VOICES of DEM Rysi a Handbook for Speakeo, Teachers, and Writers

VOICES OF DEM rysi A Handbook for Speakeo, Teachers, and Writers

Compiled by BERNARDMOLC5HON under the direction of CHESTER S.WILLIAMS Assistant Administrator, Federal Forum Project

Bulletin1941, No. 8 es

FederalSecurity Agency6 -- 4. AO -PaulV.tvicNirrt,Administrator U. S. OFFICEOF EDUCATION - .01 -John W. Studebaker, Commissioner

United States GovernmentPrinting Office ------Washington:1§41 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,Weishington, D. C.- ---Price 15 cents . ci .,

4 4

Contents rage "GIVE Mg LIBERTY!" V "WE GOFORWARD"..__ lx FOUR FREEDOMS-- _ - - Ix MEMORABLESTATEMENTSON: Our InalienableRights_ 3 Liberty_- _ - - -- 4 DefendingLiberty__ ----- 7 GivingupLiberty 10 Minorities__ 11 Power._ 12 Suffrage______- _ _ 13 . Freedom to Know__ 14 Criticism_ 16 Freedom of Expression______18

/ .. Freedom of Conscience______._ 1 21 Justice______23 Equality _ _ 25 'Free Homes ______.___.______27 tv What We Readand Write_ 27 Truth _ _ _ 29' Thinking As We Please _ . 31

Free Government______, - _ 32 MEMORABLE STORIESOFLIFE, LIBERTY;AND THEPURSUITOFHAPPINEss_ 37 Oppressive Government__ _ 39

V _ __ _ _ The Wages ofaSlave _ _ __ 39

"Why Didn'tThey Ask for MyKingdom?"_ _ .. . 0. . -ft . .0 40 , He Refused to Bow______40 "What I Do, I Do Freely-forLiberty"_ _ _ 40 A Good Listener______41 , "We Do Not Wish To Molest 0 Yoe_ 41

"We Shall LightaCandle"_ _ 41 No Man $hall Interfere__ _ _ _. 42 MasterpileeesWritten in Jail__ _ _ ._ - - 42 "We Must Give the LibertyW3 Ask" ______- 42

. Guns Cannot KillaFaith:_ _ . _ VV _ __ _ 43 Refutation,Not:Suppression 43 Truth Ought to Govern 44 II ) INDEX THOSE BOOKS v, "It Is Washington He Wore Madison and Alien and "You Have For Minority Woman Suffrage "This Is "Long Live Earned Lasting Freedom of Right A Principle A Jury Few People "Fair Play!"TheY A Demand "But I Sufficient Forty-two Mutiny Rights of FOR WHO LIFTED a to FURTHER Rising Sun".. Asserts Cannot Democracy!" on Down His a Sedition Evidence_ a Fair Years and Saved Us for Free Thought the Paper Means Bothered Free Press Liberty Representation__ Its Modern Gratitude Trial___ a THEIR Desert READING Until Crown Laws____ Rights More Shouted__ Opponents Speech 411, _ All To Listen_ _ Victory VOICES It"_ Shool!" Than Today!" _ _ - _ _ _ _ a Cause______...... ______...... _ _ _ _ ..... àJ _ 7. ft WO 10, .10 eM Page 79 60 55 53 53 53 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 49 49 48 48 1II 47 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 44 .- ay....Rosh 0111 inn I ')11.-e.toreff....x/4.14 "ii....-7" pi .., z. .".. .4...kri.itly41,;:,., ASor. . ,.,,i,.... eIlif V :4444 ....., , ' t ..:_Ns .1i . . - , r( ,.sw:. .--'0 : I . ; -' erit*0 1.°,,. % r(OA *A: r.' , f... r.,t i , .. » (4 1 4 $ ...... ' r 1:in- Ai . 1: , e .4 y , "t'l,' .....r..i . - . " p "I '.I'..:j Arw 4 I 4 o !-''s'',.. i /,e., i 4104 .4. v 4 . ." r j "&. '.1'.*!!' ,;-4 ." ! i. . 1 ..rift.FIRST-0017TINENT/itt. $$'..i. 4 .4, CONV Plilair 1 , . . 4"t.4,-:,4. Ia. 4; , .... -,. Lr7,...%O.:Ait . .4f V'1,4061.14,r .

1 V e GiveMe Libertyl"

DOW)/ the longcorridorsof historyechoes thecryofPatrick Henry:"Givemeliberty!"Poets haveexpressed inverse, man'seternallongingforfreedom;statesmenhave voicedit in great orations;paintershaveinterpretediton canvas; musicians 'have recorded itinsongand ballad.It, isoneof theimportant flt tasks ofeducatorsteachersinclassrooms,lecturersinforums, speakersonthe radio,columnistsin thepressto makethis dra- maticphrasemeaningfulto peopleof themodern world. This bookletbringstogethermemorableexpressionsonlibertyand democracybyphilosophers,statesmen, andwriters ofall times.It also presents in briefstory formmemorableepisodes inthenever- endingstrtiggle forfreedom.Theselectedreferencessuggestsources of additionalmaterialonthesql subjects. Ifthesequotationsand storiesfindtheirwayintoclassroom dis- cussions,speeches,radio dramas,and thehearts andmemoriesof the people, thislittle book,broughtout with thehope that *itwill help educators andothersto interpret andmake vividtheprincipleswe seektopreserve,will havemadeits contributionto democraticmorale. Morale iscomposed ofmany elements.Healthphysicaland mentalisoneof theelements.Confidencethatareasonabledegree of securityandopportunitycanbe obtainedinoursociety isanother. Hope offutureprogressandincreasingeconomicwelfareis still another.Yet, inthe daysahead, theremay notbe muchsecurity or safety.Lifemaybemoredifficultanddangerous.Dislocations in theeconomicsystemseeminevitable.Therefore,moralemust grow outof personalconvictionsof moralvalues. Men havebarteredawaytheirfreedomfortempovarymaterial gains onlyto find thatsacrificeanddeprivationaredemandedin thenameofconquest, andwar.Themorale ofademocracyis, in part, strengthenedand developedbyadeep andabidingffiith in the enduringmoral values.Americansmust feel themselvesa part of the great humanstrugglesof thecenturiesthroughwhichthe moral principlespf freedomandrespect for theindividualhave beenwonandrewon. Theymust recognizethevoices ofdestruction, p'romisingmaterial prosperityin return for blindobedienceto arbitrarriiithority,trim what theyarethehollowecho ofanancientandrecurringlyranny. They mustsee more clearly thaneverthatmaterialprosperityand economicprogress rest,astheyalwayshave,onmoralfoundations. Confidencein theultimatetriumphof freegovernment isessential to morale. VI FOREWORD - Menare noless uncomfortableasslaves today thantheywere 4,000years'ago.They respondto voices of 'deliverance.The victims ofautocracy must. struggleto free themselves, butwehave an evenharder taskwemust maintain the freedomwehave already won.It, is harderbecausewetake it for grantedthisfreedom: Hence,weneed thepoets and thestaiesmen,the teachersand the philosophersto sharpen and quickenourperceptionstomakeus awareoft theieaiiing of freedom.The wordsin *This handbook, if quotedfuently andspread abroadmay servethis highpurpose. JOHN W. STUDEBAKER, U. S.Commi8gionerof Education. k. Vokesof Democracy VoicesoFDemocrácy s 0. Thehopeexpressedbymany yokes of oftime democracythroughcenturiew Was effectivelyeumanarizedbythePresident -StaresinJanuary1941: of theUnited

