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The Easter Ceremonial in the Socio-Cultural Identity Op Mayos, Sonora, Mexico

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The Easter Ceremonial in the Socio-Cultural Identity Op Mayos, Sonora, Mexico THE EASTER CEREMONIAL IN THE SOCIO- CULTURAL IDENTITY OF MAYOS, SONORA, MEXICO Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Crumrine, N. Ross Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 12:45:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284995 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-13,680 CRUMBINE, N. Ross, 1934- THE EASTER CEREMONIAL IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY OP MAYOS, SONORA, MEXICO. University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1968 Anthropology Please Note: School lists name as Norman Ross Crumrine n. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE EASTER CEREMONIAL IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY OF MAYOS, SONORA, MEXICO by N. Ross Crumrine A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1968 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Norman Ross Crumrine e/titled The Easter Ceremonial in the Socio-cultural Identity of Mayos, Sonora, Mexico t ••• • be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Dir 5ate After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:" GL&J tsr; J&JI& tC^\ This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrow­ ers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or repro­ duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: PREFACE This study is based upon a year's field residence among the lower Mayo River Mayos of Sonora, Mexico. Lynne S. Crumrine, my wife, and I, working as a team, lived in the Mayo River Valley from early November 1960 through mid-December 1961. During this time we returned to Tucson for two short periods of several weeks each. In the spring and summer of 1965 I returned to the River Valley for several weeks in all. Also two Mayo friends were brought to Tucson for a short period of time during the summer of 1965. This provided both an opportunity to check and fill gaps in the data as well as a vacation and a new experience for them. To Lynne I wish to express deep gratitude for constant intellectual contri­ bution and emotional support as well as an undying faith in my capacity to produce an integrated study. Without her this study, if it had been possible at all, would have been greatly reduced in scope and intensity of thought. We elected the Banari area of the Lower River Valley as the focus of our field research for several reasons. It is known as one of the more conservative Mayo areas and masses a large number of participants for traditional ceremonies. Also, there had been no intensive study of this area, while the Upper Valley had been intensively studied by Ralph Beals iii (1943, 1945), the Yaqui-Mayo area by Charles Erasmus (1961, 1967), and the Yaqui area by Edward Spicer (1954, 1958, 1961). The 1960-61 fieldwork was financed under a Social Science Re­ search Council Predoctoral Fellowship, supplemented by a National Institutes of Mental Health Fellowship, with Lynne S. Crumrine as recipient. The additional 1965 fieldwork and data collection was fi­ nanced under a National Science Foundation Grant for Dissertation Improvement with N. Ross Crumrine as researcher and Edward H. Spicer as director of the dissertation. I am also grateful to California State College at Hayward for a Special Faculty Leave with Pay for Specific Research, Spring 1967, during which much of the final writing and or­ ganization of the dissertation was accomplished. Acknowledgments are more than deserved by each member of the dissertation committee as well as by all my professors and all our Mayo teachers. Our Mayo friends, although they must have believed us to be very childlike and uneducated in the really important matters of life, never lost patience and faith in our capacity to learn the Mayo language and culture. Therefore, in many ways this dissertation is really theirs and represents their own time spent as well as mine. I am deeply thank­ ful for their hospitality and insights into their way of life. In order to protect their privacy all place names in the dissertation are fictitious. Also, my deep thanks go to the members of the dissertation committee V and to others who aided at points along the way. I wish to thank Dr. Edward P. Dozier for aid and suggestions in the problem formulation and early development of the dissertation. To Dr. Harry T. Getty and Dr. Frederick S. Hulse, members of the dissertation committee, I am grate­ ful for interest, generous dedication of time, and numerous positive suggestions. Also to Dr. Harry T. Getty, I am thankful for the aid in last minute details of registration and advisement, all of which were accomplished quickly and efficiently even though we were separated by some thousand miles. To Dr. Edward H. Spicer, the director of the dissertation, goes much of the credit for any positive contribution which this dissertation will make to the science of anthropology. His sugges­ tions, time spent, and intellectual insights in addition to the academic training which I received in his classes, are in great part responsible for both the fieldwork and the final writing up of the data. Also I am grateful to Dr. Spicer for his assistance in the efficient completion of the dissertation even though much of the final reworking had to take place through correspondence. Lastly, I am indebted to the Department of Anthropology, the Department of Philosophy, and the University of Arizona for the opportunity to pursue graduate study and research in anthropology and philosophy. On the first occurrence Mayo words are underscored and marked for accent only when the accent does not occur on the first syllable. vi Thereafter only Spanish words and place names are marked for accent and in accord with Spanish orthography. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations x Abstract xi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 The Problem 1 The Method 4 II. THE BANARI MAYO EASTER CEREMONIAL 8 The First Six Friday Afternoons of Lent 10 Holy Week 16 ? ? The Capture of the O'ola, Sunday 16 Tinieblas, Wednesday 17 "Running" of the 'O ola, Thursday 18 The Crucifixion, Good Fiiday 20 Gloria, the Burning, and the Baptism, Saturday ... 22 Meeting of Christ and Mary, Easter Sunday 24 HI. THE ANALYSIS 27 Introduction 27 The Charter of the Mayo Easter Ceremonial 39 The Personnel . 53 Introduction, The Parisero Status System 53 The General Social Structure 57 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Chapter Page The Limiting Factors: Group Size, Population Density, Territorial Arrangement 63 The Parameters: Sex, Age, Kinship, and Locality . 69 The Parisero Sodality: Size, Privileges, Duties ... 71 The Structural Principles ^ 77 The Norms 81 Introduction 81 Pilato 97 Kapitan 114 Flautero and Tampalero 119 Sargento and Kabo 122 Gapakoba 129 The Underlying Rules 162 Other Easter Sodalities 173 Material Apparatus, the System of Symbols of Status . 190 Introduction 190 Pilato 192 Kapitan 196 Kabo 196 Flautero and Tampalero 197 5apakoba 198 General Parisero Apparatus 206 Head and Face Coverings 209 General Apparatus 220 The Activities 244 Introduction 244 The List of Activities 251 The Six Friday Processions 254 Holy Week Activities 277 Ritual Symbols of the Easter Ceremonial 299 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Chapter Page IV. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF INITIATION CEREMONIES 318 Introduction, Ego Identity 318 The Assumptions and Hypotheses of the Psychological Explanation 322 Whiting's First Set of Assumptions and Hypothesis . 322 The First Set of Relevant Mayo Data 328 Whiting's Second and Third Hypotheses 334 The Second Set of Relevant Mayo Data 338 General Evaluation of the Psychological Explanation .. 341 V. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF INITIATION CEREMONIES 356 Introduction, Social Identity . 356 Two Models of Sociological Identity 363 Status Dramatization, Young 363 The Mayo Data 366 Conclusions 371 Social-Emotional Anchorage, Cohen 374 The Functions of the Easter Ceremonial in Social Identity . 383 VI. CONCLUSION: THE BANARI EASTER CEREMONIAL AS A WORLD VIEW 403 GLOSSARY 431 LIST OF REFERENCES ' 440 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of Northwest Mexico 4Z2 2. Kalbario, The First Way of the Cross 423 3. The Second Way of the Cross, for Holy Week .... 424 4. The Capakoba Mask 425 5. The Parisero Social Structure . 426 6. The Banari Easter Social Structure 427 7. Interrelation of the Rules of the Ceremonial 428 8. Code for the Activities Section .
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