd efore them trem e he v ic l . b bl d t

shes wro h in ron e A nd' on the shore sa t ﬁ ug t b z . a

sh n h k - u I n his h n s he he ﬁ erma on t e loo o t . a d ld net for shes a nd he ook e ik e one o t to st it a ﬁ , l d l ab u ca .

hereon so w as the son of f r- tresse n e T , al , ai d Da a , k n h t erse s n e ther to ch n the sh e w th his ig ly P u , i u i g i ld i feet n or far from it re t m r e to rem rk s n ce he , a g a a v l a , i

a s s r n r F or so the or o s me w uppo ted owhe e. gl i u La G od w th his c n n n h n s ha d wro ht him in o i u i g a d ug g ld ,

n hi f h n e n s A nd thw rt a d about s eet he a d wi g d sa dal . a a his shoulders a b la ckb ou nd sword of gold hu ng from

n i ed ck as tho ht his a baldrick ; a d he ﬂ tt qui ug . All

ck " the he of re m onster kee e en the ba did ad a d ad p , v ’ ‘ or on s hea a nd ro n it ran a s er a et G g d, u d ilv w ll ,

— 7 8 The Shi eld of f f eméler 2 57 28; the h a d s te th e r so s w th h m n oo the y a d i ul i u a bl d, y would cast him b ehi nd them a nd hasten again in to

h f h fr o h a t e din a nd tumult o t e ay . Kl t o nd Lachesis stoo b eh n them a nd Atro os of ess st t re no d i d , p , l a u , w se ne t et was she of them most e e en i divi ly all , y all xc ll t a nd e ro n one man the rr e tter ldest . A u d y all a ay d bi

tt e a nd i n the r r e re terr one a t the ba l , i ag gla d ibly o her a nd m tche them w th t ons a nd o h n s t , a d i al b ld a d .

A n d th em stoo Woe oom a nd re : e by d , gl y d ad pal , s shr n en w th h n e swo en - nee wh e qualid, u k i u g r , ll k d, il

er n e - n s ere on rom her nostr s rhe m h ﬁ g r ail w l g . F il u

owe a nd from her chee s the oo tr c e to the ﬂ d, k bl d i kl d ro n : n ro ch r nn n she stoo a nd m h g u d u app a ably g i i g d, uc

st n w th te rs co ere her sho ers. du , da k i a , v d uld Hard by was a city with fair towers seven ga tes

h n e s i of o tte w t t r e t . A nd the men g ld, ﬁ d i li l , gua d d s re in fest a d n took their plea u ival n da ce. S ome on a car with goodly tyres were leading home

r e a nd o rose the m rr e son a nd fa r from a b id , l ud a a iag g, th e blazing torches in th e ha nds of the serva nts the

e as ro e A nd the in fest r h n es gl am w ll d . y al b ig t s m r he in front a nd s ort e ho rs fo owe them a c d , p iv c i ll d , u tteri ng from soft lip s their voice to th e shrill music of the es a nd the e ho was ro en ro n them wh e pip , c b k a u d , il

h o he m s of th re led on the o e cho r t ey t t u ic e ly l v ly i .

T hen n on the other s e o n m were agai , id , y u g en

’ holding revel procession to the music of th e ﬂu te those s ort n th n e a nd son those h n p i g wi da c g, laug i g to he ﬂ u e la er the one and mo e forwa t t p y , y all v d r d ;

e nd fest m rth he h a nd joy a nd da nc a al i ld all t e city . ' — T /ye Shield of H era kler 28y 3 7 2 7 9

Others again b efore the city mou nted the backs of

horses a nd gallop ed .

thers o hm en were re n the oo O , pl ug , b aki g up g dly

e rth a n d were e e w th t n s rt h h . a , quipp d i u ic gi ig

a rn n A n d o e w ere A nd there w s a deep co la d . s m mowing with sharp blades the curved stalks laden with

e f n a i were the r n of eme er hers rs o or s t t . t a c , g ai D O were n n the r n in n s a nd n thresh n bi di g g ai ba d , ﬁlli g a i g ﬂoor thers w th hook s i n h n w ere ther n the . O i a d ga i g

nt e wh e others n were ther n nto s ets vi ag , il agai ga i g i ba k from the vi ntagers grap es white a nd da rk from the

i r l n ith e es a nd s er en r s e t rows e w t . g a , ad l av ilv d il

m n s A nd O thers again were gathering the i to basket .

them was vinerow ro ht in o the or o s by a w ug g ld, gl i u

. wor of w se e h stos er n w th e es a nd k i H p ai , quiv i g i l av st es of o en w th r es a nd th ese st were ak g ld, lad i g ap , la

h in A nd some w ere tre n the ra es wro t . ug black adi g g p , some were drawing off the juice; Oth ers were con

en n s s in n O h s a t w th the t or wrest . t er s di g i ﬁ , li g h nterswere rs n sw ft- foote h res a nd in front u pu ui g i d a , of them were two o s of e teeth f n to se e d g jagg d , ai iz h h h r f n o e a hem t e hares w e t e w e e t s e . t , il y ai c p By were horsemen lab ouring for a rize they strove a nd , p

“ to e a nd on the we - e te rs were mo nte il d, ll pl a d ca u d charioteers who u rged on the swift steeds with slackened re ns wh e the o nte rs ﬂ ew r tt n on a nd i , il j i d ca a li g ,

‘ there - l nen n witha l the wheel n aves cried a ou d . U di gly the toiled ~ a nd tor for them was ne er won the y , vic y v ,

ss e of the r on test was e ermore u nsett ed A nd i u i c v l ,

for them was set w th n the r n re t tr o of o i i i g a g a ip d g ld , — 80 T he Shield of H er a kles 3 13 3 3 8

the or o or f e h s o o n he gl i us w k o wise H p ai t s. R u d t

sh e - rim ow e Okeanos seem n a s if f a n d it i ld ﬂ d , i g ull , o n the h e c nn n l o ht sh e o t b u d w ol u i g y w r ug i ld . Ab u

the stre m of Ok ea nos the ﬂ n sw ns w ere cr n a yi g a yi g ,

sw mm n f m n on the s rf e of the w ter a nd i i g ull a y u ac a ,

them the shes were thron n m r e o s s ht by ﬁ gi g, a a v ll u ig

e en to e s or of the ho ow th n er thro h v Z u , l d ll u d , ug whose cou nsels H ephaistos w rought the shi eld mighty

a nd s ron a nd h ha sh e t g ﬁ tted it with his a n ds. T t i ld

the nt n f e e f A n d he valia so o Zeus wi lded mast r ully .

e t on his horse- car e en a s the htn n of his l ap up , v lig i g

f ther e s the or of the e s mo n w th ht a Z u , l d A gi , vi g i lig

feet : a nd his h r oteer stron I olaos mo nte on c a i , g , u d h t e car u e the ved h r ot . , g id d &r c a i

A nd the o ess re - e e A thene d rew ni h u nto g dd g y y d _ g _,

them a nd en o r ed them w th w n e wor s a nd , c u ag i i g d d , said

offs r n of far- f me L nk eu s N ow nto Hail, p i g a d y u

ou oth e s the or of the esse nes o chs fe y d Z u , l d Bl d O , v u a

ctor e en to s K k nos a nd to str him of his vi y, v lay y ip

A nd no her th n w sa nto glorious a rms. a t i g ill I y u

th hen tho ha s? ereft e tho no est of the host . W e, u bl u b

K k n f weet fe then e e him where he f eth y os o s li , l av all , a nd e e his rms bu t do tho th se f w tch the o ns t l av a , u y l a e o f mu rderous where thou shalt see him

n o ere his c nn n ro ht sh e there u c v d by u i gly w ug i ld,

' wo n him w th the sh r ron e . Bu t then ret re u d i a p b z i , sin e it is not otte thee to t e e ther his horses or c , all d ak i ’ r his glorious armou .

So s a k e the r ht od ess a n d mounted the car p . b ig g d ,

‘ — 8 2 The Shield of H emhler 3 68 39 6

So he s e b u t K k nos of the oo shen s e r had pak , y g d a p a ho mind to hea rken u nto him a nd restrain the steeds

r th t re his car h n f om the r we - e r a d w . T e i ll pl a ted ca s

’

e tswft to - e rth the son of m ht e s a nd the l ap i ly a ig y Z u , son of h or of a r A nd the h r o eers r e t e l d W . c a i t d ov ne r the f r - m ne stee s a nd a s the r she on a ai a d d , y u d , the ro e r h reso n e to the r feet A nd e n b ad a t u d d i . ve a s when from the high top of a grea t mou ntai n rock s

e aw a nd f on e on the other a nd m n a n l ap ay all up , a y oak of lofty foliage a nd ma ny a pin e a nd long - rooted p opla r a re b rok en by them a s th ey roll swiftly till they

‘ re ch the n —e en so the fe on one no ther w th a plai , v y ll a i

o sho ts A nd the t of the M rm ons a nd l ud u . all ci y y id , f mo s I olk os a nd r ne a nd H elik e a nd r ss a u , A , , g a y

n h h h o es of he n t e r n o w t t e t tw . A ia , a g l udly i v ic ai

W th won ro s din the me to ether and e s i a d u y ca g , Z u the C o nse or th n ere o a nd r ne r s of u ll u d d l udly, ai d d op b lood f rorh hea en n a n omen f tt e to his v , givi g o ba l

‘ o rea - h ar e so wn g t e t d n.

“ " A nd even as in a mou ntain glen a tusk ed boa r; terr e to oo on is m n e in his he rt to ht w th ibl l k , i d d a fig i h nters a nd swer n s e whetteth his white t sk u , vi g a id u , a nd the foam floweth about his mouth as he gnasheth his ws a nd his e es a re ke nto n fire a nd he ja , y li u blazi g , erecteth his r st es on m ne a nd ne —e en in s h b i l a ck, v uc w se e t the son of e s from his horse- ca A nd i l ap Z u n , what time the dark - winged chatteri ng cicala p erched

‘ up on a green b ra nch b eginneth to sing to men o f — summer the cicala whose meat and drink is the fresh d ew a nd on and in the morn n he o reth , all day l g i g p u — T he Shield qf H em/elem 3 9 6 42 3 8 3 for th his voice in the t me of er est he t hen i ﬁ c a , w r os archeth the esh of men —i n th t se son the Si i p ﬂ , a a e r s row ro n the m et h h men sow in b a d g u d ill , w ic s mmer when the nr e r es a re t rn n wh h u , u ip g ap u i g , ic Dionysos ha th given to b e a t on ce a boo n a nd a ba ne to men in th t se son th e fo ht a nd o rose the a a y ug , l ud a

in A nd as two ons in r e r sh on on ba ttle d . li ag u e

nother o t s n eer a nd terr e is the r ro r n a ab u a lai d , ibl i a i g, a nd terr e w th the n shi n of the r teeth a nd ibl i al g a g i , even as vultu res of crooked talons a n d hooked b eaks on a lofty rock ﬁght with loud yelpin g ab ou t a mou ntain r n n o t or fat eer of the w s wh h some st a gi g g a d ild , ic lu y ma n h th shot a nd s n w th a n rrow from th e str n a lai i a i g, a nd h mse f h th w n ere otherwhere not no n i l a a d d , k wi g the o ntr a nd the t res rem r it a n d c u y vul u quickly a k , a rray bitter battle ab out the b east even so they cri ed h a nd rushed on one a not er .

hen K k nos f n to s the son of m ht e s T y , ai lay ig y Z u , h r e his r en s e r nst his sh e b u t he u l d b az p a agai i ld, brake not th e shield of bronze the gifts of the god hi Bu he son of m h r on n rote te m . t t t t p c d A p i y , valia

er es smote K k nos w th hi s on s e r ene th H akl , y i l g p a b a the h n where his ne was ex ose etween he m c i , ck p d b l a nd shield : with a swift a nd mighty blow he smote him a nd the m r ero s shen s e r cu t w oth , u d u a p a a ay b ’ tendo ns for great was the hero s strength that fell

on him A nd he fe as f s a n oak o r a eetl n rock up . ll all b i g

hen sm t n h n h n r o of e w i te by t e smoki g t u de b lt Z us.

So he fe a nd o t him r e his nn n rmo r ll , ab u attl d cu i g a u

f ron e o b z . 84 T he Shield of H era h/er 42 4

‘

hen him the h r son of Ze s le e- there T did a dy u av , b u t h mse f w tche the onset of m r ero s Ar es i l a d u d u ,

” oo n w th er e e es even a s on h n n on l ki g i ﬁ c y , a li c a ci g a o wh h er e er te reth the h e w th his b dy , ic v y ag ly a id i stron ws a nd t eth w hone - sweet fe a nd g cla , ak a ay y li , hi e h f r H is e es re fe r s black hea rt is ﬁll d wit u y . y gla a f a nd w th hi s t he la sheth hi s s es and shou ers ully, i ail id ld , a nd te reth the e rth w th his feet a nd none dareth a a i , to look him in the face or drawnigh unt o him a nd

ht in s h w se the Son of m h tr on ns t te ﬁg uc i A p i y , i a ia of tt e e er stoo a ainst A res n rs n o r e ba l , ag ly d up g , u i g c u ag i n his re st A n d he me n h un to him w th r e b a . ca ig i ag in hi s heart ; a n d they with shouting leap t on one

no ther A n d e en a s when from re t e ro a . v a g a p ak a ck lea eth a nd w th re t o n s i t ro eth on a nd p , i g a b u d ll , echoi ng goeth imp etuously on its way,a nd a high bluff meeteth it a nd where it meeteth there St eth it , , ay w th s ch din e l res he on his car r she i u d ad y A , avy , u d sho t n on a nd the other k re e e his onset u i g , quic c iv d .

Bu t then e hter of e s- e r n e s me A , daug A gi b a i g Z u , ca a a1nst res w th her r e s a nd w th terr e g A i da k A gi , i ibl

’ frowni ng look s she Spake winged words : Ares st th stron m ht and h n s n n e , ay y g ig a d i vi cibl .

F or it is not wf th t tho sho st s er es la ul a u uld lay H akl ,

‘ the sto t - h earte son of e s a nd Str him of his u d Z u , ip

’ or o s rmo r N a ome m e an end of ﬁ htin gl i u a u . y c , ak g g, ’ a n st n n n me d a d ot up agai st .

So she s e b u t she ers e not the re ts pak , p uad d g a he rte r t of res b u t w th a re t and a d Spi i A ; i g a cry, r n sh n his rms e ﬁre he sw ft r she on b a di i g a lik , i ly u d

F R A G MEN T S

C ATALOGUES

4 (24)

I n the h ls of or D e k on the m en n or al l dly u ali aid Pa d a , in o n n on w th e s the ther r er of the l vi g u i i Z u Fa , ul all

o s h in re r os o t tt e. g d , ba G aik , d ug y ba l

5 (2 5)

A nd she T h ia hter of D e on conce e [ y , daug ukali ] iv d a n d re to e s the h r er of the th n er o t two ba Z u , u l u d b l , sons e en M nes a nd Mak edon re o n in horses , v ag , j ici g , who ha d the r we l n s ro n er a n m s i d l i g a u d Pi ia d Oly p o .

6 (26) A nd Magnes in turn [b egat] D iktys a nd godlike es Polydeuk . 7 (27)

rom e en w r e n s r n oros an d F H ll , a lik ki g, p a g D Xou thos a nd A iol os re o n in horses A nd ns of . so , j ici g

A iolos n s e ree n st e were Kretheu s a nd , ki g d c i g ju ic ,

th m s a nd Sis hos of r ft o nse s a nd A a a , yp , c a y c u l ,

nr hteo s Salmoneus a nd ro er eres u ig u , p ud P i .

I 4 (33)

a nd or l Perikl menos h to whom l d y y , appy,

ose on the h er of the e rth e all m nner of P id , S ak a , gav a

F or a one m he e gifts. t ti e would app a r among birds F ragmen ts 87

as a n e e a t other t mes he wo b e a n a nt agl ; i uld , a marvel to b ehold a non [among] th e glorious trib es

f a n n ser en terr b e and e o b ees d agai a p t i l cru l . All

m n ner of fts he ha d e on n m n wh ch fter a gi , b y d a i g , i a wa rd ro ed a sna re to him t hrough the d evising of p v ' '

thene A . 1 5 (34)

A n d he [H erakles] slew eleven of the goodly sons of ste f st e e s a nd the t we f th e en n ht ad a N l u , l , v k ig ly

estor of erem fo n ref e as a n ex e mon the N G ia , u d ug il a g h s - r nia ns or e taming G e e .

I 6 (35)

in er erenon N estor alone escap ed ﬂow y G .

I 7 (36)

U n to e em hos f r r e Pol ka ste o n est T l ac did ai gi dl d y , y u g

hter of estor son of N e e s e r erse o s in daug N , l u , b a P p li ,

n on en of o en hro te u i giv g ld Ap di .

Ai sou who e t son on she her of the hosts , b ga a I as , p d ,

h re on w n w om Chiron rea d ooded Pelio .

2 3 (45)

An d the hter of A r os whom H ermaon er daug ab , , giv

of oo e t a nd T hr nia h e of o t r r n e s. g d , b ga , , daug P i c B elo

24 (49)

D a na os made Ar gos have wa ter which afore wa s

nw tere u a d . 8 8 Fragment:

2 8 (53)

By rea son of ha teful u nchastity they lost their tender

oom bl . 29 (54)

h he r F or he shed dread itch up on their eads. All t i

esh was o ere w th e ros a nd the r h r fe from ﬂ c v d i l p y, i ai ll h r r the r he s and the r f r e s we e m e e. i ad , i ai ad ad ba

3 3 (58)

[D emodoke] whom more men on earth wooed tha n a n o ther a nd m ht n s n me m n s en y , ig y ki g a d a y pl did

h r n n e fts re son of e t e t . gi , by a i ﬁ i b au y

36 (63)

T it os son of r . y , Ela a

37 (64) [T he Kephisos] which from Lilaia p oureth its fair ﬂ in er ow g wa t .

3 8 (65)

T he Ke hisos wh h ou t no e s thro h [ p ] ic by Pa p u , ug h h Glachon a nd thro h E rchomenos m eth his ig ug , ak

n k r n w ay coili g li e a d ago .

44 (7 1)

ons w ere orn to o e L kaon the son of S b g dlik y ,

la s o Pe g s.

46 (7 3)

Phellos of the good ashen sp ear did glorious Melib oia

e r b a .

9 O

7 7

’ T h a i r e Ai kid a e o n in - w r: as in a feast j ici g a .

7 9 Gs

A nd th s o nse seeme to him Akas os in his i c u l d [ t ] . m n the est co nse h mse f to ho b u t to i d b u l , i l ld back, hide a s none would think the b eau tiful sword which the or o s me One ha d wro ht for him th t gl i u La ug , a ,

' see n for it one on stee e on he e e s m ht ki g al p P li , [P l u ] ig straightway b e slain by the Kentau rs who dwell among the h s ill .

8 1 ( 10 2)

e e s son of Aiak os e r to the e th ess o s [P l u ] , , d a d a l g d ,

me n to hth mother of oc s r n n m n ca u P ia , ﬂ k , b i gi g [ a y]

I lk A nd h so o f he possessions from wide o os. t e ul all t host was n ere eho n how he s e the w e a g d, b ldi g ack d ll st she t a nd how he ccom she his sweet abli d ci y, a pli d m r A nd th s wor s e of them hr e a riage. i d pak all T ic

h son of Aiakos ea fo r t mes est e e s. appy , y , u i bl P l u

82 (2 16)

F or ommon then w ere the n ets ommon the c , , ba qu , c

a nd or en seats of deathless gods m tal m .

90 ( H 4)

m n r his oom n r e Echemos made Ti a d a bl i g b id .