gab 11We GoForward" ...ifthespiritof Americawily, killed,even thoughthe bodyandmind,constricted Nation's in,analienworld,livedOn,theAmerica o knowwouldhaveperished. Thatspiritthatfaithpspeakstousin often our daily livesinways unnoticed,becausetheyseemso(ibvious. here inthe Itspeakstous CapitaloftheNation.Itspeaksto cessesof us through thepro: governinginthesovereigntiesof48 States.It usinour counties, in speaksto ottr cities,inour towns, andinour villages. Itspeakstousfromthe other nations .ofthehemisphere,andfrom thoseacross theseas---the enslaved,aswellasthefree.Sometimes wefailto hearorheedthe8eVoicesqf privilege Freedom,becausetoti8the ofour freedom bisuchanold, oldstory:. Ifwelosethatsacred fire-v-ifweqq, itbesmothered-withdoubtand fearthenwe-shallrejectthedestinywhich strove GeorgeWashington sovaliantlyandsotriumAantlyto establish. In thefaceofgreat perilsnever before purpose is encountered,our strong toprotect andtoperpetuate theintegrity Wedoliot ofdemocracy. retreat.Weare notcoliténtto.standstill./As icans,wego forward, Amer- in theservice ofour country, bythewill of God---Fra-nklinDelanoRoosevelt, ThirdInauguralAddress,e 201 1941. (marg.

FourFreedoms ...In thefuturedays, ow whichweseekto makesecure,welook forwardtoaworld foundeduponfouressentialhumanfreedoms. I Thefirst isfreedomofspeechand world. expression-leverywhereirk the _Thesecond isfreedomofevery person to worshipGod inhisownd wayeverywherein theworld. r Thethird is .9 freedomfromwantwhich,translated-intoworld terms,means econdmicunderstandingswhichwillseeureto .00 every X VOICES OFDEMOCRACY 410 nationahealthypeacetime lifefor itsinhabitantstverywhere in the world. The, fourthis freedomfrom fearwhich,translated intoworld terms,means aworld-wide reductionofarmaments to suchapoint and in suchathorough fashionthatnonation will beinaposition te commitan actof physicalaggression againstanyneighborany- wher6in the world. That isnovision ofadistant millennium.It isadefinite basis fora kind of worldattainable inourowntime and st.oration. That kind ofworld is theveryantithesis ofthe so-calledpeworder oftyranny which thedictators seekto create with theerash ofa bomb. To thatneworderwe opposethegreater, conceptionthemoral order. Agood societyis ableto face schemes of worlddomination and foreignrevolutions alikewithout fear. Since thebeginning ofourAmerican historywehave beenengaged in changeinaperpetual peacefulrevolutionarevolutionwhich goes onsteadily, quietly,adjusting itselfto changingconditions--- withoutthe concentrationcamp orthe quicklimein the ditch.The worldorder whichweseek is thecooperation offreecountries, workingtogether inafriendly, civilizedsociety. This Nationhas placed itsdestiny inthe handsand headsand hearts of itsmillions of freemenandwomen;and its faithin free- 'dam underthe guidanceof God.Freedom Meansthesupremacy of human rightseverywhere.Oursupportgoes tothose whostrug- gleto gain those rightsorkeep them.Ourstrength is inourunity ofpurpose; - To that highconcept therecanbenoendsavevictory.-7-Franiclin Delano Roo8evelt,Messageto the Congre88,January 6,1941.

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- 10 %' 1, 4, / ..* s' e, Memorable 9 Statements 1 .. 'Sr*

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Our inalienableRight The people ofthese UnitedStatesare therightful'masters of'bothcongresses and courts,not to overthrow the Constitation,but to overthrowthemenwho pervert the Constitution.AbrahamLincoln (1861).' I The duty of the Stateis tosecure the happiness of thecitizens.This endcan be attainedonly by allowingthe Just libertywhereby eachmay work for his own interest and well-beingproviding hedoes not injurethe well-being of his fellow citizens.Paul HeinrichronHo lbaeh (1783).

Allwehave of freedom,allwe use or know.-- Thisour Fathers bought foruslong and longago. Ancient rightunnoticedas the breathwedraw 'Aliveto live bynoman's leave,underneath the law. Lance andtorch and tumult,steel andgrey goosewing Wrenched it,inch and ell andall, slowly from the King. Rudyard Kipling (1890). Everyageand generationmust be free Waft for itself in alleases as the ages and generations whichpreceded' it.The vanity and presumptionof governing beyond thegraveis the most ridiculousand insolent of all tyrannies...Every generation is, andmust be, competent to all thepurposes which its occasions require.It is the living, andnot the dead, thatare tobe accommodated. Thomas Paine (1800).

The freedomand happiness ofman are the soleobjects of all legitimateg rn- ment.Thonma Jefferson(1810). I fearyoudo not fullycomprehend the danger of abridging the liberties ofthe people. A government hadbettergo tothevery extremeof toleration than todo aught that could beconstrued intoan interference with or jeopardize in any degree the rights of the peopile.--AbrahamLincoln (1 ) Natural Right iscommon toall nations because itrests upon the instinct of nature, notupon ordinance, as the union of male and female; the succession and education of children;thecommonpossession of all things and the equal liberty of allmen; the acquisition of whatever is taken in the sky,onlandor sea ;the restitution of everything given Intrust?rofmoneycommitted to charge; the iepulaionoffoiceby force.For these and similar thingswere never held to be unjust, but to be natural and equal.HenryOration (1150). .

There should beonlyonerule of justice for rich andpoor,for the favorite at court and the countrymanat the plow... Whenmenenter into society it is by voluntary consent, and ineaseof intolerable oppression, civilorreligious,

I The dates given Indicate the time at which thepassages wereexpressed.Inafew instances, however,exact dates are not available,orthepersonquoted is reported to have writtenor spokenthesamewords at several periods of his life.The span of life of.each person quoted is given under the beading, Those Who Lifted Their voices, page 55. . 3 4 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

they hail%arightto leave the societythey belong to-'and enterintoanother. SamuelAdanis (1765).

Allmen are by nature equally free\and,independent,and havecertipn inherent rights, namely,the enjoymentof life andliberty, withthemeans of acquiring and possessingproperty, and pursuingand obtaininghappinessand safety. Governmentis,oroughtto be, institutedfor thecommon benefit,protection, and securityof the-people,nation,or community Whenany government shall be foundinadequateor contrary to these purpdses, amajority ofthe community bathan indubitable, unalienablerightto reform, alter,,or, abolishit, in sucha manner as shall be, Judgedmost conduciveto the publicWill I.GeorgeMason (1777)) It is the rightofourpeopleto organizetooppose any law andany part of the Constitution withwhich theyare not in sympathyAlfred R.Smith (1928). The peoplehavearight to petition,but not touse that right tocover calumniat- ing irinuations.Thomas Jefferson (1864). e'

A bill of rightsis what the peopleare entitled to againstevery goveniment onearth, generalorparticular; and whatnojustgovernment shouldrefuseor reston inferences.Thoman Jefferson (1787). The communityhathanindubitable, inalienable,and indefeasibleriglit to reform, alterorAbolishgovernment, in suchmanner as shall be by thatcom- munity Judgedmost conducive to the publicweal.----PinnsylvaniaDeclaration.of

Rights (1874). .

