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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Identification of Cultural Landscape Factors for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area

To cite this article: Qunsong Zhang et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 495 012045

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Identification of Cultural Landscape Factors for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area

Qunsong Zhang1,2 *, Eunyoung Kim1, Cuixia Yang2 and Fucun Cao2 1Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan 2 Landscape Architecture, School of Art & Design, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1st Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian, , China, P.C. 116034

*[email protected]

Abstract. Cultural Landscape (CL) is a variety of manifestations of interaction between human beings and their natural environment. CL is the internal power of sustainable development(SD) and has a significant link with the development cycle system. As a carrier of living cultural heritage, traditional villages embody the regional CL formed under the comprehensive effects of natural resources, humanity history, architectural aesthetics, the integration of ethnic groups and production methods, and the symbiosis between human beings and the environment. This paper aims to study a method to identify CL factors of traditional villages based on the elements of SD in the aspects of environment, economy, society, peace and security. Quantitative analysis of the SD of Changbai Mountain traditional village CL was conducted. We collected data from 11 villages from the national spatial data cloud and relevant literature. The results provide the evidences for deciding the balance point of SD to support the protection and revitalization of villages at the same time.

1. Introduction Many authoritative institutions and scholars have defined the concept of cultural landscape (CL), which is a variety of manifestations of interaction between human beings and their natural environment [1]-[3]. Digging into the social value of traditional villages’ humanistic landscape and making thorough investigation the regional cultural landscape [4] expand the research dimension of CL. However, regional SD is the most effective strategy for the protection of cultural landscape [5]-[6]. Culture is the key factor to maintain the rural nature of traditional villages [7], which is also the accumulation of village development history. And the external expression of human and nature relying on history and space. Rural landscape constitutes an important part of people’s identity and affects their well-being through its aesthetic and cultural elements.[5] However, in the process of rapid urbanization, how to enhance the sustainability of traditional village CL is still the top priority of Chinese current rural revitalization strategy. Since sustainable development (SD) was first proposed in 1972, its definition has been continuously evolved. SD is often associated with finding a balance among the three pillars of SD— economic, social, and environmental sustainability [8]. Recently the fourth pillar, peace and security, has been added [9]. According to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, the 17 SD goals are

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 also included in these four aspects. Cultural landscape is the result of transforming nature of human. Therefore, CL has an inevitable connection with SD. The relationship between culture and SD also involves global view on culture, value system and development direction of civilization. It is called “culture of sustainable development” [10]. CL is the spiritual core that dominates SD, and culture is not the fourth pillar, this conceptualization was also characterized as “culture as sustainable development” [11]. This paper chooses Changbai Mountain traditional village, which represents the sub-culture of , as a case study to illustrate the process of CL analysis and summarize it from the perspective of SD. The aim is to study the life, production and ecological areas of traditional villages from four pillars of SD and three scales of macro, meso and micro to analysis the identification factors of CL to provide decision-making basis and experience for the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the cultural revival of traditional villages.

2. Study areas The Changbai Mountain area covers not only the three northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia, but also the Russian far-east and parts of the Korean peninsula. The research scope of this paper is 11 state-level traditional villages in the eastern and central part of Province, namely, 、Huifa River、Songhua Lake and Jiaohe River systems as the boundary to the eastern border of Jilin Province. As shown in Figure 1, ten villages are located in the eastern part of Jilin Province and one is located in Jiaohe city in the central part of Jilin Province. Most of traditional villages are close to the border between China and North .

Figure 1. Geographical location of study area.

3. Data sources and methods

3.1 Data collection We collected data from the national spatial data cloud (www.gscloud.cn) of 30 m elevation map of DEM data and used Jilin province map of 1:50 after correction of the actual research, combining with the relevant literature [12], Changbai Mountain topography, relief degree in the study area using 16

2 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 x16 grid data, and the relief degree of 30 to 50 m < 30 m for plain for platform 50, 200 m for hilly > 200 m for low and middle mountain. Specific results are shown in Figure 1.

3.2 Analytic framework Spatial classification includes three kinds of spatial dimensions: Ecology, Production and Life, which have also three spatial scales. They are coupled with several pillars of SD, such as environment (ecology), economy (production) and society (life), while peace and security are the other aspects of social life in regional development and the embodiment of comprehensive factors (Figure 2). The existence of traditional villages is based on the content of spatial element identification. At the same time, spatial elements and evaluation factors mutually correspond to each other, while evaluation elements constitute the characteristics of CL. Tangible CL includes village site selection, street layout, courtyard form, architectural features, etc. Intangible CL includes traditional skills, living customs, belief language and ethnic composition.