93 ( 1 17 )

A nd laughter- lov1ng Ap hrodite was a ngered when

she he them a nd st them n to e re te . hen be ld , ca i vil pu T F ragment; 9 I

m n r eft chemos a nd ent a nd ame unto Ti a d a l E , w c

h e s r h A n e en a e to t e esse o s. d s P yl u , d a bl d g d v

Kl taimestra eft oo memnon a nd w th y l g dly Aga , lay i

Ai isthos an d chose a worse s o se a nd e en as e en g , p u , v H l

- dishonoured the b ed of golden haired Menelaos. a nd as ma ny women skilled 1n blameless h h n wor o n 1n the r h n s esse s of o . a di k , all ldi g i a d v l g ld A nd now would Kastor a nd strong Polydeukes have

m e him erfor e the r nsm n m rr e b u t ad p c i ki a by a iag , ’ memnon who was his ndareos son - in - law Aga , [Ty ] ,

wooe her e en for hi s ro her M nela os A nd d [H l ] b t e .

the two sons of r n e A m hiaraos son of Oikleu s from p i c p , ,

r os h r wooe her Bu t e en them A g a d by , d . v

Bu t there wa s n o work of deceit with the sons of

n reos A nd fr Ty da . om I thaka the sacred might o f

sse s wooe her e en the son of L ertes who Ody u d , v a ,

new nn n o nse s fts he ne er sent for the k cu i g c u l . Gi v

sak e of the fair - a nkled maiden ; for he k new in his he rt th t o en - h re Men ela os wo win for he a a g ld ai d uld , w as stron est in ossess ons of all h h e ns Bu t g p i t e Ac a a . ever m ore he sen t m essages u n to Lakedaimon to

stor t mer of horses a nd h e o t te e es. Ka , a , a l P lyd uk

e rn n to b e the h s n o f f r - tresse e en no y a i g u ba d ai d H l , t

th t he ha d e er seen her e t b u t he had he r a v b au y, a d

the re ort of o he s A nd p t r . from Phylak e two m en

th t were fa r most e e en t e en Poda rkes the a by xc ll , v , son of I hikl os the son of Ph lakos a n d the oo p , y , g dly f son o tor e en ro rote s. h n Ak , v p ud P sila o A nd bot se t ‘ ’ 9 2 F ragmeni r

messa es u nfo La e ai mon to the house of n reos g k d Ty da , ' ' the wise son of Oib alos a nd offere a fts of , d m ny gi “ ’ woo n : f or re t was the s r n i g g a lady e own .

to b e th hus n of e en of os n f om e ba d H l Arg . A d r

thens enesthe s the son of Peteoos wooe her A M u , , d , a nd offere m n fts of oo n F or f m n d a y gi w i g . ull a y

ossess o ns he ossess o a nd c rons a nd p i did p , g ld auld — tripods fair possessions which the house of Ki ng

Peteoos he w th n wherew th his so r e him to ld i i , i ul u g d

en ow his r e n more fts th n a n for he d b id , givi g gi a y ; deemed not tha t a ny among all the heroes would s r s i in ssess ons u pas h m p o i .

99 ( 1 2 2)

Who re erm one to s e r - f me Menelaos a nd ba H i p a a d ,

f her c ren ik sc n f r s o n est o h N ostratos o o e . y u g ild , i A

10 3 [ 1 2 8]

Who was n es o f mort men a nd r e most ki gli t al , ul d

of the we ers ro n o t h n the s e tre o f d ll u d ab u , avi g c p

h h he r e m n ere t . Zeus. W wi ul d a y

10 5 ( 1 30 )

F or terr e o e of e hter of no e s ibl l v Aigl , daug Pa p u ,

h s was heavy up on him [T eseu ] .

1 10 ( 1 35)

A nd fair- girdled Stra tonike con ceived a nd bare in

the h s ur tos her e rest son . And to him were all E y , d a

i z 1 ( 157 )

" Such gifts as Dionysos gave to men for j oy a nd for h ness Whoso d rink etl. to s t et a nd in whomso eavi . , a i y the w ne w eth f r o s —for him w ne n eth feet i ax u i u , i bi d a nd hands together a nd tongue a n d wits with fetters

ns e e a nd soft s ee o eth him u p akabl l p l v .

m ( 147 ) 0 1 such as the maiden u nwed who dwelled by the holy Twi n Hills 1n the plai n of D otiu m over agai n st

A m ros r ch in r es a nd w she her feet in the y i g ap , a d

b ian k e Boi la . 1 2 3 ( 148) A nd from the sacred ba nqu et there came to him

r en as messen er nto oo tho a nd to rk a av g u g dly Py , ld da

ee s to h o os of the nshorn h r e en th t I schu s d d P ib u ai , v a , son of l tos had we e Koroms hter of E a , . dd d , daug

h s e of e s h e s f t e e . P l gya , o d Z u

I ZS ( 10 9)

A nd the ther of men a nd o s was n ere and Fa g d a g d , h rl e smok n th n er o t from m os a nd s ew u d a i g u d b l Oly p , l

h f ho the son of eto st rr n t e s r t o os. L , i i g pi i P ib

1 2 8 ( 149)

Or s ch as f r rene who we e in Pthia the u ai Ky , d ll d by

ters o f enco s owere w th e t from the wa P , d d i b au y

ces ( Bra . 1 3 2 ( 1 5 3) Or such ' a s she [Antiop e] w hom Boiot1a n Hyria

rt re nu u d . F ragme nt: 9 5

I 34 ( 156)

here is a an o enteo s of t th a nd T l d Ell pia , pl u il me o r h in o s a nd ne of r i n 1 A t a t . nd ad w, ic ﬂ ck ki a li g g men we there n r h in shee a nd r h in ne m n d ll i ic p ic ki , a y men e on n m er n the tr es of h m n n b y d u b i g, ib u a ki d .

A nd there on the or ers is e o on wh h b d build d D d a , ic b Zeus loved a nd [app ointed] to e his. oracl e honou red of n me , .

a nd they dwelled in the trunk of a n oak ; whence all ma nner of p rophesies d o men on ea rth — ca rry away even whosoever jou rneyeth thither a n d

u estion eth the od comin with fts a nd w th oo q g , g gi i g d

m n o e s.

THE GREAT E OIAE

I 42 ( 1 54)

A nd h l s we e L ei e hile hter of or o s P y a dd d p p , daug gl i u

I olaos who in e t wa s e nto the o esses of , b au y lik u g dd Olymp os a nd she ba re to him in his halls a son

H i ota des a nd ' ea teo s hero e nto the pp , b u u T , lik u r n e of the moon adia c .

A n d “ hero entere the rms of o o a nd re T d a Ap ll , ba the stron and oro s Chairon t mer of horses g val u , a .

143 ( 15 2)

Or s h as w se Mekionik e who in H ria re uc i , y ba

E u hemos to the r er a nd h er of the rth in p Gi dl S ak Ea ,

o n n on of ol en hro te l vi g u i g d Ap di . 9 6 F ragmmtr

144 ( 155)

A nd . Hyéttos slew in his halls Molouros the clea r , son of A ri sb as e se he la w th his w fe n , b cau y i i a d left

his ho se a nd ﬂed from r os st re n of u A g , a u la d horses p ,

n d me to r homenos the hom a e of n s. A nd ca O c , Mi ya that hero received him and gave him a share of posses

s ons as is meet . i ,

MARRIAGE OF KEY X

I SS

Of their own motion the good hie to the ba nquets of the oo g d .

ME L AMPOD IA

160 ( 188) I wonder in my heart how ma ny ﬁgs yonder wild fi - ee b e reth e t so sm C o st tho tel tr . g a , alb i all uld u l the numb er thereof Their numb er is ten thousa nd : their measure is

she b u t there is one o e wh h tho o st a bu l , v r, ic u c uld ’ not n here n i clude t i . So he [Mopsos] spake : a nd it proved the true re on n of the r me s re ck i g i a u .

A n d then he end of e th enshro e h s t d a ud d Kalc a .

161 ( 189)

ther e s wo th t tho h st en me Fa Z u , I uld a u; ad giv a b ri efer portion of life a nd to k now cou nsels in my

' 94 53 lpi ngpvuﬁntU

' enterest th ho se to do fair sa criﬁce to the e er y u , v

s n o s la ti g g d .

1 7 1 (5183)

Nine genera tions of ageing m en doth the chattering crow live fou r times a s long a s the crow liveth the stag : in three lives of the stag the r aven groweth old : while the phoen ix liveth ten times a s long a s the raven a nd ten tim es a s l ong a s the phoen ix live we the f r - tresse n m hs hters of e s the , ai d y p , daug Z u ,

s L or d of the Aigi .

THE GREAT WORKS

1 7 4 ( 198)

I f one sow e e n sh he re vil, vil gai all ap

I f one s ffer h e wro ht str ht u st1ce sh u w at h ug , aig j all b e on e d .

THE ASTRON OMY

1 7 7 (9)

A nd them men l Peleia des ca l .

1 7 8 ( 10 )

s T he wintry Peleia d es et .

I 7 9 ( 1 1)

h e Then the Peleia des id . F ragmen tr 9 9

1 80 ( 14)

m hs e nto the r ces Pha is le a n d oron s Ny p lik u G a , y K i ,

a nd f r - row n e ec a n d o e Pha io a n d on ai c d Kl ia , l v ly , l g

ro e or whom th e tr es of m en o n e rth c b d Eud a , ib a all

a es Hy d .

A I G IMIOS

1 86 (3)

m the holy isle A b a ntis which aforetime the

e er st n o s e A b a ntis b u t then n me it v la i g g d call d , a d

fter the ox o s a nd c e it E u b oia a (B u ) all d .

1 87 (4)

A nd thenc eforth he ordai ned that a n o a th should b e without p en alty for m en touchi ng the secret work s

of K ris yp . 1 88 (5)

A nd she sen t to w t h him r os m ht a nd stron a c A g , ig y g , looking w ith fou r eyes thi s w ay a n d that : a n d the

o ess st rre in him a n nwe r e r t a nd s ee g dd i d u a i d Spi i , l p n e er fe on his e e s b u t he e t nf n v ll up y lid , k p a vigil u aili g

er ev .

FROM UNC ERTAIN POEMS

1 92 (2 1 1)

A nd r n re n os her o e son whom Ou a ia ba Li , l v ly , all m en th t are m nstre s a nd ers on the th r a i l play ci a a,

H 2 1 o o F ragmeh tr mo rn at fe st a nd n e a nd in the e nn n of u a da c , b gi i g the r son a nd in the end the on nos i g y call up Li .

I 94

I f o o ho os s e not from e th or Paieon Ap ll P ib av d a , , who noweth the c res of th n s k u all i g .

195 (2 14)

F or he h mse f is n a n d or of a nd none other i l ki g l d all , of the mmort s onten eth w th him in m ht i al c d i ig .

1 97 (2 17 ) o f the Muses who mak e a ma n wi se a n d ns re a nd e o ent i pi d l qu .

I 9S (44)

were the mo n t n m hs orn a nd the u ai Ny p b , r e of t rs we a n d of he ess ee s a nd the ac Sa y , ak lpl d d ,

Kou retes o s o ers f s ort a n d n ers o . g d , l v p da c

20 5 (2 2 5)

F or the m n e to the sons of Aiakos o r Oly pia gav val u , to the sons of Amytha on wi sdom to the sons of

re s he o chs fe we th At u v u a d al .

2 12 (2 36)

nto o on a nd the Oak the se t of the e s U D d a , a P la gi , h n e we t . 2 15 (2 39)

h e s ok e of rk tch a nd e r With t e pitil ss m da pi c da .

A D D F N D A

W 1 1 s ON . 3 q q .

e th er w ere th e s b ect t o m ser e eld b u t e er N i y u j i abl , v ’ ‘ ‘ the s am e ( or a lik e in ha n d a n d f oot they took thei r

e s r e i n f est r t fr om a ll e A d pl a u iva l apa vil . n they di ed ’ r of ee The m e n n i a s ove com e sl p . a i g s tha t the m en of the

G o en A e n e er r ew old h n a n d f oot on wh ch ld ld g v g a d , i o

a e show s i ts m ost ob o s eff ects r em n e a s or o s g vi u , ai d vig u

a s i n o th th e n ot die s ow r ocess of ec y u y did by a l p d ay, ’ b u t G od s ﬁ n ger touched them a n d they slep t Sleep i s n ot h ere a m ere m etaphor f or d ea th : tha t i s a la ter m eta ph or th e ea rli est app r oa ch to i t i n Gr eek litera ture is

r o n r I s thmi a ns . 0 wh er e s e ki n of the p bably Pi da , iii 4 , , p a g

Kleon m id a i h e s s th t ose on n ow eth to th y , ay a P id giv i s

h o se th s h m n of w on er a n d l e eth ou t of her u i y d , ad up ’ ' b ed ( ex hexecov givciy er) the a n ci en t gl ory of the fam ous ‘ r or h e w a f en on lee 1 ‘ d eed s .the eoj t f s s all s p (31 171117 91 ydp a str a l) ; b u t she ua w a k eth a n d h er b ody shin eth p r e

s m in s a rs the orn n - st r T mi n e t a ers . e e h i i ag g t M i g a (My ) h “ lams meta hor occ rs so in I sthm . . 1 6 th e r ce of s p u al vi , g a ’ the old t m e s ee eth a n d m en a re n m n f thereof i l p , u i d ul b u t in th e ﬁ rst qu ota ti on the la n gua ge i s extrem ely sug ' ‘ ’ gestiv e of d ea th : h execov ca n m ean b oth b ed a n d b i er while (ix/ 67 a) also suggests r esurr ecti on from the

i h A . 10 d e a s n sc os 2 vé ew . d ad , Ai yl , g 3 y )

i . l . 6 & . s n T re i n om er I . 2 c a es o heo Al ady H , xvi 7 , , H i d , g

2 1 2 h ren of h t ee a n d ea th a r e b r oth er s . (C ild Nig ) , Sl p D

1 h I n sch os A . 1 en ess s ee m e n s e t Ai yl , g 45 , dl l p a d a

- s o fr e en t e sewh er e. I n isch . E u men . 68 177 111 ) a s qu ly l A , 9

n eo oﬁo a t i s simply fallen a sleep in the literal sen se. On . 11 s 1 W 3 qq . 0 3

D r . m es A m Reli iou s T ea chers o Gr eece Gi ord Ja da , g f ( ﬁ

u r h c r m is c es . rk 6 a s a o s L e t . . , T T Cla , p 7 , u i u

f H n r e tr n s t on o ou r ss e. e wr tes o t a la i pa ag i , did pi iabl old a e com e on them b u t with b a n ds lik e eet a n d eet g up , f f ’ A n d h e l ik e b a nds they ha d joy in ba n quets ev erm or e.

r ocee s to sa the o sc r e w or s wh ch h e t c e p d y , b u d i I av i ali iz d r eceive p erhap s som e light f rom th e bu rlesque a ccoun t in ’ Pla to s S ymposiu m ( 1 89 E) of the structure of the hum a n fr m e efor e the cr e t on of w om en i n those a s m a n a b a i d y , w e a re to wa s n ro n o s a n d r o n w th f o r h n s ld , a d gy u u d , i u a d a n d f o r feet con str cte i t w o seem on the s m e a n u u d , uld , a pl , a n d ren d erin g it ea sy to tr av el r apidly fr om pla ce to pla ce ’ r f om r by a se i es o s e saults . ’ N ow in the ﬁrst pla ce it m a y b e d oubted whether H esi o d s wor d s could b ea r the in terp reta ti on h er e p u t up on them in a n c se s ch won erf hen om en on w o n ot y a , u a d ul p uld have b een i n troduced i n a n un em pha ti c pa r en thesi s — ’ etween a id a n d i ts er a s it is if a iei e on s to r e vrd ur o b v b b l g p , a n d n ot a s t k e it to 6 40 20 1 ma i nl of co rse it so , I a , 7 y ( u al i n w a ff ects r é ow o ec se on th s n ter ret t on a y a prr , b au i i p a i

’ the sen se exp r essed by 1168 “ m i Xeipa s (Sp oi oc a n d ’ tha t exp ressed by r eprrovr o a re h om ogen eous elem en ts of

r f n e h m p e p etual elicity . S o l on g a s th e tw o thi gs a r o o

en eou s it m k es n o ff er en ce whether a s h er e the form g a di , , y ’ m n a co t on or con tr st . oreo er to s w or s bi a i , a a ) M v , Pla d in n o w a y imply tha t th e A n d r ogy n i ha d ha n d s lik e f eet or feet k e h n s n ee h e r th er em h s es the o os te li a d i d d , a p a iz pp i by r ep eti ti on : h e ha d f our ha n d s a n d f our f eet ’ t rn n on hi f o h i l T o s r n s a n d fo r feet e ht n a l . u i g u a d u , ig the m odern mi n d a n in terp reta tion whi ch r a ther suggests the n oti on of p rimi tive m a n g oi n g on a ll fours a s it w ere m ht seem s e b u t so fa r a s k n ow i s te , ig plau ibl , I qui ’ n u - Greek ; there is n othin g in A i schylos s a ccoun t of the sta te of the p rimitive m en whom Pr om etheus r escued ’ I 0 4 A dderia a — wh o lived lik e a n ts in sunless caves to suggest tha t th ey did n ot w alk erect . Fin ally it is ea sy toshow hcw frequen tly the han ds a n d f f f eet a r e r e err e to a s tests o a e or en t t e. . om er d g id i y g H , l e i . . h s n e e 0 d . s c s s s to sseu s xi 494 q q A il Had ay Ody , T ll m e if th o h st h e r ht of n ob e e e s whether he u a a d aug l P l u , st l ha th h on o r a m m n rm on s or if the dis i l u id a y My id , y hon o r him thr o ho t e a s a n d hth b ec se old u ug u H ll P ia , au

b b a n a e is com e u on is ds a nd eet d . so 0 . g p f xix 3 57 sq q .

en e o e s s to u r k l e om e r se n ow r en t P l p ay E y ia , C , i , p ud

r k e a w sh the a efell ow of th or ea e en Eu y l i , a g y l d y , v

sse s ween b n ow is s ch a s he in eet a n d s ch a s Ody u , I , y u f u he i n b a n ds for in the day of evil m en sp eedily wa x old ‘ s o erse 80 s . u r kl e ec res n e er et ha e seen , v 3 q q , E y ia d la , v y v I a n on e s o k e to ook on a s tho a rt k e to sse s in y li l , u li Ody u i f i e n d n e t 0 d . f orm a n d n o c a e . s . e en v i , iv q q , H l h d r em rk e h ow k e e em chos w a s to a a d li T l a Odysseus .

Men ela os a rees for s ch w ere his eet a n d s ch a s these g , u f u his b a nds the sh n of hi s e es his he a nd his h r , ﬂa i g y , ad ai ’ w tha l . The t e of e ress on wa s n ee r o er a l i yp xp i i d d p v bi , ’ a n d there ca n b e n o slightest doubt a s to Hesi od s m ea ning

here.

M ’ Y E AR D THE FAR ER S IN HESIO .

Wor ks a nd D a s 8 s . y , 3 3 q q

1 F or the r ht n erst n n of th e es o c al en r . ig u d a di g H i di C da it is n ecess a ry to r em ember the imm en se sign iﬁ ca n ce for p rimi tive m a n of a carefu l obser va ti on of th e phen om en a of

r l r I n er re l sen se r m ti e m a n the n a tu a w o ld . a v y a p i i v

r ht n ht lived in close commun i on with Na tu e. Nig by ig his eyes sca n n ed the vault of heav en a n d m a rk ed the r th em the i or teere his a th p ositi on of the sta s. By sa l s d p

1 0 6 A dderida

‘ - on th e ﬁ tree S t. tth ew . 2 N ow e up g ( Ma xxiv 3 , l a rn a pa r ab le of th e ﬁg tree When his bra n ch is y et ten er a n d d ,

f k ' h t mm er i tteth or th e es e n o . t s s n h c pu l av , y a u ig f .

e ch h a d the r rt c r s n n W. a i pa i ula ig iﬁca ce in the

r rusti c cal en da .

