3-On-3 Restrictions and PCC Typology Syntax
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Universals in Phonology This Article A
UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007) (Commissioned for special issue of The Linguistic Review, 2008, Harry van der Hulst, ed.) Universals in Phonology ABSTRACT This article asks what is universal about phonological systems. Beginning with universals of segment inventories, a distinction is drawn between descriptive universals (where the effect of different theoretical frameworks is minimized) vs. analytic universals (which are specific-theory- dependent). Since there are few absolute universals such as “all languages have stops” and “all languages have at least two degrees of vowel height”, theory-driven or “architectural” universals concerning distinctive features and syllable structure are also considered. Although several near- universals are also mentioned, the existence of conflicting “universal tendencies” and contradictory resolutions naturally leads into questions concerning the status of markedness and synchronic explanation in phonology. While diachrony is best at accounting for typologically unusual and language-specific phonological properties, the absolute universals discussed in this study are clearly grounded in synchrony. 1. Introduction My colleague John Ohala likes to tell the following mythical story about a lecture that the legendary Roman Jakobson gives upon arrival at Harvard University some time in the 1940s. The topic is child language and phonological universals, a subject which Prof. Jakobson addresses in his Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (1941). In his also legendary strong Russian accent, Jakobson makes the pronouncement, “In all languages, first utterance of child, [pa]!” 1 He goes on to explain that it is a matter of maximal opposition: “[p] is the consonant most consonant, and [a] is the vowel most vowel.” As the joke continues, a very concerned person in the audience raises his hand and is called on: “But, professor, my child’s first utterance was [tSik].” Prof. -
Segmental Phonology Darin Howe University of Calgary
SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY DARIN HOWE HOWED UCALGARY.CA UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY DARIN HOWE, 2003 ii Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................................IV INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET CHART.................................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................1 2. INTRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY ..................................................................................................................4 2.1. PHONEME INVENTORIES AND FEATURES.......................................................................................................... 4 2.2. ARTICULATOR-FREE FEATURES .....................................................................................................................12 2.2.1. Major class features .................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.1. [±consonantal]...........................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1.2. [±sonorant].................................................................................................................................................22 2.2.2. Other articulator-free features..............................................................................................................................27 -
Harmonic Scales As Faithfulness
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Arts Arts Research & Publications 2004-03 Harmonic scales as faithfulness Howe, Darin M.; Pulleyblank, Douglas Canadian Journal of Linguistics Howe, D. M., & Pulleyblank, D. (2004). Harmonic scales as faithfulness. "Canadian Journal of Linguistics", 49(1). pp. 1-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100002772 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112324 journal article Unless otherwise indicated, this material is protected by copyright and has been made available with authorization from the copyright owner. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca * Harmonic scales as faithfulness DARIN HOWE DOUGLAS PULLEYBLANK University of Calgary University of British Columbia ______________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Optimality Theory predicts that harmonic scales (eα 0 βf) can be encoded in grammar as markedness hierarchies (e*β R *αf) or else as faithfulness hierar- chies (eFAITHβ R FAITHαf or eFAITHα R FAITHβf). Most research assumes that harmony is encoded as markedness (e.g., eCOR 0 LABf j e*LAB R *CORf), though many investigators have argued that some harmonic relations are better captured as faithfulness hierarchies which forestall deletion/insertion of less harmonic elements (e.g., eCOR 0 LABf j eFAITHLAB R FAITHCORf). We demon- strate in this paper that at least two perceptually-motivated harmonic scales — one concerning vowel quality, the other concerning glottalisation on conso- nants— need to be grammatically encoded as faithfulness hierarchies which en- sure that more harmonic elements which are also more perceptible are more faithfully adhered to (eα 0 βf, where |α| ! |β| j eFAITHα R FAITHβf). -
