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Thèse En Vue De L’Obtention Du Diplôme De Doctorat En Sciences Agronomiques

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Thèse En Vue De L’Obtention Du Diplôme De Doctorat En Sciences Agronomiques الجـمـهـورية الجـزائـرية الديـمـقراطـية الشـعبـية REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE وزارة التـعلـيم العـالي و البـحـث العـلمـي MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE المـدرسة الـوطـنية العـليا للعـلوم الفـﻻحـية الـحراش -الجـزائـر- ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE AGRONOMIQUE (ENSA) EL-HARRACH – ALGER Thèse En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques Thème Effet de l’addition de thymol ou de carvacrol sur l’activité biologique des huiles essentielles de Juniperus phoenicea et d’Ammoides atlantica et de l’effet de l’irradiation gamma sur la composition chimique et l’activité antioxydante d’extraits de Thymus algeriensis Présentée par : Mme LATRECHE – DOUAR Sabrina Soutenue le : 22 – 06 – 2019. Devant le jury composé de : Président : M. BENCHABANE Ahmed Professeur à l’ENSA Directeur de thèse : M. HAZZIT Mohamed Professeur à l’ENSA Examinateurs : Mme MOUHOUCHE Fazia Professeur à l’ENSA Mme SAHRAOUI Naima MCA à l’USTHB Année universitaire : 2018-2019 M. BENKACI-ALI Farid Professeur à l’USTHB M. FERHAT Mohamed Amine Professeur à l’ENS Année universitaire 2018 - 2019 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier Monsieur HAZZIT Mohamed, Professeur à l’ENSA (École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique – El-Harrach – Alger), pour son encadrement, sa disponibilité et son sérieux. Son écoute, ses conseils et sa patience m’ont marqué à jamais. Merci encore. Je suis reconnaissante à Monsieur BENCHABANE Ahmed, Professeur à l’ENSA (École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique – El-Harrach – Alger), de nous faire l’honneur de présider ce jury. Je tiens aussi à le remercier pour sa bonne humeur, son encouragement, et sa disponibilité tout au long de ce travail. J’exprime toute notre gratitude à Madame SAHRAOUI Naima, Maître de conférences à l’USTHB, à Monsieur FERHAT Mohamed-Amine, professeur à l’ENS (Kouba), et à Monsieur BENKACI ALI Farid, professeur à l’USTHB, pour avoir bien voulu examiner ce travail et être membre du jury. Je tiens à remercier particulièrement Madame MOUHOUCHE Fazia, Professeur à l’ENSA (École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique – El-Harrach – Alger) pour avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail et être membre du jury, mais surtout pour son écoute, ses précieux conseils, son encouragement et ses pensées positives. Elle est et sera pour toujours un exemple de réussite pour moi. J’associe mes remerciements à l’ensemble des membres du département de Technologie Alimentaire pour l’ambiance chaleureuse et pour nos échanges enrichissants, ainsi qu’à tous mes amis (es). Je ne saurais oublier de remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont aidés, en particulier Mohammed, Technicien au laboratoire d’analyse instrumentale, pour la confiance et le soutient dont il m’a fait preuve. Enfin, j’exprime mes affectueuses pensées particulièrement à mes parents, mes enfants, et mes proches qui m’ont soutenus et encouragés tout au long de ce travail. Sommaire Sommaire Liste des tableaux Liste des figures Liste des abréviations Introduction générale……………………………………………………………………………………1 Partie I : Recherche bibliographique Chapitre I : Plantes médicinales et principes actifs……………………………………….4 I. Les plantes médicinales………………………………………………………………………4 I.1. Introduction………………………………….……...……………………………………...4 I.2. La valeur d'une plante médicinale…......................................................................................4 I.3. Estimation du nombre d’espèce de plantes médicinales dans le monde….............................4 I.4. Marché des plantes médicinales............................................................................................5 I.5. Utilisation des plantes médicinales en Algérie......................................................................5 I.6. Diversité des plantes aromatiques en Algérie........................................................................6 I.7. Plantes médicinales les plus utilisées en Algérie...................................................................6 I.8. Les habitats menacés des plantes médicinales.......................................................................7 II. Principes actifs des plantes aromatiques et médicinales..........................................................8 II.1. Les huiles essentielles..........................................................................................................8 II.1.1. Historique.........................................................................................................................8 II.1.2. Définition générale d'une " huile essentielle "...................................................................8 II.1.3. Propriétés physico-chimiques...........................................................................................9 II.1.4. Composition chimique......................................................................................................9 II.1.5. Distribution et localisation des huiles essentielles...........................................................11 II.1.6. Fonctions biologiques des huiles essentielles..................................................................11 II.1.7. Facteurs de variation de la composition chimique...........................................................11 II.1.8. Utilisation des huiles essentielles....................................................................................12 II.1.9. Toxicité des huiles essentielles........................................................................................13 II.1.10. Conservation des huiles essentielles..............................................................................13 II.1.11. Procédés d’extraction....................................................................................................14 II.1.12. Analyse des huiles essentielles......................................................................................16 Sommaire II.2. Les composés actifs............................................................................................................17 II.3. Les alcaloïdes.....................................................................................................................18 II.4. Les composés phénoliques.................................................................................................18 Chapitre II : Activités biologiques des plantes médicinales................................24 I. Activité antioxydante.............................................................................................................24 I.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................24 I.2. Déclenchement de l’oxydation............................................................................................24 I.3. Oxydation des corps gras.....................................................................................................24 I.4. Conséquences de l’oxydation..............................................................................................28 I.5. Conséquences des peroxydations lipidiques........................................................................28 I.6. Prévention contre l’oxydation.............................................................................................28 I.7. L'inhibition de l'oxydation des lipides.................................................................................28 I.8. Les antioxygènes ou antioxydants.......................................................................................28 I.9. Mesure du degré d’oxydation et du pouvoir antioxydant.....................................................31 II. Activité bio insecticide..........................................................................................................33 II.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................33 II.2. Biopesticides d’origine végétale........................................................................................33 II.3. Avantages des biopesticides d’origine végétale.................................................................34 II.4. Utilisation des huiles essentielles.......................................................................................34 III. Activité antimicrobienne.....................................................................................................38 III.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................38 III.2. Propriétés antimicrobiennes des huiles essentielles..........................................................38 III.3. Propriétés antifongiques des huiles essentielles................................................................39 III.4. Propriétés antivirales........................................................................................................40 III.5. Mode d’action antimicrobienne des huiles essentielles.....................................................40 III.6. Méthodes d’évaluation.....................................................................................................40 III.7. Limite des méthodes d’évaluation de l’activité antimicrobienne......................................42 III.8. Facteurs déterminants l’efficacité de l’activité antimicrobienne.......................................42 III.9. Effets antimicrobiens des associations d’huiles essentielles.............................................43
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