DOCSLIB.ORG

The Austrian Policy Towards Elementary Bilingual Education in Southern Carinthia and Its Changes Between 1958 and 1988

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Austrian Policy Towards Elementary Bilingual Education in Southern Carinthia and Its Changes Between 1958 and 1988 TREATISES AND DOCUMENTS JOURNAL OF ETHNIC STUDIES Number 65, September 2011, pp. 88–113 MATJAŽ KLEMENČIČ The Austrian Policy towards Elementary Bilingual Education in Southern Carinthia and its Changes between 1958 and 1988 The article deals with the Austrian policy towards bilingual elementary education. After World War II Austria introduced compulsory elementary bilingual education within almost whole territory of Slovene indigenous settlement in southern Carinthia. Soon after the State Treaty for the Re-establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria of 1955 was signed the German nationalists sharpened their demands that parents should decide on the language of education of their children. As a result of this pressure the compulsory bilingual elementary education was abolished in 1958. Author deals with the debates in Austrian parliament which led to the passage of new minority school law in 1959, which worsened the positions of Slovene minority. The second part of the article deals with debates and procedures when this law was changed again in 1980s. The changes did not achieve the aims of those who proposed them. The political circumstances after the fall of Berlin Wall and increased importance of Slovene language as one of the official languages of EU again increased the interest in Carinthia for bilingual education. Keywords: Carinthian Slovenes, ethnic/national minority, minority protection laws, bilingual education Avstrijska politika do osnovnošolskega dvojezičnega izobraževanja na južnem Koroškem in spremembe le- tega med letoma 1958 in 1988 Prispevek obravnava avstrijsko politiko do obveznega dvojezičnega šolstva na Koroškem. Po drugi svetovni vojni je Avstrija uvedla obvezno dvojezično šolstvo na skoraj celotnem območju avtohtone poselitve Slovencev na južnem Koroškem. Kmalu po podpisu Pogodbe o obnovi neodvisne in demokratične Avstrije leta 1955 so nemški nacionalistični krogi zaostrili zahteve, da bi o učnem jeziku svojih otrok odločali starši. Na njihov pritisk je koroška deželna politika leta 1958 odpravila obvezno dvojezično šolstvo. Avtor nato obravnava zakonodajne postopke v koroškem deželnem zboru in v avstrijskem parlamentu, ki so leta 1959 privedli do sprejema novega manjšinskega šolskega zakona, ki je slovenski manjšini zelo poslabšal že pridobljene pravice. V nadaljevanju je obravnavano spreminjanje tega zakona v 80. letih 20. st. Te spremembe pa namena predlagateljev niso dosegle. Spremenjene politične okoliščine po padcu berlinskega zidu in naraščanje pomena slovenščine kot enega uradnih jezikov v EU so povečale tudi zanimanje za dvojezično izobraževanje. Ključne besede: koroški Slovenci, etnične/narodne manjšine, manjšinska zaščitna zakonodaja, dvojezično izobraževanje Correspondence address: Matjaž Klemenčič, University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Department of History, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia, e-mail: [email protected]. ISSN 0354-0286 Print/ ISSN 1854-5181 Online - UDC 323.15.342.4(058) © Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja (Ljubljana), http://www.inv.si RAZPRAVE IN GRADIVO REVIJA ZA NARODNOSTNA VPRAŠANJA Številka 65, september 2011, str. 88–113 1. Introduction 89 Bilingual education in southern Carinthia has always been the cause of conflicts between the German-speaking majority and the Slovene-speaking minority of the province and especially after 1848 when the Slovenes started to become politically aware of their interests as a modern European nation and these interests started to overlap with the interests of the Greater German nationalists (Berchtold 1967; Cvirn 1995, 73–82). These tensions were also caused by the fact that, until 1938, the bilingual utraquistic schools served primarily as a means to make children learn German as quickly as possible (Ude 1955; Hassler 1959; ÖRK 1989; Kurz 1990, 120; Oblak 1990). Even in 1934, there were 78 Slovenian- German bilingual utraquistic schools where they taught 12,027 children (Suppan 1983, 160). During the Nazi period the Slovene language completely disappeared from schools. After the World War II, with the introduction of compulsory bilingual elementary education in almost the entire bilingual region of Southern Carinthia Austria formally demonstrated a positive political will to tackle the old German-Slovene contradictions. The State Treaty for the Re-establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria (also known as the Austrian State Treaty – AST) of 1955, in the second paragraph