Th n d n f he 2 . e s a n ett o t e s r Ri i g S i g ﬁx d ta s . F our ep ochs in th e visibili ty of the ﬁx ed sta rs were di stin gui shed

he n n by t a ci e ts . ( r) H elia cal Ri sin g this is the ﬁ rst p ercep tible app ea r a n ce of a s ta r on the ea stern h oriz on in the m orn in g just f n r e h r b r f b e or e su i s . T i s ﬁ st i e glimp se will b ecom e d a ily l on ger a s th e sta r i n crea ses i ts a ppa r en t di sta n ce from

the su n the st r n n o t f o r m n tes on the , a gai i g ab u u i u daily

s u n a n d thu s e n i s e e er n ht for on er er o , b i g v ibl v y ig a l g p i d

f re i i e n b e o t s x ti gui shed by the ri si n g su n . (2) Acr on ychal Risi n g : this is the la st vi sible a scen t f r om th e ea stern h oriz on a fter su n set ; the sta r is n ow a n d i l e en n st r a n s s b e a l n ht . v i g a , vi i l ig (3) C osmi cal S etti n g thi s i s th e term appli ed to a sta r wh en f or th e ﬁ rst tim e ea ch yea r i t r ea ched th e horiz on

h efore su n r se o b e st l s b e l on g en oug b i t il vi i l . (4) H elia cal S ettin g : thi s i s the term appli ed to a s ta r on th e la st even in g when it ca n still b e seen on the w estern

hor on fter s n set ef ore i t fo lows the su n e ow the iz a u , b l b l

h oriz on .

f these f ou r e ochs the rst three a re those m ost com O p , ﬁ m ou ly r eferr ed to ; a n d of these three again the ﬁrst i h r a r e the m ost m ort n t . I n Greek t sho a n d t i d i p a , uld

b e n erstoo the s n of a t r m e n s the e c l u d d , Ri i g S a a H lia a Ri sin g or ﬁ rst a pp ea ra n ce on th e ea stern h oriz on a s a m orn in g sta r ; th e S etti n g of a S ta r m ean s th e C osmi cal

etti n or rst r e chi n of the western h or on b efore S g, ﬁ a g iz

Wh en the th r or cr on ch l s n i s r eferr e sun ri se. i d A y a Ri i g d

i e ther s ec e a n ect e s ch a s dx dw os to it s i p iﬁ d by adj iv ( u p x , ’ Tae F a rmer s Tea r in H esiod 1 0 7

' cixpoxvedmms) or the m ea n i n g is m ad e obvi ous by the con text . B esid es the phen om en a of th e ri sin g a n d settin g of the r n f he n i he s t rs w e ﬁn d r efer en ce to the n s o t S u . e. t a , Tu i g ,

I n e S u mm er a n d Win ter S olsti ce or Sun stead . H om r ther e i s b u t on e m en t on of the rn n s of th e S u n a n d i Tu i g , h i d 0 e . er e n e l in th t ssa e 0 . . s s a s c e a pa g ( xv 4 3 q , T I l al d

r if h thou h st h ea r e on Or t i a wh er e Sy ia , aply a d , b y d yg , ’ a r e the turni n gs of th e S u n ) it seem s to d en ote the w estern ’ h Bu t in es o the e re on limits of the Sun s pa t . H i d xp ssi o cc rs three t m es in the sen se of o st ce the con te t u i S l i , x

e n n wh eth er the r eferen ce i to mm er or i n r d ﬁ i g s Su W te .

Th e thr ee ss e a re a n d 6 — oth of he pa ag s W. 47 9 5 4 b t

- W n t r of the mm e o t ce. i e S olsti ce a n d W. 663 Su r S ls i An other ea rly r efer en ce to the S olstice (appa r en tly Win ter) i s in fr m en t of A lk m a n ote A then a ios a ag qu d by , x . The m ost sign iﬁ ca n t sta r s i n the tim e of H om er a re v n m er in l l a i d . he r o e te 8 se . w re w e a e t u a d , xviii 4 3 qq , ld th t when e h stos m e the h e of ch es he a H p ai ad S i ld A ill , wr o ht th ereon r th a n d e en a n d S ea a n d th e ug Ea H av , un wea ri ed su n a n d th e full m oon a n d all th e sign s (r eip ea ) wher ew th th e e en i s cr own e th e e es a n d the i H av d , Pl iad

es a n d the m ht of r on a n d th e e r A rk tos Hyad ig O i B a ( ) , wh ch so m en c the W n a a a wh ch t rn eth i al all ai ( p g ) , i u in h er ce a n d k ee eth w tch on r on a n d on e h th pla p a up O i , al a ’ rt i h h of e h e s m r t n o pa n t e bat s O cea n . W av a i ila li s

d s 0 : l n f i n O s e . 2 se . sse s s r om y y, v 7 qq Ody u ai i g Ogygia

steere w th the r er sk f a n d s ee n e er fe on d i udd il ully , l p v ll up his eyes a s h e look ed on the Pleiad es a n d la te- setti n g

oo tes a n d A rk tos wh ch so m en c l th e W n wh ch B , i al al ai , i tur n eth i n h er pla ce a n d k eep eth w a tch u p on Ori on a n d alon e hath n o pa r t i n th e ba ths of O cean ; tha t sta r did Kalyp so the bright goddess bid hi m k eep on his left ha n d h f i a s e re r e. eer e t . a d ov e the sea ( . to st a s ) ' I 0 8 A dderia a

es es these st rs om er k n o h D B id a H ws also t e og S ta r .

I l a d . n I i v . 4 seq w e a r e told that Athen e gave m ight a n d

' cour age to Di om edes she l in dled ﬂam e unw eari ed fr om ’ his he m et a n d sh e k e to the s t r of s mm er d - l i ld , li a u ( o r ép ’ drrw w i eva k i mov wh ch sh n eth b r htest when he h a th p é y ) i i ig , ’ in n The s e on en o e i e bathed Ocea . a s d t d by Op or a s th — fr u t s ea son r ou h u st e tem er . en ce a t the i , g ly A gu S p b H ﬁrst b lu sh i t w ou ld seem n a tu r al to thin k tha t A rk tu r os

r ef rre o d h o w a s e t a n so c . . n ter r ete . B u t th t d , S l B i p d a the r efer en ce i s to th e D og S ta r is d eﬁn itely sh own b y the

i I l a sim ila r passa ge n i d xxii . 2 5 seqq A n d aged Pr iam wa s the ﬁrst to m a rk him (Achilles) a s h e sp ed ov er the

n b zi n a s the st r th t com eth in the fr t- seas on plai , la g a a ui

a t h r est t m e is r a ther m s e n a s it a v i i l adi g, n a t r l su ests the r n h r est wh ch wa s o er b efore u al y gg g ai a v , i v the r s n of the D o t r a n d con s c o s sh n e for th i i g g S a ) , pi u u i his r ays a mid the h ost of sta rs in the da rk n ess of n ight ; ’ whom m en n am e r on s D o . r htest of a ll i s he et O i g B ig , y n e l s n h e is a n d r n eth m ch fe er u on h ess a vi ig , b i g u v p apl ’ m en .

st om er k n ows th e en n t r es eros I l . La ly H Ev i g S a , H p ,

he fr f 1 se . t e m om t e s e r o ch es w s xxii . 3 7 qq gl a h p a A ill a even a s the s ta r Hesp er os whi ch com eth amid the sta rs i the a rk n ess of n ht f rest of st rs set in e en n d ig , ai all a H av

n d he orn n t r H eos h or os I l . . a t M i g S a , p xxiii

h m e he orn n t r om eth o her 2 26 se . w a t t t c t a q , i M i g S a ld

ht on the e r th the st r th t s ffr on - r ob e wn lig up a , a a a d Da ’ com eth fter a n d s re eth o er the s t sea then & c. a p ad v al , , The M orn in g Sta r is r ef err ed to aga1n Wi thout a n am e in

. h m e the b r htest r a r se h i . se w t t s t t 0 d . x ii 93 qq , a i ig a i , whi ch chi eﬂy com eth to a n n oun ce th e light of D a wn the e r - orn a t th t ho r the sea - f a r n shi r ew n h to a ly b , a u i g p d ig ’ A s n e erk e F a milia r S tudies in the islan d . Miss Ag s Cl ( — H omer . 8 r ht r em rk s n e ther om er n or , pp 3 39) ig ly a , i H

1 1 0

c ootes r on a n d i t ha s een s este th t ther all B O i , b ugg d a e

w ere tw o r on s ootes e n on e. h s a n d the id en ti O i , B b i g T i — ﬁca ti on of th e st rs m en t on e in ob . . 1 2 a i d J ix 9, xxxviii 3 3 ,

A m os . 8 c n n ot b e sc sse her e. , v , a di u d

r os a s w e h e seen b o e i s m en t on e om er Si i , av a v , i d by H ’ a s r on s D o th e t r wh ch com eth in th e se son of O i g, S a i a

O ora th e n m e r os occ rs f or the rst t m e in es o p a Si i u ﬁ i H i d, W 1 1 4 7 , 53 , 3 97

st es o m en t on s th e orn in t r b u t on a s La ly H i d i M g S a , ly

m tho o c erson c t on in T . 81 wher e we a re to a y l gi al p iﬁ a i , 3 , ld tha t Dawn ba re to A stra i os the M orn i n g S ta r a n d the shi nin g con stella ti on s wherewith the h eaven is crown ed

. I t w oul b e e s a s it m ht b e n ter est n to e 3 d a y , ig i i g , giv n um er ous illu s tr a ti on s of the m a n n er in whi ch th e y ea r h l w a s m app ed ou t by the S ta r Calen da r . I s al con ten t m se f h ere n two str t on s on e a n c en t th e y l by givi g illu a i , i ,

o er m th odern . 1 The r st i s fr om the co ect on c e Geo on ica ( ) ﬁ ll i all d p ,

Greek com t on of e tr cts on r c t re l r e a pila i x a ag i ul u , a g ly f r om om n wr ters Ca ssia n u s ss s a n d en er R a i , by Ba u , g ally — cr e o a t A . D . 0 0 10 0 0 The f o n a s ib d t da te ab ou 9 . llowi g

l r rm i en f o s ch . of ook a n d s en t t e The Ca da ap 9 B I , i l d f r Ri sing a n d S ettin g o the vi sible s ta rs . F om the Quin tilii I t p r oceeds thu s

Wh erea s it is essen tial tha t fa rm ers sh ou ld k n ow the r s n s a n d s ett n s of the s b e s t rs s o h a e wr tten i i g i g vi i l a , v I i of th em in such m an n er tha t even th ose tha t a re q u i te unletter ed might ea sily un d ersta n d the sea son s of their r ising a n d setti n g . 1 On the N w oon in n r the o h n r ses . e M Ja ua y D lp i i

i hel c l . ( . e. ia a ly) On 6th eb r r A rk tu ros u ses i n the e en n 2 . 2 F ua y v i g

i r n ch l r n . ( . e. a c o y a isi g)

. On the N ew oon in A r the e es s ff er 3 M p il, Pl iad u ’ T be F a rmer s Tea r in H esiod 1 1 1 — a cron ch occ t t on dk o v m x vm om a z cf . es o y al ul a i ( p y x p , H i d , d n h r h hi en n d 8 se . : or t s a n ts a e t e a W. 3 5 qq F y day ig y dd . sh n e a i n w th the r e o n e r wh en rst the s ck e i ga i v lvi g y a , ﬁ i l i s sh r en e . h t 13 th e e es a r e n ow too n e r the a p d T a , Pl iad a su n to b e s e fter n htfa lth ou h o e the vi ibl a ig ll, a g ab v h e w l r em n n e n t l the rr e h oriz on . T y il ai i visibl u i y a iv sufﬁci en tly f a r i n fr on t of the su n to b e a gain vi sible a s l a m orn in g con stel a ti on a t th ei r h elia cal ri sin g) . On 1 6th r l th e e es a r e occ te in the 4. Ap i Pl iad ul d h e. t e l e e r h u n t b e e even in g (i . P iad s a r e too n ea t e s o visibl even in the twilight) . i he r d he he u . On r t e e r e th t n e. t 5 . 2 3 Ap il Pl iad s i s wi s ( Pleiades a r e n ow i n con jun cti on wi th th e s u n ; they ris e w th him a n d set w th hi m a n d a re con se en t com i i , qu ly pletely in vi sible) . h r in he n 6. On 2 9 t Ap ril O i on is o cculted t ev en i g (see n o th r th e e th h e u n e 7 . O 3 Ap il e Hyad s ri s wi t s (se h i h e 8. On 7 t May the Pl eiad es b ecom e vi sible n t i m orn in g (thi s s thei r h elia cal r i si n g) . 1 h 1 he 9 . On 9t May the Hyad es b ecom e vi sible n t m orn ing (helia cal ri si n g) .

10 . On 7 th Jun e A rk tu ros sets in the m orn in g (Cosmi cal

etti n a s e n e o e . S g, xplai d ab v )

1 1 . r d On 2 3 Jun e Ori on b egin s to ri se.

1 . 2 On l oth July O ri on r i ses in th e m orn in g .

1 . 1 3 On 3 th July Pr ok yon rises in the m orn in g . 1 n h D i 4. O 24t July the og ri ses n the m orn i n g .

1 . On 6 h 5 2 t July the E tesia n win ds b egin to b l ow .

1 6. On 3 o th July the bright s ta r in the brea st of the

lion r i ses .

1 . 7 On 2 5 th August the Arrow sets . n 1 1 8. O 5 th S ep temb er A rk tu r os ri ses (helia cal)

1 . On h r i r n 9 4t Octob er th e Cr own i ses n th e m o m g .

0 . n 2 O 2 4th October the Pleiad es set wi th sun ri se.

2 1 . On 1 1 th o em er the e es set in the m orn n N v b , Pl iad i g, a n d r on e O i b gi n s to set.

2 2 . On 2 2md Novemb er the D og sets in the m orn in g .

(2) A s a secon d illustr a ti on of the S ta r Calen dar I tak e a Rusti c Calen da r publi shed in a n E n gli sh trea ti se on

r c r T C n r i of co r e th e Old a g i ultu e in 1669 . he ale da s u s ' 1 1 2 A dderfa a

t e or n en r a s th o h the N ew t S yl Julia Cal da , , ug S yle or

Gr e or n en r wa s r om ul te in 1 82 it wa s n ot g ia Cal da p ga d 5 ,

o t i n n 1 I i K ad p ed n E gla d till 7 5 2 . t s en ti tled alen da rium ‘ ’ ’ sti c m or The u sb n m n s Mon ethl recti on Ru u , H a d a y Di s . T o ea ch m on th i s app en d ed th e agri cultur al op er a ti on s

s i t b e to the m on th b u t th ese sh on e in f r u a l , I all ly giv so a

ill r n r a s th ey ust a te a ci en t ag i cultur e. A s the Calen da r i s

r st c en r it of co r se oes n ot en m er t a u i Cal da , u d u a e all the

s of the m on th b u t on th ose m rk e som e r day , ly a d by p a

i r The h r f r t cul a even t . ou s o sun ise a n d sun set a r e given ,

a n d h e th o ht it w or th wh e to r e n I av ug il ta i these her e. Th e author of the Ca len da r in a n in teresting p refa ce r ema rk s tha t

There a r e tw o s or ts of Tim es a n d S ea son s p rescribed by b e r i the n c en ts to ob se e n r cu t r e . of th e A i v d Ag i l u , viz e r e n on e th e m ot on of the S u n thr o h the y a , b i g ly i ug twel e s n es of the o e wh ch e ets th e ff eren t v ig Z diaqu , i b g di se son s a n d tem er t res of the r n u mm er u tu m n a p a u Sp i g , S , A , a n d Wi n ter ; A n d of th e Asp ects a n d S ta te of the M oon a n d t rs wh ereof a n d so of s e er l P r o n ostick s of the S a , , al v a g t li t s t te a n d con t on of th e s e er l e son s Mu abi y, a , di i v a S a , a n d the r n t r l n c n t on s sh l e ou a t the en d i a u a i li a i , I al giv y of th s en r Brevi a t a n d of s ch ob ser t on s a s i Kal da a , u va i h e fo n in s e er l n cen t a n d m o ern thors I av u d v a a i d Au , f h b trea ti n g o t at su j ect.

Thi s Brevia t of P r ogn osti ck s is duly app en ded to the ’ Calen da r a n d corr esp on d s to the Days pa r t of H esi od s

Wor ks a nd D a s the D i os emeia of r tos or th e cer ta y , A a , ’ b r Geor . 1 se Th s n en m er te e . e ig a u a d y V gil , g i 3 5 qq,

rn n f rther th t e er e r is n ot k e writer gives wa i g u a v y y a ali ,

n or e er ce b u t som e e rs or a t e st som e se son s v y pla , y a , l a a

of th e e r ro e m ore f orw r b tw o or three we k s or y a , p v a d y a m or e a t on e t m e th n a t a n other so the s c1tu a t1on of , i a , al

e e ther b etter ef en e from or m or e o o s to pla c s i d d d , bvi u the in temp era ture of the A ir b egets som e a ltera ti on s ; in

1 1 4 A dded /1a

JA N U A RY D ay S un rise Su n set h m h m . . . .

1 N ew Years Day . 4 8 0 0 4 0 0 lf i 6 Tw e t de.

8 c or on or the rown is w th Lu ida C a , , C , i

th e S u n .

S u n in A qua . Th e L esser D og- sta r riseth in the

ev ening .

The Gr eater D og- S ta r ri seth in th e ev enm g. 30 K . Cha rls his Ma r tyr d om . 3 I 7 I S 4 45

en s s difficillim us hi c H b ernu s difli cilis ovib us difli M i y ,

W. s . cilis u e hominib u s . es o q H i d , 5 57 q ] h s m on eth is th e r ch n s ch r e a n d th e oor n s T i i Ma a g , p Ma m ser the co k e the s n cr e se et a li e w th i y, ld li day i a , y qu ﬁ d i the h op es a nd exp ecta ti on s of the app roa chi n g Sp rin g ; the r ees e ows a n d el s a r e n ow n k e n ess T , M ad , Fi d a d , u l cloa thed i n whi te whi lest th e cou n tre m an s ts a t h om e y i , a n d en o es the r t of his st o rs a n d con tem j y F ui pa lab u , tes on hi s n ten e n ter r ses n ow i s w elcom u pla i d d E p i , a c p of oo C er or other e ce l en t ors s ch th t ou g d id x l Liqu , u a y re r e the t m n efore m o er te t k en it ro es p pa d Au u b , d a ly a p v t h the bes P ysi ck . A cold Jan uary i s sea son able : Plough up or fallow the

Gr oun d y ou in ten d f or P ea se. S ow o ts if ou w l h e of the est s s old sser a y il av b , ay Tu I f I aniv ere husb a n d that p ou cheth the Gr otes Will break up his Lay or b e sowin g of Otes : Otes sown in I a niv ere la y b y the wheat ’ I n a b th for Ca t M y y e Hay t el to ea t .

r n e n es so th t it b e n ot too fr ost . P u Vi , a y ’ T/oe Fa rmer s Y ea r in H esiod 1 1 ;

FEBRUA RY D ay Sun rise S un set m h m h . . . .

2 n em s Cor eon s r seth in th e e en n . Ca dl a L i , i v i g 0 8 7 0 0 5 0 S u n i n Pi sces.

14 Valen tin e. i I Cor r e r seth n the e en n . S Hyd a , i v i g 16 6 45 5 1 5 The T a yl of the Lyon riseth in the o n evem g . 2 3 6 30 5 30 h 2 4 Ma tt ia s . r r seth i n h e 2 5 Hyd a i t e ev n i ng . ‘ T U t sem en tem fecer s i ta et m etes N . . t. . i Gala vi 7 , ’ ‘ 8 cz (w ovrei dud corro s r oiir o Ka i He ia a h s y p py p , p ] T i i s a p rin cipal S eed - M on eth for such they usually call L en ten G r ai n ; thi s M on eth is usually subj ect to much Rai n or n ow if it r o e e ther it i s n ot to b e cco n te n se son S , p v i a u d u a e the r o er b e n e r r fill k e w th e ther abl , P v b i g, F b ua y Di , i i k or hi te bla c w . ‘ z S ow tches Vetches z cf . e. . s h . 2 When Fi [ g I aia xxviii 5 , h e h th m e n the f ce ther eof oth he n ot c s t a ad plai a , d a a ro the fitches a n d sc tter the c m n a n d c st in the b ad , a u mi , a p rin cipal whea t a n d the app oi n ted ba rley a n d the ri e in the r ce e n s a n d ts Ca rr ou t n a n d s r e i pla P B a Oa , y Du g p ad i t efor e th e o h a n d so on st re Gr o n th s b Pl ug , al Pa u u d , i e n th e r on eth f r h b i g p in cip a l M o t a t purp ose. S oyl M ead ows tha t y ou ca n n ot o v erfl ow or wa ter

Y ou m a et r n e a n d tr m r t- tre y y p u i F ui es . 1 1 6 A ddedda

MA RCH

D a n i un set y Su r se S .

h . m . h . 111.

1 David . 2 6 I s 5 45

10 6 6 0 0 S u n i n r es n oct . A i , Equi ial 1 1 r u s r s e h i h e A ct ru i t n t ev en i ng . 1 6 L u cida C or on a ri seth i n the even ing I 7 Calf of th e r ight leg of B oots riseth l n

th e even i n g . 1 8 5 45 6 I s 2 r in s et in th 2 Spi ca Vi g i s s e m or ni ng .

