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The Impact of the Roman Republican Army on the Italian Economy

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The Impact of the Roman Republican Army on the Italian Economy THE IMPACT OF THE ROMAN REPUBLICAN ARMY ON THE ITALIAN ECONOMY CANDIDATE: Fabrizio Biglino ROYAL HOLLOWAY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Department of Classics PhD DISSERTATION IN ROMAN HISTORY 1 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of my dissertation is to offer an alternative view on the impact of the army on the Italian economy with particular focus on the second century, the period between the end of the Second Punic War and the age of the Gracchi, a period of crucial importance for the Roman Republic. This dissertation is divided into eight chapters focused on three main topics: a) The introduction and development of military payment during the Republic, and what role it played on the Roman economy both in terms of cost for the state, and income for its citizens involved in military service; b) How the recruitment system of the army was organized, and progressively evolved from the origins of Rome to the end of the second century and the age of Marius. This will facilitate the analysis of the scale of military service and its burden on Roman citizens; c) The relationship between the army and the economy during the second century, and the strategies employed by the Roman citizens and their families in order to find a balance between military service and their economic cycles. Contrary to traditional research, it is my intention to demonstrate that the army not only was an essential part of Rome’s economic system, but it is also possible to suggest a positive impact at both a macro and micro economic level; indeed, the legions were not simply a cost for Rome’s finances, but represented one of the main sources of income and allowed a massive circulation of money. Furthermore, by involving citizens directly and indirectly, the military service was the most important source of alternative income and occupation. All the dates reported in this thesis are intended as B.C. unless otherwise indicated. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………7 Chapter 1: Sources………………………………………………………………………………………15 Chapter 2: Roman Military Payment……………………………………………………………………33 Chapter 3: Recruitment part 1…………………………………………………………………………...44 Chapter 4: Recruitment part 2…………………………………………………………………………...80 Chapter 5: The Economic Impact of the Second Punic War……………………………………………114 Chapter 6: Recruitment part 3………………………………………………………………………….133 Chapter 7: The Army and the Economy of the Roman Republic……………………………………….178 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………227 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………...233 4 LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS - Roman classes…………………………………………………………………………………………37 - Roman military payment (Polybius)…………………………………………………………………...41 - Roman military payment a……………………………………………………………………………..41 - Roman military payment b…………………………………………………………………………….41 - Census figures from Servius Tullius to 323……………………………………………………………60 - Census figures from 293 to 204………………………………………………………………………..70 - Polybius, II. 24………………………………………………………………………………………...71 - Recruitment rates from 293 to 241……………………………………………………………………..77 - Size of the army at Cannae……………………………………………………………………………..87 - Losses at Cannae………………………………………………………………………………………87 - Graph 1: variations of legions’ strenght by Brunt…..………………………………………………….93 - Number of legions in service from 218 to 216…………………………………………………………94 - Proportion of citizens recruited, losses among citizens and socii from 218 to 216……………………..95 - Number of legions and citizens in service from 216 to 211…………………………………………...102 - Number of legions and citizens in service from 210 to 201…………………………………………...106 - Census, legions and recruitment rates, soldiers overseas, corrected recruitment rates………………..108 - Number of alae sociorum and socii in service from 218 to 201………………………………………110 - Pay rates for one Polybian legion……………………………………………………………………..128 - Yearly costs from 218 to 200…………………………………………………………………………129 - Legions, citizens and socii in service from 200 to 172………………………………………………..141 - Legions, citizens and socii in service from 171 to 167………………………………………………..143 5 - Legions, citizens and socii in service compared to the census figures………………………………...146 - Soldiers overseas and the census figures between 194 and 164………………………………………148 - Recruitment rates during the first half of the second century…………………………………………148 - Graph 2: census population and adjusted population 194-164………………………………………..150 - Census figures, legions and citizens in service between 159 and 125………………………………...151 - Legions in service in Spain from 167 to 132………………………………………………………….159 - Legions in service in Macedonia and Greece from 167 to 144………………………………………..163 - Legions in service on the Northern