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Cagatay Askit Doktora Tez.Pdf
T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ESKİÇAĞ DİLLERİ VE KÜLTÜRLERİ (LATİN DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI AUSPICIUM ET IMPERIUM: ROMA CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE İÇ SİYASET VE KEHANET Doktora Tezi Çağatay Aşkit Ankara-2011 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ESKİÇAĞ DİLLERİ VE KÜLTÜLERİ (LATİN DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI AUSPICIUM ET IMPERIUM: ROMA CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE İÇ SİYASET VE KEHANET Doktora Tezi Çağatay Aşkit Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özaktürk Ankara-2011 ÖNSÖZ Yüklek lisans tezimi Cicero’nun yargısal söylevlerinde kullandığı retorik yöntemler alanında yaptıktan sonra, Latin edebiyatının değişik alanlarında da uzmanlaşmam gerektiğini söyleyen danışmanım ve değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZAKTÜRK’ün önerisi ve desteğiyle Roma’da din-siyaset olgusu üzerine çalışmaya karar verdim. Doktora ders aşamasındaki okumalarım sırasında Roma’nın her döneminde din ve siyasetin birbirini ne denli büyük oranda etkilediğini fark ettim. Doktora çalışmasında ortaya koyulması beklenen derinliği göz önüne aldığımda, tezimi iç siyasi çekişmelerin yoğun olduğu ve din olgusunun bu çekişmelerde önemli bir rol oynadığını fark ettiğim Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile sınırlandırmayı tercih ettim. Çalışmalarım sırasında kaynaklara ulaşma konusunda zaman zaman zorluklar yaşadım. Ancak, Üniversitemizin sağladığı elektronik kaynaklara eklenen veri tabanları, en azından konumla ilgili yazılmış olan makalelere ulaşma konusunda bana büyük kolaylık sağladı. Çalışmalarım sırasında çok sayıda kişinin yardımını gördüm. Yüksek lisans aşamasından itibaren danışmanlığımı yapan, bu çalışmanın üstesinden hakkıyla geleceğim konusunda bana güvenen ve desteğini benden esirgemeyen, titizlikle yaptığı düzeltmeleri ve bilimsel önerileriyle farklı bakış açıları geliştirmemde ve bu çalışmanın oluşmasında büyük emeği olan Sayın Hocam Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÖZAKTÜRK’e, eğitim hayatımda büyük emeği olan ve İtalyanca metinleri okuyup anlamamda benden yardımlarını esirgemeyen Sayın Hocam Prof. -
M. Tulli Ciceronis Cato Maior De Senectute, A
NUNC COCNOSCO EX PARTE TRENT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PRESENTED BY THE PEMBERTON FAMILY in memory of Prof.R.E.K.Pemberton;M.A.(OXON) of the University of Western Ontario M. TULLI CICERONIS CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE A DIALOGUE ON OLD AGE EDITED BY J. H. ALLEN, W. F. ALLEN, and J. B. GREENOUGH REEDITED BY KATHARINE ALLEN Instructor in Latin in the University of Wisconsin GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON ATLANTA • DALLAS • COLUMBUS • SAN FRANCISCO 7 Cr~) o-*? 7 c ,>2 //O Y COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY KATHARINE ALLEN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 728.2 t Stftenceum igress GINN AND COMPANY • PRO¬ PRIETORS BOSTON U.S.A. PREFACE It has been the aim of this revision to preserve the general characteristics of the old edition while making such changes as newly accessible material and new methods of instruction have made desirable, — such changes as the original editors would have been likely to make if they had lived to carry through the work of revision. In the introduction a few new paragraphs have been incor¬ porated, and some alterations made in the old text. In the notes some simple grammatical explanations and refer¬ ences, and some translations of easy words and phrases, have been omitted, a few notes have been altered or expanded, and a considerable number of new notes added, though it has been the aim not to mar the simplicity characteristic of the old edi¬ tion by elaborate annotation. The notes on persons, except such parts of them as seemed necessary for the understanding of the text to which they apply, have been taken out of the main body of the notes and put together in an alphabetical index at the end of the book. -
Revision and Reconstruction of the Battles of Cannae (216 Bce) and Zama (202 Bce)