of Article 7 states that Austrian citizens of Slovene and Croatian national minorities in Carinthia, Burgenland and Styria are “entitled to elementary instruction in the Slovene or Croat language and to a proportional number of their own secondary schools” (BGBl 1955, 727). However, in the field of minority protection Austrian legal practice did not follow the requirements of the AST (Pleterski 1960, 7–99; Stuhlpfarrer 2004, 39–58). The reason for this, especially in the field of education, was the fact that almost no denazification took place in Carinthia. The provincial governor of Carinthia Hans Piesch in 1946 stated that if the denazification were to be completed in the field of education in Carinthia, they would have to close all schools (Knight 1998, 531–558; Tributsch 2005, 81–83; Wakounig 2008, 172–177). 2. The Abolition of Compulsory Bilingual Elementary Education Opponents of bilingual education loudly demanded from 1949 onwards the introduction of the so-called parental right, i.e., that the parents would have the right to decide on the language of instruction of their children (Malle 1998, 511- 513). Individual protests of German nationalists against bilingual education took place already in 1946 (Fräss-Ehrfeld 2005, 123). Until 1956 only the Socialist 65 / 2011 TREATISES AND DOCUMENTS JOURNAL OF ETHNIC STUDIES MATJAŽ KLEMENČIČ The Austrian Policy towards Elementary Bilingual Education in Souther... 90 Party of Austria [Sozialistische Partei Österreichs – SPÖ] rejected such changes and then – out of fear of losing votes at the elections – itself succumbed to the demands of the German nationalists (Zorn 1976, 127–128; Nećak 1985, 100–101). Opponents of bilingual elementary education in Southern Carinthia organized school strikes and forced both government parties, i.e., the SPÖ and the Austrian People’s Party [Österreichische Volkspartei – ÖVP] to file a proposal of new bill on bilingual elementary education in Carinthia on 11 September 1957. According to this proposal minority education in the elementary schools [Volkschule] and in school grades five through eight Hauptschule[ ] would in accordance with the article 7 of AST fall under the jurisdiction of federal authorities, while the establishment of the school networks would fall under the jurisdiction of provincial authorities. The proposal also foresaw the establishment of a secondary school with Slovene as the language of education and additional education for teachers who taught in the Slovene language, and it regulated the optional teaching of Slovene language in compulsory elementary education and in secondary schools. The proposal dealt with the supervision of these schools. It defined members of the Slovene national minority as those Austrian citizens who recognized themselves as members of minority. The recognition of the membership of minority was a matter which officials could neither deny nor review in any way. Both federal and provincial legislators were to make sure that no pupil would attend school in the Slovene language or be taught Slovene as a compulsory subject without the consent or expressed will of his or her legal representatives. On the other hand, in accordance with this proposal all pupils in the linguistically mixed area of Carinthia – if their legal representatives so requested – would receive instruction in one of the schools in which the education took place only in the Slovene language, or in schools in which instruction was in German and Slovene, or in schools with German as the language of education in which classes with Slovene language of education would be organized. In schools with Slovene as the language of instruction German would be taught as a mandatory subject for six hours a week. In schools with Slovene and German as the languages of instruction, in the first three grades the language of instruction was to be to quantitatively the same in Slovene and in German. From the fourth grade onwards this instruction would take place only in German, while Slovene would be taught for three hours a week. The proposal also provided for additional training for teachers who taught in Slovene, and also the termination of the validity of the decree on compulsory bilingual elementary education of 3 October 1945 (SP 1957, 201–300). German nationalists stepped up their efforts to abolish compulsory bilingual elementary education in southern Carinthia, in particular after the beginning of May 1957, when the Minister of Education Heinrich Drimmel sent a decree RAZPRAVE IN GRADIVO REVIJA ZA NARODNOSTNA VPRAŠANJA 65 / 2011 MATJAŽ KLEMENČIČ Avstrijska politika do osnovnošolskega dvojezičnega izobraževanja na... establishing the Slovene Federal High School in Klagenfurt/Celovec to the 91 Provincial School Council of Carinthia (Verordnungsblatt 1957, 1). In order to somewhat calm passions, two deputies to the Austrian parliament, Walther Weissmann (ÖVP) and Max Neugebauer (SPÖ), on 20 November 1957 proposed to the Austrian Parliament a new draft of the law on bilingual education in Carinthia, and this was discussed in the Subcommittee on Minority
