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Cagatay Askit Doktora Tez.Pdf T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ESKİÇAĞ DİLLERİ VE KÜLTÜRLERİ (LATİN DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI AUSPICIUM ET IMPERIUM: ROMA CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE İÇ SİYASET VE KEHANET Doktora Tezi Çağatay Aşkit Ankara-2011 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ESKİÇAĞ DİLLERİ VE KÜLTÜLERİ (LATİN DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI AUSPICIUM ET IMPERIUM: ROMA CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE İÇ SİYASET VE KEHANET Doktora Tezi Çağatay Aşkit Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özaktürk Ankara-2011 ÖNSÖZ Yüklek lisans tezimi Cicero’nun yargısal söylevlerinde kullandığı retorik yöntemler alanında yaptıktan sonra, Latin edebiyatının değişik alanlarında da uzmanlaşmam gerektiğini söyleyen danışmanım ve değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZAKTÜRK’ün önerisi ve desteğiyle Roma’da din-siyaset olgusu üzerine çalışmaya karar verdim. Doktora ders aşamasındaki okumalarım sırasında Roma’nın her döneminde din ve siyasetin birbirini ne denli büyük oranda etkilediğini fark ettim. Doktora çalışmasında ortaya koyulması beklenen derinliği göz önüne aldığımda, tezimi iç siyasi çekişmelerin yoğun olduğu ve din olgusunun bu çekişmelerde önemli bir rol oynadığını fark ettiğim Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile sınırlandırmayı tercih ettim. Çalışmalarım sırasında kaynaklara ulaşma konusunda zaman zaman zorluklar yaşadım. Ancak, Üniversitemizin sağladığı elektronik kaynaklara eklenen veri tabanları, en azından konumla ilgili yazılmış olan makalelere ulaşma konusunda bana büyük kolaylık sağladı. Çalışmalarım sırasında çok sayıda kişinin yardımını gördüm. Yüksek lisans aşamasından itibaren danışmanlığımı yapan, bu çalışmanın üstesinden hakkıyla geleceğim konusunda bana güvenen ve desteğini benden esirgemeyen, titizlikle yaptığı düzeltmeleri ve bilimsel önerileriyle farklı bakış açıları geliştirmemde ve bu çalışmanın oluşmasında büyük emeği olan Sayın Hocam Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÖZAKTÜRK’e, eğitim hayatımda büyük emeği olan ve İtalyanca metinleri okuyup anlamamda benden yardımlarını esirgemeyen Sayın Hocam Prof. Dr. Filiz ÖKTEM’e, Yunanca kaynakları değerlendirmemde yardımcı olan Sayın Hocam v Prof.Dr. Candan ŞENTUNA’ya, sıkıştığım zamanlarda yardımlarına başvurduğum Sayım Hocalarım Prof.Dr. Gül ÖZAKTÜRK ve Prof.Dr. Fafo TELATAR’a teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Kaynaklara ulaşma konusunda birçok kişinin yardımını gördüm. Yoğun çalışmaları arasında zaman ayırıp, doktora tezini bana gönderen John NORTH’a, Hititlerde falcılık ile ilgili kaynaklara ulaşmada desteklerini gördüğüm Prof.Dr. Cem KARASU, Prof.Dr. Yasemin ARIKAN ve Yrd.Doç.Dr. Sedat ERKUT’a, ihtiyaç duyduğum kaynakları Viyana Üniversitesi kütüphanesinden bana taşıyan değerli kuzenlerim Özlem ve İsben ÖNEN’e, gözümden kaçan bazı noktalar konusunda beni uyaran sevgili meslektaşım ve dostum Tolga ÖZHAN’a, son olarak doktora süreci boyunca sabır gösterip dertlerimi paylaşan, bebeğimiz Kutay’ın bakımını tek başına üstlenerek bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkması için en az benim kadar emek veren sevgili eşim Hazel AŞKİT’e teşekkür ederim. Nisan 2011 Çağatay AŞKİT İÇİNDEKİLER I. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................. viii I.1 Eskiçağ’da Biliciliğe Genel Bakış .............................................................. viii I.2 Kaynakların ve Modern Araştırmaların Durumu ......................................... xi I.3 Çalışmanın Amacı ve Kapsamı ................................................................... xv I.4 Kuruluş Düzeni ........................................................................................... xv I.5 Teknik Noktalar .......................................................................................... xvi II. MEZOPOTAMYA’DAN ROMA’YA BİLİCİLİK TÜRLERİ VE YÖNTEMLERİ ... 1 II.1 Divinatio Naturalis ve Artificiosa ................................................................. 1 II.2 Tanrı İşaretlerinin Yorumlanması ................................................................. 2 II.2.1 Eskiçağ Omen Metinleri ........................................................................ 2 II.2.2 İç Organ Falı .......................................................................................... 4 II.2.3 Kuş Falı .................................................................................................. 4 II.3 Roma Dini: Kutsal Törenler ve Kehanetler ................................................... 7 II.3.1 Pontifex’ler ............................................................................................. 8 II.4 Prodigia ......................................................................................................... 