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Botánica Sistemática II Guia De Actividades 2014 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Botánica Sistemática II Guia de actividades 2014 1 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistemática II Profesor Titular: Dra. Susana E. Freire Jefes de Trabajos Prácticos: Lic. Gustavo Delucchi Lic. Laura Iharlegui Ayudantes: Lic. Marcelo Hernández Lic. Elena Rastelli Dra. Estrella Urtubey Lic. Carlos A. Zavaro Lic. Jessica Viera Barreto Lic. Damián Fernández Fernando Buet Pablo Simón La Plata, Abril 2014 2 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Indice Actividades de las Clases Teórico-Prácticas Diversidad biológica. Crisis de la biodiversidad. El rol del sistemático………………………………...…6 Sistemas de Clasificación. Nomenclatura Botánica …………………………….…………………………...….…7 Concepto de Especie-Evidencia taxonómica: caracteres morfológicos y moleculares …….….…9 Evolución y especiación como explicación de la diversidad orgánica. …………………………………..10 Fuentes de información botánica ……………………………………………………………………………………….…11 Origen y características de las plantas terrestres (=Embriófitas). Briófitas. Origen de plantas vasculares (=Traqueófitas)……………………………………………………………………………..…………………12 Primeras plantas vasculares. Clases Rhyniopsida, Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, Subdivisión Lycopodiophytina: Clase Lycopodiopsida ..………………………………………………….…13 Subdivisión Euphyllophytina. Moniliofitas. Clases Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..15 “Gimnospermas”. Clases Progymnospermopsida, Ginkgopsida y Pinopsida ………………………….16 Clases Pteridospermopsida, Cycadopsida y Gnetopsida. ………………………………………………………20 Origen de las plantas con flores. Angiospermas basales. Clase Magnoliopsida: .Ordenes Nymphaeales, Ceratophyllales. Canellales, Piperales, Magnoliales, Laurales, Ranunculales …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………22 Subclase Hamamelidae I: Ordenes: Hamamelidales, Juglandales, Fagales, Casuarinales y Urticales. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…25 Subclase Caryophyllidae: Caryophyllales, Polygonales, Plumbaginales. ……………………….………28 Subclase Dilleniidae: Theales, Malvales, Nepenthales. Violales, Capparales, Salicales, Ericales, Ebenales y Primulales………………………………………………………………………...……………………..30 Subclase Rosidae I: Rosales, Fabales y Proteales. …………………………………………………………..………33 Rosidae II: Myrtales, Santalales- Euphorbiales, Celastrales, Rhamnales y Linales......................37 Subclase Rosidae III: Sapindales, Geraniales, Apiales …………………………………………………………….40 Subclase Asteridae I: Gentianales, Solanales, Lamiales. Scrophulariales, Plantaginales…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..42 Subclase Asteridae II: Rubiales, Dipsacales y Asterales …………………………………………….……………47 Subclase Alismatidae y Arecidae: Alismatales, Arales, Arecales. ……………………………………………50 3 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Subclase Commelinidae: Cyperales…………………………………………………………………………………………53 Subclase Commelinidae: Commelinales, Juncales, Typhales y Subclase Zingiberidae: Bromeliales, Zingiberales………………………………………………………………………………………………….57 Subclase Liliidae: Dioscoreales, Asparagales, Liliales, Orchidales……………………………………………59 Actividades de las Clases Prácticas de Laboratorio Monilofitas, Clase Polipodiopsida: Orden Polypodiales ……………………………………………………..…63 “Gimnospermas”. Clases Ginkgopsida y Pinopsida. ………………………………………………………………64 Angiospermas Subclase Hamamelidae: Orden Fagales………………………………………….…………………….…………65 Subclase Dilleniidae: Ordenes Malvales, Capparales y Salicales …………….………………………66 Subclase Rosidae: Orden Fabales y Rosales ……………………………………………..………………………68 Subclase Rosidae: Ordenes Myrtales, Euphorbiales y Apiales ...........................................70 Subclase Asteridae: Ordenes Solanales, Lamiales y Scrophulariales ……………………………….72 Subclase Asteridae: Asterales …………………………………………………………………………………………74 Subclase Commelinidae: Orden Cyperales. : Familia Poaceae (=Gramineas) …………….……75 Clases de Determinación: Modelo de ficha para cada planta determinada ………………………….78 Calendario 2014 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………79 4 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Actividades de las Clases Teórico-Prácticas 5 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Diversidad Biológica. Crisis de la biodiversidad. El rol del sistemático. Lectura de los siguientes artículos: - Espejos de nuestra época: biodiversidad, sistemática y educación (J.V. Crisci. Gayana Bot. 63(1): 106-114, 2006). - How many species are there on Earth and in the Ocean (C. Mora, D.P. Tittensor, s. Adl, A. G. B. Simpson & B. Worm. Plos Biology 9(8): 1-8. 