Figure 2. A framework for Sustainable Development and Cultural Landscape Characteristics

3.3 Application of cultural landscape metrics This paper is based on the pillar of SD, as shown in Figure 2. It establishes a CL index system, and uses spatial syntax, GIS spatial analysis and other methods to conduct multidimensional analysis on village site selection, spatial form, street space and residential features from large, medium and small scales, and finally obtains CL features of Changbai Mountain under the dimensions of SD. Among them, the street space works as a base map of space syntax analyzed based on the correction of Figure 3, corresponding to the remote sensing imagery and field investigation. In this paper, Auto CAD and Depth map software were used to calculate the integration of morphological variables, which represent the aggregation or dispersion degree of a unit space and other spaces in the system. We selected 8 typical traditional villages to draw their geometric analysis map of space syntax (see Figure 4). According to the pillars and goals of SD, we combined it with geographical, historical and intangible culture factors. As results, the characteristics of CL factors of traditional villages in Changbai Mountain region were extracted, which include both common characteristics based on environment-economy and specific characteristics based on society-life.

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Figure 3. Three Scale Regions of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain

4. Results

4.1 Tangible Culture Landscape Factors of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area

4.1.1 The Site Selection of Traditional Village Based on Environment. Influenced by the concept of traditional villages using natural landscape to build human settlement environment according to local conditions, Changbai Mountain area is mountainous and the water supply system is well-developed. Therefore, most of the villages have been built near the mountain. The natural environments of the villages such as mountain topography, water supply systems and cold climate are important factors for forming and developing of large-scale spatial pattern of villages. As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 3, the study divides the site selection of traditional villages in Changbai Mountain region into four types: mid-mountain hill gentle slope type; near-river hill type; near-river platform type; and near-river plain type. Hill gentle slope villages in mid-mountain area including Jinjiang Cabin Village, Zhuantou Mountain Village, Huoronggou Village and Songlingtun Village are generally located in the hillside gentle slope zone of mid-mountain, backed by mountains, surrounded by the most abundant natural forests and they have relatively better protection (see Figure 3). The main species of tree are Changbai Mountain larch, linden, spruce, undergrowth shrubs, herbaceous vegetation and moss. The villages are arranged along the massif trend, so the spatial form of the villages is relatively loose with fruit trees or cultivated land between the buildings. Hilly villages near the river are surrounded by mountains and water, and the vegetation is relatively richer than the others. There are few natural forests and more mixed shelfbelts, as well as fruit forests with both economic and ecological functions. For example, Qidaogou River flows through the south of Sandaoyangcha Village, while the water of flows through the north of Jiapigou Village (see Figure 3). Near-river platform villages and near-river plain villages are surrounded by mountains, and the streams in the mountains flow down around the villages. Such as, flows from the east of Bailong Village, and the tributary of Fengwu Reservoir in Tumen River Basin flows from the west of Shuinan Village (see Figure 3). The natural environment of these villages is mainly linear or dotted scattered shelterbelts around their surroundings and farmland, with relatively low vegetation density.

4.1.2 Spatial Layout of Traditional Village Based on Economic Activities. Villages near the river plain (see Figure 3), such as Bailong Village and Shuinan Village where most of the land is flat and fertile

4 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 are mainly paddy fields, because of the sufficient sunlight that helps growing of crops. Tumen River water has provided stable income for cropping rice in Bailong Village. Corn and soybean are planted near the mountain. Near-river platform villages such as Dapuchai River Village and Luquanzi Village are planted with crops rice, corn and soybean on the high land around the flood plain. Due to the gentle slope of the terrain and its proximity to water sources, the main cash crops in Jiapigou Village are tobacco and blueberries, of which tobacco has become a local brand industry. The cash crop in Sandaoyangcha Village is rice. The Qidaogou River and Sandaoyangcha River provide water for rice planting. In addition, there are more animal husbandry, forestry and prataculture. Mid-mountain Hilly Village is a dry field with corn and soybean as the main crops, and also takes into account ginseng and fruit trees in forestry economy. For example, the main cash crops in Jinjiang Cabin Village are corn and ginseng.

4.1.3 Street Pattern of Traditional Village Based on Economic--Social Activities. It can be concluded from figure 4 that the spatial structure of villages in Changbai Mountain region of Jilin province is symmetrical, parallel and discrete. The higher the integration is the more orderly the settlement pattern will be; the lower the integration is the more irregular the settlement pattern will be. 1) Symmetrical Structure (SS). Jiapigou Village, Luchuan Village and Dapuchaihe Village are all SS. The street pattern is grid-shaped, with obvious village main roads and the central area of the whole village. The integration shows a decreasing trend from main roads to branch roads. Dapuchai River Village (Figure 4a) is located in the upstream of the power station in the valley plain on the east bank of the Fuer River. The integration of Luquanzi Village (Figure 4b) with the north-south direction as the axis of symmetry and the center-to-edge direction decreased in turn; Jiapigou Village (Figure 4c) is the “土 (Chinese character which means soil)” structure with a north-south main axis, and its overall spatial layout is square and spreads around along the axis. 2) Parallel Structure (PS). Shuinan Village and Bailong Village have parallel space structures. Streets patterns are zonal distribution along water systems, and the main street with the same trend as the water has the highest connectivity value. Bailong Village (Figure 4d) is a typical PS with streets and alleys as main axes in series to form settlements; Shuinan Village (Figure 4e) is a PS built along the south bank of the river.