frontier from 167 to 125………………………………………….166 - Legions in service in Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica from 163 to 125…………………………………..168 - Overall number of legions in service from 167 to 125………………………………………………..169 - Graph 3: census population, adjusted population and legions 159-125……………………………….172 - Graph 4: military participation rates 159-125………………………………………………………...176 - Yearly military cost from 149 to 146…………………………………………………………………211 - Yearly military cost from 130 to 125…………………………………………………………………211 - List of colonies, their status and population established between 200 and 171……………………….220 6 INTRODUCTION “There can surely be nobody so petty or so apathetic in his outlook that he has no desire to discover by what means and under what system of government the Romans succeeded in less than fifty-three years in bringing under their rule almost the whole of the inhabited world, and achievement which is without parallel in human history .” 1 Passage from the introduction of Polybius’ Histories The subject of this dissertation is the relationship between the Roman army and the economy of Italy during the expansion of the Republic. The main purpose of this research is to offer a better understanding of the role and impact of the army and military service on the Roman economy and population; our main focus will be the period from the Second Punic War to the end of the age of the Gracchi. It is our intention to question the model of decline of the Roman economy and population – and the role of the military service therein – elaborated by Peter Brunt and Keith Hopkins. 2 We are going to challenge this model by arguing against the generally accepted negative function attributed to the army during this period, mainly against the argument that heavy recruitment rates - due to the wars in the East and Spain - caused a peasant emigration and the immiseration of the country-dwellers. In recent years, important contributions by John Rich, Lukas de Blois, Dominic Rathbone, Elio lo Cascio, Luuk de Ligt and Saskia Hin, have highlighted weaknesses of the previous model and the complexity of the Gracchan issue.3 Their inputs range from re-examining the census figures to offer a better and more 1 Polybius, I. 1; he is referring to the years between 220 (shortly before the Second Punic War) and 167 (the end of the Third Macedonian War). 2 Peter Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C. – A.D. 14 (Oxford, 1971) and Keith Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge, 1978) 3 John Rich, ‘The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the Later Second Century B.C.’, in Historia 32 (1983); Lukas de Blois, The Roman Army and Politics in the first century before Christ (Amsterdam, 1987); Dominic Rathbone, ‘The Development of Agriculture in the “ager Cosanus” during the Roman Republic: problems of evidence and interpretation’, in JRS 71 (1981); Elio Lo Cascio, ‘The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures’, in JRS 84 (1994) and ‘Recruitment and the size of the Roman population from the third to the first century BCE’ in ed. Scheidel, W., Debating Roman Demography (Leiden, 2001); Luuk De Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: studies in the demographic history of Roman Italy 225 BC – AD 100 (Cambridge, 2012); Saskia Hin, The Demography of Roman Italy: population dynamics in an ancient conquest society 201 BCE – 14 CE (Cambridge, 2013) 7 complete understanding – due to the improvements in the field of survey archaeology – of the archaeological data. Finally, new interpretations on the overall impact of military service have been suggested by Paul Erdkamp and, in particular, Nathan Rosenstein. 4 All of these new models serve as a starting point in developing an alternative, more optimistic view and also highlight the positive importance of the relationship between the army and the economy of the Roman Republic. Though our main focus is going to be the second century, the changes we see during this period were likely underway earlier. In the sections dedicated to the recruitment system, we are going to show the scale of military involvement of the Roman and Italian peoples. Although we can trace this process more easily in the second century, the payment of the stipendium from the late fifth and the gradual extension of Roman colonisation likely brought direct rewards to the Roman people from military engagement which would both act as an encouraging factor behind aggressive imperial expansion (see Harris) and boost the Roman economy through the distribution of resources. 5 From the mid-third century, this also likely provoked the progressive monetisation of the economy and fed economic development and increasing economic sophistication. Furthermore, the evidence in the chapters on recruitment suggest that the benefits of military service, which were at a basic level in the stipentium , were significantly
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