1 REVISION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BATTLES OF CANNAE (216 BCE) AND ZAMA (202 BCE) Yozan D. Mosig and Imene Belhassen University of Nebraska at Kearney 2 Revision and Reconstruction in the Punic Wars: Cannae Revisited. Yozan D. Mosig and Imene Belhassen University of Nebraska-Kearney 2006 [Publication data: Mosig, Y., & Belhassen, I. (2006). Revision and reconstruction in the Punic Wars: Cannae revisited. The International Journal of the Humanities, 4(2), 103-110.] 3 Abstract The history of the wars between Carthage and Rome was rewritten by two pro-Roman historians, Polybius and Titus Livius. The former, while usually more reliable, revised facts that would have shown his employers, the Scipionic/Aemilian family, in an unfavorable light, while the latter, a clear Roman patriotic propagandist, embellished history to suit his purposes. Accounts of the wars by Carthaginian historians seem to have been lost or been conveniently destroyed. Nevertheless, gaps and contradictions in the Roman accounts, together with a modern understanding of human motivation and environmental circumstances, allow for the reconstruction of the original events. A case in point is the battle of Cannae, in 216 BCE, where a modern analysis reveals the real reasons for Hannibal’s victory, the true strengths of the armies of Romans and Carthaginians, the identity of the actual commander of the Roman forces, the correct casualty figures, and the likely reasons for Hannibal’s refusal to march on Rome following his great victory. 4 The battle of Cannae, between the multi-ethnic forces of the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca and the much larger Roman army under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Gaius Terentius Varro, in 216 BCE, was without a doubt one of the most significant battles in history. -
Quintus Fabius Maximus Ein Leben Im Dienst Der Res Publica?
Quintus Fabius Maximus Ein Leben im Dienst der res publica? Der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig eingereichte D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Kevin Straßburger geboren am 10.06.1988 in Halle/Saale Leipzig, den 04.09.2018 Meinen Eltern und Großeltern 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Quintus Fabius Maximus 1. Einleitung 6-9 2. Antike Autoren und die Quellenlage 2.1 Livius 10-14 2.2 Polybios 15-18 2.3 Plutarch 18-23 2.4 Cassius Dio 23-25 2.5 Silius Italicus 25-26 2.6 Quintus Ennius 27- 28 2.7 Fabius Pictor und die römische Annalistik 2.7.1 Quintus Fabius Pictor 28-34 2.7.2 Die „Annalisten“ und ihre Beziehungen zueinander 34-42 2.8 Inschriften 42-45 3. Die Machtstrauktur des Patriziats 46-66 4. Die Fabier, die Jugend und der 1. Punische Krieg 4.1 Die Fabier – Patrizisches Ideal 67-69 4.2 Abstammung, Jugend und Eintritt in die Politik 69-75 4.3 Der Aufstieg: Das 1. und 2. Konsulat 76-85 4.4 Am Vorabend des 2. Punischen Krieges 86-92 5. Der Beginn des Krieges und die Diktatur rei gerundae causa 5.1 Die „Wahl“ des Diktators – das Volk als Legitimation 93-102 5.2 Erste Maßnahmen: Religion – Opium für das Volk? 102-112 5.3 Fabius und Hannibal – Kollision ohne Berührung 112-125 5.4 Fabius und Minucius 125-139 5.5 Die Diktatur – eine Erfolgsgeschichte? 139-143 3 6. -
Fabius Maximus Was Appointed Dictator for Six Months, Following the Defeat of the Roman Army and the Death of Consul Gaius Flaminius at Lake Trasimene in 217 BCE
CANNAE: POINTS OF CONTROVERSY IN THE CLASSICAL RECORD OF POLYBIUS AND LIVY A SERIES OF ARTICLES IN COMMEMORATION OF THE 2228th ANNIVERSARY OF HANNIBAL’S VICTORY AT THE BATTLE OF CANNAE, August 2, 2012, by Prof. Yozan Mosig (University of Nebraska-Kearney) FOREIGN MEMBER OF COMITATO ITALIANO PRO CANNE DELLA BATTAGLIA. #1. Who was actually in command of the massive Roman army that fought at Cannae? Fabius Maximus was appointed dictator for six months, following the defeat of the Roman army and the death of consul Gaius Flaminius at Lake Trasimene in 217 BCE. He wisely followed Hannibal at a distance with his army, harassing the Carthaginians but refusing to face Hannibal in battle (an approach that has become known as Fabian tactics). This earned him the derogatory nickname of “Cunctator”, or “delayer”. Roman pride could not tolerate the situation for long, and at the end of his term the Senate replaced