Figure 4. Axis Model Map of Settlement Form of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain 3) Discrete Structure (DS). Songling Village (Figure 4f) has the lowest integration, and the southwest is connected in series by a zigzag continuous axis with the highest integration, which coincides with Yada railway.

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4.1.4 Traditional Architecture Based on Social Security. 1) Changbai Mountain proto-ecological log cabin. Original log cabin is the most representative form of dwelling in the native construction in Changbai Mountain area. It is one of the traditional civilian residence of Manchu, such as Jinjiang Cabin Village, Zhuantou Mountain Village and Huoronggou Village. Formed in the forest farm distribution center of Jinjiang Cabin Village, there are abundant timber and convenient materials. Architectural framework is mainly by the whole log chisel and cross cut stack into metope, also known as “Mukeden” or “Log Cabin Construction” in Architecture. Because it is cold and long in winter, the wooden house is heated by Kang, and the horizontal chimney is connected with Kang. Most of chimneys are made of hollow tree trunks, a unique technique created by early woodworkers and hunters who lived in the mountains. Due to the limited length of timber, log cabins are often divided into two rooms. The three rooms need to be spliced together wood. The plane of each room is rectangular. The door is directly in front of the house. The front face is a spacious kitchen with bedrooms on both sides. The main facilities of the bedroom are Kang. 2) North Korean vernacular dwellings. The majority of Korean immigrants to Changbai Mountain came from Hamgyong in the 1880s, thus preserving the characteristics of traditional Hamgyong dwellings. The Korean nationality houses face almost to the south, and mainly monomer houses, forming a rectangular semi-enclosed courtyard which is simply enclosed. In order to cope with the severe cold climate, the interior was laid out in the form of full Kang; In the construction structure which wood-framed load-bearing, and the wall is a sandwich wall or a hollow wall frequently. The roofs of the traditional dwellings in Bailong and Shuinan Villages are mostly made into two types: Gable and Hip Roof and Overhanging Gable Roof with smooth slope grade surface. The Century-old House in Bailong Village is the representative of the Korean nationality’s Gable and Hip Roof houses. 3) Han Nationality’s courtyard dwellings Han residents are mostly immigrants from the inside Shanhaiguan Pass, engaged in farming and influenced by Manchu architecture and geological climate. The typical dwellings of Han nationality are courtyard buildings facing south, and the building materials are mostly brick joisted or civil structures. Songling Village and Turnhead Mountain Village have more three-sided courtyards. Building layout is a tall main building with a roof truss facing south. The slightly smaller wing-rooms are located on the east and west sides of the main building, and are used as storehouses. There are more types of constructions in the courtyard, which are also made of wood, including corn buildings, livestock sheds, toilets, etc.

4.2 Intangible Cultural Landscape Factors of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area Changbai Mountain has been regarded as sacred mountain worship for thousands of years, as the birthplace of Manchu. With the development of forestry activities such as ginseng gathering and hunting, people mainly sacrifice to the tiger as the image of the mountain god and human’s god of “head”. In Man River area, the Manchus built a mountain temple of logs, in which the memorial tablet “Changbai Mountain Gods” was enshrined, and the shrine of sacrifice was also built in Luquanzi Village. Manchu traditional folk belief is Shamanism. In addition, fishermen made offerings to the god of water, and even larger fishing boats offered a memorial tablet for the goddess of water. The song and dance forms accompanying the sacrifice are various, such as grasping the drum and dancing the waist bell, dancing the bobo tune, etc. The Lantern Festival of River is an artistic expression of offering sacrifices to the god of water. The House Repair Festival is a grand festival in Cabin Village of Changbai Mountains. There are multitudinous modes of hunting. The Manchu people usually use hawks to catch prey, commonly known as “Releasing Hawks”. Although many ginseng antler on the market is cultured, traditional forestry activities such as rafting still exist today in Yalu River and Qidaogou River. Long-term fishing activities formed customs and developed into operas.

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5. Conclusion Through the analysis of the CL identification factors of the villages in Changbai Mountain area using the framework of SD, we proposed that the traditional villages in Changbai Mountain have diversification of CL factors, combined with the SD of each village. The main conclusions are as follows:  We used ArcGIS spatial analysis method, combined with Changbai Mountain regional topography, water system characteristics and topographic relief calculation, traditional villages in Changbai Mountain region can be divided into mid-mountain hill gentle slope type, near-river hill type, near-river platform type and near-river plain type.  We used the concept of SD and space syntax theory, GIS spatial analysis method to reach the conclusion that the CL represented by street space and residential features has diversity, and the traces left by early forestry activities are obvious.  The CL of traditional villages in Changbai Mountain area has diversified characteristics, which is based on the common features of environment-economy and the individual features of society-life as well. Common culture mainly includes forestry culture, farming culture, fishing and hunting culture. Immigrant culture and frontier culture are its local characteristic culture. At present, there are various research on cultural heritage using the concept of SD, but there is a lack of comprehensive study using village ecology (large scale), production (medium scale) and life (small scale) based on CL. We introduced the four pillars of SD concept with the corresponding aspects of CL, which provided a preliminary research foundation for the protection and development of village CL and the construction of ecological civilization.

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