Proceedings of Learning in Web Search (LWS 2005)
The 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning 7-11 August 2005 in Bonn, Germany W 4 Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning in Web Search (LWS 2005) Stephan Bloehdorn Wray Buntine Andreas Hotho Learning in Web Search (LWS 2005) International Workshop located at the 22nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2005) 7th August 2005 - Bonn, Germany Supported by ALVIS, KnowledgeWeb, Network of Excellence Open Source Search, SEKT, PASCAL Network of Excellence and SmartWeb Workshop Chairs: Stephan Bloehdorn Wray Buntine Andreas Hotho Learning in Web Search (LWS 2005) The emerging world of search we see is one which makes increasing use of infor- mation extraction, gradually blends in semantic web technology and peer to peer systems, and uses grid computing as part of resources for information extraction and learning. This workshop aims at exploring the theory and application of ma- chine learning in this context for the internet, intranets, the emerging semantic web and peer to peer search. We are happy to see that this workshop succeeded in attracting a large num- ber of high quality paper submissions, 8 of which were selected by the program committee. Besides this, three invited speakers have agreed to complement the paper presentations. In his invited talk Large Margin Methods in Information Extraction and Con- tent Categorization, Thomas Hofmann gives insights on using Support Vector Machines for predicting structured output variables. The papers A Web-based kernel Function for Matching Short Text Snippets and A Semantic Kernel to classify Texts with very few Training Examples also contribute to the ¯eld of kernel methods. In using formalized background knowledge, the latter seam- lessly matches with the contribution Learning Word-to-Concept Mappings for Automatic Text Classi¯cation. -
Adjectives' Or 'X Changes to Y on Inflected Nouns'
How to create a language by Pablo David Flores (partly based on Mark Rosenfelder's Language Construction Kit) [All the pages of How to create a language can be downloaded for offline browsing in a .zip file. That doesn't include multimedia content. A big consolidated page with all the topics is also available for reading, and is a bit more suitable for printing.] These pages are intended for people interested in creating languages for fictional purposes (or just for fun) and in linguistics in general. They're not meant to be an online linguistics course, but you sure can learn quite a few things about linguistics by reading them, the same way I, not being a linguist, learned from others. They're also not supposed to be a guide to the creation of auxilliary or international languages such as Esperanto. The pages are divided into two main fields: phonology and grammar. These in turn cover topics going from phoneme theory and phonotactics to typology, morphology and syntax, with interspersed comments on orthographical representation, diachronical change of both grammar and phonology, and methods of word generation. The full table of contents is available elsewhere. Technical terms are often used -- correctly and clearly, I hope -- but no piece of jargon is left unexplained. Before starting, I'd like to give the credit deserved to Mark Rosenfelder, who gave me the first tool to engage myself in serious language development. The structure and main points on these pages are based on his work, although I have tried not to copy everything (which would be quite silly of me), but instead give some advice and go deeper into some details he didn't mention in the Language Construction Kit. -
Post-Nasal Devoicing and a Probabilistic Model of Phonological Typology∗
Post-Nasal Devoicing and a Probabilistic Model of Phonological Typology∗ Gaˇsper Beguˇs Abstract This paper addresses one of the most contested issues in phonology: the derivation of phono- logical typology. I present a new model for deriving phonological typology within the Channel Bias approach. First, a new subdivision of natural processes is proposed: non-natural processes are divided into unmotivated and unnatural. The central topic of the paper is an unnatural alternation: post-nasal devoicing. I argue that in all reported cases, post-nasal devoicing does not derive from a single unnatural sound change (as claimed in some individual accounts of the data), but rather from a combination of three sound changes, each of which is natural and motivated. By showing that one of the rare cases of unnatural sound change reported actually arises through a combination of natural sound changes, we can maintain the long-held posi- tion that any single instance of sound change has to be natural. Based on several discussed cases, I propose a new diachronic model for explaining unnatural phenomena: the Blurring Process. Additionally, I provide a proof establishing the minimal sound changes required for an unmotivated/unnatural process to arise. The Blurring Process and Minimal Sound Change Requirement result in a model that probabilistically predicts typology within the Channel Bias approach. This paper also introduces the concept of Historical Probabilities of Alternations (Pχ) and presents a groundwork for their estimation called Bootstrapping Sound Changes. The ultimate goal of the new model is to quantify the influences of Channel Bias on phonological typology. Keywords: phonological typology, probabilistic modeling, bootstrapping, sound change, nat- uralness, Channel Bias, voice, post-nasal devoicing 1 Introduction Deriving typology has long been a central topic in the phonological literature. -