Fabius with two new consuls who were given the specific assignment of dealing with Hannibal once and for all. The traditional account names the consuls as the prudent and aristocratic Lucius Aemilius Paullus and the brash and impulsive Gaius Terentius Varro, a plebeian, the son of a butcher. Varro was a demagogue and a braggart, and it was supposedly he who was in command at the time of the battle, and thus deserves the blame for the worst military disaster in the history of Rome. But was Varro really in command? And did Aemilius Paullus advise against engaging Hannibal in battle, as the classical accounts (Polybius and Livy) claim? The consuls alternated command on a daily basis, and we are told that Aemilius Paullus refused to commit himself to battle the previous day, but on August 2, when Varro was in charge, the hot-headed plebeian consul ordered the Roman army to deploy for battle. -
Historical Background Scipio Brothers Consolidated Their Carthage Held All of Southern and Control North of the Ebro and Prepared Eastern Spain, up to the Ebro River
Romans. However, Gnaeus Scipio reinforced his fleet with picked legion- naires, caught the Carthaginian fleet by surprise, and crushed it at the Battle of the Ebro. In the fall of 217 BC, Publius Cornelius Scipio, now a pro-consul, finally arrived in his allotted province with 8,000 reinforcements. Meanwhile, in Italy, Hannibal won three spectacular victories over the Romans at Trebbia, Trasimene, and Cannae by the summer of 216 BC. The Carthaginian government resolved that the time had come to reinforce Hannibal in Italy with an army from Spain and bring the war to a conclusion. Carthage sent Hasdrubal 4,000 foot and 500 horse as reinforcements, along with orders to march for Italy. A rebellion among the Tartesii tribe in southern Spain, how- ever, delayed his invasion until the following year. In the meantime, the As the Second Punic War opened, Historical Background Scipio brothers consolidated their Carthage held all of southern and control north of the Ebro and prepared eastern Spain, up to the Ebro River. At the onset of the Second Punic War in to meet Hasbrubal's onslaught. 218 BC, Rome dispatched one of its When Hannibal departed for Italy, he consular armies, under Publius Cornelius left his brother, Hasdrubal Barca, with 12,650 infantry, 2,550 cavalry, 21 Scipio, to invade northern Spain. Arriv- The Battle of Dertosa elephants, and a small fleet to hold the ing at Massilia (modern Marseille), the In the spring of 215 BC, Hasdrubal province. After a swift conquest of Romans were stunned to discover that moved north with some 25,000 foot, northeastern Spain, Hannibal left Hanno Hannibal was already on the east bank of 4,000 horse and 21 elephants. -
(NRCE) Study Guide – Advanced Level
National Roman Civilization Exam (NRCE) Study Guide – Advanced Level By Connor Harrison and José Molina This study guide is meant to be good approximation of the material needed to know for the NRCE exam. It is not meant to be fully comprehensive, but should cover most things that could be asked on the exam for Roman History and Roman Life. This guide is adapted from Connor Harrison’s Roman History Notes and José Molina’s Roman Life Notes. Please note that Ancient Geography, although asked on the NRCE, is not yet included in this version of the study guide. Ancient Geography includes, but is not limited to, directions to and from ancient locations, modern names of ancient cities (and vice versa), and names and destinations of ancient Roman roads. 1 Roman History By Connor Harrison MONARCHY (753-510 B.C.) 7 KINGS - Romulus o Lineage . Mother was Rhea Silvia, father was Mars (the God) Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor, whose brother Amulius had stolen the throne of Alba Longa Romulus and his brother Remus were thrown into the Tiber River, recovered by a she-wolf, and raised by the shepard Faustulus The wife of Faustulus was Acca Larentia o Romulus and Remus . Romulus had a brother, Remus . There was a dispute over where the city would be settled, so Romulus settled the Palatine hill, Remus settled the Aventine hill . According to one account, Romulus is said to have seen 12 vultures while Remus was said to have seen 6, meaning Romulus had superior augury and had say over where the city should be . -