- 2 5 5 30 6 30 Lady day . 3 0 S econ d s ta r i n th e left wi n g of 1132 i r . e. o r seth in the e n n [ Vi g ] i v e i g . Ti ta n d oth by his p resen ce n ow r eviv e

Thi n gs s en sible a s w ell a s vegetiv e. The b egi n ni n g of Ma r ch usually con cludes the n ippin g W n ter th e en d n t tes the s b se en t we com e r n i , i i ia u qu l Sp i g , ccor n to the r o er r ch com es i n l k e on a n d a di g P v b , Ma i a Ly , i t r o e co i i oes ou t k e l mb . I f t s se son b le to g li a a p v ld , a a check the r e n n t u s a n d f orb them t ll a m ore p g a B d , id i ‘ r n r h s f e a n d o o tu n e se so n e a r o chi n . I f t s a pp a , a pp a g i m on eth ro e d r the Cou n tr e - m a n co n ts i t om n o s p v y , y u i u rn of a happy y ea r f or C o . Ma r ch Dust to b e sold

Wor th a Ran som of G old .

1 1 8 A ddertda

MAY D ay Sun rise Sun set m h . h . m . .

1 et I a c. Phil . 2 C or S cor 1om s sets in the r p m o n i ng. 3 Th e G reater D og S ta r sets in th e e en n v i g. 6 4 I s 7 45 The o t r e G a S ta app a rs. 10 A ldeb ra set i n th e e n s v en in g.

1 1 S u n i n em . F om a ha u t r seth in th G i e m orn in g. ’ 1 3 Middl e S ta r of An drom eda s Gir dle ets w th the S u n s i . 16 4 0 0 8 0 0 2 1 C r cor on s r seth in o S pi i i the ev en in g. 2 6 3 50 8 10 2 8 Th e s E e r se h th th Bull y i t wi e Su n .

i re rn . 2 9 K . Cha rles h s tu Cuculus ca n it quer cus in fr on dib u s D ele t t u e m ort les in mm n r c a q a i e sa te ra .

es o W. 86 s . H i d , 4 q ] Thi s M on eth ushers in th e m ost w elcom e S ea son of the

e r . N ow en t e Ze hi ru s f n s the sweet s a n d the Y a g l p a Bud , ’ e r f or C el stial D r op s w a te ai r Fl a s Ga r den . The oft o n t n s st n n on r ow l y M u ai a i g a , “ d ’ Wh ch b u t of te wer e erri d w th n ow i la p gg i S , ’ off th e r old co ts a n d n ow a re seen D i a , daily ! T o sta n d on Tip toes a ll i n swaggeri n g gr een : e ows a n d G r en s a re r n k t w th s ,M ad a d p a up i Bud , A n d chi rpin g Bir ds n ow cha n t it i n the Woods T he w r in w ow a n d the rk s d o s n a bl g S all , La i g, \T o w elcom e i n the glori ous Ver dan t Sp rin g . ’ The Cou n tr ey - m a n s h ea r t i s r evived (if thi s m on eth p r ove s ea s on ab le) wi th the h op es of a happy Autum n if i t b e col it i s a n m en of oo f or h ea th a n d rom ses d O g d l , p i f r for f l rn a i a ul Ba . I f o r orn b e too r n k n ow ou m a m ow i t or f ee y u C a , y y , d I n h h b i b e f or r . ee corn i t wi t S eep efor e t two wa d W d . s om e pla ces Ba rley m a y b e s own in thi s M on eth . wif ow ou r a n c rr ou t S o l or om os t T all y L d , a y y C p , fr m the ll o s ga ther ston es o Fa w . ’ Tk o F a rmer s Y ea r in H esiod 1 1 9

Su n rise S un set

h . m . h . 111. 3 45 8 1 5 3 43 8 1 7 The H ead of Ca stor u seth 1n the rn n m o i g .

rn s . S u n i n Ca n cer o st ce. Ba aba , S l i

A r cturus sets i n the m orn i ng . ’ e t e in n n Hyd r a s H a r s ts the eve i g. 3 45 8 1 5 J ohn Ba p t1st. The Ligh t F oot of Gemin i rises in the m or ni n g. e 2 9 Pet r A p ostle. 3 0 3 5 0 8 1 0

Terr a ama t imb rem .

h ower a t th s t m e of the e r is en er we com e S i i y a g ally l , n ow Ph oebus a scen d s th e utm ost limi ts of the Z odiaque t ow r s th e o e- A r tick a n d m n tes ou r m ost Nor th ern a d P l , illu i a m es a n d m k es those Cou n tre s th t w th n f ew Cli , a y a i i a m on eth s seem e to b e wh o ereft of e s re n ow to d lly b Pl a u , r esem e err estr r se a n d i es n to them th e bl a T ial Pa adi , g v u full p rop or ti on of hi s p resen ce whi ch in the Wi n ter pa st wa s w th r wn th t th e r t k e e of his ht w th i d a , a y pa a qually lig i the m ore S outhern Cou n try es ; the glori ous S u n glad s the r t of t re a n d the sweet owers n ow r efr esh Spi i Na u , ﬂ th e th rst r th th e G r n a n d r ts n ow shew th em i y Ea , ai F ui s elves to th e joy of the Husba n dm a n ; th e Tr ees a r e a ll i n the r r ch r a n d the rth tse f en w th th e i i A ay, Ea i l lad i C ou n tre m a n s w e th if the w e ther b e c m it m k es y al , a al a h e rm er s m e on hi h o efu r o t Fa il s p l C p . ow o r Wh e t- n in h ot we ther it k s the Fall y u a la d a , ill

Wee s . A ra tion es eo ru ctu os ior es s u n t u o ca lidiore ter r a d f , q ' a r a tu r ita u e inter solstitiu m et ca rticu la m a bsoloena a e s th q , ai r r o Va . rr r e m e a n d n re of wh t k n soe er to Ca y Ma l , Li , Ma u , a i d v o r n r n h om e o r o s a n d o ther n ecess r y u La d , b i g y u C al a y F ewel fetcht fa r off b efore the e m s a r e s e a t the , T a bu i d

- h r est Hay a v . ' 1 2 0 A ddeﬂ da

Day Sun ri se Su n set

h . m . h . in . Fi rst S ta r of Ori on s B elt ri ses with the

S u n .

of . Vi si t. Mary 4 0 0 8 0 0 C ron r Lucida o a iseth in the ev en ing. i S u n n L eo.

S wi thin . 4 I S 7 45

- - D o s b e . es er . D r r se h n g day g L s og S ta i t with th e S u . r Ma garet. r Ma y Magd . s Jam e A p ost . 4 3 ° 7 3°

re ter D - t r r s i he G a og S a i eth W th t S u n . r th Sy ius ri se in the m orni ng . Tem p or e m en si s qua n d o S ol corpus ex icca t n c fest n et d om u m fr es on re Tu i a , ug C g ga Dilu u e c lo su r n s . es o W. s g H i d , 57 5 q q . ] I n thi rsty July w ould the pa rched Ea rth b e glad of a m o sten n h ow er to refr esh a n d r e i e the scor che i i g S , v v d N o i r Vegetable. w s the e a n equal ca re tak en to av oid h oeb u s his r ht a n d rn n b e m s a s in the W n ter P b ig bu i g a , i h e r f em e ts n w n re t fu i ous bla sts o cold B orea s . T p s o i ju m ch the en r t- tr ees a n d st n n Corn to the u lad F ui a di g , e r m en f he b m gr a t d et i t o t Hus an d a n . u e M o r N ow is th e n iv rsal tim e f or Hay m ak i n g . ow y u

- i e n s th r fa llow where the n r e res t . H ad la d , y la d qui A t th e la tter en d of thi s M on eth C orn - ha rvest b egin s in e in f or r r m ost pla c s a wa d yea .

1 2 2 A dderida SEPTEMBER Da y Su n rise Su n set m m h . . h . .

1 Giles . 6 5 45 6 I S

f r . 8 N a t. o Ma y 1 r of e f h 0 N . S ta th le t thig of B oots r eth i n t e i s h m om . 1 1 r tu r s i s th th A c u wi e S u n . 1 6 0 0 6 0 0 S u n i n n i 3 Lib ra Equi oct al . 1 r 4 H oly C oss . 2 0 6 I S 5 45 1 h 2 Ma tt ew A p . 2 n i 4 Spica Vi rgi i s s with the S u n . 2 7 6 30 5 30

2 9 Mi cha el A r .

H u mid a o sti ti t e H em es r te eren s S l a A qu y O a S a ,

er . Geor . . 10 0 s . A gricola e. [V g g i q ] I t is n ow the Equin octial tha t b id s a di eu to th e plea sa n t mm er st a n d su mm on s u s to r e re f or the a r o ch Su pa , p pa pp a i n W n ter the e t a n d u stre of th e r th i s en er l g i , B au y L Ea g al y Ou r o n tr - m en a n d es d o n d ecayi n g . C u y Ladi ow lam en t th e l oss of those b e t fu b ects er es l or a n d au i l O j , C , F a , om on in th e r el s G r en s a n d r ch r s so l tel P a , i Fi d , a d , O a d , a y p r esen ted them wi thal ; Bu t tha t thei r m in ds a n d ha n d s a re b s e i n r e r n f or a n o th er r et rn in h o es of u i d p pa i g u , p ’ a better Cr op gen tle Sh ower s n ow glad th e Ploughm a n s h e r t m k es th e r th m ellow a n d b etter r e res i t a , a Ea , p pa f or th e Wh e t wh ch el hts in a m o st r ece t c e a , i d ig i p a l s till w ea ther a n d d ry i s m ost sea son ab le f or th e Frui ts et on th e r ees th e a lm on a n d r o t in m ost er s y T , S T u Riv n t l h r tm g o n ow ou t of sea s o il C i s a s . Thi s m on eth i s the m os t un iversa l tim e for th e Fa rm er to t k e ossess on of his n ew a rm et oo ee a n d a p i F ; g g d S d , i th rt n d R e in h e u s ow Wh ea t n e di a y t d st . m en th e en ces a b ou t the n ew sown orn sk re A d F C , a

w row es eon s & c. a th er a st a n d u t w n e a ay C , Pig , , g M p S i i n to th e Wo od s . rr h om e r k es sa w m b er a n d o r s m n re Ca y B a , Ti B a d , a u f r he ou h y our Whea tla n d s b e o e t Pl g . ’ Tire F a rmer s Tea r in H esi od 1 2 3

OCTOBER

D a v Su n rise Sun set

h . m . h . m .

3 Spica Vi rgi n is ri seth in th e m orn i ng . 4 6 45 5 1 5 1 2 7 0 0 5 0 0

14 S u n i n S corp .

1 6 Cauda L eon i s sets in th e ev en i n g .

1 8 Luk e Evan . h 20 7 1 5 4 45 Hyad es sets in t e m orn i ng .

2 5 C ri spin e.

2 n e. 8 Sim . a d Jud 2 9 7 3 ° 4 30

R osa m e ra eteri i t n e u a era s ter m . , qua p , q i u

h oeb s w th r ws his str e a n d his es P u i d a Lu , Ray r t i l H e b u t obliquely on the Ea h d sp a y es .

N ow en ters cto er wh ch m n tim es es u s e rn est O b , i a y giv a of wha t w e a r e to exp ect the Wi n ter succeedi n g ; tha t m a sa I y y , The S u n d eclin es a n d n ow n o com for t yi elds

ff - r n f h e Un to the fadi n g O sp i g o t e Fi ld s . The r ee i s s c r ce orn e w th on e w a n e f T a ad d i L a , A n r n d C eres dwells n o l o ge a t the Sheaf .

I f it ro e W n a s it s oth i t n shes the p v i dy u ually d , ﬁ i f l of th e e f a n d a so sh tters own the st a n d al L a , l a d Ma h r r f r r ot e ts e n n e ther e n o t . F ui , l avi g i L a F ui

r - n a s d r a s ou ca n ee t m e et Lay up Ba ly la d y y , S d i y con t n es a n d es ec for Wh e t . i u , p ially a l r f d r n n We w te rr ow a n the ew sown orn n . l a , u , d ai C La d 1 2 4 ﬁ dderida

NOVEMBER D ay Sun rise Su n set

h . m . h . m .

1 A lha llon ti de.

ow er ot 5 P d Pl . 6 o 7 45 4 2 5 L e n a r d . 1 0 Vir ilia e or th e e en t rs set in the g , S v S a

m orn .

- 1 1 rti n m a s. The u s E e sets in th e m orn n Ma B ll y i g . 1 2 S u n in Sagit. 1 6 8 0 0 4 0 0 Edmun d . 2 2 C or or i i r se i th e m or n S c p i n ni g. 2 5 Last thr ee b right S ta rs in the middle f cor h o S pi o r i se i n t e m orn ing . 2 6 8 10 3 5 0 2 he s E e h i 7 T Bull y e ris t n the evening . ’ 2 9 Thi rty m idl e S tar s of An d r om ed a s

Gir dl e ri se in the m or n i n g . 0 3 A n dr ew A p . H m . r e r e G o . . y s Ign ava C olon o [Ve g . g i

No em er en er r o es r t m on eth the rth v b g ally p v a di y , Ea d o n f h n d a n Trees wh olly u n cloa thed . S wi g o W ea t a

R e on con c s on the Cou n tre - m a n en er l fors k es y a lu i , y g a ly a th e e s a n d s en s his t m e a t th e rn a n d a t th e Fi ld , p d i Ba , i rk t oo ﬁre e n s to b e w e com e. Ma e . A g d b g l

Wh e t - m a b e sown on er wa rm a n d r ch n s a y v y i La d ,

- esp eci a lly on burn baited La n d . hr sh n ot Whe t to k ee n t rch est i t r o e T a a p u il Ma , l p v f o s i ty . L a y str aw or other wa ste S tuff in m oi st pla ces to r ot f or u h D ng a lso la y Dun g on eap s .

e o ce- w oo s a n d n t a ll sor ts of mb er or F ll C ppi d , pla Ti , o th er r ees fell r ees f or Mecha n ick ses a s lou h T ; T u , P g b o r - b & ot a t oot c. , C r n e rees m n e o r r ch om ost w th th e rth P u T , i gl y u i C p i Ea i n u r h r r n yo Or c a ds a gain st the Sp i g .

1 2 6

4. B efore examin i n g the Hesi odi c Calen da r in detail i t will b e w ell to con sider the agri cultural system of the h i h ‘ er oi c a ge n gen er al . T a t y stem seem s to have b een

- a s f o ows . I t i s a sor t of two sh f r n ll i t ota ti o . R otati on

of cr o s i n the sen se of t k i n ff eren t k f r p , a g di i n ds o c op s f r om en ece of n in ff eren t e rs wa s n k n own a giv pi la d di y a , u . Hence the only m ea n s by whi ch the la n d could r ecup er ate i ts o r wa s to e e i t n t e in tern vig u l av u ill d al a te yea rs . This s stem on ce n ers h a s f u rn she n r w th t y , u iv al, i d Pi da i wo

ﬁn e s m es : N em . . 8 s . in h on o r of A lk im id a i il vi q q , u s of

n i n whose f m th et c r owess s e t elf Aigi a , a ily a l i p di play d i s i n al tern a te gen er a ti on s : N ow d oth A lkimid a s evin ce his

r ee n k e to the f r tf e s wh ch tern te n ow : b di g , li ui ul ﬁ ld i , al a ly,

e to m a n hi s e r b r e fr om the n s a n d n ow yi ld y a ly ad plai , ’ d r n the r est a n eco er the r s tren th . S o n agai , y v i g agai

i r f N em . . in hon o r of Ar s ta o a s o en e os whose xi 3 7 , u g T d , ‘ f a ther ha d n ot b een a di sti n gui shed athlete An cien t d eeds of p row ess r ep ea t thei r vig our i n altern a te gen er a

f h r th the rk e e r ti on s o m en . Nei t e d o da ﬁ lds yi eld th i fr ui t con t n o s n or w l th e trees w th e er c r c n i u u ly, il i v y i li g

e r e r th e r f r r n t ow ers in e we th b u t in y a b a i ag a ﬂ qual al , thei r turn s on ly : thu s also d oth Fa te guid e the r a ce of ’ m en .

h e s the a n wa s eft e in tern te e rs a n d I av aid l d l idl al a y a , ‘ i 1 . A t so Vergil advises : Georg. i . 7 sq l ern s id em ton sa s ’ cess r e n ov a les E t se u em a tier e s t d u r escer e ca m u m a , g p i u p ;

1 1 6 e n e n ooa l e in he s m e n d i n N . H . . s t a Pl y, xviii 9, 7 , d ﬁ a

er r Bu e w a y : n ooa le est qu ad a lter a is a nn is s itu . t th

m n ee n ot h e een w s so e n te a s th s a n d sy ste d av b al ay d ﬁ i i ,

a lter is a r mis m ht b e t k en som ewh t ess str ct even n ig a a l i ly , a s a simple opp osite to con tin uously Thus in Palestin e

o- wher e the s m e r oce re i s st f o ow e the t day, a p du ill ll d ,

f he n f ow i s m or e or less h ha z r l ea ving o t la d all ap a d ,

t e n n ce or ck of r n or the s d ep en di ng on h abu da la ai , upply ’ T /oe F a rmer s Tea r i n H esiod 1 2 7

n the a t of huma n a n d a n im al lab our . O ly y lea st tak e ca r e to va ry the la n d f or the win ter a n d the summ er

F r the tter the n r e res c r ef r e r sowin g . o la la d qui a ul p pa a

t on a n d fter the rst r e k n - u i s o he two or i , a ﬁ b a i g p pl ug d

thr ee tim es . A similarly haphaza r d system of fallowi n g p r evailed in

the Nor th of cot n a t e st to the e n n n of st S la d , l a up b gi i g la H h h er i escr t on the n . n cen tury . H e s a d ip i by o J o n J o ston ’ in a n ress to the W scon s n rm ers n st t te n o s ( add i i Fa I i u , Illi i , in 1 897 ) of the system of agri cul tur e whi ch obtai n ed in

er een shi re in the s of hi s r n f ther wh o f rm e Ab d day g a d a , a d — fr om 1 7 82 1 83 2 The fa rm s in ou r n eighb ourh ood i n m y ’ gr a n dfa ther s tim e wer e divid ed in to the i n town a n d the ou tﬁelds The f orm er w a s ab out a thi r d of the

the m r e n fa rm a r oun d the h ouses . All a nu wa s placed up o

i t a n d it of co rse wa s the r chest n b u t th t is n ot , , u , i la d , a

s n m ch for the m n re m o n te to b u t tt e. ayi g u , a u a u d li l

he w o w s o h the n in the s m e rect on T y uld al ay pl ug la d a di i , a n d in tim e the ridges b ecam e lik e sm all hills wi th vall eys

e her e w a n o h th n a r b tween them . T s suc i g s otati on of

cr o s a n d t rn s c o er a n d ot toes w er e n k n o n . p , u ip , l v , p a u w

ts e s a n d b r e wer e th e ch ef cr o s a nd a ter Oa , p a , a l y i p ; f the i ntown b a d b een cr opped for y ea rs a n d wou ld n ot

rodu ce mor e tb a n a bou t twice the s eed a rt o i t wa s iven p , p f g — a r est tb a t is wa s n ot lou b ed . here on i t ro ce , p g T up , p du d “ o n t f l cro of w r sses th st es sk e ochs a b u i u p ild g a , i l , ll ,

s orr e r shes a n d t n s es. I f thi s wa s the tr e tm en t of l , u , a i a “ the i n town y ou ca n im agi n e h ow the ou tﬁelds l ook ed . I rem ember tha t ou r ou tﬁeld s on the hill wer e

r e co er e w th h e ther a n d on the l ow a n d w et la g ly v d i a , r w th r h f o n s es or r n s wer e n ot tho ht of . n ee g u d i u , d ai ug I d ha rdly sa y that the u se of a rtiﬁcial m an ur e wa s wholly

nk n own l th o h the tr e t the o e i whi e u , a ug y did a soil n c n a l ’ to t t te a li tl e as of lim e. 1 2 8 A ddenda

The la n d then thus left un sown becomes to a ll in ten ts

a n d r oses u n c t te n . I t h a s so to pu p ul iva la , sp eak to d d ,

b e t k en in fr esh : it i s n ew n . en ce th n k a a la , _ I i d H , the Greek term 115 165 if th t b e con n ec , a te with mics d , ’

n ew a s the t n n ooa lis s ests . I f h owe er we , La i ugg , v , s e r te veia r o s owest vei édev fr om the t m pa a l ) , b ot o ) ’ f r om eos then etd m ht con ce b m v , v s ig iva ly ean simply

so l en er a n d th s we m ht r e w th i g ally, i ig pa all l i E ngli sh

ottom cots o m so fre en tl se of so b S b ddu ( qu y u d il) , k t n u ndu s G ree m i d r v. Bu t a fter a ll f or ou r La i f , p j , , p r esen t purp ose i t is n ot n ecessa ry to d ogm atiz e ab out

h er t on of th o t e d iva i e w r d .

