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Ntegrated Pest Management of Longan (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Vietnam

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Ntegrated Pest Management of Longan (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Vietnam Faculty Scholarship 2019 ntegrated Pest Management of Longan (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Vietnam Hanh Tran Hoa Nguyen Van Rangaswamy Muniappan James Amrine Rayapati Naidu See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Authors Hanh Tran, Hoa Nguyen Van, Rangaswamy Muniappan, James Amrine, Rayapati Naidu, Robert Cilbertson, and Jaspreet Sidhu Journal of Integrated Pest Management, (2019) 10(1): 18; 1–10 doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmz016 Recommendations Integrated Pest Management of Longan (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Vietnam Hanh Tr a n ,1 Hoa Nguyen Van,1 Rangaswamy Muniappan,2,7 James Amrine,3 Rayapati Naidu,4 Robert Gilbertson,5 and Jaspreet Sidhu6 1 2 Plant Protection Division, Southern Horticultural Research Institute, Box 203, My Tho city, Tien Giang, Vietnam, Integrated Pest Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/10/1/18/5510771 by guest on 28 April 2020 Management Innovation Lab, Virginia Tech, 526 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, 3Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, 4Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, 5Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, 6Uni- versity of California Cooperative Extension, 1031 S Mount Vernon Ave, Bakersfield, CA 93307, and7 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Tom Royer Received 17 January 2019; Editorial decision 29 April 2019 Abstract This paper describes the current state of pests and diseases of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and their management in Vietnam. Longan is the third most cultivated fruit crop and second major fruit crop exported from Vietnam. Brief descriptions of arthropod pests Eriophyes dimocarpi Kuang (Acari: Eriophyidae), Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Tessaratoma papillosa Drury (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae), Eudocima phalonia L. comb. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephretidae), Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Drepanococcus chiton Green (Hemiptera: Coccidae), and Cornegenapsylla sinica Yang & Li (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and fungal diseases Phytophthora palmivora Butler (Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Incertaesedis: Glomerellaceae), and Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted (Microascales: Ceratocystidaceae) affecting longan are given. The longan witches’ broom syndrome is a major factor causing 50–86% annual crop loss in Vietnam and it has been considered the primary constraint in production. The causative agent of this syndrome has been identified as the eriophyid miteE. dimocarpi. Deployment of Integrated Pest Management strategies for longan production in Vietnam is outlined. Key words: longan IPM, witches’ broom, Vietnam Tropical fruits make a significant contribution to the economy of yr after planting. Normal flower initiation occurs in late winter Vietnam and nearly half of them are produced in the Mekong Delta and flowers open in early spring (Waite and Hwang 2002) (Fig. 2). region. This region is an important economic center supporting over However, many farmers in Vietnam induce flowers at different times 15 million people and contributing over 27% of Vietnam’s national of the year by ringing the stems and applying potassium chlorate to GDP. The longan [(Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae)] is a per- the soil, which enables them to harvest fruits throughout the year. ennial fruit tree (Waite and Hwang 2002) (Fig. 1). China, Thailand, Pruning is done every year after harvest to maintain suitable height and Vietnam are major producers of longan. It is cultivated mostly in and for pest and disease management. Vinh Long, Tien Giang, and Ba Ria-Vung Tau provinces of southern Vietnam. In 2016, longan was planted over an area of 73,600 ha in Vietnam and it is the third most cultivated fruit crop after mango Pests and Diseases and banana, and the second most exported crop behind dragon fruit Pests of longan are known to cause 50 to 100% crop losses un- (Department of Crop Production 2017). less timely interventions are implemented (Department of Plant The export value of longan in Vietnam was $62.13 million in Protection 2015). Arthropod pests that attack longan