C⃝copyright 2012 Steven Paul Moran
⃝c Copyright 2012 Steven Paul Moran Phonetics Information Base and Lexicon Steven Paul Moran A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Emily M. Bender, Chair Richard Wright, Chair Scott Farrar Sharon Hargus Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Linguistics University of Washington Abstract Phonetics Information Base and Lexicon Steven Paul Moran Co-Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Emily M. Bender Department of Linguistics Associate Professor Richard Wright Department of Linguistics In this dissertation, I investigate the linguistic and technological challenges involved in cre- ating a cross-linguistic data set to undertake phonological typology. I then address the question of whether more sophisticated, knowledge-based approaches to data modeling, coupled with a broad cross-linguistic data set, can extend previous typological observations and provide new ways of querying segment inventories. The model that I implement facili- tates testing typological observations by aligning data models to questions that typologists wish to ask. The technological infrastructure that I create is conducive to data sharing, extensibility and reproducibility of results. I use the data set and data models in this work to validate and extend previous typological observations. In doing so, I revisit the typological facts proposed in the linguistics literature about the size, shape and composition of segment inventories in the world’s languages and find that they remain similar even with a much larger sample of languages. I also show that as the number of segment inventories increases, the number of distinct segments also continues to increase. -
Towards a Linguistic Worldview for Artificial Languages (PDF)
UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA WYDZIAŁ NEOFILOLOGII INSTYTUT JĘZYKOZNAWSTWA TOWARDS A LINGUISTIC WORLDVIEW FOR ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES IDA STRIA Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. UAM dr hab. Ilony Koutny Poznań 2015 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my both supervisors: the initial one, Professor Jerzy Pogonowski, who guided my interest towards artificial languages, for his patience and leniency, and the final one, Professor Ilona Koutny, to whom I am truly indebted for her relentless support and belief in me. No short note can express how great her help was. I would also like to thank my colleagues from the Institute of Linguistics, particularly from the Department of Applied Logic, for their invaluable tips and encouragement (special thanks to Sławek and Agnieszka). My thanks also go to Michael Farris for putting up with my English. Finally, I wish to thank my husband for his love. Q: How many Lojbanists does it take to change a broken light bulb? A: Two: one to decide what to change it into and one to figure out what kind of bulb emits broken light. All errors are my own. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 2 List of figures ........................................................................................................... 4 List of tables............................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................... -
The Emergence of Distinctive Features Dissertation
THE EMERGENCE OF DISTINCTIVE FEATURES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeff Mielke, B.A., B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Elizabeth Hume, Adviser Professor Keith Johnson ___________________________________ Professor Brian Joseph Adviser Linguistics Graduate Program ABSTRACT Since the mid 20th century, distinctive features have been widely assumed to be part of Universal Grammar. While the theory of innate features predicts that a small set of distinctive features can describe most if not all natural classes, this prediction has never been explicitly tested. The usefulness of distinctive features in phonological analysis is clear from decades of research, but demonstrating that features are innate and universal rather than learned and language-specific requires a different kind of evidence. This dissertation presents the results of the first large-scale crosslinguistic survey of natural classes. Based on data from 561 languages, the survey reveals that unnatural classes are widespread: among 6077 unique classes of sounds which are targets or triggers of phonological processes, analyzed in three popular feature theories (Preliminaries, Jakobson, Fant, and Halle 1954; SPE, Chomsky and Halle 1968; and Unified Feature Theory, Clements and Hume 1995), no single theory is able to characterize more than 71% of the classes, and over 24% are not characterizable in any of the theories. While other theories are able to account for specific subsets of these classes, none is able to predict the wide range of classes which actually occur and recur. -