N ow ss m n the tw o- sh ft s stem let u s c on e , a u i g i y , all A, h th e ot er B . Towa rds the en d of Ap ril the grain ha rvest

n i r en n fter h r n m l o A s ip i g . A a vest A will or ally ie u m

o h n t l he f n I t w l h t uc ed u i t ollowi g sp ri n g . il t en b e tu rn ed

Ea i wa k eiu W. 62 st efor e h r est a n d w up ( p , 4 ) ju b a v , ill

n er o se er s m r o er t on s n t n a t the u d g v al i ila p a i , u il ﬁ ally, cosm ical setti n g of the Pleiad es ab out th e en d of Octob er or

e n n n of o em er it w b e o he a n d sown a n d b gi i g N v b , ill pl ug d , w ll n e r cro of r n in th e f o ow n e r fter i agai b a a p g ai ll i g y a , a a n i n terval of two yea rs fr om the p revi ous cr op . M ean whi e wh ch h a d c rr e cr o the e r r e o s to l B , i a i d a p y a p vi u ’ A s rst cro r o es the cr o in the n term e te e r ﬁ p , p vid p i dia y a , ’

i A n k e r d on in r ot t on . Noth n . n s a n s o i . e bla y a ; a i i g co b e s m er a n d thi s w th s ht m o c t on s wa s uld i pl , i lig diﬁ a i the un iversal system of p rimi tive a gri cu lture. T h e turn in g of the fall ow w a s d on e ei ther b y the plough h k . t or th e m ttoc . r t s P b a en . s s s t e s by a A a u , 5 q q , ay a Z u is k i n dly un to m en a n d sh eweth them fav our ab le sign s a n d sti rr eth the eo e to work r em n n th em of l e p pl , i di g iv li ’ h oo h e te eth them when the so is b est f or o en i . e. f or d ll il x , ( ‘ th e plough) a n d f or the m a ttock : h e telleth when the sea son s a re fa v our able for tr en chin g ab out pla n ts a n d f or

1 3 0 A dderida f e hi m h allow ﬁ lds . T s ig t seem to derive som e plausibili ty ’ f r om ton s sset wn s a n d f ows r Where the Mil Ru la all g ay, n ib blin g ﬂ ock s d o str ay B i t p robably the other deriva

i n c b e r o e o b t o ould p v d t e corr ect. A ny on e of those turn i ngs or fallowin gs m ight b e ’ : X en o h n Oee no : l c te o o m . x vi a «51 ; Gé u dup i a d p , , r e p {in

e a dk t r i h o r wh etm dms r m r s f » v e c t s . 2 s . p ﬁ ) y j ; T i u , xxv 5 q , ’ ’ r pm dk o cs o wdpoy ev vetoia w I 30 9 ar e Bdhhow es Ka i r a pa

m fh o w w ri off-i s. o m e l . t r li in os c m i p C lu l a , ii 4, igi u u g i a p

di d eb en o m en r l u p rosci n t p st idus sis Ap i is . Q o temp or e cu m r t fu erin t vi in ti dieb u s in ter ositi s c r c solsti a a i , g p i a

ti m o est . v el i . K a l . I u li a s i tera tos esse o or u , qu d ix v ii , p ’ in d e c e teh t a c d e rc S temb res ter ti a tos . n l a t i , i a p Fi al y the setti n g of the Pleiades a t the begin ni ng of Novemb er ’ the thr ce- o he e i s o he a n d sown tb is i pl ug d ﬁ ld pl ug d , l as t plougb i rtg bein g m erely a n i n tegr al pa r t of the sowi n g

n W o er t o a s escr e . 6 s . en ce é a r o s p a i , d ib d , 4 7 q q H p , though on e m a y tr a n slate it ploughi n g r egula rly m ea ns

i n . . Th hr a lso s ow n a s e eo a st. H . P . 6 1 i g , g , p viii . , , ' ’ ’ ’ a rreipew 88 ( r vp gb epet mi l/ f a judhw r a p ev cv r oi s ocpa iow

' ri dr oss a n d r t . P b a en . 10 1 s . p , A a 5 q q ’ The im agi n a ry con versa ti on in X en ophon s Oeconomicus , ll . il r e h . o we ho cha . s s st t s t e w e s b f p xvi q q , lu a l u j ect o ploughi ng a n d sowi n g that it seem s worth while to give a sum m a ry of it here

h I scb . rst ocr tes w sh to s ow ou tha t wh t i Fi , S a , I i y a s d escribed b y theori sts a s the m ost difﬁcult p oin t of a gri — culture the k n owledge of the n a ture of the soil- is n ot ffi l reall y di cu t.

oc thi n k the e er ts a re r ht. m n h S . I xp ig A a w o d oes n ot k n ow wh t the so l ca n ro u ce c nn ot k n o wha t to a i p d , a w n s ow or wha t to pla t . ’ 1 hen on e ca n e rn o ser t on of n th r . T l a by b va i a o e m an s l a n wh t i t is c b le or n c b e of r o cn i n the d a apa i apa l p du i g, wa of cr o s or tr ees k n ow n this there is n o oo in y p ; i g , g d ’ T he F a rmer s Tea r in H esiod 1 3 1 ' ' h temptin g Pr oviden ce (of mefl o vmbepa Bea /t a xei v) . T er e is n o a dva n tage to a m a n in sowi n g or pla n tin g wha t h e w o k e r th er th n wh t the r o n e ses to r o ce uld li , a a a g u d pl a p du f it ten or n rt re. I f the n ow n to the s oth o s n ts u u la d , i g l a , i s n ot e to show i ts n t re on e ca n e rn tr er cco n t abl a u , l a a u a u of i t from [the obser va ti on of] a n y n eighb ourin g pla ce _ A h often tha n from a n eighb ourin g m a n (i . e. ten an t) . t t e sam e tim e la n d left un tilled (xepo efiovo a ) exhibi ts i ts I f i t ro ce fin e r o of w n ts h e n t r e. s c t n a u p du a p ild pla , wi th cultivati on i t will p roduce a fin e cr op of cultiva ted n ts en those n e er en ce in f rm n a re a b e to pla . Ev i xp i d a i g l h h e f n di sti n gu i s t n a ture o la d . Y e en m n s n h rr e n he S . s e se e a s o t co st , v a , p i g u i dly al g a , d o n ot hesi ta te to cha r a cteriz e la n d a s g ood or b a d a ccor d in to the cr o s the see ree n in en er w th e er ts g p y , ag i g g al i xp

in agri culture. I Where then shall I begi n m y p recep ts in agri cultur e

y ou k n ow a gr ea t d eal . n o k n — e n hi o o her—b h S . I wa t t ow b i g a p l s p y w a t m etho of c t r e ca n if wi et the est cr o of d ul u I , I ll, g b p r f h ba rley o o w ea t . 1 We ou k n ow rs t of a ll th t on e m t re . s re ll , y , fi , a u p pa ’ h f o f or sow n 5 o t e all w i g (7 3 a mipg Ver w 86 ? ufl epydfeo fla t) .

S . Y es.

1 o e then e comm en h d . Supp s w ced ploug in g ( p oﬁv) the la n d in wi n ter P b u S . it wo e m d . Nay, uld

I . We s mm er ll, u ‘ The ro n w b e h r for te m to r S . g u d ill a d a a sti (o xhnpci xw ei v r t?) I re sa then we m st e n th s o er t o i : I da y u b gi i p a i n n ri n sp g .

S . Y es for it is n t r th t the r o n when st rr e , a u al a g u d i d a t th t se son sho m ost of a ll b e oo en e a a uld l s d .

I . A n d so the r ss a da e n t rn e a t th t al g a ( v) , b i g u d up a se son w l f rn sh m n re mi - o z f or h a , il u i a u ( n r t e n a n d a t p ) la d , the s m e t m e i t wi n ot sh e see o a s to r o Y ou a i ll d d s g w . k n ow f n c th t if th e f l ow i weds is to b e oo , I a y , a a l ( ; ) g d , ‘ i t b f f t mus e r ee r om w eed s (Shoe 86 2 xa da piw eiva r ) ’ a n d a s m ch a s oss e k e in the su n ci r o , u p ibl , ba d ( rrr ju n dlu ‘ p a r a ﬂ pos r ou ifAi ov) .

ree. S . I ag 1 3 2 A ddenda

D o ou th n k th o e b I . y i ese bj cts could e b etter a chi eved than b y turn in g the groun d a s often a s p ossib le in summ er ’ 5 1 «i 7 ? m 1 he d s ih o r ( v 9 06p 31 n w r ms u r c 7 19 r i w y ijv) . S I a m qui te a ssured tha t th ere i s n o b etter m ean s of ’ h a vm g th e w eed s on the surfa ce (f) 6h?) em a o hdfm) a n d wi ther ed b y th e hea t (n i 'a i voc'r o 6116 7 0 6 xa ﬁp a r os) a n d the n b a k e da r cn -o b the su n th n st rr n la d d ( f ) y , a i i g i t in m s mm er a n d a t m h m i t e te e. h id u idday by a [ . by t e

plou gh] . I Bu t if m en were to m ak e the fallow b y diggin g o xa rrr o w es r a v w ow wo so iw is it n o t c e r tha t the ( j ), l a y a lso w oul d sepa r a te the soil a n d the w eeds

S . Y es a n d the w o ca st own the wee s on the , y uld d d s rf ce so a s to w ther a n d tu rn the ea r th so tha t the ra w u a i , , r da so l ci . t n c u s n este sh ou l b e k e i [ La i u dig d] d ba d .

I . Y ou see then ocr tes we a re r e a o t the , , S a , ag e d b u fallow .

Y es we a re. S . , I N ow b o t sow n h e ou a n other O n on th n . a u i g, av y y pi i a that we should sow a t tha t s ea son whi ch i s u n i ver sally — r ecognized to b e b est b y the m en of old thr ou gh ex erien ce m en of the resen t tr t on F When p , by p day by adi i the u t m n t m e com es 6 er owm w os é vos a ll m en a u i ( p p xp ) , look to God for the tim e when H e will r ai n on the ea rth

a n d l et them sow . i S All m en r eco n e th t I schom a ch os a n d th t the . g iz a , , a y m st n o t if it ca n b e h el e sow whi le the n is dr u , p d , la d y , ob vi ously because they ha d gri evous di sa ster s to wrestle wi th (wohh a i s' ( op ia te a a h a io a w s s) who s ow ed before they i were b dden by G od to sow . l h I hen we a re a l ree on these t n s. . T ag d up i g

S . Y es a s G od te ches so m en a ree a s for i n st n ce , a , g , a , a ll m en thi n k i t etter to w e r th ck clo k s in w n ter if b a i a i , if h h the ca n a n d to b rn ﬁr e t e a e w oo . y , u , y v d

I . Bu t in thi s a r t cu a r m n ffer a b o t sow n p i l a y di u i g , whether the e r sowi n i s th e est or the m e or the a ly g b , iddl , l t a s . h S . N a G od u es n o t t e e r ccor n to e y , g id y a a di g a ﬁx d r le : on e e r is es t for the e r sow n a n other for u y a b a ly i g,

the mi le n other f or the a test . dd , a l 1 D o ou th n k ocr tes it is the etter ol c to . y i , S a , b p i y — s elect on e of the sowin g tim es a n d u se it wh ether on e is

1 3 4 f iddenda

w eak er the p erson the smaller the bur d en y ou would p u t n h m o t e .

’ S . N ow wh d o ou t rn the hoer a on to , y y u s (o m h e s) th e corn P i I Y ou . k n ow tha t in win ter there a re frequen t r ain s P

S . Y es .

I . Supp ose then som e of the corn gets covered up b y a e os t of m u d ow n to the r n s wh le on the other ha n d p i i g ai , i d s om e r oots a re laid b a r e by a ﬂ oo d : often too the r ain s c se w ee s to s r n au d p i g u p a lon g with the corn a n d chok e it .

S . A ll th i is s n atur al . I h . T en just h ere the corn n eeds som e a ssista n ce P

S . ss re l A u d y . H I . ow then shall we a ssist that pa rt of the corn whi ch i s covered wi th m u d P

. l S By oosen i n g the soil r iyv y iju) . I . A n d how a ssi st tha t which ha s its r oots laid ba re P S . y the con tr a ry pr ocess of ga theri n g the ea rth abou t B ’ i t dw m o i ( p m p na dpevm T i) » y iw) . I h . W at if the corn is chok ed by w eed s sp ri ngin g u p — wi th it a n d r ob bin g it of its su sten a n ce lik e the dr on es wh ch them se es u se ess r ob the b ees of the s sten a n ce i , lv l , u whi ch they have s tored u p b y thei r la b ou r P

- S . Th e w eeds w ou ld have to b e r ooted ou t just a s w e t k e the ron e ou f he h a d s t o t ives . ’ I D on t y ou thi n k then tha t we a re justiﬁed in turn in g on the hoers P

S . er n h n s C tai ly . A n d I a m thi n k i n g how goo d a t i g i the n tr o ct on f ou r m en t on of i du i o a n a p t simile . Y i — d r on es ha s m ade m e qu ite a n gry wi th w eed s much m ore th n o r s m le f a y u i p m en ti on o w eed s .

’ e r n 5 . W a e ow in a p osi ti on to exa min e the Fa rm er s

- e r a s e ou n e in W. 8 61 wh ch a m con en t Y a xp d d 3 3 7 , i I ﬁd w e sha ll ﬁn d a m uch m or e lu cid a n d or derly docum en t tha n a e r s t b m pp a o e co m on ly supp osed . The r ea der shou ld of cou r se r em em b er that the d a tes of the rising a n d setti n g of s ta rs d ep en d on the date a t whi ch e h w n to the w S upp ose H esi od to ave lived . O i g p recessi on of equin oxes th e ri sm g of a sta r becom es p r o ’ ‘ Tb e F a rmer s Tea r i n H esiod

r l n essiv e ter a o t on e i se en t e rs . A l o g y la , b u day v y y a s there is a cer tain ambigui ty a b out ri sin g a n d setti n g d u e to the f ct th t st r tho h r e a o e he a a a a , al ug ally b v t hor on m a et b e n s e ow n to the r esen ce of iz , y y i vi ibl i g p m e h i st on th oriz on . This of course in a clea r a tm osph er e lik e that of Gr eece will b e r elatively less imp or ta n t tha n

i n th s co n tr . rther the r e er sho b e w rn e th t i u y Fu , ad uld a d a there is a n a tur al ten d en cy am on g writers to a ssum e a e a te f or the r s n a n d sett n of st rs w th o t ﬁx d d i i g i g a , i u t ki n a cco n t of the eff e of rece on I f e co a g u ct p ssi . w uld b e sur e tha t Hesi od wa s sp eak i n g strictly of his own

a n d if we co b e te s re of hi e n t n of day, uld qui u s d ﬁ i i o r s n a n d sett n we co his te the we - k n own i i g i g, uld ﬁx da by ll

e in 6 h a ss W. s . where e s s th t A rk tu r os r ses p ag 5 4 q q , ay a i

cr on h s t h n r h s a yc ally ix y days a fter t e Wi te S olsti ce. T u D e M orga n on Tb c U s e of zb e Gl ob es ( 1 845) s ays H esi od di sti n ctly sta tes tha t A rk tu ros r ose a t sun set sixty day s

fter he n ter A s m n th t es o e a t Wi Solsti ce. s u i g a H i d liv d ° C in e ﬁnd h i e t r B . . 0 0 t t e 8 w t s s c t e 9 la i ud 3 i xa ly u , ’ i es en though th e agreem en t to on e day s d oubtl s a ccid tal . I n the f ollowin g rem a rk s the lati tude a ssum ed i s tha t of A then s a n d the te 80 0 A s the r ecess on , da p i

f th e e n o e com etes its c c e i n e rs o qui x s pl y l y a , 6 0 s a e rs the r ecess on i n e r s is 1 1 y y a , p i y a 1 6 ,

n d in r e he er o fr om 80 0 B . c. to th a yea s (i . . t p i d e f p resen t tim e) the am oun t o p recessi on i s 3 7 4.

es o then e n s his e os t on e n n th e H i d , , b gi xp i i by d ﬁ i g ’ — two cri ti cal ep o chs in the fa rm er s y ea r sowi n g a n d h r e t Th f r h or i s o hi n a v s . e o m er (t e w d used pl ug g b u t I n eed n ot fu rther i n si st tha t ploughi n g h ere h a s n oth n wh te er to d o w th f o ow n th e a ‘r i o ho ‘ i g a v i ll i g m y p w s ,

b u t is m er e a n n te r rt of the o er t on of sow n cf . ly i g al pa p a i i g, ’

i i . l r E u r d E ectra 8 s . where ect s e s n t a br ov é s p , 7 q , El a p a a ( py )

rotector s s Bu t w th r ea k of d a w tu rn m p ay , I i b y ill y 1 3 6 ox en on to tb c la n d a n d s ow tb e ﬁelds is d eﬁn ed a s tak i n g l ce a t th e sett n of the e es . e. the cosm c pla i g Pl iad , i i a s etti n g of the Pleiades twen ty - five days after the autum n al equin ox . The ha rvest is to tak e pla ce a t the risin g

- he c of the e es . e. tw en t se en s fter the ( lia al) Pl iad , i y v day a

e v ern al equi n ox . H si od then add s the r em ark tha t the ' Pleiad es a r e i n visib le (xexp i xpa r a i ) f or f or ty days a n d f or ty

n hts . e. ow n to th e r r o m t to the su n the a r e ig , i i g i p xi i y y

n s e th o h re a b o e the h ori on f or cert n i vi ibl , ug ally v z , a ai p eri od before con j u n cti on a n d f or a certai n p eri od after con u n ct on b u t sh n e n w th the r e o n e r j i , i agai i v lvi g y a , when h k i e. n r e ﬁrst t e si c le s sha rp en ed i . they ow a riv sufﬁci en tly in fron t of the su n to b e vi sible on the ea stern h o l r on st efore s n r se . e. the n ow r se he c . iz ju b u i , i y i lia al y I t sh ould b e observed tha t a t the p r esen t day the Pleiad es a re i n vi sib le in this coun try f or m or e tha n six ty

s fr om th e en d of r to the e n n n of day , Ap il b gi i g July,

i n n 1 b ei n g n con ju cti o ab out May 8. I t w ould p erhap s m erely con fuse m a tters to illustr a te h er e th e imm en se sign iﬁca n ce of the Pleiad es f or the e r o ser er a s f or r m t e comm n t es a ll o er the a ly b v , p i i iv u i i v

h h e e w orld a t the p resen t day . N eit er n eed w e di scuss r the or n of the n m e e es wh ch som e er e fr om igi a Pl iad , i d iv

h ei r to s in r efer en ce to the r s n c n ce f or the w , ail, i ig iﬁ a e r s or others fr om r oot of H heioves a s if m e n n a ly ail ; , a i g

m a n y n ei ther of whi ch d eriva ti on s seem s con vi n cin g . I n E n gla n d th ey used to b e k n own a s the Clock e H en n e

k r h - I n n f a n d Chi c en s o t e B r ood hen n e & c. Lati o co rse the w er e c lle Ver ilia e or oet c l tl n t es u y a d g , p i a ly A a id , ‘ 1 s i n V er il Geor . . 2 2 1 n te t b a e t a n t es b scon a g , g i , A i i A l id a

n t r eb t m su c s committa s sem n or b da u , I D i a qua l i i a y

th e r G r eek n m e a s Ver . Geor . . 1 8 P r o ert. . 1 6 1 i a , g g i 3 , p ii , 5 ,

iii 6 &c. er n sh r e er is f m r w th the , 5 , 3 , Ev y E gli ad a ilia i 1 Better cos e i e in the m ornin . , . . g

1 3 8 A ddend a in the evenin g [Acr on ychal Ri sin g] when the su n is i n cor o in the m on th of A thu r H atoor wh ch S pi , ] , . [ i a m on the om n s i s o em er whi ch i s th e lo hi n g R a N v b , p ug g h s ea son . F or t ey a r e even in g sta rs when they ri se toward The e n even in g . succe di g w or ds m ea n n ota b le a t m om a n d even ti de they wheel a n d a re ca rri ed roun d wi th the h e en s . A n d of th s e s is th e c se who ce av i Z u au , pla d them m on the s t rs wh o m e them r n th e s n ls a g a , ad b i g ig a a lik e of the begi n n i n g of ha r vest a n d the b egi n n i n g of ’ w n ter . n erst n then the r se i n the m orn n in i U d a d , y i i g Ph a rm ou thi a t the begi n n in g of ha rvest : th ey set in the m orn n in the m on th of A thu r t h e nn n f w n ter i g a t e b gi i g o i .

es o then fter e n n the tes of those two H i d , , a d ﬁ i g da

m or t n t e ochs s b o n s to them som e s s r i p a p , u j i ub idia y

rece ts w th whi ch w e n ee n ot con cern o rse es here p p i d u lv ,

he f r i a s t y a re o gen e a l a ppl ca ti on .

