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Ager Gallicus Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN Archeologia e storia dell'Arte Ciclo XXVI Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 10/A1 Archeologia Settore Scientifico disciplinare: L-Ant/07 – Archeologia Classica Città e territorio: la formazione della città romana nell'ager Gallicus. Presentata da: Dott. Michele Giovanni Silani Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Sandro De Maria Prof. Sandro De Maria Esame finale anno 2014 INDICE Premessa PARTE PRIMA L’AGER GALLICUS TRA FINE IV SECOLO A.C. E L’ETÀ AUGUSTEA. Capitolo 1: La storia degli studi 1.1 La situazione in età pre-romana 1.2 La fine del IV sec. a.C. 1.3 La battaglia di Sentinum 1.4 Il III secolo a.C. 1.5 Dagli inizi del II secolo a.C. alla guerra sociale 1.6 Dalla guerra sociale all’età augustea Capitolo 2: Gli strumenti della conquista 2.1 La fase formativa: avamposti e avanguardie 2.2 Culti e colonizzazione: il ruolo dei santuari 2.3 Le fondazioni coloniarie 2.4 La fase proto-urbana: fora e conciliabula 2.5 L’organizzazione amministrativa del territorio: le praefecturae 2.6 Gli abitati rurali: il sistema vicus-pagus 2.7 La strutturazione dell’agro: divisioni catastali e centuriazione 2.8 La strutturazione dell’agro: la viabilità 2.9 Gli statuti municipali 3 PARTE SECONDA CITTÀ E TERRITORIO Capitolo 3: La colonia di Sena Gallica 3.1 Storia degli studi 3.2 Le nuove ricerche: lo studio geomorfologico 3.2.1 Le indagini geofisiche 3.2.2 I carotaggi 3.3.3 La ricostruzione della platea alluvionale 3.3 Le nuove ricerche: i dati archeologici 3.3.1 Le indagini geofisiche 3.3.2 Lo scavo di Via Cavallotti 3.3.3 Lo scavo di Via Baroccio 3.3.4 Lo scavo di Via Gherardi 3.3.5 I saggi di scavo nell’area del teatro “La Fenice” 3.4.6 I vecchi scavi e le nuove domus 3.4 La fondazione della colonia 3.5 L’impianto urbano della colonia 3.6 L’evoluzione dell’impianto urbano 3.7 L’organizzazione dell’ager Senogalliensis Capitolo 4: La colonia di Fanum Fortunae 4.1 Storia delle ricerche 4.2 La revisione dei dati 4.3 La fondazione della colonia 4.4 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 4.5 Il territorio di Fanum Fortunae Capitolo 5: La colonia di Pisaurum 5.1 Le conoscenze pregresse 4 5.2 Il Lucus Pisaurensis 5.3 La revisione dei dati 5.4 La fondazione della colonia 5.5 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 5.6 L’ager Pisaurensis Capitolo 6: La città di Aesis 6.1 Le conoscenze pregresse 6.2 La revisione dei dati 6.3 La definizione della realtà urbana 6.4 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 6.5 L’organizzazione del territorio Capitolo 7: La città di Ostra 7.1 Le conoscenze pregresse 7.2 I nuovi scavi 7.3 Le prime fasi di frequentazione 7.4 La definizione della realtà urbana 7.5 La fase municipale 7.6 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 7.7 L’ager Ostrensis Capitolo 8: La città di Suasa 8.1 Lo scavo 8.2 Le recenti acquisizioni 8.3 Le prime fasi di frequentazione 8.4 La definizione della realtà urbana 8.5 La fase municipale 8.6 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 8.7 L’organizzazione del territorio 5 Capitolo 9: La città di Forum Sempronii 9.1 Le conoscenze pregresse 9.2 Le recenti ricerche 9.3 Le prime fasi di frequentazione 9.4 La definizione della realtà urbana 9.5 La fase municipale 9.6 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 9.7 L’organizzazione del territorio Capitolo 10: La città di Sentinum 10.1 Le conoscenze pregresse 10.2 Le recenti ricerche 10.3 Le prime fasi di frequentazione 10.4 La definizione della realtà urbana 10.5 La fase municipale 10.6 La ricostruzione dell’impianto urbano 10.7 Il sito di Civitalba 10.8 L’organizzazione del territorio PARTE TERZA CONSIDERAZIONI CONCLUSIVE Capitolo 11: La formazione della città romana nell’Ager Gallicus Capitolo 12: L’apporto della cultura materiale: continuità e innovazione Capitolo 13: La romanizzazione dell’Ager Gallicus nella politica di Roma tra IV secolo a.C. e l’età augustea Bibliografia 6 7 Premessa Le ricerche archeologiche condotte ormai da decenni nel territorio delle Marche settentrionali da parte del Dipartimento di Archeologia dell'Università di Bologna hanno contribuito alla comprensione dell'evoluzione storica di tale area e in particolare hanno definito alcuni punti significativi per la ricostruzione della storia e delle forme del popolamento d'età romana. Se da un lato le fondamentali ricerche di Nereo Alfieri hanno gettato le basi per lo studio del territorio, in particolare di quello marchigiano, gli studi di Guido Achille Mansuelli hanno definito le linee guida per l'analisi del fenomeno urbano. Proprio questa duplice anima caratterizza le ricerche che il Dipartimento di Archeologia conduce da oltre vent'anni nella valle del Cesano, dove sono in corso lo scavo della città romana di Suasa e del sito di Santa Maria in Portuno presso Corinaldo, e nella valle del Misa, dove le recenti indagini stanno