Harmonic Scales As Faithfulness
* Harmonic scales as faithfulness DARIN HOWE DOUGLAS PULLEYBLANK University of Calgary University of British Columbia ______________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Optimality Theory predicts that harmonic scales (eα 0 βf) can be encoded in grammar as markedness hierarchies (e*β R *αf) or else as faithfulness hierar- chies (eFAITHβ R FAITHαf or eFAITHα R FAITHβf). Most research assumes that harmony is encoded as markedness (e.g., eCOR 0 LABf j e*LAB R *CORf), though many investigators have argued that some harmonic relations are better captured as faithfulness hierarchies which forestall deletion/insertion of less harmonic elements (e.g., eCOR 0 LABf j eFAITHLAB R FAITHCORf). We demon- strate in this paper that at least two perceptually-motivated harmonic scales — one concerning vowel quality, the other concerning glottalisation on conso- nants— need to be grammatically encoded as faithfulness hierarchies which en- sure that more harmonic elements which are also more perceptible are more faithfully adhered to (eα 0 βf, where |α| ! |β| j eFAITHα R FAITHβf). 1. INTRODUCTION Across numerous linguistic dimensions, some feature set α (a segment or subsegment) may be better formed according to some set of criteria than a related feature set β. Such a situation of “relative harmony” fits the schema in (1), where the symbol “0” means “more harmonic than”. (1) Harmonic scale: α 0 β The basic mechanism of Optimality Theory for distinguishing between grammars is the relative ranking of constraints (Ci, Cj,…Cn) (Prince and Smolensky 1993). Hence one grammar may rank Ci above Cj while a second grammar may adopt the opposite ranking. (2) Optimality theoretic grammars a. -
Fl-00004E-00.Pdf
Fiat Lingua Title: How to create a language Author: Pablo David Flores MS Date: 01-01-2001 FL Date: 03-01-2018 FL Number: FL-00004E-00 Citation: Flores, Pablo David. 2001. " How to create a language." FL-00004E-00, Fiat Lingua, <http://fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 March 2018. Copyright: © 2001 Pablo David Flores. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ How to create a language By Pablo David Flores - 1 - (partly based on Mark Rosenfelder's Language Construction Kit1) Edited for PDF-format by Gulliver Methuen-Campbell. Introduction The original, online version of this file is available in HTML form at the following address: http://www.angelfire.com/ego/pdf/ng/lng/how/how_toc.html There are very few differences between the PDF and online versions; all hyperlinks have been moved to footnotes to keep the body of the text relatively clear and coherent. These pages are intended for people interested in creating languages for fictional purposes (or just for fun) and in linguistics in general. They're not meant to be an online linguistics course, but you sure can learn quite a few things about linguistics by reading them, the same way I, not being a linguist, learned from others. They're also not supposed to be a guide to the creation of auxiliary or international languages such as Esperanto. -
Index Diachronica V.10.2
Index Diachronica v.10.2 July 22, 2016 Contents 1 Preface 1 2 Licensing and Legal Information 1 3 Contact Information 2 4 Changelog 3 5 Key to Abbreviations 6 6 Afro-Asiatic 7 6.1 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Omotic ....................... 7 6.1.1 Proto-Omotic to North Omotic ..................... 8 6.1.1.1 North Omotic to Bench .................... 8 6.1.1.2 North Omotic to Dizin ..................... 9 6.1.1.3 North Omotic to Kafa ..................... 9 6.1.1.4 North Omotic to Maale .................... 10 6.1.1.5 North Omotic to Shekkacho . 10 6.1.1.6 North Omotic to Wolaytta . 11 6.1.1.7 North Omotic to Yemsa .................... 11 6.1.1.8 North Omotic to Zayse-Zergulla . 12 6.1.2 South Omotic ............................... 12 6.1.2.1 South Omotic to Aari ..................... 12 6.1.2.2 South Omotic to Dime ..................... 13 6.2 Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythrean ..................... 13 6.2.1 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-Cushitic ................... 13 6.2.1.1 Agaw .............................. 13 6.2.1.1.1 Proto-Agaw to Awngi . 13 i 6.2.1.1.2 Proto-Agaw to Blin . 14 6.2.1.1.3 Proto-Agaw to Kemantney . 14 6.2.1.1.4 Proto-Agaw to Xamtanga . 15 6.2.2 Proto-Erythrean to Proto-North Erythrean . 15 6.2.2.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Chadic . 15 6.2.2.1.1 Proto-North Erythrean to Proto-Boreafrasian . 15 6.2.2.1.2 Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber . 16 6.2.2.1.3 Ancient Egyptian to Coptic .