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
    The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Erika Weinzierl Emeritus Professor of History University of Vienna Working Paper 01-1 October 2003 ©2003 by the Center for Austrian Studies (CAS). Permission to reproduce must generally be obtained from CAS. Copying is permitted in accordance with the fair use guidelines of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976. CAS permits the following additional educational uses without permission or payment of fees: academic libraries may place copies of CAS Working Papers on reserve (in multiple photocopied or electronically retrievable form) for students enrolled in specific courses; teachers may reproduce or have reproduced multiple copies (in photocopied or electronic form) for students in their courses. Those wishing to reproduce CAS Working Papers for any other purpose (general distribution, advertising or promotion, creating new collective works, resale, etc.) must obtain permission from the Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota, 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis MN 55455. Tel: 612-624-9811; fax: 612-626-9004; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction: The Rise of the Viennese Jewish Middle Class The rapid burgeoning and advancement of the Jewish middle class in Vienna commenced with the achievement of fully equal civil and legal rights in the Fundamental Laws of December 1867 and the inter-confessional Settlement (Ausgleich) of 1868. It was the victory of liberalism and the constitutional state, a victory which had immediate and phenomenal demographic and social consequences. In 1857, Vienna had a total population of 287,824, of which 6,217 (2.16 per cent) were Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • Perchtenlauf” in Its Relationship to the Carnivalesque
    Ritual Rebellion and Social Inversion in Alpine Austria: Rethinking the “Perchtenlauf” in its Relationship to the Carnivalesque by David Natko A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Approved April 2014 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: John Alexander, Chair Daniel Gilfillan Peter Horwath ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 ABSTRACT The "Perchtenlauf," a multi-faceted procession of masked participants found in the eastern Alps, has been the subject of considerable discourse and often debate within European ethnology since the mid-19th century. While often viewed from a mythological perspective and characterized as a relic of pre-Christian cult practices, only recently have scholars begun to examine its connection with Carnival. Research of this kind calls for an in-depth analysis of the "Perchtenlauf" that is informed by Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque, an aesthetic of festive merriment and the release from social restrictions which is embodied by Carnival traditions. A carnivalesque reading of the "Perchtenlauf" reveals a tradition pregnant with playful ambivalence, celebrations of the lower body, and the inversion of social hierarchies. Past interpretations of the "Perchtenlauf" have often described its alleged supernatural function of driving away the harmful forces of winter, however its carnavalesque elements have definite social functions involving the enjoyment of certain liberties not sanctioned under other circumstances. The current study solidifies the relationship between the "Perchtenlauf" and Carnival using ethnographic, historical, and etymological evidence in an attempt to reframe the discourse on the tradition's form and function in terms of carnivalesque performance. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Austria's Image in the US After the Formation of the New ÖVP/FPÖ Gove
    Günter Bischof "Experiencing a Nasty Fall from Grace…" Austria’s Image in the U.S. after the Formation of the New ÖVP/FPÖ Government I. The Context: Austria’s Postwar Image It was one of the distinct characteristics of Austria’s neutralist mentalité during the Cold War that the country’s self-perception, especially during Kreisky’s years in power, was that of the "island of the blessed." On the one hand, economic prosperity, an all-encompassing welfare system, and Austria’s unique neutral position between the blocs have turned most Austrians into self-absorbed isolationists enormously pleased with themselves. On the other hand, Austria’s social peace and low unemployment rates, engendered by the complex and highly statist Austrocorporatist system, also produced a perception in the world of Austria as a model small republic. Austria’s postwar image among U.S. policy elites was formed by the early Cold War struggle. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty brought an end to the end of the endless four-power occupation. The image of Austria in the U.S. print media as "heroes of the Cold War" began to recede. In the early 1950’s the threat of Communist coups made Austria vulnerable to be partitioned. American geopolitics considered Austria, along with divided Germany, as crucial players in the struggle against Communism on the frontlines of the Cold War. Austrians were admired for having patiently suffered the oppressive Soviet occupation regime for so long. During the occupation, Americans often did not closely distinguish between Germany and Austria. In fact it was one of the greatest challenges of Austrian diplomats in Washington to try to make the American public understand the vital differences between liberated Austria and defeated Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Centre of Vienna
    WHC Nomination Documentation File Name: 1033.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND THE NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Historic Centre of Vienna DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 16th December 2001 STATE PARTY: AUSTRIA CRITERIA: C (ii)(iv)(vi) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 25th Session of the World Heritage Committee The Committee inscribed the Historic Centre of Vienna on the World Heritage List under criteria (ii), (iv), and (vi): Criterion (ii): The urban and architectural qualities of the Historic Centre of Vienna bear outstanding witness to a continuing interchange of values throughout the second millennium. Criterion (iv): Three key periods of European cultural and political development - the Middle Ages, the Baroque period, and the Gründerzeit - are exceptionally well illustrated by the urban and architectural heritage of the Historic Centre of Vienna. Criterion (vi): Since the 16th century Vienna has been universally acknowledged to be the musical capital of Europe. While taking note of the efforts already made for the protection of the historic town of Vienna, the Committee recommended that the State Party undertake the necessary measures to review the height and volume of the proposed new development near the Stadtpark, east of the Ringstrasse, so as not to impair the visual integrity of the historic town. Furthermore, the Committee recommended that special attention be given to continuous monitoring and control of any changes to the morphology of the historic building stock. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Vienna developed from early Celtic and Roman settlements into a Medieval and Baroque city, the capital of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. It played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Austria Country Report | SGI Sustainable Governance Indicators
    Austria Report Anton Pelinka, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, Reimut Zohlnhöfer (Coordinator) Sustainable Governance Indicators 2020 © vege - stock.adobe.com Sustainable Governance SGI Indicators SGI 2020 | 2 Austria Report Executive Summary Incorporating a broad swath of interests into the policymaking process has traditionally been a strong point of the Austrian political system. However, this has started to change for two reasons, one more general and one more specific. As a result of Austria’s de jure integration into the European Union (and especially into the European Single Market) and Austria’s de facto integration into an ever-more globalized economic system, the ability of Austrian governments to integrate and control social and economic trends is declining. Furthermore, in 2017, the formation of a new coalition government, which included the FPÖ – widely seen as a party of right-wing populism – introduced an additional factor, namely volatility, which has affected both electoral behavior and increasingly government stability. For the third time (after 1993 – 1996 and 2000 – 2002), the FPÖ was unable to use an opportunity to become (or at least to be seen as) a “mainstream” center- right party. In summer 2019, the party forced (indirectly and unwillingly) its partner to cancel the parties’ cooperation arrangement on the government level. In the following elections, the FPÖ lost significantly – and its (former) partner, the ÖVP, won a clear plurality of votes and seats in parliament. In combination with several scandals, defined as “singular cases,” the FPÖ’s roots – coming out of the tradition of Austrian Nazism – were more widely discussed than in previous decades. The outcome of the 2019 elections underlines one traditional and one not so traditional aspect.