2011). Discusión de los siguientes conceptos: Concepto de biodiversidad. Componentes de la diversidad biológica Valor científico, económico, estético y ético de la biodiversidad Crisis de la Biodiversidad Número estimativo de especies descriptas / de plantas superiores descriptas Tasa anual de extinción de especies en la actualidad Causas de la pérdida de especies originadas por el hombre. El rol del sistemático Conservación "ex situ" /”in situ”. 6 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Sistemas de Clasificación – Nomenclatura Botánica Discusión de los siguientes conceptos: Objetivos de la clasificación biológica Ubicación de las plantas vasculares en los diferentes sistemas de clasificación biológica. El sistema de Linneo, Engler, Bessey, Cronquist, APG III para las Angiospermas. Principios básicos de la Nomenclatura Botánica Ejercicios de Nomenclatura Botánica: 1. El uso correcto del nombre científico del “quebracho colorado chaqueño” es: a. Schinopsis Balansae Engl. - b. Schinopsis balansae - c. schinopsis balansae - d. Schinopsis balansae Engl. 2. ¿Cómo se denominan el siguiente par de nombres y cuál puede seguir usándose válidamente? Qué debe hacerse con el restante? Hamiltonia Roxbl. (1814) Fam. Rubiaceae y Hamiltonia Sprengel (1825) Fam. Santalaceae 3. Hebeclinium hecatanthum fue descripta por DeCandolle en 1836. Luego Baker (en 1876) sostiene que esta especie pertenece al género Eupatorium. Si en 1971 R.M. King & H. Robinson ubican a esta especie en el género Urolepis, ¿cómo será el nombre de esta especie y cuál la sigla del autor? ¿qué pasan a ser los otros dos nombres? 4. ¿Cuál es el basónimo de Baccharis spartioides (De Candolle) Remy? a. Pseudobaccharis spartioides (De Candolle) Cabrera (1944) b. Heterothalamus spartioides De Candolle (1838) c. Baccharis sarophora Philippi (1861) 5. Si todos estos nombres pertenecen a una misma especie de Dicotiledóneas, que según Druce pertenece al género Centaurium ¿Cómo debe llamarse y por qué? Gentiana centaurium L. (1753) G. pulchella Swartz (1786) Erythraea ramosissima Pers. (1805) E. pulchella Pries. (1814) 6. Si los siguientes nombres corresponden al mismo taxon, indique cuál es el nombre correcto que debe aplicarse a la especie en consideración y en qué principio se basa la decisión. Stipa argentina Speg. (1901) Stipa tenuis var. papillosa Hackel (1911) Stipa puelches Speg. (1925) Stipa tenuis Phil. (1870) 7. La siguiente es una serie de ejemplares que aparecen en la descripción original de Baccharis meridionalis Heering & Dusén: Dusén 3956, Dusén 4212, Dusén 7925 ¿Qué clase de tipo son? 7 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II 8. La siguiente es una serie tipo de ejemplares que aparecen en la descripción de la especie Amaranthus kloosianus: Hunziker 2630, Hunziker 2826, Hunziker 4808, Hunziker 4810, Hunziker 4821, Hunziker 5310 y Zabala 564. Si el ejemplar de herbario Hunziker 2826 fue designado como holotipo ¿Qué clase de tipos son los restantes ejemplares? 9. La siguiente es una serie de ejemplares que aparecen en la descripción original de Amaranthus graecizans var. pubescens Uline & W.L. Bray: J. Torrey 457, F. H. Knowlton 198, A. Fendler 731, E. L. Greene 185, Bigelow s.n. y Jones 3978. Si el autor original no designa tipo ¿Qué clase de tipo es el ejemplar E.L. Green 185 si es designado posteriormente por otro autor como tipo de la especie? 10. Indique a qué categoría taxonómica pertenece cada uno de los siguientes taxones: Secale; Poaceae; Secale cereale L.; Poales; Festucoideae. 8 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo – Universidad Nacional de La Plata Cátedra de Botánica Sistematica II Concepto de Especie-Evidencia taxonómica: caracteres morfológicos y moleculares Lectura de los siguientes artículos: - Especie: ¿Es o son? (F. Fernández, J.M. Hoyos & D.R. Miranda. Innovación y Ciencia 4(1): 32- 37. 1995). - Fósiles, sistemática y evolución (J.M. Hoyos. Innovación y Ciencia 4(1): 64-69. 1995) - Morfología, moléculas y la historia de la vida (J.V. Crisci & J.J. Morrone. Innovación y Ciencia 4(1): 58-63. 1995) Discusión de los siguientes conceptos: Concepto biológico de especie. Principales objeciones que se hacen a este concepto. Ventaja/desventajas al uso del concepto filogenético de especie. Concepto de especie en plantas. Diferencias en el tratamiento de los fósiles al momento de describir las filogenias entre los sistemáticos evolutivos y los sistemáticos
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