Aman only moderately versed in statesmanship,and withonlya small degree of sportsmanship, isbound to admit thatinafree republic,ina government .suchas ours,it is the undoubted rightof the peopleto changetheir servants, and toremove oneand displace himwith anotheratany time they choose, foragoodreason,forabadreason,forno reason at all. It is the dutyof the public servantsnot grumpily andsourlyto accept the verdict of the majoritybut Joyously toaccept the verdict ofthe majorityif we are to bareafree people.Nenry F. Ashurst(1940). And this is Libertythatone grow after the law, of hisown life, hindering not another; andthis isOppòrtunity;and the fruit thereofis Variation;and from the gladgrowing and the fruit-feastingcomesSythpathy,which Is appreciative and helpfulgoodfellowship.John W. Lloyd(1900).

Liberty

Few nations haveattained the blessings, of liberty,because few havehad energy, courage, and virtue to deserve them.--.Charles JosephBonaparte(1920). 'Tis liberty alone that givesthe flower Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;

O Andwe areweeds without it. * . . --WilliamCowper (17:; ). Liberty, suchasdiPsysesthename, Is an honest, equitable, diffusive,and impartial principle.It isagreat and enlarged virtue, andnotasordid, seltlab, and illiberal vice.It Is the portion of, themass ofthe citizens,andnot the

I. . : MEMORABLESTATEMENTS A 5 haughtylicense ofsomepotentindividualor some prellominantfaction. Edmund Burke(1793). .

Take,Freedom, takethy radiant iound: When dimmed,revive: when lost,return ; Till notashrine through earthbe found On which thy glories -shaltnotfmrn! Thomas Moore(1812). 4 - Freedomexists only where thepeople takecareof tiltgovernment. Woodrow Wilson (1912).

Liberty existsin proportionto wholesome restraint.Daniel Webster(1847). Inachariot of light fromthe regions of day, The Goddessof Libertycame; Ten thousandcelestials directed theway And hitherconducted the dame. Thomas Paine(1776). I ictendnomodification ofmy41ft-expressed wish thatallmen everywhere %could 1efree.Abraham Lincoln(1862). We must be freeordie, who spikethe tongue That Shake4warespake: the faith andmorals hold Which Miltonheld. WilliamWordsworth.(1802). Only freepeoplescan hold their purpose and their honor steadytoa common end, and preferthe interests of mankindto anynarrow interest of theirown. WoodrowWilson (1917).

Liberty isanold fact.It has had its heroesand itsmartyrs in almostevery age.As I lookback throughthe vista of centuries, Ican see no rd of the ranks ofthose who havetoiled and suffered in itscause, and whowear upon their breastsits stars of thelegion of honor.EdwinHubbell Chapin(1868).

..A day,an hour, of virtuous liberty Is worthawhole eternity inbondage.

A JosephAddison (1713). Libertywill not descendtoapeople,apeople must raisethemseAbsto liberty; it isablessing thatmust be earned before Itcanbe enjoyed.7Charles Caleb Colton(1821).

Liberty isto the collective body whathealth isto every individual body. .Withouthealthnopleasurecan be tasted by man; without liberty,nohappiness can -be enjoyed by society.Henry M.John Bolingbroke(1735). When Freedomfrom her mountain-height Unfurledher standard to theair, She tore theazure robe of night, And set-the stars of glory there. She mingledwith itsgorgeousdyes The milkybaldric of the skies, Andstriped-itsfibre, celestial white With streaking.of the morning light. '' p. o' 6 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

agof thefree heart'shope andhome! .By angelhandsto valour given! , Thy starshave lit thewelkin dome, ammo.. And all thyhueswere born in heaven. Forever floatthat stapdardsheet! Wherebreathes thefoe but fallsbeforeus, With Freedom'ssoil beneathour feet, AndFreedom'sbanner streamingo'er us? Joseph RodmanDrake(1817). Not untilright is foundedupon reverence will it bé se6re;not until duty is baseduponlove willit be complete;not untilliberty;is basedon eternal principleswill it be full,equal, lofty, anduniversal.IlenryGiles (1875).

When willthe worldshake offsuch yokes?Oh, when Willthatredeemingday shineouton men That shallbeholdthem rise,erect and free, As heav'n andnaturemeant mankindshould be? ThomasMoore(1849). Whomaydefine Liberty?It is farmore than Independenceofa nation.It is nota catalogue of political"rights."Liberty isa thing of thespiritto be freeto worship, to think,to hold opinions,and to speakwithoutfearfree to challenge wrong and oppressionwithsurety of justice.Libertyconceives that themind and spiritofmen can be free onlyif theindividualis freeto choose hisowncalling,to develophis talents,to winAndto keepa home sacred from intrusion,torear children in orderedsecurity.It holdshemust be free to earn, to spend,tosave, to accumulateproperty thatmay givepro- tectionin oldage and to loved ones.HerbertHoover(1984). Freedom hasathousandcharmsto show, That slaves,howe'ercontented,never know. WilliamCowper(1780). Tyranny,like hell, isnot easilyconquered,yetwe have thisconsolation I within us, that the harder the conflict,themore glorious thetriumph.What we obtain too cheap,we esteem too lightly..:*It wouldbestrangeindeed if so celestialanarticleas freedom shouldnot be highlyrated.ThomasPaine (1776).

All thearts of pleastiregrow when suckled by treidom..Johannvon Schiller. MyangelhisnameisFreedom Choose himto beyour king; He shallcut pathwayseast and west, And fendyouwith hiswing. Ralph WaldoEmerson(1872). Thecause of freedom isIdentifiedwith the destiniesof humanity,and in whateverpart of theworld itgains groundby and by,it willbea common gain toall thosewho desireit./xosisKossuth(1850).

1.1 MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 7 The politicaland civil libertiesguaranteedthe Americanpeople bythe Bill of Rights*aretheir most preciousheritage.Withoutpersonal liberiy,economic Justice is unattainableandmeaningless.Burton .Wheekir(1937).

Freedom isnecessary to the scientistand inventormore wen thanto other men. Great ideascannot be properlydeveloped inan atmosphereof fearand coercion.IgorSikorsky (1940).

a ...Proclaimliberty throughoutall the randunto all theinhabitantsthereof: it shall bea jubile untoyou; andyeshallreturnevery man unto hispossession, andyeshallreturnevery man unto hisfamily.Leviticua25: 10.

This is theword thatcame unto Jeremiahfrom the Lord...to proclaim libertyunto them;thatevery man should lethismanservant, andevery man his maidservant...go free..Jeremiah34: 8-9. Andye were now turned,and haddone right inmy sight, in proclaiming libertyevery man to his neighbor.--Jeremiah34: 15.

.11 For, brethern,yehave been calledunto liberty; onlyuse not liberty foran .r occasion to theflesh, but by loveserve one another.Galatians5: 13.

But whosolooketh into theperfect lawof liberty,andcontinueththerein, he beingnotaforgetfulhearer, buta doer of thework, thisman shall be blessed in hisdeed.James 1:25.