    [Show full text]
  • POLICY INSIGHT No.96 October 2019
    abcd POLICY INSIGHT No.96 October 2019 The roots of populism in Europe, the United States and Latin America Guillermo de la Dehesa Romero CEPR, IE Business School, Madrid upport for populism is growing in many Stars Movement of Luigi Di Maio and Beppe Grillo, regions and countries in the world. Compare, which eventually collapsed because of different Sfor instance, the list of populist parties and views on key policy issues and the political individuals with national or local government ambitions of Mr Salvini. representation reported in Box 1 with the much shorter list compiled by Betz and Swank (2003) 16 The two main causes for the rise of populism years ago. are deep recessions and large immigration waves. Macroeconomic populism can lead to Populism is a way of thinking about politics rather hyperinflation, which, by distorting relative prices than a specific ideology, and is characterised by and devaluing the currency, can reinforce populist conflict between “the people”, who have a set of sentiments. Latin America, the region with the demands they believe are worthy of attention, longest populist tradition - from “Peronism” in and “the elite”, who are seen as unwilling to grant Argentina to “Chavism” in Venezuela - is a clear these demands (Judis, 2016). example of this link.2 Macroeconomic populism can also lead to excessive accumulation of In the United States, there are strong right- and public debt which, in turn, increases support for left-wing populist movements, the former led by populism because large debt accumulation is often President Trump and the latter by Senator Sanders. associated with beliefs that the political elite is The same applies to the United Kingdom, with either incompetent or dishonest (or both).
    [Show full text]
  • Outgoing Chancellor Sebastian Kurz's People's Party (ÖVP) Favourite in the Snap Election in Austria on 29Th September Next
    GENERAL ELECTION IN AUSTRIA 29th September 2019 European Outgoing Chancellor Sebastian Elections Monitor Kurz’s People’s Party (ÖVP) favourite in the snap election in Corinne Deloy Austria on 29th September next Analysis 6.4 million Austrians aged at least 16 are being called leadership of the FPÖ. He was replaced by Norbert Hofer, to ballot on 29th September to elect the 183 members Transport Minister and the unlucky candidate in the last of the National Council (Nationalrat), the lower house presidential election in 2016, when he won 48.3% of the of Parliament. This election, which is being held three vote and was beaten by Alexander Van der Bellen (51.7%) years ahead of schedule, follows the dismissal of the in the second round of the election on 4th December. government chaired by Chancellor Kurz (People’s Party, ÖVP) by the National Council on 27th May last. It was the The day after the European elections, Chancellor first time in the country’s history that a government lost Sebastian Kurz was removed from office. On 3rd June, a vote of confidence (103 of the 183 MPs voted against). Brigitte Bierlein, president of the Constitutional Court, It is even more remarkable that on the day before the became the first female Chancellor in Austria’s history. vote regarding his dismissal, the ÖVP easily won the Appointed by the President of the Republic Van der Bellen, European elections on 26th May with 34.55% of the vote. she has ensured the interim as head of government. On 21st June the Austrian authorities announced that a snap This vote of no-confidence followed the broadcast, ten election would take place on 29th September.