9 II.4.1 Haruspex’ler ........................................................................................ 11 II.4.2 Quindecemviri Sacris Faciundis .......................................................... 13 II.4.3 Augur’lar .............................................................................................. 15 II.5 Auspicium ve Imperium ............................................................................... 17 II.5.1 Auspicia Privata ve Publica: ............................................................... 17 II.6 Romulus-Remus: Tanrı Onayı Konusunda İlk Anlaşmazlık:...................... 23 III. SINIFLAR ARASI MÜCADELE VE AUSPICIUM ............................................. 27 III.1 Sınıflar Arası Mücadelenin Gelişimi ........................................................... 27 III.2 Eskiçağ Kaynaklarına göre Auspicium’ların bu Mücadeleki Yeri: ............. 29 IV. IMPERATORES ET AUSPICIUM ...................................................................... 73 V. NOBILES ET AUSPICIUM .............................................................................. 100 VI. TRIBUNI PLEBIS ET AUSPICIUM ................................................................. 161 VII. SONUÇ ............................................................................................................. 199 VIII. EKLER ....................................................................................................... 206 VIII.1 Resim 1: Kilden kuzu ciğer maketi ....................................................... 206 VIII.2 Resim 2: Bronz kuzu ciğeri maketi ....................................................... 206 VIII.3 Resim 3: Bronz Haruspex heykelciği .................................................... 207 vii VIII.4 Resim 4: Vel Saties ................................................................................ 208 VIII.5 Resim 5: Numa Pompilius’un Kral İlan Edilişi ..................................... 208 VIII.6 Resim 6: Fasti Consulares ..................................................................... 209 VIII.7 Resim 7: Fasti Consulares’teki İ.Ö. 172 yılına ilişkin kayıt ................. 209 IX. KAYNAKÇA ...................................................................................................... 210 X. TEZ ÖZETİ ....................................................................................................... 221 XI. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 223 I. GİRİŞ I.1 Eskiçağ’da Biliciliğe Genel Bakış Eskiçağ toplumları evrende gerçekleşen ve kendi bilgi sınırlarını aşan her türlü doğa olayını, işlenen bir suça karşı tanrıların gönderdikleri ceza olarak görmüşlerdir. Deprem, salgın hastalık, kıtlık ve savaş gibi bireylerin ve toplumların kaderini etkileyen olayların, bu üstün güçler tarafından düzenlendiğini düşünmüşlerdir. Bilim ve teknolojinin, bu tür doğa olaylarının nedenlerini ortaya çıkardığı günümüzde bile, bu düşünce yapısının toplumlar içinde ne denli etkili olduğunu gördüğümüzde, eskiçağ toplumlarındaki bu inanışı daha iyi kavrayabiliriz. Tek tanrılı ya da pagan dinlerine baktığımızda, aynı olguyla, insanoğlunun işlediği günahlar karşılığında tanrı ya da tanrılar tarafından, bu dünyada ya da öte dünyada cezalandırıldığı ya da cezalandırılacağı inancıyla karşılaşırız. Bu nedenle insanoğlunun tanrıların hoşuna gitmeyecek hareketlerden kaçınması gerekmektedir. Tek tanrılı dinlerde insanoğlunun uyması gereken kurallar kutsal kitaplarda belirtilmiş, tanrıyla insan arasındaki aracılık görevini, yani vahiy yoluyla tanrıyla iletişim kurup isteklerini insanoğluna aktarma işini ise peygamberler üstlenmişlerdir. Gerekli rituellerin doğru biçimde yerine getirilmesi için din adamları aracı olmuşlardır. İnsanoğlunun kutsal kitaplarda yazanlara uyduğu takdirde başına gelebilecek felaketlerden korunabileceği bildirilmiştir. Pagan dinlerinde ise tanrı isteklerini önceden belirleyen, vahiy yoluyla gelmiş kutsal kitaplar yoktur. Bireylerin ve toplumun esenliği için, tanrılara karşı doğru davranış biçimini belirlemek ya da tanrılarla ilişkili olduğunu düşündükleri sorunlara çözüm bulmak amacıyla, tanrılara danışmak, belirli konularda onların fikirlerini sormak sıkça görülen bir uygulamadır. Tanrılarla bir çeşit iletişime geçme biçimi ix olan bu sanat genel olarak kehanet, fal ya da bilicilik (yun. μαντική (mantikē), lat. divinatio), bu konuda aracı olan görevliler de kâhin, falcı ya da bilici olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Eskiçağ toplumlarında bilicilik devlet yönetim mekanizmasının bir parçası olarak da kullanılmıştır. Örneğin Lidya kralı Kroisos’un Perslerle yapacağı savaş öncesi danıştığı Delphoi kehanet merkezinin verdiği yanıt ve Kroisos’un bu yanıtın gerçek anlamını ancak savaşı kaybettikten sonra anlayabilmesi, bu tür söylenceler arasında en bilinenidir. Hitit krallarının herhangi bir kentte yazı ya da kışı geçirmelerinde herhangi bir sakınca olup olmadığını
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