CONSOLI a ROMA DAL 509 A
Latine Loquere - HISTOIRE : Les Consuls de Rome de 509 av. J.C. à 68 après J.C. - 509 a.C. L. Tarquinius Collatinus puis remplacé parP. Valerius Publicola et M. Horatius Pulvillus – L. Iunius Brutus puis remplacé parSp. Lucretius Tricipitinus - 508 a.C. P. Valerius Publicola - T. Lucretius Tricipitinus - 507 a.C. P. Valerius Publicola - M. Horatius Pulvillus - 506 a.C. Sp. Lartius Rufus - T. Herminius Aquilinus - 505 a.C. Marcus Valerius Volusus - P. Postumius Tubertus - 504 a.C. P. Valerius Publicola - T. Lucretius Tricipitinus - 503 a.C. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus - P. Postumius Tubertus - 502 a.C. Opiter Verginius Tricostus - Sp. Cassius Vecellinus - 501 a.C. Postumius Cominius Auruncus - T. Larcius Flavius - 500 a.C. Ser. Sulplicius Camarinus Cornutus - M. Tullius Longus - 499 a.C. T. Aebutius Helva - C. (ou P.) Veturius Geminus Cicurinus - 498 a.C. Quintus Cloelius Siculus - T. Larcius Flavius - 497 a.C. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus - Marcus Minucius Augurinus - 496 a.C. Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis - T. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus - 495 a.C. Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis - P. Servilius Priscus Structus - 494 a.C. A. Virginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus - T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus - 493 a.C. Postumus Cominius Auruncus - Sp. Cassius Vecellinus - 492 a.C. T. Gegagnus Macerinus - P. Minucius Augurinus - 491 a.C. M. Minucius Augurinus - A. Sempronius Atratinus - 490 a.C. Q. Sulplicius Camerinus Cornutus - Sp. Lartius Rufus - 489 a.C. C. Iulius Iullus - P. Pinarius Mamertinus Rufus - 488 a.C. Sp. Nautius Rutilus - Sextus Furius - 487 a.C. Titus Sicinius Sabinus - Caius Aquillius Tuscus - 486 a.C. Spurius Cassius Vicellinus - Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus - 485 a.C. -
Rome Falls for Another Carthaginian Ambush
By David Davies THEME ROME FALLS FOR ANOTHER CARTHAGINIAN AMBUSH FOOL ME THREE TIMES! The saying goes “Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me.” But what about three times? After the battles of the Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Roman military had time and again walked into am- bushes set up by Hannibal, and had paid the price dearly. Trebia had cost at least half of the Roman forces involved and Trasimene was a near-total victory. s a response to the Carthaginian threat, The Romans intensified their attacks on the foraging Rome appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus parties. As his aggressive tactics seemed to be paying Verrucosus as dictator for one year. In his o, Minucius decided to risk storming the newly built adopted strategy (called the ‘Fabian strat- fort with the all the forces he had available. egy’), the Roman army would shadow the Aenemy and harass them, cutting off supply lines, and Hannibal found himself with only a fraction of his win by a war of attrition. Rome would only engage forces (some out foraging and some in Geronium) and the Carthaginians when the terms were favourable. facing the Roman army. Some historians say he sallied forth to meet the attackers, but Polybius states he de- At Ager Falernus, Fabius successfully surrounded Han- fended the fort (the most likely option). nibal’s army and fortified all the passes and bridges out of the area. Cut o from their supply lines, it would only Despite the Roman losses (approximately 5000 dead to be a matter of time before the Carthaginians’ provisions 6000 enemies), Minucius’ attack was seen as a great vic- would run out and they would starve. -
Roman Republic