    [Show full text]
  • WPT1 D2.2.1 REGIONAL REPORT Carinthia - Austria
    WPT1 D2.2.1 REGIONAL REPORT Carinthia - Austria January 2017 • Schuschnig, Putzl WPT1 Regional report: Carinthia – Austria 2 European Regional Development Fund WPT1 Regional report: Carinthia – Austria Institution Office of the Carinthia Government Department 7: Economy, Tourism, Infrastructure and Mobility Mießtaler Straße 1 9021 Klagenfurt am Wörthersee Austria t +43 (0)50 536 17003 f +43 (0)50 536 17000 e [email protected] w https://www.ktn.gv.at/Verwaltung/Amt-der-Kaerntner-Landesregierung/Abteilung-7 Authors: Schuschnig Hans t +43 (0)50 536-17071 m +43 (0)664 8053617071 f +43 (0)50 536-17070 e [email protected] Jörg Putzl t +43 (0)50 536-17077 m +43 (0)664 8053617077 f +43 (0)50 536-17070 e [email protected] 3 European Regional Development Fund WPT1 Regional report: Carinthia – Austria 4 European Regional Development Fund WPT1 Regional report: Carinthia – Austria TABLE OF CONTENTS Index 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 7 Short description of administrative system of your country ................................... 7 Institutional structures of your TA................................................................................ 9 2. ACTUAL STRATEGIES on SGI .................................................................................................. 10 Basic report on the strategies ..................................................................................... 10 General problems, related to the delivery
    [Show full text]
  • The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.)
    The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18 innsbruck university press Copyright ©2010 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, ED 210, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America. Published and distributed in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe by University of New Orleans Press: Innsbruck University Press: ISBN 978-1-60801-009-7 ISBN 978-3-902719-29-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936824 Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Fritz Plasser, Universität Innsbruck Production Editor Copy Editor Assistant Editor Ellen Palli Jennifer Shimek Michael Maier Universität Innsbruck Loyola University, New Orleans UNO/Vienna Executive Editors Franz Mathis, Universität Innsbruck Susan Krantz, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest Peter Berger Günther Pallaver Wirtschaftsuniversität
    [Show full text]
  • List of Political Parties
    Manifesto Project Dataset Political Parties in the Manifesto Project Dataset [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2015a from May 22, 2015 Manifesto Project Dataset Political Parties in the Manifesto Project Dataset Version 2015a 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The following list documents the parties that were coded at a specific election. The list includes the party’s or alliance’s name in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation as well as the corresponding party identification number. In case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list by themselves. If the composition of an alliance changed between different elections, this change is covered as well. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party was a split from another party or a merger of a number of other parties and indicates the name (and if existing the id) of this split or merger parties. In the past there have been a few cases where an alliance manifesto was coded instead of a party manifesto but without assigning the alliance a new party id. Instead, the alliance manifesto appeared under the party id of the main party within that alliance. In such cases the list displays the information for which election an alliance manifesto was coded as well as the name and members of this alliance. 1.1 Albania ID Covering Abbrev Parties No.
    [Show full text]
  • EU Profiler-Euandi Trendfile Codebook
    - Codebook - EU Profiler/euandi Trend File (2009-2019) European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre of Advanced Studies February 2020 Introduction The EU Profiler/euandi Trend File (2009-2019) combines party position data from three pan-European voting advice applications (VAAs), developed for the European Parliament elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019. It includes the positions of over 400 parties1 from the 28 EU member states on a wide range of salient political issues. The project was first launched in 2009 under the name ‘EU Profiler’ by the European University Institute (EUI), in collaboration with Smartvote (Switzerland) and Kieskompas (2009). By positioning more than 270 political parties from 30 European countries2 it was the first cross-national VAA of such magnitude. EU Profiler was succeeded by ‘euandi’ (EU and I) in 2014 and re-launched as ‘euandi2019’ five years later, in collaboration with the University of Luzern.3 To determine party positions on the political issues, all three editions of the VAA have used the same iterative method that combines party self-placement and expert judgement. All the parties were offered a chance to place themselves on the pre-selected issue-statements. The parties were also placed on the same list of issues by a group of experts from each EU member state. The results were then compared and, if necessary, calibrated in co-operation with the party representatives. If the party did not respond to the invitation to participate in the self-placement procedure, the positions were determined solely by the expert group.4 Over 100 highly trained experts across Europe worked for each of these VAAs to make such immense data collection endeavour possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.)
    CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES VOLUME 26 Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.) UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 26 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2017 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011452 ISBN: 9783903122802 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through a generous grant by the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series. The College of Liberal Arts at the University of New Orleans, as well as the Vice
    [Show full text]