portando alla luce l'antico abitato di Ostra. Lo studio della città indirizza le ricerche del Dipartimento anche sull'altra sponda adriatica, dove i progetti internazionali in Albania (sito di Phoinike) e in Croazia (sito di Burnum), stanno rivelando interessanti confronti per la comprensione della genesi del fenomeno urbano tra IV e III secolo a.C.. Il presente progetto trae forma e motivazione dalla personale partecipazione, a partire dal 2003, oltre che alle missioni estere sopra citate, alle campagne di scavo condotte dall'Ateneo di Bologna nelle città romane di Suasa e Ostra e alle ricerche nei territori di loro pertinenza, rispettivamente le medie valli dei fiumi Cesano e Misa, in particolar modo nel territorio di Corinaldo nella media valle del Cesano. Le ultime scoperte, sebbene rappresentino soltanto dei piccoli indizi, permettono di avanzare nuove ipotesi circa la genesi dell'abitato e la formazione della città romana nel contesto considerato. Il recente ritrovamento a Suasa di un alfabetario di III secolo a.C. graffito con lettere latine ma con evidenti residui di tradizione celtica, sembra poter aprire nuovi orizzonti nella ricerca, suggerendo una realtà storica molto più complessa che lascia trasparire una persistenza di elementi di cultura celtica nell'ager Gallicus anche all'indomani dell'intervento militare di Manio Curio Dentato (284 a.C.), che secondo le fonti scritte portò allo sterminio dei Galli Senoni e all'inizio del processo di romanizzazione. La possibile nuova prospettiva suggerita dalle attestazioni archeologiche è senza dubbio particolarmente suggestiva, ma quanto può dirsi concreta? E ancora, i dati archeologici potranno chiarire alcuni aspetti di questo periodo cruciale anche per quanto riguarda la genesi dell'abitato? Saremo quindi in grado di definire le componenti culturali che caratterizzano la popolazione dell'ager Gallicus nel III secolo a.C.? Lo stesso studio del territorio nel quale nascono le due città di Suasa e Ostra continua a fornire dati significativi per la comprensione delle dinamiche che portarono alla formazione di queste realtà. Il rinvenimento durante le recenti ricognizioni di superficie da noi condotte di una grande quantità di 8 monete di età repubblicana, sebbene si tratti di materiale erratico, costituisce un ulteriore elemento sul quale ragionare proprio per il loro numero significativo. E' ferma convinzione che soltanto attraverso uno studio del territorio integrato all'analisi del fenomeno urbano si potranno aggiungere nuovi elementi per la conoscenza della formazione della città romana e del popolamento rurale. Il fenomeno della genesi della città nelle valli del Cesano e del Misa e la definizione di un modello urbano restano quindi questioni aperte, sia dal punto di vista storico sia archeologico. La presente ricerca muove dunque dalla volontà di raccogliere e sistematizzare vecchi e nuovi dati nel tentativo di affrontare il problema, già individuato alcuni anni fa da G. Paci, circa le modalità e i tempi della nascita della città in questa zona medioadriatica. In particolare, da un lato si cercherà di definire “i tempi della istituzione dei singoli municipi” o colonie, e dall'altro “le ragioni che hanno indotto il governo romano a scegliere un determinato sito, piuttosto che un altro, come sede della nuova realtà amministrativa”. Base di partenza della ricerca saranno dunque i due municipi di Suasa e Ostra per poi analizzare le altre realtà dell'ager Gallicus pertinenti al territorio marchigiano, giuridicamente simili, come nel caso di Forum Sempronii, o amministrativamente differenti, come le coloniae di Sena Gallica, Pisaurum, Aesis e Fanum Fortunae. Delle singole città in esame verranno delineati i tratti distintivi sotto l'aspetto della forma urbana e monumentale, considerandone i singoli edifici, le tecniche edilizie attestate, i materiali da costruzione e architettonici, i reperti mobili, nel tentativo di definire il rapporto tra progettazione e realizzazione urbanistica da un lato, forma giuridica e modello urbano dall'altro. Pur consapevoli della carenza di informazioni archeologiche per trattare il problema, sebbene le ricerche degli ultimi anni stiano contribuendo massicciamente all'acquisizione di nuovi dati significativi (in particolare per quanto riguarda Suasa si veda in proposito De Maria 2009, Dall'Aglio, De Maria, Podini 2007, Giorgi, Lepore 2010), si ritiene che per la comprensione della genesi dell'abitato e della formazione dei municipi in rapporto alle realtà insediative precedenti, non si possa prescindere dall'analisi del popolamento di un determinato territorio, sia dal punto di vista storico-archeologico sia del suo stretto legame con la geografia fisica. Verranno quindi analizzati i territori di pertinenza delle differenti città dell'ager Gallicus, con particolare attenzione alle vallate degli attuali fiumi marchigiani del Foglia, Metauro, Cesano, Misa ed Esino.
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