Roman Republic Table of Contents: Lecture 1 – Founding 2-3 Lecture 2 – Government 3-4 Lecture 3 – Conflict of Orders 4-5 Lecture 4 – Dignitas + Gloria = Auctoritas 5-6 Lecture 5 – Military 6-7 Lecture 6 – 1st Punic War 7-8 Lecture 7 – 2nd Punic War 8-9 Lecture 8 – 2nd Punic War (cont.) 9-10 Lecture 9 – Rome becomes Number 1 10-11 Lecture 10 – Roman Revolution 11-12 Lecture 11 – Civil War 12-13 Lecture 12 – 1st Triumvirate 14-15 Lecture 13 – Gallic War 15-16 Lecture 14 – 1st Triumvirate Breaks Apart 16-17 Lecture 15 – Civil War #2 and the Ides of March 17-18 Lecture 16 – The Roman Empire 18-20 Appendix I – Liberators’ War 20-22 Appendix II – Final War of the Roman Republic 22-24 Lecture 1 – Founding Important Terms Trojan War: ~1200 BC Alba Longa: Trojan Settler’s city Tiber Rome: 753 BC Etruscans: 616 – 509 BC Tarquinius Superbus Tarquin Lucretia L. Junius Brutus: 509 BC Republic: 509 – 31 BC Lecture: Founding of Rome The story starts with Aeneas, a member of the Trojan Anchises Aphrodite royalty, and whose mother is Aphrodite (Goddess of Love). During the fall of Troy, ~1184 BC, Aeneas is commanded by the gods to flee, for he is destined to become king of the Trojan people and establish a great empire. He escapes from the Greeks with a small Aeneas group of other Trojans, and begins sailing around the (~300 Years) Mediterranean. Aeneas and his fleet eventually make landfall at Carthage, where he has an affair with the Carthaginian Queen, Dido. -
The Struggle for Supremacy: the Punic Wars
CHAPTER 4 THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY: THE PUNIC WARS ‘Most historians have prefaced their work by stressing the importance of the period they propose to deal with; and I may well, at this point, follow their example and declare that I am now about to tell the story of the most memorable war in history: that, namely, which was fought by Carthage under the leadership of Hannibal against Rome.’1 LIVY sample pages The Battle of Mylae, Sicily, in 260 BCE as depicted on a playing card from 1913. 92 93 CHAPTER 4 THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY: THE PUNIC WARS PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO ROMAN SUCCESS QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS • For much of the third century BCE, Rome was involved There are two Scipios by this name—a father and son. The father was the leader of Roman forces OVERVIEW in long and costly wars with Carthage Fabius was appointed in Spain during the Second Punic War and died in dictator in response to the • Rome began to make contact with the Greek eastern 211 BCE. His more famous son (236–183 BCE) took Roman loss at the Battle of Mediterranean, drawing the city into further conflict over command of Roman troops in Spain and was Lake Trasimene in 217 BCE. • Roman control of the sea, strong alliances and effective immediately successful. After the Roman victory at Fabius recognised Hannibal’s senatorial leadership contributed to Roman success Zama, the son became known as Scipio Africanus. military superiority and • By the end of the third century BCE, Rome clearly had an developed the unpopular empire and controlled a number of overseas provinces strategy of harassing Hannibal’s forces rather than facing him in a direct fight. -
Study Guide – Intermediate Level
National Roman Civilization Exam (NRCE) Study Guide – Intermediate Level By Connor Harrison and José Molina This study guide is meant to be good approximation of the material needed to know for the NRCE exam. It is not meant to be fully comprehensive, but should cover most things that could be asked on the exam for Roman History and Roman Life. This guide is adapted from Connor Harrison’s Roman History Notes and José Molina’s Roman Life Notes. Please note that Ancient Geography, although asked on the NRCE, is not yet included in this version of the study guide. Ancient Geography includes, but is not limited to, directions to and from ancient locations, modern names of ancient cities (and vice versa), and names and destinations of ancient Roman roads. 1 Roman History By Connor Harrison MONARCHY (753-510 B.C.) 7 KINGS - Romulus o Lineage . Mother was Rhea Silvia, father was Mars (the God) Romulus and his brother Remus were thrown into the Tiber River, recovered by a she-wolf, and raised by the shepard Faustulus The wife of Faustulus was Acca Larentia o Romulus and Remus . Romulus had a brother, Remus . There was a dispute over where the city would be settled, so Romulus settled the Palatine hill, Remus settled the Aventine hill . According to one account, Romulus is said to have seen 12 vultures while Remus was said to have seen 6, meaning Romulus had superior augury and had say over where the city should be . Remus leaps over the walls on Romulus’ hill and is killed by Romulus.