DeFendingLiberty Pour-scoreandseven years agoour fathers brought forthon this continenta newnation conceivedin liberty and dedicatedto thepropositionthat allmen are created equal. Nowwe are engaged ina greatcivilwar testing whetherthat nationor any nationso conceived and so dedicatedcan long endure.Weare met ona great battlefield of that winWe havecome to dedicatea portion of thatfieldas a final resting placefor those whoheregave their lives thatthat nationmight live.It is-altogether fittingandproper that we should dothis.But in'alarger sensewe can not dedicatewecan not consecratewecan not hallowthiS3 ground. The bravemen living and deadwho struggledhere haveconsecratedit far aboveour poor power to addor detract. The world willlittlenotenor long remember whatwe say here but itcan never forget whatthey didhere.It is forusthe living ratherto be dedicatedhere to theunfinishedwork which, they who foughthere have thus farso-nobly advanced.It israther forus tofie herededicatedto the great taskremaining beforeusthatfrom thesehonored deadwe take increased devotion to thatcause for which theygave the last full measure of devotionthatwe here highly resolve thatthese deadshall nothave died in vainthatthis nation underGod shallhavea new birth offreedom-- and that government of thepeople by the peopleÇor thepeople shallnot perish from theearth,Abraham Lincoln(1803).

Remember that prosperitycan be only for the free,and thatfreedomis the surepossession of thosealone whohavecourage to defend it.Pericles (489 B. C.). .11

Thecause a civil libertymust not besurrenderedat the end ofone or even one'muckeddefeats.A brahansLineOlts (1865); 10417511°--41---.2

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_} Let others give aid and comfortto despots.Be itours to stand for liberty and justice,norfear to lockarmswith those whoarecalled hot-headsand demagogues, when the goodcauserequires.--Charles A. Dana (1848).

4ws Each generalion freedom'screed Must be with harshness taught, And freemen warned that all they have Andare wasdearly bought; And oft must Lexington be roused And Concord's fight be fought. Daniel Learens Cady (1917).

What matterourlives?Ifweloseourfreedom, to whatend shouldwe desire to live y longer?Mattathias (166 B.C.). God grants liberty only to those who love it, andarealways readyto guard and defend it.Daniel Webster (1834).

Eternal vigilance isthe price of liberty.John Philpot Cumin(1808). Yes! to Oils thought I holdwith firm persistence; The last result of wisdomstamps it true; He onlyearnshis freedom and existence Who dailyconquers them anew. Johann WolfgangronGoethe (1825). Those whoexpect toreapthe blessings of freedom must, likemen, undergo the fatigue of supporting it.ThmnasPaine (1801).

"Among thenatural rights of the colonistsarethese: Firstaright to life, secondly to liberty, thirdly toproperty; together with the right to defend them in the bestmannerthey can.Samuct Adams (nu). 1 Our object isto vindicate the principles ofpeace and justice in the life of the worldasagainst mellIsh and autocraticpower,andt to setup among the really free and self-governed peoples of the world *Judi%concert ofpurpose and of actionaswill henceforth insure the observance of thoseprinciples. Woodrow Wilson (1917).

For Freedom's battle,oncebegun, Bequeathed from bleeding sire to-son, Though baffled oft, isever won. Lord Byron (1821). Thesearethe times that try men's souls.Thesummer soldier and the sun- shine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of hiscountry; but he that stands itnow,deserves the love and the thanks ofmanandwoman.Thomas Paine (1777).

The world must be made safe for democracy.Itspeace mustbe plantedupon tbe tested foundations of political liberty.It is-afearful thing to lead this great, peaceful people intowaInto the most terrible and disastrous of allwars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But right ismore preciousthan peace.Woodrow Wilson (1917).

4 MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 9 This handto tyrantseverswornthe foe, For freedomonly dealsthe deadlyblow; Thensheathesin calmrepose the vengefulblade, For gentlepeace in freedom'shallowedshaile. JohnQuincyAdams(1842). As long as one hundred ofus remain alive,we willnever consentto beasub- E ject people.For it isnot glory,it is notriches,neither is I it honor,but it is liberty alonethatwe contend for, whichnohonestman will losesave with his life.RobertBruce(1320). Neither ob letusbe slanderedfrothour duty by !laseaccusationsagainstus, nor frightened from ,it bymenaces of destructionto thegovernment,nor of dungeonsto ourselves.Letus have faith thatright makesmight, andin that faith let us to the end darelo doour dutyas we understand. It.AbrahamLincoln (1860). By therude bridgethat archedthe flood, Their flagto April'sbreeze unfurled, Hereonce the embattledfarmers stood, And fired theshot heardroundthe world. RalphWaldoEmersion(1807). What does itmean,in fact,to be free?It Is reasoningjustly andknowingthe Rights of Man; and beingknown, theywill bedefended.FrancoisVoltaire (1750).

Butt the rightismore precious thanpeace, andwe shall fight forthe things which we have always carriednearestour heartsfordemocracy,for theright of those who submitto authorityto havea voice in theirown governments,for the rights andliberties ofsmall nations,fora universal dominionof rightby such aconceriof free peoplesasshall bringpeace and safetyto 'allnationsand make the world itselfat last free.WoodrowWilson(1917). 0

The Athenianswill not selltheir libertiesfor allthe goldeitheraboveorunder ground.A Heide&

Theircountry first, theirglory and theirpride; Land of theirhOpes,land wheretheir fathersdied; When in theright, they'llkeep theirhonor bright; When in thewrong, they'll dieto set it right. JamesT. Melds ) (1873). Liberty isoneof tbechoicest giftsthatheavenbathbestowedupon man, and exceeds in valueall thetreasures whichthe earthcontains withinits bosom, orthe sea covers.Liberty,as well as honor,man ought topreserve at thehazard of his life, for ,without itlife isinsupportable.iliguelde Cervantes(1590). Blandishments willnot fascinateus, nor will threats ofa "halter" intimidate. For, underGod,we are determined thatwheresoever,whensoever,or howsoever we shall be called to makeour exit, we will die trekmen.JookshQuincy (1774). Vissweeterto bleed foran age at thy shrine Thanto sleep buta moment in chains! 4 ThomasMoore (1846). lo VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

Those pricelessrights, (civil liberties)guaranteed underthe Constitution,have been thesource of our happiness fromour very beginningsas a nation. We have been accustomedto take themas a matter ofcourse. Now, however,whenwe see other nationschallenging thoselibrties., itbehoovesus to exercise that eternal vigilance whichnow, as always, is the priceof liberty.Nomatter whatcomes we must preserveournational birthright;liberty ofconscience andof education, of thepress and of free assembly, and equaljustice to allunder the law. Asa free people we must defendour dearly won heritage offreedom againstall Aquisaults,--.PranknoD. Roosevelt(1989).

The individualfreedoms inourBill of Rightsare thesupreme benediction of American democracy;they must beuncompromisinglydefendedto the death. Arthur H. Vasdenbetv (1940).

We must realize thatliberty isnotagift fromheaven;that libertyis something for whichwe must fight and sacrifice.HrnestW. Gibson,Jr. (1NO). Howsure the, bolt that Justicewings; How weak thearm a traitor brings; How mightythey, whosteadfaststand ForFreedom's Flagand Freedom's'And BayardTaylor (1865).