Ne t in 0 - he sc s es the n s en s e relimi x , 4 5 47 di u s i di p abl p — n a ries to fa rmi n g Fi rst in 40 5 13 he gives what is clea rly

k n of r o er s t of thr ee essen ti s — a ho se a i d p v bial li al u ,

a w om n o h n ox . We n ee n ot tr o b e o rse es a , a pl ug i g d u l u lv

her e a s to whether n e 0 6 is en n e or n ot . e. whether li 4 g ui , i

he m n r f m t wo a n is to b e u d e stood a s wi e or fe al e slave.

hese three essen t a s m st b e ot a n d of co rse thi s oes T i l u g , u d n ot dep en d on the w eather a n d so n o date n eeds to b e a ssign ed . — S econ dly i n 4 14 47 H esi od gives a li st of fa rm im

m All f hem re of plem en ts whi ch ust b e p r ovided . o t a w oo a n d hen ce es o e n es the r o er t m e for d , H i d d ﬁ p p i cu tti n w oo n m e when the a n n r owth of the g d , a ly ual g

I n r s m r w or tr ee cea ses a n d the leaves fall . ve y i ila ds

Theo hra stos H . P . . . 1 s s p , V i , ay

A s en er r e e er sor t of w oo i s m ost se son e a g al ul , v y d a abl f or stren gth n ot m er ely when it cea ses to p u t f or th shoots ’ i f rui t b u t still m or e when it ha s rip en ed ts .

H esi od deﬁn es thi s time b y sayin g tha t it is when the

m i ht of the k een su n a b a teth swelter n he t when Ze s g i g a , u ’ " Tb e Fa rmer s Tea r in H esiod 1 3 9

Almighty ra in eth in the autum n a n d the ﬂesh of m en — turn eth lighter fa r f or then the sta r Si ri os goeth ov er ’ the he f m en orn to e th or in Ch m n s hr se ads o b d a [ ap a p a , ‘ ’ ha r d - fa te- foster d m a n b u t f or a bri ef spa ce in the

tim e a n d t k eth r e ter s ce of the n ht N ow day , a a g a pa ig the helia cal risi n g of Si ri os in 80 0 wa s ab out twen ty

s fter th e mm er o st ce . e. a o t 1 2 . day a Su S l i , i b u July

Th e tim e n ow referre to i s f ter the n t e se son d a vi ag a ,

hen th d o - a re n st a n d . e. o t cto er w e s o i ab u O b , g day l g pa Si ri os i s su ﬂi cien tly in a dva n ce of th e S u n to b e vi sible I f or a la rge pa r t of the n ight. t is in fa ct wha t ou r a n cestors called the Shak e- tim e when the a utu m n al

e es s trew the rook s in om r os the t m e of the l av b Vall b a , i ’ w West W n tho re th of t m n s e n ho ild i d , u b a Au u b i g, T u, fr om whose n seen r esen ce the e es e A re r en u p l av d ad d iv ,

k e hosts f r om a n en ch n ter ee n Y e ow a n d b ck li g a ﬂ i g, ll , la , ’ d d - k a n e a n hect c r ed est en ce str c en m t t es . pal , i , P il i ul i ud

I t is en o h to com re wh t to s s D e A r i Cu ltu r a ug pa a Ca ay , g ,

o s m a teries tem r c s o st t m f er t xvii , R bu , i idi a , ubi l i iu u i

b rum m mi - n m a d w ter s em er te est est. ad ( i ) , p p iva ’ m s cu m f o du n t tu m ter m tem e t ca s est. Ul u , lia , i u p iva The implem en ts en um era ted by H esi od a re discussed e e h ls w ere.

. All is n ow in r eadin ess f or the app roa ch of the sowin g

se son . h s mi ht b e e n e in r o s w s . X en o hon a T i g d ﬁ d va i u ay p , a s we h e seen in the Oeconomicus te s u s h ow a ll av , ll m en when the t m n t m e com es ook to G od f or the , au u i , l tim e when he will r ai n on the ea r th a n d let them s ow The tr em en d ous sign iﬁca n ce of the com in g of r ain a t the right tim e a n d in the right am oun t in a d ry coun try ca n ha rdly b e fully app r ecia ted by th e i n habita n ts of

co n tr th m e ers of o f a u y wi a cli a te lik e ours . R ad R l Bold r ewood or Rudya r d Kiplin g will r em em b er vivid ct res of the on of the r n ess se son the we r pi u ag y ai l a , a y 1 4 0

’ w aiting f or the r ain. S o in P a les tin e a ll d epen ds on the

com n o f r n a t the r ht t m e. On o emb er 1 6 in i g ai ig i N v ,

n orth - west of eru sa lc a f est l i s ce eb r te Lydda , J m, iva l a d the ews in hon o r of l s b th e os em s in hon o r by J u E ia , y M l u

of Chid r th e hr st n s a s the f e st of S t. Geor e. , by C i ia a g Thi s f estival sign iﬁes f or the Pa lesti n e fa rm er of every

fe n he m f - k f h con ssi o t co m en cem en t o ﬁeld w or . B e ore t is tim e the ea rly r ain whi ch m a rk s the en d of the ﬁv e m on ths r n ess er o m st h e fa llen otherw s e it ai l p i d , u av i

d T he r n f l n r i s b a . ai y sea son al s i to th ee p erio ds : tha t ‘ ’ ‘ of the ea rly r ai n i n October : tha t of the wi n ter r ai n from the begi n n in g or middle of N ovember un til ‘ : h r I n he Ma r ch a n d tha t of t e la tter a in in A p ril . t ’ co rse of cto er s s r ecen t G erm n wr ter the c o s u O b , ay a a i , l ud

i On f ern oon r on n s r n s ga ther n th e West . e a t a st g wi d p i g

u : ll i i ct t on . fter rk n ess com es on p a s n exp e a i A da , f a n t th n er i s h e r a few sca n t r o s f a n d then i u d a d, y d p all,

e l b i t on a ll a t on ce there i s a d own p our . A g n era ju la i

re s f or the e r r a n is com e . F or s om e a s it p vail , a ly i d y con t n es et n ot r o r n s n to the c stern s a ll is i u , y a d p u i i ,

h n n m o e u absorb ed by the pa rched ea rth . T e o ce r bl e sk y a n d la ughi n g sun shi n e : the gr oun d i s soa k ed a n d ’ n h f en t alr eady th e ﬁ rs t green p eep s f or th . H e ce t e requ

referen ce in th e Old est m en t to r n : L ev . . s . T a ai xxvi 4 q q ,

hen w l e ou r a n in d u e se son a n d the n T I il giv y i a , la d sh e her n cr e se a n d the trees of the e sh el all yi ld i a , ﬁ ld all yi d

he r fru A n d o r thre h n sh l r e ch n to the t i i t. y u s i g al a u

n t e a n d th e n t e sha l r e ch n to the sow n vi ag , vi ag l a u i g t m e a n d e sh ll ea t o r r e to the fu ll a n d well i y a y u b ad , d ’ i n o r n s fe . eu t. . 1 s . w ll e ou y u la d a ly D xi 4 q q , I i giv y the r n of o r l n in his d u e se son th e rst r n a n d ai y u a d a , ﬁ ai th e tter r n th t thou m est th er in th corn a n d la ai , a ay ga y thy wi n e a n d thi n e oil ; a n d I will sen d gra ss in thy ’ e s for th c tt e th t tho m est ea t a n d b e fu l ﬁ ld y a l , a u ay l

1 4 2 A ddenda

t m e to sow a n d he wh o sows th en w h e oo h r est i , ill av a g d a v . On t he oth er h n s s es o W. if ou e sow n a d , ay H i d , 47 9, y d lay i g t h f h u n i . h t e t rn n o t e S . e t e W n ter o st ce ou ill u i g , i S l i , y will hav e a p oor ha rv est which thou shalt ca rry h om e in sk et a n d f ew there b e th t sh ll m re th ee or a ba , a a ad i [ ‘ look on wi th en vy la ngu a g e cu riously lik e tha t of m s c . 6 s . L et them b e a s th e ra ss u on the P al xxix q q , g p

h o seto s whi ch w thereth f ore i t r oweth u Wher e u p , i a g p wi th the m ower ﬁlleth n ot hi s ha n d n or h e tha t bin d eth

shea es hi s b osom e th er d o th e wh ch o sa T h e v N i y i g by y , blessin g of th e L ord b e up on y ou : we bless y ou in the ’

n h e eo on . . 1 m e of the or . m r t G s a L d Si ila ly p ii 4, 3 , lay down the ru le tha t the sowi ng of b oth wh ea t a n d ba rley

should b e ﬁ n ished before the Win ter S olsti ce. I f howe er sa s es o ou do sow a t the W n ter S ol , v , y H i d , y i sti ce y our on e h 0 p e of a good crop wi ll b e a h eavy r ain on

the th r d a a fter th e rr of the c ck oo W. 86 s . i d y a ival u 4 q , When ﬁ rst th e cu ck oo uttereth hi s n ote a mid the leaves

of the oak a n d re o ceth m en o er th e l m t ess e r th then j i v i i l a , m a e s r n on the th r a n d ce se n ot n e th er o er y Z u ai i d day a , i v pa ssin g th e h oof of a n ox n or falling shor t th ereof : so ’ N h sha ll the la te plower vie with th e ea rliest . ow t e

k i r t t e tel s cuc oo s ﬁ rst h ea r d in Attica a bout Ma rch . A i s o l l

h e u H . h i i h e from s n to t s A . 1 t t t s r r , ix , 49 B , 3 , a a d p i g

- r s f i o h n es r s n of the D o st r . I n th e B d o A r st i i g g a i p a ,

0 s . P eisth eta iros s s th t in t a n d h oen c 5 4 q q , ay a Egy p P i ia th e comin g of th e cuck oo w a s the sign a l f or th e wh ea t

n r e h T im e hen h ere r eferr e to is a d r est. he t t ba l y a v , , d

i n som etim e March .

li n N H s s A s to ch n th e ck ow it P y, . . x . 9, ay , u i g Cu , seem eth tha t he com eth of som e hawk cha nged in to his sha p e a t on e certain tim e of th e y eer e : for then those

o th er h a wk s a re n ot to b e seen e n ess som e er few s . , u l v y day H ee sh eweth him self also b u t f or a small sea son in summ er ’ T ko F a rmer s Tea r in H esioa 1 4 3

f r eth n o m or e I n th e s r n tim e a n d a terw a rd s app ea . p i g h e comm eth r o a n d th e e n n n of th e d o d a i es ab ad , by b gi i g g ’ h eth h m se f . n . 2 6 h s ou see h ow th ese id i l Agai , xviii , T u y ﬁx ed sta rs a n d sign es ab ove r eh ea rsed d oe or di n a rily k eep th e r co rses ru i n a n d o ern n th e t m e b etween e to i u , l g g v i g i , wit from th e s r n A e u in ox in r ch n to th e s th , p i g q Ma , u ix

efore th e es of wh ch i s th e n in eth of the s day b Id May , i aid

r n h e rst f teen d a ies of h h h f m on eth . Du i g t ﬁ ﬁ w i c al

r ter th e h s n m n m st m k e h st a n d t k e in qua , u ba d a u a a a han d tha t work whi ch he wa s n ot able t o g oe thr ough wi th a n d s tch efor e the A e u in ox k n ow n f l w e th t di pa b q i g ul ll, a up on n egl ect of thi s b u sin esse a r ose ﬁ rst th e opp rob ri ous r ep r och es that vin e p run ers a n d cutters d oe h ea r on b oth s es of th e r ea res f r om ssen ers a n d w f r n m en id i , pa g ay a i g , by wa y of coun terfeitin g th e son g of tha t summ er bi r d whi ch th ey call th e Cuck ow : for it is coun ted so f oule a sh m e wor thie a ch eck e a n d r e k e th t th e s r a , bu , a aid bi d should com e a n d ﬁn d a p run in g h ook or bill in a vin e a t th t t m e of the ea r e th t f o k th er efor e st ck n ot to let a i y , a l i

fli e a t them o t n ts a n d r o t n s cofies e en in b ld au b ad bi i g , v f h ’ th e fi rst b egin n in g o t e Sp rin g . T he b eli ef tha t the cuck oo comm eth of som e hawk e chaun ged in to hi s shap e a t on e certain e tim e of th e y ea re wa s v ery comm on i n

n t t cf . A r stotl e H . A . . The cow r n ess a iqui y, i , vi . 7 a dli f h k o er . A . h n ce o t e c c o w a s r o D e Gen n im . 1 e u p v bial, iii th e p oin t of Latin cu culu s a s term of abuse a lso cuck old ’ i n n l sh . en ce too th e m o ern a ll foo s Old E g i H , , d l day

on r l 1 i . e. h f h e om n f f t e o t c o th e c ck oo c . the Ap i , day i g u , old rh m e The rst of r n t th e owk c ck oo y , ﬁ Ap il, Hu g u ) h mi ’ ’ ’ a n ot er le. S o th e gowk s storm in S cotla n d i s a storm a t the e n n n of r st a s th e f roth m tter b gi i g Ap il, ju y a ’ seen on n ts in s mm er i s o r c e owk s s tt e pla u p pula ly all d g pi l , a n d supp osed to b e d ep osi ted by the gowk or cuck oo a n d ‘ ’ of co rse owk in cotl n is r e r wor f or f oo u g S a d a gula d l . ’ 1 44 A ddenda

I n th e ab ov e pa ssage of H esi od th e w or d s whi ch I hav e ‘ r en d ered on th e thi r d day a re gen erally r en d ered for

’ ‘ th ree s Th e m tter n d n ot b e sc sse h ere. day . a e di u d

Bu t the s ose f c t wh ch rst s este th t upp d di ﬁ ul y, i ﬁ ugg d a

h h r h o b e e on n tr n s t on . th t t e t s a d a la i , viz a i d day uld ﬁx d th e com n of th e c ck oo th s m e so e n ite te is i g u u ad d ﬁ a da , n o diffi culty a t a ll to a n y on e a cquain ted wi th the n a tu re of o ul r ru st c r o er s Moreo er the mi r tion of p p a i p v b . v g a

r s is e tr or n r con s sten t . er e f or e a m le bi d x a di a ily i H , x p , a re the da tes giv en b y a S cotti sh observ er in a letter to th e

Gla s ow H era ld 1 1 0 th e ce of ob ser a t on g , May , 9 7 ; pla v i

e n th n k A r leshi re b i g, I i , gy

u ck oo : r l 2 6 1 8 . C Ap i , 97

2 1 0 May , 9 3 . l r 1 8 1 0 . Ap i , 9 4

1 1 0 . May , 9 5

M 0 a 1 6. y 5 , 9 l r 2 1 0 . Ap i 5 , 9 7

ow n then e n com ete b efore th e W n ter o st ce S i g, , b i g pl d i S l i , there en sues the p eriod of mid - win ter whi ch Hesiod n ext — sc sses W. 6 . ere f or the rst t m e in Gr eek di u , 493 5 3 H , ﬁ i

oetr we ﬁn d m on th n m e L en a ion wh ch seem s p y, a a d , i clea rly to corr esp on d to p a rt of D ecemb er a n d pa rt of

n r . r n th s er o wh en th e on eless On e Ja ua y Du i g i p i d , B gn a weth his own foot wi thin his ﬁr eless h ouse a n d ch eerl ess h om e f or the su n sh ow eth hi m n o stu r e wh er eto to o pa g , b u t wheeleth over th e lan d a n d ci ty of swa r thy m en a n d shin eth m or e slowly on the P a n h ellen es little o u tdoor

ork is oss e a n d n o e n te fa rm o er t on s a re r e w p ibl , d ﬁ i p a i p

Y e f r m n scrib ed . t the a rm e ust ot w a ste his tim e in idle ’ i r h m h f r e r e lo te ing abou t t e s i t s o g a n d th e lik e. There a

n il f m a n y thi gs whi ch the d igen t a rm er ca n d o i n d oors . T h e r est of this p a ssage is tak en u p wi th advice to th e

fa rm er a b ou t w n ter c oth n fee n of m a n a nd ea st &c. i l i g, di g b ,

1 46 A ddenda

’ r es . I n other wor s A rk tu ros n ow r ses he c l g ap d , i lia al y, whi e r on a n d r os wh ch r ose o t sa e n n n l O i Si i , i ab u , y, b gi i g l a n d mi e of r es ect e y a r e n ow n e r the en th in ddl July p iv , a z i

the m r e t m i o n in g. Th i e s r oughly S eptemb e

hen a a in towa r ds th e en d of cto er th e e es a n d T g , O b , Pl iad th e es n d he m ht of a t r on set i . e. cosm c ll Hyad ig O i ( i a y) , a n d the f rm er f f m st hi l i . a u b et n k him sel o p ou ghing ( e. ’ sow n a n d the f rm er s e r i en e a n d a n b e n . i g) , a y a s d d ag i gu “ ’ T o thi s - fa rm er s y ea r H esi od app en ds a b ri ef n ote on

e f r n 1 S a a i g (W. 6 8 Here w e n eed on ly con cern ou r l se es w th the tes en . F irst sa ilin is m r ct ca b le v i da giv , g i p a i when the Pleiades ﬂeei ng the mighty stren gth of Ori on

u n e n t h t i h the e se o t e m e e. en e s t pl g i is y de p . w Pl iad

cosm c i . e. b o t the en d of cto er or e n n n of i ally, a u O b b gi i g

o f r n N vemb er . They a re sa id to ﬂ ee from the might o O i o

ec se the et ef or i b au y s b e h m . The settin g of the Pleiades regula rly ma rk ed the en d of the s l n se son u st a s it m rk e the e n n n of th e ai i g a , j a d b gi i g ’ f r er I t i u e th e r m ttri a m s y ea r . s enough to q ot e pig a a

te to Theocritos : 0 m a n b e c ref l of fe a n d b e n ot a bu d , a u li ’ s i : ess Kleon ik os a lor un tim ely m a n s lif e is sh ort. Hapl th ou st t sk to o n to r ht h a sos m er ch n t from did a g u b ig T , a a h o ow r a m er ch n t Kl eon ik os a n d s e f r n a t ll Sy ia ; a , O , a a i g ’ the v ery setti n g of Pleis s with Pleia s didst th ou set. h r t Two ep ochs a re given a s suitable for sa iling . T e fi s i s a p erio d of about fifty days from th e S u mm er S olstice — — on wa r d sa y July A ugust f or fif ty d a ys a fter the turn

in of the su n wh en s mm er i . e. h r est Gé o s the g , u ( a v , p ) ,

r e son h th com e to a n en d s l n is sea son a b le f or w ea y s a , a , ai i g ’ n e n ee s to r em em er the n t on a l t of the m en . O d b a i i y ’ w riter to app reciate th e hum our of Pr ofessor B u ry s

tr n s on of these w or s in his H is tor o Gr eece . 1 0 a lati d y f , p 9, i F or ﬁfty days after th e solstice till th e en d of ha rvest s th e tim e for sa ilin g S eei n g tha t ha rvest wa s ov er b efore ’ Tb e Fa rmer s Tea r in H esiod 1 4 7

’ the s o st ce a s n ee es o s s i ek o s l i ( i d d H i d ay , s r it is ha r d to ﬁn d a p eri od of ﬁfty days b etween the solstice a n d th e en d of ha rv est

hi s er o i s term n te th e r s n of co rse he T p i d i a d by i i g ( u , li

c of A rk tu r os wh ch m rk e th e com m en cem en t of a al , i a d vi n tagin g A n d ha ste with a ll sp eed to r eturn h om e

n n e ther w t th e n ew w n e a n d t m n r n a n d agai ; i a ai i au u ai , ’ w n ter s on set a n d th e re sts of th e o th W n i d ad bla S u i d , wh ch com n w th th e h e t m n r n of Z e s st rreth i , i g i avy au u ai u , i th e e n d m k s a a a eth th e d eep p erilous (W. 67 3