and their 2017. Fresh longan has been exported to the U.S. and European natural enemies in different countries have been reviewed by Waite Union markets with an increasing volume in the last 4 yr, with ex- and Hwang (2002). The major pests of longan in Vietnam are port potential still to increase. The trees begin production 2 to 3 Eriophyes dimocarpi (Kuang) (Acari: Eriophyidae), Conogethes © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ 1 licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2019, Vol. 10, No. 1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/10/1/18/5510771 by guest on 28 April 2020 Fig. 1. Longan tree with fruits. Fig. 3. Eriophyes dimocarpi (Kuang). Fig. 2. Inflorescence of longan. punctiferalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Conopomorpha Fig. 4. Longan tree with witches’ broom syndrome affected shoots. sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Eudocima phalonia (L.) comb. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae), oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dor- salis Hendel (Diptera: Tephretidae), Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Drepanococcus chiton (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and Cornegenapsylla sinica Yang & Li (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Major diseases include fruit rot Phytophthora palmivora, anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Ceratocystis blight Ceratocystis fimbriata (Common wealth of Australia 2004, Waterhouse 1993, Waite and Hwang 2002, H.T., unpublished data). Eriophyes dimocarpi (Kuang) (Acari: Eriophyidae) It occurs in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam (So and Zee 1972, Menzel et al. 1989, Tri 2004). Females lay white col- ored spherical eggs on developing buds and hatch in about 5.10 ± Fig. 5. Witches’ broom syndrome affected shoot. 1.37 d. The mite has two nymphal instars lasting 6.4 ± 0.79 d. First- instar nymphs are white, 0.06 ± 0.006 mm long, while second-instar Witches’ broom on longan was first reported in China in 1941 nymphs are white, 0.09 ± 0.01 mm long, and both have two pairs and later in Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan (So and Zee 1972, of legs. Adults are white, 0.12 ± 0.008 mm long and live 2.2 ± 0.52 Menzel et al. 1989) and Cambodia (R. Muniappan, personal ob- d (Fig. 3). Average life cycle is completed in 13.70 ± 2.16 d. The servation, 2018). In Vietnam, it appeared in the north in 1999 with mites are abundant from November to May, coinciding with the dry an apparent introduction from China, and in the south in 2001 (Tri season. It has been reported to be associated with longan witches’ 2004). It is considered as one of the important constraints of longan broom syndrome (LgWB) (He et al. 2001, Hanh et al. 2012a, Hoat and rambutan production in Vietnam. Trees affected by LgWB have et al. 2017). short vegetative shoots with small leaves showing curling of leaf Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2019, Vol. 10, No. 1 3 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/10/1/18/5510771 by guest on 28 April 2020 Fig. 6. Leaf with witches’ broom syndrome. margins, shortened inflorescence with malformed flowers, and pan- icles poorly filled with small fruits (So and Zee 1972, Kuang 1997, Zhang and Zhang 1999) (Figs. 4–6). The crop losses caused by LgWB vary from 50 to 86% in the fields (Zhang and Zhang 1999, Chen and Xu 2001, Hoat et al. 2017). Studies conducted to identify the causative organism of LgWB in China, Thailand, and Vietnam have attributed it to virus (So and Zee 1972, Ye et al. 1990, Chen et al. 1996, Chen and Xu 2001), phytoplasma (Visitpanich et al. Fig. 7. Larva of Conogothes punctiferalis Guenee. 1996, Hoa et al. 2012), and association of E. dimocarpi (He et al. 2001, Hoat et al. 2017). One of the objectives of the USAID-funded IPM Innovation Lab project instituted at the Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI) in Vietnam in 2015 was to identify the causative organism of LgWB of longan. To verify the presence of phytoplasma or virus, samples of affected longan shoots from Southern Vietnam were sent to the laboratory of Dr. Robert Gilbertson, University of California-Davis, and to Dr. Rayapati Naidu, Washington State University, Prosser. The diagnostic efforts at these two institu- tions to find phytoplasma or virus in the samples proved nega- tive. Studies carried out by SOFRI in collaboration with Molecular Biology Divisions of the Can Tho University, Molecular Biology Division of the Nong Lam University, Electron Microscope Department of Institute
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