GivingUp Liberty p

Those who would giveupessential libertyto purchasealittletemporary safety deserve neither libertynor safety.---Benjamin Franklin(1759).

We desire liberty, andanindifferentuseof all things.Thiswewill bave. Otherwise these tumultsandour lives shall only be endedtogether...neither willwe ever rest until we have brought tliingstoour own liking.Robert Kett (1516).

Let freedomnever perish inyour hands, But piouslytranit it toyour children. JosephAddison (1710).

The peoplenever give up their liberties but undersome delusion.Edmund Burke (1784). f- I find writteninalittle volume: "Sweet isthenameof liberty,but the thing itself hasavalue beyond all inestimabletreasure." Somuch themoreit behovetli us to take care lestwe, contenting ourselves with thesweetness of thename, lose and forego the thing,being of thegreatest valuethatcan come into this noble Peter Wentworth(1575).

4rlfyou propose to acquitme-oncondition that Iabandonmysearch for truth, I willsay, Ithankyou,01 Athenians,but I will obeyGod, whoaxI belier setmethis task, rat]),n you, and so longasI havebreath and strength I wfil never cease from 1,. occupation with philosophy.I will continuethe practkv of accosting wh s vetI meet and sayingto himare you not ashamed a setting your heart on wealth and honors whileyou have nocurefgr wisdom andtruth and makingyour soul better?I know not whatdeath is, Itmay be a good thing, and Iamnot afraid of it.But I do knowthat it isabad thing to desert one's MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 11 post and I prefer whatmaybe goodto what I knowto be bad.Socrates (399 B. C.). 01.

Is lifeso dear orpeace so sweet as to be purchasedat the price ofchains and slavery?Forbid it,Almighty God!I knownot whatcourse othersmay take, butasforme,giveme liberty, or giveme death!Patrick Henry(1775). 'Tisnot in blood that Libertyinscribes hercivil laws. She writes thenionthe people's heartin languageclear and plain; True thoughtshave moved theworld before,andsothey shall again.

We yieldtonone in earnest love of freedom'scause sublime; We Jointhecry, "Fraternity !",wekeep themarch of Time. ---charlesMackay (1g48). Many peopleallover the worldare losingalmostovernightrightsand ideals that havetaken perhapshundreds ofyears to win. We inAmerica can'tprotect democracy byremembering it Juston a few national holidaysamt taking it for grantedthe other threehundred andsixty daysa year.Hans Kindler (1910).

It would hardlyseemworth whileto risk one's lifefora country from which the tine plumage ofits liberties hadalready beenplucked.HaroldL. Ickes (1940). 4 Minorities

If by themere force of numbersa majority should deprivea minority ofany clearly writtenconstitutional right,it might ina moral point of view,justify revolutioncertainly wouldif sucha rightwere a vital one.AbrahamLincoln (1861).

It isaright whichall freemen claim,andare entitled to, to complainwhen theyare hurt; they havearight publiclyto remonstrateagainst abusesof power or open violence ofmenin authority,andto assert withcourage The sensethey have of theblessings of liberty,the value theyputuponit, and their resolution at allhazardstopreserve it as one of tilegreatest blessingsHeaven can bestow.Andrew Hamilton (1735).

Bear in mindthis sacred principle,that thoughthe will of themajority isin allcases to prevail, that willto be rightfulmust be reasonable;that themi- noritypossess their equal rights, whichequal lawmust protect, andto violate which wouldbe oppression...(I stand for)equal, andexact justiceto allmen, of whatever stateor persuasion, religiousor political..Thomas Jefferson (1801).

By libertyImean theassurance thatevery man shall be protectedin doing what be believeshis duty against theinfluence ofauthority andmajority, custom and upinlon.JohnEmerich Acton(1897). The problem of justhow far freedomof speechandpress can be maintained inwarwithout dangerto the Nation isan extremely complexone, depending upon a very exact balancing ofthe valueas against the danger of th#opinions of the protestingmlnority.--JamesTruslow Adams(1917). ===

12' VOICESOFDEMOCRACY Theintolerance and discriminationpracticedagainstgroups of peoplein various parts of the worlddeny theequalityobfopportunity andthebrother- hood which are such fundamentalfactors -inclemocraticgoveinment.--Charles H. Wesley(1938). .1' The Bill of Rightsprovided thatno majority,no matter hoW.great, could deprive a minority,no matter howsmall, ofcertainfundonntalindividual rights. Surely thisIsan essential ofAmericanism,one whose violation.in Russia andGermany hasdestroyedthe leastsemblance ofpopular governmeni. Robert .4.Taft (1939). 6 It is inthe nature ofa truism thatAmericacon netually harenomoig democracy thanit aecordsandguarantees to thehumblestand weakestof its cit izens.--Ja ;netsWeldonJohnson( 1933 ).

Power A King, byannuHingAkeaHowingacts of.so salutarya measure, frombeing the father ofhis peopledegeneratesintoa tyrant, and forfeitsall rightto his subjects'obedience.Patrick Henry(1763). They seethat theycannot prevailagainst theopen truth which, themore it is persecuted.themore it increaseth.Hugh Latimer(UM). Powermay Justly becomparedtoa great river, which,if keptwithin due bounds is both beautifuland useful; hut when itoverflows itsbanks, itis then tooimpetuousto be stimtned;it bearsdown allbefore it,and brings destructionand desolationwherfTer itcomes.If thenthis isthenature of power, let us at least doour duty, and likewisemen (who valuefreedom)use our Utmost care to supportliberty, theonly bulwarkagainstlawlesspower, which in allages has sacryicedto its wildlust andboundlessambition,the blood of the bestmen thatever lived... Men whoinjure andoppress 'the people undertheiradministrationprovoke themtocry out and complain; then make and thatVery complaintthe foundationfornew oppressionsand persecution&AndreseHamilton(1735). Power, likea desolation pestilence, Polluteswhate'er ittouches; andobediepee. 41- Bane ofall genius,virtue, freedom,truth, Makesslaves ofmen, and of the Wimpframe A mechanizedautomaton. Perry BysalfeShelley(1813). National injusticeis thesurest roadto nationaldownfall.WilliamEtrart Gladstone (187R). The effect of coercionisto makeone halfthE;people foolsand theother halfhypocrites, andto supportroguery anderror all over the earth.It la error alone whichneeds the support ofgovernment;truthcanstand byitself. Thomas Jefferson(1801).

It isdoubtfulwhetherany tyrannycan he worse thanthatexercised in the name of the sovereigntyof thepeople.GeprgeL. Scherger (i9M). -

MEMORABLE 46 STATEMENTS 13.