Th e oth er s l n se son is in s r n e n e the ai i g a p i g, d ﬁ d by

- e r n ce of e es on the fi tr ee. es o h ow e er app a a l av g H i d , v , d oes n ot comm en d this sea son : A lso in th e sp ri n g m a y m en s ail ; wh en first on th e topm ost sp r ay of th e fig- tr ee

e es e r a s the f oot r n t of cr ow f or s e then i s l av app a , p i a iz ,

th e sea n a e. h s is th e s r n s n whi ch com avig bl T i p i g aili g, I m en n ot f or it is n ot e s n to m m n sn tch e s n d , pl a i g y i d , a d aili g

i i . en tha t t s Ha rdly shalt th ou escap e d oom . Y et ev

h en in n f 6 t i s m d o ig ora n ce o mi n d (W. 7 8

AGRICULTURAL IMPL E ME N TS T H E MORTAR A N D P E S T L E

W. 2 . Cu t m or t r Sh os of thr ee feet est e 4 3 a a ( p ) , a p l

- f (fin epo s) o three cubits . Th e m ost p rimi tiv e of a ll m ethods of gri n din g corn — w ould seem to have b een th e m eth od h ere referr ed to tha t

h en th e of b eati ng wi th a p estle in a m orta r . Even w o ther a n d m ore s a ti sfa ctory m eth od wa s i n v en ted of g ri n d ~ in g b etween two ston es the oth er m eth o d still surviv ed for rt cu r u r oses a n d rt c r for th e ee n of pa i la p p , pa i ula ly p li g

b rle & c. T he r n w a s rst a r ch e a n d th en u t in a y , g ai ﬁ p d p the morta r a n d b ea ten with a p estl e : qu ia a pud ma iores

L 2 1 48 A ddenda

‘ n ostras molar u m usus non era t r u men ta tor eba nt c n , f r l ea i

ilas missa inseba nt et b oc era t en us malen di u n e et p p , g d

ins itor es dicti s u n t u i u n ist re o n c o s oca ntu r . a d p , g p (S erv

A e . n i . We hav e a n i n ter estin g r ef eren ce to th e u se of the m or ta r

i n th e Old e st m en t mb ers . 8 when the m n n T a , Nu xi , a a cam e d ow n f rom h eaven f or the child ren of I sra el A n d

the eo e wen t b o t a n d there it a n d ro n it in p pl a u , ga d , g u d

m s or b e t it i n m or t r a n d k e it in n s a n d m e ill , a a a , ba d pa , ad cak es of it here w e have the mill a n d the m orta r sid e

s e. I t fu rn she by id i s a pa rable in Pr ov erbs xxvii . 2 2 Though thou sh ould est br ay a fool in a m or ta r am on g

wh e t w th a est e et w n ot his f oo shn ess e r t a i p l , y ill li d pa f ’ rom him . The r ead er m a y r em emb er a pa ssage in Robins on Cr u soe

My n ext con cern w a s to get a ston e m or ta r to stamp o r b e t s om e corn i n f or a s to th e m ll th er e w a s n o a i , tho ht of a rr v n to th t erfect on of a rt w th on e r ug i i g a p i , i pai f l o h a n ds . T o supp y thi s w a n t I wa s a t a grea t l oss f or of a ll tr es in th e w orl wa s a s erfectl n l e ad d , I p y u qua ifi d f or a s ton e- cutter a s f or a n y wh a tev er n eith er h a d I a n y tool t h n m n to fin d ou t s o go ab out it wi t . I sp e t a y a day a r e t ston e b i en o h to cu t h oll ow a n d m k e fit f or g a g ug , a a m or t r a n d co fin d n on e a t a ll e ce t wh a t w a s in a , uld x p th e sol r ock a n d whi ch h a d n o wa to di or cu t ou t id , I y g ; n or n ee w er e th e r ock s i n th e s n of ha r n ess s ffi c en t i d d i la d d u i , b u t w ere a ll of a s n cr m b n ston e wh ch n e ther a dy u li g , i i w o b e r the w e ht of h e v est e or w o b r e k uld a ig a a y p l , uld a th e corn w th o t l n it w th sa n s o fter a re t ea l i u fil i g i d , a g a d of t m e ost in se r ch n f or ston e e it o er a n d i l a i g a , I g av v , r esolved to l ook ou t f or a grea t b lock of h a r d w ood [h ow ’ " " ’ l k e es o s Ka 6 b t evo 1 a m ri ov a v W. 2 8 l i H i d i pm gfiu s 3 p p , 4 ], whi ch I f oun d i n d eed m u ch ea si er a n d g ettin g on e a s b ig a s h a d stren th to st r r o n e it a n d f orm e it in the I g i , I u d d , d o ts e w th m a x e a n d h a tch et a n d then w th th e h e u id i y , i lp of th e fire a n d n n te b o r m e h ollow l ce in i t , i fi i la u , ad a p a , fter thi s a s th e I n dia n s in B razil m a k e th eir can oes. A I m e a r ea t h e estle or hea ter of the woo ca ll e a d g avy p , , d d

1 f 0 A ddenda

e f on I I. xi loc. cit. sh o tr n s te 6 L a , , uld a la 79 1 0 9 h ere a s k n eadin g trough Th e w or d un d oubtedly b ears i ts

or n r sen se of m or t r he ch o . &c. e n it di a y a T S l , , xplai ’ ’ a s a et tmw e a h eiov in a sen se r ht s n ce th e r n p y p py , ig ly , i g i d i n a n d the k n w er e e on e m g ba i g qually d a t h o e. Th e w ork in g of th e p estl e a n d m orta r i s w ell ﬁgured on ’ . 2 2 v ol . of Blii m n er s T ecb n olo i e u n d T er min olo i e p , i , g g

der Gewerbe &c. wh er e w e see two wom en e ch th , , a wi

est e work n a t the s m e m ort r wh ch r ests on a p l i g a a , i a

t n s a d . ’ The dhp o s corr esp on ds exa ctly to th e S cotch k n ock in sta n e a ston e m orta r in which th e hulls were b eaten

r e wi th oo en m et Th e hole in h e o ff ba l y a w d all . t e s ton w a s k e a n n er te h ol ow con e a n d the m et wa s m e li i v d l , all ad ’ ‘ ’ ’ ﬁt i oosel m eson T e k n ock n t n e i to t l y (Ja i ) . h i s a s ’ i e a re in S r . tch s Tb c P st i n tb c P r esen t . ﬁgu d A Mi ll , p 44 ’ f u di n t u i es o b etla n d f r a so on . 2 o G . G o e s A i it S om l p 93 q f , which I tak e th e f oll owin g n ote

I n tr avellin g thr ou gh coun try di stri cts in S cotla n d we n ot i n frequ en tly see a t old fa rm - steadings a b ig lum p of

e - i ston e wi th a d ep cu p lik e cavity ex cava ted n i ts. u pp er r i h i f s e. st m r ess on s a t to b e t t th s s on t or id A ﬁ i p i p a i a , a sto f or h ol w ter f rom a n a n c en t ch r ch b u t the up y a i u , on ly in f orm a ti on obtain ab le r ega r din g it is usually tha t i t h i s sh f or th e f ee n of s . I n r e t ow e er th s a di di g pig ali y, v , i ’ i s the k n ock n s t n e of oth er s the con tr n ce f or i a day , iva th e p r epa r a ti on of b a rley f or the b roth - p ot of th e h ouse ’ h ol I n h etl a n th e u se of th e k n ock n st n e con t n e d . S d i a i u d m ch on er th n in cott sh str cts a n d h e m se f u l g a S i di i , I av y l

‘ seen i t fr e u en tl in u se . Th e b ere or n ti e b rl e q y a v a y, i s rst c ref ll r e a r e b r n wh en i t i s l ce i n ﬁ a u y p p d y d yi g, p a d th e cavi ty of th e s ton e a n d h amm ered up on b y th e m ell or m ll et u n t th e hu sk s a re b ru se off wh en the ra n a il i d , g i i s s fte a n d r e f or th e ot or f or b e n r ou n on the i d ady p , i g g d quern .

’ ou di e s b ook Th ere is a v ery i n ter esti ng chap ter in Mr . G Agri cu ltu ra l I mplements 1 5 1

‘ ’ hn r r D e The he . S ee a so o o on S tla n d Mill l J Mai (Maj ) ,

Gestis S cotoru m ook ch . . , B I , ap ii The {in- epos (m or e usually ﬁn ep ov) wa s of va ri ous shap es Th e s sh a ccor di n g to the shap e of th e m orta r . u ual ap e

r en t in G reece wa s th t re in Blii m n er loc. cit . appa ly a ﬁgu d , — a on w oo en st ck th n i n th e m le th ck er tow r s l g d i , i idd , i a d

the en h n e ce of en e s T a cti cu s s . e s th d T i s xplai advi A a ,

f r o he rto ses xxxiii . 2 am on g m ethod s o settin g fi e t t to i ' ( xeh a wa ts) of b esi egers on e i s thi s L et there b e p r epa r ed a pi ece of w ood lik e a p estle éhou o fo u fi - s a y on m ch r er a n d in th e ex trem i (é n p ) , ly u la g , t es of the w oo n l r on s k es sm e r n th e r est of i t i d ai i pi , a i g a n d own w th h h n mm e r e r t on a n d up d i a ig ly i fla abl p pa a i , l et its form b e lik e tb a t of tb e tb u n d er - bolt a s r epr es en ted n a n t n L h h r o he r h n i p i i gs . et t i s b e di sc a ged n t app oa c i g m a chi n e in such a m a n n er a s to im pale up on it a n d th e fire w l s r o r i il p ead v e t .

Th e o e resembla n ce in shap e to - the thu n d erb lt will b r ealiz ed on look in g a t a n y a n ci en t r ep resen ta ti on of th e ’ th n e i l llu str a ons o S cb ool r o t of Z e s e . . s I ti u d b l u , g H l f

Cla ss ics r h i r eferr to o . 6 N o . . Th e c o s s e s e s , p , 9 u i u ap d al

i n a t n r e ote Blii m n er to wh ch the n swer La i iddl qu d by , i a i s pistillus

C on ter o cun eta sim ul vi rtuti s r ob ore m agn o U n a m ihi cervix ca pitu m sed f orm a duorum P r o e b s c t est : n a m c eter cor or s a b su n p di u apu a a p i t.

The m etho of h o n i t w a s som et m es w th tw o h n s d ldi g i i a d ,

e ther oth r n th e th n m e rt or on e h o n i b g ippi g i iddl pa , ldi g

th e m e the oth er n the ow er en d som et m es iddl , guidi g l ; i ’ w th on e h n on Sim lu s i l Mor etu 8 a s n er s m s . i a d ly, y V gi , 9 q la eva v estem fu lcit ; d ex ter a pistillo p rim um fra ’ gr a n ti a m ollit Alli a ; th ough the p es tle h er e empl oyed

wa s ro ff er ent sh e fr om the n c en t G reek p bably di ly ap d a i ,

a n d wa s r ot te r th er th n m o e ert c a s we see a d a a v d v i ally ,

I t m n s in r m n n e 10 by a u gy u i li 2 . r y 2 A ddenda

’ ’ The p estle corresp on ds to th e S cotch k n ocki n m ell a s

m en t on e o e wh ch is re in Go e loc. cit. I t i d ab v , i ﬁgu d udi , i s qu ite diff er en tly shap ed fr cm the Greek a n d R oma n

est e a n d r esem es a n or i n r h mm er or m l et . p l , bl d a y a al A s to the m ea surem en ts given for the 674 10 9 a n d the

- e o s the f orm er is to b e feet i . e. o b t ess in m eter fin p , 3 , d u l dia ,

th o h th t seem s er r e. The m et is to b e c b ts ug a v y la g all 3 u i ,

i n t f e i e. n e th tim es the st n ce from the o n o th . l g 3 di a p i e ow to the ti of the m e n er 2 or 2 n ers lb p iddl ﬁ g 3 X 4, 7 ﬁ g , while the di am eter of the m orta r (d oubtless m ea sured r ight a cr oss a n d n ot m erely the diam eter of th e cavi ty)

n r n 3 X 1 6 ﬁ ge s 48 ﬁ gers.

T H E A L L E T : o r ii a malleus M p p , ‘ : u t n e of e f if tho ost W. 42 5 c a axl s ven eet b u t u d i f ’ Th cu t t o e ht feet tho c n st cu t th erefr om ma ll et. e ig , u a a

m et o i ﬁ n h ere referre to w a s se f or r o s u r all , d p , d u d va i u p

he m e r m en f re r efers p oses . T a su e t o on e foot giv en h e

o tl ess to the m et- h e sh ft a n d h e k e e n of d ub all ad, a ad ali b i g ’ w oo the he in ter t m es oss in es o s t m e d ; ad la i , p ibly H i d i ,

om et m es o n w h ron w a s s i b u d i t i . The len gth of the shaft w ould va ry wi th the purp ose f or I which it wa s i n ten d ed . t w a s used som etim es f or d rivi n g — a chisel f or d rivin g stak es I have seen it often used i n

f r r n n n d S cotla n d o d ivi g pali g p osts a the lik e. The pa r ti cula r m allet h er e r ef err ed to wa s p roba b ly tha t

f r r ki n i h e h i h used o b ea g clods n t e ﬁ ld . T is s t e in strum en t ‘ m en t on e T r a ios i n r sto h n es P ea ce 66 Y ea i d by yg A i p a , , 5 , ,

e s the m et 0 D a is b r ht e e Aa b v by Z u , all ( ! p ) ig ly quipp d ( p rrp wh ch seem s to su est m et m et b u t i gg a al all ,

f - I i m en t o e m a y w ell r e er to its b ein g ir on b oun d . t s i n d

i b l 10 1 he n in two e r m s n the A n t . P a . . t a gai pig a vi 4, , — c o - estr o n m et 2 m l et th t estro s l d d yi g all 97 , 3 4, al a d y

the clods of the ﬁ eld (di h eo iﬁcohov tipoiipq s o cpiipa v) .

en ce to its sa w- lik e teeth (th e opp osite epi thet b ein g xa vhi d

Bo vs e. . ero ot . . 68 of the cr oco e ii . 1 of the , g H d ii dil , 7 h o ot m r o k s st t e H . a l r rr c A ssim . m e ipp p a u ; A i l , p ) Si i a ly H i i n th e fam ous H ock - Ca rt sp eak s of th e rougb Si ck le a n d ’ cr ook he h t t o i . es t . m er I l . l oc. c t a e Sy H , xviii , , ppli

e th et sh r to th e s ck e Bu t it oes n ot n ecessa ri pi a p i l . d ly

f o low th t h e w a s th n k n of n sh r e e a n m ore l a i i g a plai a p dg , y tha n on e woul d i n sist tha t xa pdmr ew must a lways m ea n

to u t serr te e e Bu eem k e p a a d dg on the si ckl e. t it s s li ly tha t a t a tim e when it wa s f oun d difﬁcult to p u t a su fﬁ

ci en tl ﬁn e e e on n too th e s m e en d w a s a tta n e y dg a plai l, a i d by serr a tin g : a n d f or som e purp oses th e serr a ted typ e — w oul d con ti n ue to p ossess adva n ta ges lik e ou r m od ern

h - r - k fe r e old f rm er i n r oug edged b ead n i . I em emb r a n a

e rn —a t the rth ce b th e w a of G eor e ch n a n Kill a bi pla , y y , g Bu a

— - telli n g m e tha t i n his y oun ger d a ys th e r ough edged h l h h ook w a s se wh e t e n e e c m e ter . T e u d, il p ai dg a la s err a ted typ e a ccoun ts f or th e old I ri sh n am e f or a reapi n g

h ook s er r th e m o ern n a m e b e n ca rrd n . S o in , ( d i g ) ,

Welsh s er m e n s h ook a n d wh e lli m e n s sa w lli , a il f a f

m e n k l e gryma n a s si c .

o m e rem en s re en b e i o f r h e i k l N a su t a giv y H s d o t S c e. The r eader will ﬁn d a con v eni en t illustr a ti on of a ppa ren tly

- i l 1 th e n e e r et in . N o. plai dg d va y Hi l, p 3 3 ( Th ere i s a ﬁn e example of a n old I ri sh b r on z e r eapi n g ’

h ook r e in o ce s S ocial H istor o I r ela nd . 2 6 ﬁgu d J y y f , p 4 (sm all Th e m odern s cyth e i s a simple evoluti on fr om th e old

- Th h Th e e ook rk e h on e ha n . r eapin g h ook . wa s w o d wi t d s cyth e wi th its l on ger shaft a n d h eavi er b lade r equ ires tw o j u st a s th e ea rly pl ou gh h a d b u t a si n gle stilt a n d w a s

u e w th on e h n wh er e s th e m o ern o h h a s g id d i a d , a d pl ug

h tr n s t on tw o s tilts a n d requ ires t e u se of b oth ha n d s . A a i i

i the h et a n sc th e th a er on h n l e typ e s S l d y wi v y l g a d , Ag ricultu ra l I mplements I y

en n th e r ea er to st n erect a n d its secon r in abli g p a d , d g ip

m r e b y o. Th e i n tr oduction of the scyth e in pla ce of th e sick l e in

r m he rers e n or is com r t e r ecen t. o en api g c n pa a iv ly W s a ,

i . e. w th the h ook se in th e e r er h f of st cen t r to i , u d a li al la u y g o fr om the North of S cotla n d to the L othia n s to sh ea r the

r h of co n . T e followi n g is fr om th e A b erdeen Ma ga zin e

e tem er 1 S p b , 7 97

We h e r th t Mr . m n e of A u chr h a s n tr o ce a a Cu i , y , i du d i n to the fa rm i n g system th e p r a ctice of cuttin g d own a ll i r e e t k n s of corn the the. H e s con n ce e i d by Si vi d , by p a d e er m en ts th t h e ca n erform ther e a s m ch h r est xp i , a p by u a v work wi th six ser va n ts a s could b e p erf orm ed i n th e sam e ce ht erv n t inth e o r n r H is st b e spa by eig s a s di a y w a y . u bl i s e a n d c ose cu t his e s a r e f ther e qually l ly ; ﬁ ld ully ga d , his sh e es a re s fﬁc en t n e t a n d his sh ock s a re r e r e av u i ly a , p pa d th r h f r f f r by e d oug t o a ve y ew days or th e s ta ck ya d . A p r a cti ce by whi ch m uch tim e a n d exp en se m a y b e s aved i n th e b usi est sea son of th e yea r seem s in these tim es to e er f r r d s v e d u e con sid era ti on r om th e i n telligen t fa m e .

T H E COU N TRY CART

— 6 Cu t n e of se en f eet Cu t f e oe W. 424 2 a axl v a ll ' (Wu s) of thr ee spa n s (r ptm rida p os) f or a wa gon of ten

palm s (dexddmp os dua ga ) . The tradi ti on al i n terp r eta ti on of this pa ssage i s a s f I t i s ss m e th h e ch o t h h r ollows . a u d wi t S lia s s t a t t e ﬁ st of th e m ea surem en ts h er e giv en r efers to th e ci r cum

- f eren ce of the w on wh ee the secon to i ts m eter . ag l, d dia Th e rim Of th e wheel i s supp osed to b e m ad e up of f our s egm en ts or ea ch o f which m ea sures three spa n s

o r o m da a i wh e the m eter m e s res t en m s o r p , il dia a u pal

ss m n th s h oth es s to b e corr ect we h e A u i g i yp i , av

to er h e e n ext con sid t se m a su r em en ts . T h e studen t m a y ﬁn d a tab le of G reek lin eal m ea sur es 1 $ 6 A ddenda useful : 4 ﬁngers (OAK-w h e t) 1 han dbreadth or palm or 861110 11) I spa n (W tda p rj) cub it ; 1 f oot

- — (ri off s) : 1 6 fingers ; 1 sh or t cu b i t(a vyéw b ein g the di sta n ce fr om the p oin t of th e elb ow to the k nuck les) 20 fingers 1 sta n da r d cu b it (1rijxv s or n jr xvs Sina tos b ei n g th e di sta n ce f r om the p oin t of the elb ow to the tip of th e middle finger)

2 n ers 6 f eet 1 f th om a / v a st n ce fr om 4 ﬁ g ; a ( m i , di a

- - ﬁn ger tip s to ﬁnger tip s when b oth a rm s a r e outstretched) .

h ere a re of co rse oth er m e s res b u t th e d o n ot con cern T u a u , y u s h re Ne ther n ee we con cern o rse es w th the e . i d u lv i ‘ ’ exa ct r ela ti on of the foot in H omer or Hesi od to the

n h f t E glis oo . I n the ab ove li st I hav e adop ted the usual a ssump ti on ' of the en t t of d - rst occ rs id i y 363v a n n a ha w n j . ﬁ u

n H om 11 . 0 e c i . . 1 in th e com o n i nna t S xc o a iv 9, p u d p , wh ere L eaf stra n gely s ays 843110 11 in this sen se seem s n ot = to recur I t is th ere d eﬁn ed by the sch olia st a s 4 ﬁ ngers a n d e en t to i ' Th e m eter then of quival m ha to n js . dia ’ es l 1 0 H i o d s wh eel wil b e 0 X 4 4 .

