IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Identification of Cultural Landscape Factors for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area To cite this article: Qunsong Zhang et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 495 012045 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 150.65.65.118 on 27/08/2020 at 06:33 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 Identification of Cultural Landscape Factors for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area Qunsong Zhang1,2 *, Eunyoung Kim1, Cuixia Yang2 and Fucun Cao2 1Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan 2 Landscape Architecture, School of Art & Design, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1st Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi, Dalian, Liaoning, China, P.C. 116034 *[email protected] Abstract. Cultural Landscape (CL) is a variety of manifestations of interaction between human beings and their natural environment. CL is the internal power of sustainable development(SD) and has a significant link with the development cycle system. As a carrier of living cultural heritage, traditional villages embody the regional CL formed under the comprehensive effects of natural resources, humanity history, architectural aesthetics, the integration of ethnic groups and production methods, and the symbiosis between human beings and the environment. This paper aims to study a method to identify CL factors of traditional villages based on the elements of SD in the aspects of environment, economy, society, peace and security. Quantitative analysis of the SD of Changbai Mountain traditional village CL was conducted. We collected data from 11 villages from the national spatial data cloud and relevant literature. The results provide the evidences for deciding the balance point of SD to support the protection and revitalization of villages at the same time. 1. Introduction Many authoritative institutions and scholars have defined the concept of cultural landscape (CL), which is a variety of manifestations of interaction between human beings and their natural environment [1]-[3]. Digging into the social value of traditional villages’ humanistic landscape and making thorough investigation the regional cultural landscape [4] expand the research dimension of CL. However, regional SD is the most effective strategy for the protection of cultural landscape [5]-[6]. Culture is the key factor to maintain the rural nature of traditional villages [7], which is also the accumulation of village development history. And the external expression of human and nature relying on history and space. Rural landscape constitutes an important part of people’s identity and affects their well-being through its aesthetic and cultural elements.[5] However, in the process of rapid urbanization, how to enhance the sustainability of traditional village CL is still the top priority of Chinese current rural revitalization strategy. Since sustainable development (SD) was first proposed in 1972, its definition has been continuously evolved. SD is often associated with finding a balance among the three pillars of SD— economic, social, and environmental sustainability [8]. Recently the fourth pillar, peace and security, has been added [9]. According to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, the 17 SD goals are Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 also included in these four aspects. Cultural landscape is the result of transforming nature of human. Therefore, CL has an inevitable connection with SD. The relationship between culture and SD also involves global view on culture, value system and development direction of civilization. It is called “culture of sustainable development” [10]. CL is the spiritual core that dominates SD, and culture is not the fourth pillar, this conceptualization was also characterized as “culture as sustainable development” [11]. This paper chooses Changbai Mountain traditional village, which represents the sub-culture of northeast China, as a case study to illustrate the process of CL analysis and summarize it from the perspective of SD. The aim is to study the life, production and ecological areas of traditional villages from four pillars of SD and three scales of macro, meso and micro to analysis the identification factors of CL to provide decision-making basis and experience for the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the cultural revival of traditional villages. 2. Study areas The Changbai Mountain area covers not only the three northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia, but also the Russian far-east and parts of the Korean peninsula. The research scope of this paper is 11 state-level traditional villages in the eastern and central part of Jilin Province, namely, Liu River、Huifa River、Songhua Lake and Jiaohe River systems as the boundary to the eastern border of Jilin Province. As shown in Figure 1, ten villages are located in the eastern part of Jilin Province and one is located in Jiaohe city in the central part of Jilin Province. Most of traditional villages are close to the border between China and North Korea. Figure 1. Geographical location of study area. 3. Data sources and methods 3.1 Data collection We collected data from the national spatial data cloud (www.gscloud.cn) of 30 m elevation map of DEM data and used Jilin province map of 1:50 after correction of the actual research, combining with the relevant literature [12], Changbai Mountain topography, relief degree in the study area using 16 2 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 x16 grid data, and the relief degree of 30 to 50 m < 30 m for plain for platform 50, 200 m for hilly > 200 m for low and middle mountain. Specific results are shown in Figure 1. 3.2 Analytic framework Spatial classification includes three kinds of spatial dimensions: Ecology, Production and Life, which have also three spatial scales. They are coupled with several pillars of SD, such as environment (ecology), economy (production) and society (life), while peace and security are the other aspects of social life in regional development and the embodiment of comprehensive factors (Figure 2). The existence of traditional villages is based on the content of spatial element identification. At the same time, spatial elements and evaluation factors mutually correspond to each other, while evaluation elements constitute the characteristics of CL. Tangible CL includes village site selection, street layout, courtyard form, architectural features, etc. Intangible CL includes traditional skills, living customs, belief language and ethnic composition. Figure 2. A framework for Sustainable Development and Cultural Landscape Characteristics 3.3 Application of cultural landscape metrics This paper is based on the pillar of SD, as shown in Figure 2. It establishes a CL index system, and uses spatial syntax, GIS spatial analysis and other methods to conduct multidimensional analysis on village site selection, spatial form, street space and residential features from large, medium and small scales, and finally obtains CL features of Changbai Mountain under the dimensions of SD. Among them, the street space works as a base map of space syntax analyzed based on the correction of Figure 3, corresponding to the remote sensing imagery and field investigation. In this paper, Auto CAD and Depth map software were used to calculate the integration of morphological variables, which represent the aggregation or dispersion degree of a unit space and other spaces in the system. We selected 8 typical traditional villages to draw their geometric analysis map of space syntax (see Figure 4). According to the pillars and goals of SD, we combined it with geographical, historical and intangible culture factors. As results, the characteristics of CL factors of traditional villages in Changbai Mountain region were extracted, which include both common characteristics based on environment-economy and specific characteristics based on society-life. 3 4th International Conference on Environmental and Energy Engineering (IC3E 2020) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 495 (2020) 012045 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012045 Figure 3. Three Scale Regions of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain 4. Results 4.1 Tangible Culture Landscape Factors of Traditional Villages in Changbai Mountain Area 4.1.1 The Site Selection of Traditional Village Based on Environment. Influenced by the concept of traditional villages using natural landscape to build human settlement environment according to local conditions, Changbai Mountain area is mountainous and the water supply system is well-developed. Therefore, most of