There isonlyone cure for evilswhichnewly-acquiredfreedom thai produces, and cure isfreedom.Whena prisoner firstleaves his cell,hecannot bear the _light of day, heis unableto discriminatecolors,or recogniz.e faces.The remedy is, toaccustom himto theraysof thesun. The blazeof truthand libertymay at first dazzlerid 'bewildernations which have becomehalf blindin the houseofbondige.butlet themgaze on, and they will soon be able to bearit.Ina few yearsmen learn toreason.The extreme violenceof opinionssubsides.Hostiletheoriescorrect each The other. scatteredelements oftruthcease to contend,and begin'to coalesce.And, at length,a system of justieeand orderis educedout of thechaos. Many politicians ofour timeare in the habit oflaying itdownII t4 a self- evident proposition.,thatno people oughtto be free till theyartsfitto u their freedom.Themaxim kworthy ofthe foolin the oldstory, who resolved not togo into the water till he hadlearnedto swim.Ifmenfilmt t for libertytilltheybecomewise andgood inslavery, theymay indeed wa forever.ThonsumB.Mucosity(1850% der Public officersshouldowe Oleic wholeserviceto thegovernment andto the people.RytherfordB Hayes(1g76). .

4 A state whichdwarfs itsmen, in order thattheymay bemore docile Instru- -ments in its hands even for beneficialpurposes, will findthat withsmall no great thing men can really be accomplished;and thiitthe perfectionofmachinery to which it hassacrificedeverythingwill inthe endavail nothing,forwant of thevital power which, In orderthatthemachine mightworkmore smoothly, it haspreferredto banish.----JohaStuart Mill(1870). The idea ofgoverning byforceanother.man,who Ibelieveto bemy equal in the sight of Dod,isrepugnantto me.I donot wantto do it.I donot want any one togovern me byany kind of force.Iam a reasoning being,and I only needto be shownwhat isbest forme, when I willtake thatNurse or do that thing simplybecauseit is best,andso willyou.I donot believethata soul was ever forcedtowardanythingexcept towardruin. . Liberty for the tewisnot liberty.Liberty forme and slavery forfou means slavery forboth.SatnuelM. Jones(1890). A bloody pageof historyattests thefact thatfanaticismarmed withpower is thesorest evil thatcan befalla nation.Ilistoriesaying. Public officersare the servantsandagents of theisbople,to executethe laws whichthe people twitmade.GrorcrClerelandf 18,2 ).

Suffrage The elective franchise,if guardedas the ark ofour safety, willpeaceably dissipate allcombinationsto subverta Constitution,dictated bythe yelsdom, and restingon the will of thepeople.ThomasJefferson(1801). t - What Oe votes of thepeoplehave ordainedin the lastinstanceis the . law.TheTwelveTablesof RomanLaw (452B. C.). Noone has power except fromthe people.This isthe conditionofa free people,andespeciallyof thischiefpeople,the lordandconqueror of all

41. ./ 14 VOICESOFDEMOCRACY nationstto beableto giveor to takeaway by their see fitCicero. voteswhateverthey Ithasbeen thoughtthat corruptionisrestrainedbyconfiningthe right suffrageto of `. a few of thewealthierof thepeople; tually but itwouldbemore effec- restrainedbyan extensionofthat rightto bid defianceto the suchnumbersas would means ofcorruption.ThonialtJefferson(1782). Letthere be peaceso longasevery man, richor poor, black Northor South, isalloweda 'free or white, vote,an honest count,and equalrightsbefore thelaw.--UlyssesS.Grant(1875). Therightof suffrageiscertainly one of thefundamentalarticlesofRepublican government,andoughtnot beleftto be gradual regulatedby theLegislature.A abridgmentof therighthas beenthe modein which beenbuilt aristocracieshave on the ruinofpopularforms.Whetherthe cationoughtto be Constitutionalqualifi- a freehold, virouldwithhimdependmuchon the popular recélitionsuch.a changewould meet withintheKtateswherethe rightwas not exercisedbyevery descriptionof people.Viewingthesubjecton itso meritsalone,thefreeholdersof thecountry of wouldbethe safestdepositories Republicanliberty.----JamesMadison(1787). Should things gowrong atany time, thepeoplewillset them thepeaceableexerciseof their toright.k,by electiverights.ThonutsJefferson(1806). Toviolatethefreedomand sanctity of thesuffrageismore thanan evil;. oit isa crime,which,ifpersisted in, willdestroythegovernmentitself.It shotildbe staid wiipthe.utmost emphasisthatthis willnever give questionof thesuffrage repoz.-or safety totheStatesoftheNation itsown jurisdiction, untileach, within makes, andkeepstheballotfreeand sanctionsof thelaw. We pure by thestrong haveno standardbywhichtomeasure the thatmay. bebroughtupon disaster us by ignoranceund vicein thecitiwns, jOkied-tocorruptionandfraud inthe when 44 suffrage.JameseA.Garfield(1881). ThefoundationofEnglish liberty,and ofallfreegovernment,is theright of thepeopleto participatein theirlegislative council.AResolutionofCoilL gress of theAmericanColonies(1774). I believe we may lessenthedanger ofbuying -A- thenumber and sellingvotes,bymaking of voterstoo greatforanymeans ofpurchase; I that Ihavenot may furthersay observedmen'shonestyto .increasewiththeir Jefferson(1800). riches.thomas

FreedomToKnow Above allthings I hopetheeducationof thecommon people to.Educateand willbe attended informthewholemass of thepeople. that itis totheir Enablethemtosee interesttopreservepeace and order,and them.Theyare the only they millpreserve sure reliancefor thepreservationofour liberty.' ThomasJefferson A (1787). . '. 3 Criminalitycan only be w predicatedwhere thereIsan obstinate, a refusalto consider unreasonlible - any kindofevidence ._ butwhatexclusivelysupports _ adeofa 'question. . , one -_ .'# ,, 2 _, 4 MEMORABLESTATEMENTS - 15 It followsthat errors oof theunderstandingmust betreated theunderstanding.That byappealsto argumentshouldbe opposedbytrgument,and fact by fact.Thatfineandimprisonment are bad formsof-syllogism,wellcalcu- latedto irritaté,butpowerlessfor refutation.Theymayquppress truth,they can never elicitit.ThomasCooper(1800). Thegood ofmankindisa dream if a it isnot tobesecuredbypreserving for tillmen the possiblemaximum of libertyof actionand offreedomof thought.JohnM. Robertson(1905). Ofwhatuse is freedom of thought,if itwillnot producefreedomof which isthesole action, end, howremotesoever inappearance, ofall againstChristianity? objections Andthereforethe freethinkersconsideritan edifice where alltheparts havesucha mutual you pull oil dependenceon each other,that, if one singlenail, thewholefabricmust fallto the Jonathan 4wIft(1740). ground. Science, knowledgeandinvestigationshould befree.Youmust not hypocritesofour authors make andteachers.Youmustnotstrait-jacketthe humanmind.LovisI.Noemanj1925).