N i =h l I f en e t k e th e ow the spa n s a f a cubi t. th w a s t n r c t the a rt- t ea w b e 1 2 n ers a n d a da d ubi , m! ill ﬁ g , th s the tot c r c mfer en ce w b e 1 2 1 n ers u al i u ill 3 x 44 ﬁ g ,

v n u s r t of c rc mferen e to m eter of 1 wh ch gi i g a a i o i u c dia 1 i O m ak es th e ci r cumf er en ce too la rge for the diam eter . n thi s a ssum p ti on w e might supp ose a certain am oun t of

w oo w a s sor e i n tt n th e se m en ts to ether . I f d ab b d fi i g g g , o n th e oth er h n we t k e th e sh or t cu b t of 2 0 n ers a d , a i fi g , ' th e o-m da p ry will b e 1 0 fing ers (a s it i s giv en b y Professor

ew in th e Ca mbr id e Com a n i on to Gr eek S tu dies Ridg ay g p ,

. wh er e h ow e er a c r o s o ers ht h e wr tes p 439 , , v , by u i u v ig i , ’ rrijxvs d oes n ot occur a s the n am e of a m ea sure in Hom er . ' lia d 1 ' i i Bu t see I . Oe érn . l . dexd v . vi 3 9 ev x jxv (v n qx ) , v i

évdex zin v . 6 8 v x tetx o i v . 2 0 494 nx , xv 7 a o m jx , xxiv 7 ’

H mn . A . . . 1 1 £uw drmxv ; 0 d xi 3 ew ea mjxecs ; H orn . y p

1 y 8 A ddenda — or the e th . N ow s s Thra em er n d h er n f d p , ay a e I co ess — a plai n S cot ﬁn d s the r ea son in g ha r d to f ollow si n ce in

th e c se of th e wh ee it is the h e ht th t is en it is m ost a l ig a giv , n a tur al to a ssum e that i t is the h eight a lso whi ch is gi ven i n th e ca se of th e b ody ! Thus we have a fr am e 6 f eet

r o h tw o m etres i n re th a n d 8 cen t m tres h h ( ug ly, ) b ad 3 i e ig .

The es o c c r t wa s o tl ess a tw o- whee eh H i di a d ub led v i cle. B u t a fu ll di scussion of its p robable cha r acter a n d con strue

on o e u too f r ti w uld l a d s a aﬁeld .

TH E PL OU G H

‘ W 2 : Cu h . s . t t erew th l n en k A n d 4 7 q q i a ma y b t pla n s.

r n hom e lowb ea m iir s when tho fin dest it b b i g a p (y j ) , u y — sea r ch on hill or field of holm - oa k (rrpwos) ; for thi s is ’ r n e t to o w th he h he o s w w n en e i . t st t s ser n t e. the g pl i , A va ( ca rpen ter) fa sten eth it in the sha re- beam (Zhvua ) a n d fix eth i t wi th d owels (9 41 45 0 1) to the p ole G et thee

two ow s f sh on n them a t h om e on e of the n t r l pl , a i i g , a u a

w oo a br é uo v the oth er o n te W KT GV s n ce it i s fa r d ( y ) , j i d ( Q ) , i

h r e ter to d o so . I f t o e k the on e th o ca n st ok e the b t ub a , u y

e f f oxen to th e oth er . Fre st o w orm s a re p oles o b a y o r h f f elm . G et thee t en sha reb ea m o oa k lowb ea m o , p ’ - h olm oa k . The sim plest form of the p rimitive plough is m erely a tree- b ra n ch so f ork ed or ben t n atu rally a s to form a sui tab le

m m n f r r h n r f h i ple e t o s c a tc i g the su fa ce o t e groun d . A

oo e m e of th s is the cotti sh ca scbrom i ch ell g d xa pl i S (M t ,

P a st in tb c P r esen t . tho h the tter wa s su a l , p ug la u l y

com os te e n essen ti a w oo en s a e w th a ro p i , b i g ally d p d i p jecting en d - pi ece on which the f oot wa s p ressed to drive

h hi m e n u se it in to t e gr oun d . T s i pl m en t con ti n ued i am ong the p oorer crofters in the West Highlan ds of S cot la n d up to a very recen t p eri od (S ta tistica l A ccoun t of Ag ricultu ra l I mplements I { 9

S cotla nd Ross a nd Cr oma rt . A s m r r m t e , , y) i ila ly p i i iv

o h is fo n in m ost co n tr es. h s o n e T r a vels pl ug u d u i T u V l y,

- r E . i tb rou b S ia a n d t 1 8 8 E n . tr n s . n g y gyp , 7 3 5 ( g a , p sp eak i n g of the Syrian p ea sa n t s ays Th e husba n dm a n i s d esti tute of in strum en ts or ha s v ery bad on es ; hi s

o h i s fr e en t n o m ore th n th e r n ch of tree pl ug qu ly a b a a , ’ cu t e ow f rc t on a n d se w tho t whee s . W th b l a bi u a i , u d i u l i

ch h f th in R h 8 . . A r or . s o c . t re c . s v a t u a pl ug a ﬁgu d i , p 4 , H er e the pa r t which the left ha n d h olds is the plough stilt or ha n dle ; th e pa r t p r oj ecti n g b etween the ox en a n d a tta ched to th e y ok e is the p ole ; the cen tral part is the plough - b eam a n d the pa r t which pier ces th e

h h I n he h ea rt is t e sha re. t p rimitive plough the w ole con s sts of s n e ece of w oo e en the o e e n m ere i a i gl pi d , v p l b i g ly

r o ect n or t on of the e m st a s in the r m t e a p j i g p i b a , ju p i i iv ca rt the p ole is simply a p roj ecti on of th e cen tr al plank of

h o tom of r - t e b t the ca t body . H ere then w e have in germ all the m ai n pa r ts of th e

a ter o h a n d it is te e s to f ol ow the co rse of its l pl ug , qui a y l u

e o ti on . Th e rst st e wh ch we ﬁn d re in om er v lu ﬁ ag , i al ady H a n d es o is th t the ff eren t rts of the o h a re n o H i d , a di pa pl ug

on er form e of s n e ece of w oo b u t of n m er of l g d a i gl pi d , a u b

r e e o e l e or h o e h r s s epa a te pi c s d w l d la s ed t g t e . Obvi ou ly thi s en abled the va ri ous pa rts of the plough to b e m ore ca re fully ad a p ted to the pa rti cula r en d whi ch ea ch w a s m ea n t

r N m re i m e it oss e n to se e. o t to co str ct v ay , ad p ibl u a m ch r er o h a n d so to ch oose ff eren t k n s of u la g pl ug , al di i d w ood in a ccorda n ce wi th thei r sp eci a l m erits for pa r ti cula r

r oses . h s es o we o ser e ses th t th e 161 9 pu p T u H i d, b v , advi a 3 7 or o h- e m t n bu r is sh o b e m e of h o m pl ug b a (La i , ) uld ad l oa k n ow why ? Sim ply b ecause the 7 617 5 w a s

h cr t c rt of the o h on wh ch the ch ef tr ess fel t e i i al pa pl ug i i s l,

h h - k f r it t hn tron a n d t e olm oa w a s fam ous o s oug ess . S g

s h o m - oak wa s ro er a a n d the w oo wa s se a l p v bi l, d u d 1 6 0 A ddenda

ccord n for r oses r e u r n stron woo e. . it a i gly pu p q i i g a g d, g wa s se Theo hra stos te ls u s f or m k n es a n d l r e u d , p l , a i g axl y b ridges Every r ead er of A ri stophan es will recall such

ses of he or a of h r t w s t e st A ch rn n s A cb . 1 80 u d , u dy a ia ( ) ‘ ' — - 0 m rr o 1 e ovr es n ivi vo t lik e ou r h e r ts of oak y p p , a

n the o e ti n temo is to b e m a e of or elm Agai p l (La , ) d bay , while th e sha re- beam (Lati n corn er) is to b e of oak : n ow wh ? i n w e ﬁn d ou r n sw er in Theo hra stos who te s y Aga a p , ll ‘ u s C . P . . tha t w oo of a tter t ste is ea st ( v 9 , 4) d bi a l ’ le to b e worm - e ten i xto r a a xmh xo iir a t n ot m erel liab a ( j q ) , y

ec se the d o n ot r ot b u t a o e he r t er b au y , ls becaus t i bi t n ess p reven ts them fr om breeding w orm s A roo o tb is i s tb c ca se o tb e ba Od m wb icb rots p f f f y ( cp y) , ra idl in the c se of the o e e n o e ro n th s p y [ a p l , b i g ab v g u d, i w ould b e a secon da ry con sider a ti on] b u t i s n ot so lia b le ’ - to b e w orm e ten . a n in H . P he te s u s a Ag i . v . 4, 3 , ll The immun i ty of w ood s from r otti ng va ri es a ccordi n g to the purp ose for which a n d the elem en t in whi ch th ey a re ' em o e for n st n ce the elm rm- shed is com ra t el pl y d i a , ( ) pa iv y

mm n e when se a o e ro n lit. in the a ir a s w o l i u u d b v g u d [ , , u d b e the c se w th the o e the oa k wh en r e in the ea rth a i p l ] , bu i d [a s w ould b e the ca se wi th the

T f 1 he gen era l type o the plou gh whi ch Hesiod calls 71 17x7 61 ,

o n te or com cte ca n b e there from a r o s an c en t j i d pa d , ga d v i u i

The r r m b r eferr to Ba u rep resen tati on s. eade a y e ed ’ l r s m e ster . 10 s . ch s . v . A ra trum ll s I l ust a tion i , p q q ; Ri , ; Hi ,

0 6 a n d 10 Ca mbr id e Com a n ion . where pp . 3 3 ; g p , p 5 39 ( , h e er the es o c o h i s ro e w th a n ron sha re ow v , H i di pl ug p vid d i i

or fi whi ch ha s n o es o ic thor t . Also . 0 rms, H i d au i y , p 54 , ' - h h on s t a br oy i zes should b e a b r é yvo y ) . I n thi s t e ploug c is s h r A s h e of several pieces d owelled or la s ed togethe . I av sa es o m k es n o m en t on of the ron {5111119 or sh re id, H i d a i i a

e oin t of wh ch wa s cal e wi b u t th t in ts elf is (th p i l d mpy) , a i

d o n o r em emb er a n referen ce n o t con clu siv e eviden ce. I t y

1 6 2 A ddenda

h ’’ Exa ctly w a t is m ea n t b y the 0 137 6w 11p 0 7 p0 11 is m ore f c t to eterm n om e h e tho h di ﬁ ul d i e. S av ug t it m ea n s a plough m ad e en ti rely of a si i gle pi ece of w ood ; others t k i m e n th n d 0 e t to 61 0 6 . t : a 50 7 8 159 i e. e m a n d ole a a a 7 7 1 , b a p , ’ w ere of on e ece. rom es o s wor s W. 0 f sten pi F H i d d , 43 , a i i n e. the n he h i g it ( . y inj s) t s a reb ea m (31!

stron s s ect th t the 0 0 1 h d h 131 6 11 1 a t ese eces i . e. I gly u p a 7 pi , b e m a n d sh re- b e m of on e ece a n d th s ff er fr om a a a , pi , u di ed

1 x 11 C e r he r f the 7 7 7 7 6 . l a ly t e eren ce to breaki ng the plough r efers to s om e ser o s re k o N f i u b a d wn . ow i the di saster r eferr e to the n ct on of e m a n d ole th t wo l h e d ju i b a p , a u d av b ee om r t e e s r r n c pa a iv ly a ily epai ed . Th e read er will n ote tha t the a n ci en t plough h a d on ly

S o i n het n he - on e stilt. S la d t on e stilted plough obtain ed

o com r t e r ecen t t m e up t a pa a iv ly i .

THE C ALEND AR OF LUC KY A N D UNLUC KY D AYS

6 to en d . W. 7 5 ’ 0 e er th n there is se son s s the re cher T v y i g a a , ay P a

1 a n d t m e to e er r e n er the (E ccles. iii . a i v y pu p os u d h eaven a tim e to b e b orn a n d a tim e to die ; a tim e to ’ l n t a n d t m e to ck th t wh ch is n te . T he p a , a i plu up a i pla d fea rful ob serva n ce of tim es a n d the a ttributi on of p eculia r quali ty to pa rti cula r sea son s i s a famili a r a n d p rob ab ly

un ers hen om en on whi ch h r r e res str t on . iv al p , a dly qui illu a i The r ea son f or the di sti n cti on of pa rti cula r tim es a s luck y

r n ck whether lto ether or on for r t c r u r o u lu y , a g ly pa i ula p

i te ob sc re a n d e en wh en r e son i s p oses s usually qui u , v a a ,

en it is rob b a s r e a n e n t on fter the giv , p a ly a ul xpla a i a even t.

e a re n ot here con cern e w th e rs o r m on ths a s W d i y a , esi o m ak es n o istin cti on of m on ths a s luck y or unluck y H d d , r Ca len da r of L u cky a n d U nlu cky Days 1 6 3

m ent on n n ee b u t on e m on th - n m e L en a ion i i g i d d a , viz . ,

r of r A m on e re e t m en t t m es n o y ea s . g the H b ws in Old T s a i we h e of co rse the e en th e r a s on e of ec l r av , u , S v Y a p u ia

i iﬁ n — x s n ca ce The e r of e e se e. . o . xi . 2 I f g Y a R l a , g Ex d , tho a n e rew ser n t six e rs he sh l ser e a n d u buy H b va , y a a l v ’ i n the e n t h f f r h n f s ve h e shall go ou t ree o n ot i g ; c .

e t. . 1 s . A t the en d of e er se en e rs tho D u xv q q , v y v y a u sh t m k e re A n d th s is the m n n er of he re e e al a a lea se. i a t l a s Every creditor that len deth ought un to hi s n eighb ou r sh re e se it he sh l n ot e ct it of hi s n e h o r o r all l a ; al xa ig b u , ’ hi i e the r r of s rother ec se t is c o s e e se. b , b au all d L d l a

A n d if th rother a n e rew m a n or a n e rew wom n y b , H b , H b a , b e so n to thee a n d ser e thee six e rs then i n the ld u , v y a ’ e sh e i o fre from h e S o sev n th y ea r thou alt l t h m g e t e . e er se en th e r the n is to b e owe to lie f ow v y v y a la d all d all ,

o . 10 s . a n d L ev . . s . hen so w e Ex d . xxiii q , xxv 3 q q T al have the Grea t Sabba th or Jubilee a t the en d of seven

f et e r . m en . e. e r L e t es se e rs i e t h v 8 s . i v y a , v y fi i y a , xxv . q q , ‘ when e sh l h low the ft eth e r a n d roc a m y al al fi i y a , p l i liber ty th roughout all the la n d un to a ll the i n habi ta n ts thereof ; it shall b e a jubile un to y ou ; a n d y e shall r et rn e er m a n n to hi s ossess on a n d e sh r et rn u v y u p i , y all u e er f m e sh th t ft eth v y m a n un to hi s a ily . A jubil all a fi i

e r b e n to ou : e sh l n ot sow n e ther r e th t y a u y y al , i ap a wh ch roweth of tse f in it n or ther the r es in it of i g i l , ga g ap ’ th n e n r es e y vi u d s d . ’ H esi od s luck y a n d unluck y days a re apparently the s m e for e er here i n o tr e of n st t on a v y m on th . T s a c a y di i n c i

etween on e m on th a n d n other s ch a s is m e in ou r b a , u i pli d s erst t on wh ch ik e the om n con s ers th e m on th up i i i , l R a , id

M f . f k r r . s o a a s n c o m r e. F a sti 8 y u lu y a iag Ovid , , v 4 9 q

H a c o e d e c s si te ro er a ta n u n t qu qu au a , p v bi g , en se m a s i o n u b er e v ol u s a i t M al Ma g , refers to the sup ersti ti on whi ch he con n ects with the M 2 1 64 A ddenda

ce e r t on of the em r or e st of the e ‘ in l b a i L u ia , F a D ad , May . H ow ha rdly the id ea di es i n ou r own day ca n b e rea liz ed f ’ r om the len gth of th e m a ri age colum n in a m ornin g n ews er i the e r s of n e pap n a ly day Ju . I n S cotla n d it i s n ot only held to b e unluck y to m a rry i n b u t s m r it is—or recen t wa s—con s ere May, i ila ly ly id d

n ck to we n a ch in S o it w s n u u lu y a ild May . a u l ck y to b e roc m e or in cots hr se cr e in on e e r p lai d , S p a i d y a

n d a m a rried in the n ext . ’ es o s C len r oes n ot t k e th e s in or er a n d H i d a da d a day d ,

h e f re t ere is a good d al o cross cla ssiﬁca ti on . M o over the n om en c t re of the a s is som ewh t m i o s so tha t la u d y a a b gu u , there is som e un certa i n ty occa si on ally a s to the pa rti cu la r f d a y referred to . I t m a y a ssi st the reader i I give here a C al en a r of the m on th a rra nge in n um eri cal or er d d d , a ccordi ng to wha t a pp ea rs p erhap s the m ost p robab le i n terp retati on

c - u A hol y day .

p hol d a . ro t o s for m rr e for comm en cin . A y y P pi i u a iag , g to bu ild ship s ; a day on whi ch sorrow i s to b e

a voided . h s h A i . On t t e r n 5 . n un p rop ti ous day i day E i yes tten e the rth of th H ork os whom tr fe a d d bi Oa ( ) , S i

ba re to pun ish perj u rers . 6 n ro itious for the b rth of fem les ro t o s for . U p p i a p pi i u the bi rth of m ales only such a child will b e p r on e to m ock ery a n d lies a n d crook ed w ords a n d secret talk p ropiti ous for geldin g kids a n d lambs a n d for p en nin g sheep.

A hol . i rth of A o o . 7 . y day B day p ll

Gel o r a n d u l . 8. d b a b l A to ether ro t o s to e et or to b e b orn for m a n 9 . l g p pi i u b g , n or wom a .

0 ro ti o s for the rth of m es . 1 . P pi u bi al 1 1 ost ex ce en t for m orta l work s for re in a n d for . M ll ap g h Y et the twelfth is e en b etter j shea rin g s eep . v

th n the ele en th . On the twe fth when the s er a v l , pid s n s its web in fu l da a n d the a n t thers her pi l y , ga

1 6 6 A ddenda

thi r teen th i s e ther the m e th r r h h r i iddl i d o t e t i teen th .

st th e con c n ten s a re n ca te b the La ly, ludi g day i di d y

a i t on of ( 59 1310 117 0 9 S C . st a s in ter Greek dd i 1 ( ju la , ’ b u t w e d o n ot k n ow whether in Hes o s t m e a s a t th en s i d i , A a fter th e t m e of o on th e s of the st ec e wer e i S l , day la d ad ' r eck on ed ba ck wa r d s (thus 2 8th 7 pi 7 rj b u t

hi e I t nk it lik ly tha t they w ere n ot. An other wa y of i n di ca ti n g th e days of the la st d ecad e is by r eck on in g ’ f he 2 0 h th c i her e r om t t ; us 7 7 dp7 17 p cr cim da 24th . T a re som e m in or p oi n ts whi ch ca n n ot con v en i en tly b e d ealt wi th here.

A s h e sa n o r e son a s r e is en for the I av id , a , a ul , giv

ttr t on of cki n ess or n ck n ess . here a re how a ibu i lu u lu i T ,

e er som e tr ces of r t on n rocess . h s the v , a a a i alizi g p T u

fths res m 1 2 a re n ck ec se on ﬁ (p u ably 5 , 5 , 5) u lu y b au the ﬁfth m en sa y th e E ri n y es a tten d ed the b i r th of Oath

H ork os wh om tr fe re to n sh er u r ers h e ( ) , S i ba pu i p j W il th e se en th i s u ck for on th t eto b re o o of v l y, a day L a Ap ll t ’ he G old en S w or d . I N D EX OF P R O PE R N A ME S OF PE R SO N S A N D PL A C E S

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