O Thepeopleare the only censors of theirgovernors; andeven theirerrors willten4to keepthemto thetrueprinciplesof their O institutions. theseerrors too severely Topunish would betosuppress the onlysafeguard liberty.The of thepublic way toyreventthese.irregularinterpositions give them of thepeopleis to fullinformation'of their,affairsthroughthe channelof the papers, and tocontrivethat public thtpapers.shouldpenetrate thewholemass of thepeople.Thebasis ofour government being theopinionof thepeople,the very first objectshouldbeto keepthitright%and whether were it lefttome to decide we should havea governmentwithoutnewspapers,,or withouta government,I should newspapers not besitatéa momentto preferthelatter. But Ishouldmean thatevery aman shouldreceivethosepapers, and becapable of readingthem.-zThomasJefferson(1787). Next tolife andliberty,we congidereducationthegreatest stowedupon mankind. blessingbe- Thepublicfunds'Mould beappropriated(to extent)to thepurpose of education reasonable upon a regularsystem thatshall the 'opportunitytoevery individual insure ofobtaininga competenteducationbefore I he shallhavearrivedat theage of maturity.Resoiutions of adoptedat Meeting MechanicsandWorkingmen,NewYorkCity(1829). Next inimportanceto freedom andjusticeispopulareducation,without whichneitherfreedomnor justicecan be permanently Garfield(1880). nytintained.JamesA. 4 Universitiesshould beplaces in whichtho'ughtis freefromallfetters, and inwhich allsources ofknowledge,and allaids of accessiae learningshouldbe to alltomers,without r distinctionofcreedor country,richesor poverty.ThoinaaH.Huxley(1874). A motion el) foropeningthe doorsof theSenateChamber bya considerable fins againbeenlost majority--indefianceofinstruction,in security Whatmeans this to freemen. conduct?Whichexpressiondoes itcarry strongest contemptforyou or tyranny? with it, Areyou freemenwhooughtto knowthe dividualconductofyour legislators, in- or areyouan inferiororder ofbeing 16 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

incapable ofcomprehending thesublimiTy ofsenatorialfunctions, andunworthy to be instructedwith theiropinions?Howare you to know tIte just fromthe unjust stewardwhen theyare covered with themantle ofconcealment? Can there beany question of legislativeimport whichfreemenihould not beac- quainted with?Whatare you to expectwhen. stewardsofyour household refuse to give acc6untof theirstewardship?Secrecyisnecessary to design anda masque to treachery;honesty shrinksnot fromthe publiceye. The Peersof Americadisdain tobeseenby vulgareyes, the music of their voices isharmonyonly for 'themselves.and mustnot vibratein theravished earof an ungrateful andunworthymultitude.Is thereany'congenialityex- cepting inthe administration,between thegovernment ofGreat Brittainand thegovernment ofthe UnitedStates,The Senatesupposes there is, andmug* the secretprivilegesof theHouse ofLords.Remembermy fellow citizens, thatyou are still freemen; let it be Impressedupon your minds thatyou depend notupon your representativesbut thatthey dependupon you, and let this truth beever present toyou, thatsecrecy inyour representativesisa worm which willprey and fattenupon the vitals ofyour liberty.Pkii4pFreneau (1792).

Enlighten thepeoplegenerally,andtyranny andoppression ofboth mind and body wIll vanishlike evil spiritsat the dawnofday...7-7%am*Jefferson (1816). Alb To enjoy our rights and liberties,we must understandthem; theirsecurity and protectionought to bethe firstobject ofafree people;and it isawell establishedfact thatnonation hasever continued long inthe enjoyment'of civil and politicalfreedom, whichhasever continued long inthe enjoymentof believing thatthadvancement ofliteraturealwayshas been,andever will be themeans of developingmore fully theEightsofmen; that the mindof every citizen ina republic is thecommonproPertyofsociety, andconstitutes the basis ofits strengthand happiness;it is thereforeconsideredthe peculiar duty ofafreegovernment, litkeours, to encoinsgeand extendtheimprovement and cultivation ofthe Intellectualenergies of thewhole.FirstSchool Law enacted in Illinois(1825). Will anybodydenynow that the governmentat Washington,as regards its own people, Istilestrongestgovernment intheworldat thishour?And for this simplereason, that itis basedonthe will,and thegood will,ofan instructed people.---JohnBright(1 )

Preachacrusadeagainstignoratiace.Establish andimprovethe lawfor edu- cating the common people. Thet.ax whichis paid forthispurpose is notmore than the thousandth part of whatwill bepaid to kings,priests,and nobles,who will riseup among us,ifweleaivethe peopleinignorance.ThomaaJefferson (1786). -

One of themost essentialneeltsof itdemocraticcountry,among all of its equalities, Isequality ofeducationalopportunityWilliamPickens(1939).

Criticism The peculiar evil of silencingtheexpression ofan opinion Is, thatIt isrobbing the humanrace; posterityas well as the existinggeneration; those who dissent from the opinion stillmore than thosewho bold It.If theopinion Isright,they MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 3/4 17 are deprivedof theopportunityof exchangingerror for truth;if lose,what isalmostas great wrong, they a benefit, theclearerperceptionandlivelier sion oftruth,produced impres- by itscollisionwitherror. Wrongopinions graduallyyieldto fact andpractices andargument:butfacts andarguments,to produce effecton the mind,must be any broughtbefore it.Veryfewfactsare able to telltheir own story withoutcommentsto bringout their and meaning.Thewholestrength value,then, ofhumanjudgment,dependingon the beset right one propertythat itcan when it14wroLg,reliancecan be placedon it only setting itrightare kept when themeans of constantlyathand.JohnStuart Mill(1859). Ifthere beanyamongus who wouldwishto republican dissolve thisUnionor change its form,let themstandundisturbedas monuments whicherror of opinion of thesafety with may be toleratedwherereason is leftfree tocombat ThomasJefferston(1801). it.

If thisblessed oldrepubliccannotrest and upon the freeandvoluntarysupport affectionof theAmericanpeople intime ofwar as well ifwe cannot,as a people, as in time ofpeace, be freeto discussthepoliticalproblems limb andlife,even in time whichinvolve ofwar, ourgovernmentrestsupon avery brittle foundationsWiliiamE. Borah(1917). It isa mistaketosuppose that tbeSupremeCourt iseitherhonoredor helped by beingspokenofas beYond criticism.On thecontrary, thelife andcharicter of thejusticesshouldbe theobject of constantwatchfulnessby all,and itsjudg- ments subjectto thefreestcriticism.Thetime is when past in thehistory ofthe world any livingman or bodyofmen can beseton a pedestal a halo. anddecoratedwith True,many criticismsmay be, liketheirauthors, butbetter allsorts of devoidof goodtaste, criticismsthanno criticismat all.The moving are full of lifeand waters health:only Inthe stillwaters isstagnationand DavidJosiahBrewer(1:). death. There is tonicin thethingsthatmen do not loveto heat tion inthe things ; and there isdamna- thatwickedmen love to hear.Freespeechis to whatwindsare to a great people oceans andmalarialregions,whichwaftaway the elements ofdisease,andbringnew elements of health; and wherefreespeech isstopped miasma isbred,anddeathcomes fast.Henry WardBeecher. %_ . This a' formidablecensor of thepublicfunctionaries(free ing themat the criticism)byarraign- tribunalof publicopinion,-preduce*reformpeacably, otherwisebe done whichmust byrevolution.ThomasJefferson(1828). Whenyou assemblea number of inen,to havetheadvantageof theirjoint wisdom,you inevitablyassemblewiththosemen all their sions, theirerrors of opinion, prejudices,theirpas- their loçalinterests,and theirselfishviews. thereforeastonishedme to find this It systemapproachingso near toperfectionas it does, andI thinkit willastonishour enemies, who to hearthat are waiting withconfidence our counselsare confoundedlikethoseof tbpbuilders of Benjamin-Franklin(1787). Babel. If 'a seditiouswordsproceedfromlevity, theyare to be devised to bepitied: :If fromfolly, If frommalice,to beforgiven.Theodosise(391 A. D.). a 41,

18\ . VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

FreedomoFExpression When men can freelycommunicate theirthoughts andtheirsufferintreal or imaginary, theirpassionsspend themselvesin air, likegunpowderscattered upon the surface;but pentupby terrors,theyi-vorkunseen, burst forth ina moment, and destroy everythingin theircourse.Letreason be opposed toreason, andargumentto argument,andeverygoodgovernment willbe safe.Thonsas Erskine(1810). ' -4 All thegreatmovements ofthought in ancientand moderntimes have nearly been connected intime withgovernment bydiscussion.Athens, Rome,the Italian republics ofthe MiddleAges, thecommunes and states-generalofirtlal Europe,have all hada special and peculiarquickening influence,which they owed to their freedom, andwhich stateswithouttheir freedomhadnever com- municated. And it hasbeen at thetime ofgreat epochs ofthoughtat thePelo- ponnesian War,at thefall ofthe RomanRepublic,at theReformation,at the FrenchRevolutionthatsuch libertyof speakingand thinkinghave produced their fulleffect. WaiterBagekot (1873). The sun couldas easily be spared fromthe universeasfreespeech fromtbe liberalinstitutions ofsociety.Socrates (399.13.C.).

of allthe miserable,unprofitable:ingloriouswars, the worstis thewar againstwords.Letmen say just what theylike. Wehave nothingto do with a man's wordsor a man's thoughts,except toput againstthembetter words and better thoughts, andso to win in thegreat moralandintellectualduel that is alwaysgoingon, andonwhich allprogress depends.--AuberesHerbert (1893). Liberty of speechinviteth andprovokethliberty tobe usedagain,andso bringethmuch toaman'sknowledge.FrancisBacon (1605). Freedom of opinion,ofspeech, and ofthepress isour most valuableprivilege, thevery soul of republicaninstitutions,the safeguardof allother rights. Nothing awakens andimprovesmen so muchasfreecommunicationsofthoughts and feelings. Ifmen °abandonthe right,of freediscussion;if, awedbythreats,they press sup- their;convictions; ifrulers succeedinsilencingevery voice butthat .which approves them; ifnothingreachesthe peoplebut whatwouldlend support tomen in powerfarewellto liberty.The formofa free government may remain, butthe life,the soul,the substanceisfled.WilliantE. Choosing. Libertyis thenurse of allgreat wits.Giyeme the liberty to know,to utter, and toargue freely accordingto conscience,above ailliberties.v/oko (1665). Milton

Withoutfree speechno search fortruth ispossible; pithout free speech no discovery oftruth isuseful; without freespeechprogress is checked the nations and no longer marchforwardtowardthe noblerlife whichthe future holds forman. Bettera thousandfold abuseof freespeechthan denialof free speech.The abuse diesina day, but the denialslays thelife ofthepeople and entombsthe hope ofthe raceeOhoriesBrodlaigh(1879). a. Thebeat legacy Ican leavemy children la freespeech,mild theexample of usingit.--AlpentosSidney (1 ).

t. MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 19 I do notbelieve inaword thatyou say, but I will defendwithmy life, if need be,your right tosay it.Franeois Voltaire(1759). 1 say discuss all andexpose allIam for êvery topic openly; Isay therecan be no safety forthese Stateswithobtinnovatorswithout freetongues, andears willing to hear thetongues; And Iannounce asa glory of these States,that theyrespectfully listento propositions,reforms, freshviews anddoctrines, fromsuccessions ofmen and women. Eachage with itsown growth !WaltWhitman (1882). To limit thepress is to insult thenation;to prohibit thereading ofcertain books isto declarethe inhabitantsto be either foolsor slaves. Shouldwe to destroyerror compel it to silence?No.Ilowthen?Let ittalk on.Error, obscureof itself,is rejectedbyevery sound understanding.If time havenot given itcredit, andit be riot favoredby government,itcannot bear theeye of examination.Reasonwill ultimatelydirect whereverit be freelyexercised.ClaudeA. Helvetius(1765).

A Whenpublicdiscontentsare allowed to vent 2 themselves inreasoningand discourse, theysubside intoa calm ; but their confinementin the bosomisapt to give themafierce anddeadly tincture.Robert Hall(1793).

No matterwhose thelips thatwould speak, theymust be freeand ungagged. Letusbelievethat thewhoreof truthcan never do harm to thewhole of virtue; andremember thatin orderto get the wholeof truthyou must allow every man, rightor wrong, freelyto utter hisconscience, andprotect himin go doing.Entireunshackled freedomforevery man's life,no matter what his doctrinethesafety of freediscussiónno matter how wideitsrange. The communitywhich daresnot protect itshumblest andmost hatedmember inthe freeutterance ofhjs opinions,no matter how falseor hateful, is onlya gang of Aaves.If thereisanytilingin the universe-that can'tstand discussion,' let it crack.WendellPhillips(1855). Ar

You tellmethatlaw is abovefreedom ofutterance, and I replythatyou cap haveno wise lawsnor free enforcement ofwise lawsunless there isfreeexpression of the wisdomof thepeopleand,alas, their Milkwith it.But, if thereis freedom, folly will dieof itsownPoison,and the wisdomwill survive.Thatis the history of therace.It is the proofof man'skinship withGod. Yousay .4ga freedom ofutterance is not forthe time ofstress, and I reply with the sad°truththat only intime ofstress is freedom ofutterance indanger. Noone questions it in calmdays, useit is not needed.And thereverse is true also: onlywhen freeutteranceitsuppressed isit needed,and when ifis needed it Is a most vital tojustice.Peace isgood.But ifyou are interested in peace through force and withoutfree discussionthatis tosay, free utterance decently and inorderyour interestin justiceis slightAndpeace without justice istyranny,no matter howyou may sugar-coat it withexpediency.This State today isinmore danger from suppressionthan fromviolence,because in the end suppressionleadsto +faience;indeed, is thechild ofsuppression.Who- ever pleads for justice helpsto .keep thepeace, and whoever tramplesupon the plea for Justice,temperately madeIn thename ofpeace, only outragespeace and kills somethingfine in theheart ofman which God putthere whenwe got ourmanhood. Whenthat is killed,brutemeets bruteoneach side ofthe line. 8o, dear friend,put fearout ofyour heart.This Nationwill survive,this i.20 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

State willprosper, the orderly business of lifewillgoforward ifonlymen can speak hi whateverway given them to utter whattheir heartsholdbyvoice, by prsted card,by letterorbypress.Reasonnever has failedmen.Only force and 6ppress1on havemade the wrecksin theworld.William AllenWhite (1922). "Theonly security of allis inafreepress.The force of bublicopinioncannot beresisited,ilhenpermitted freelyto be expressed.The agitationit produces must be submitted to.It isnecessary to keep the waters puieThomasJefferson (1M).

The greatesttruthsareoften themost unpopular andexasperating; andwere they to be denieddiscussion tillthemanyshould be readyto accept them,they wouldnever establish themselves in the generalmind. Theprogress of society dependson pothing more thanonthe promulgation cifprinciples, whichare in advance of .public sentithentand practice, andwhichare consequently atwar with the habits,prejudices, and immediateinterests oflarge classesof the community. The defendersof freedomare not those who claim andexercise rightswhich no one assails,orwho win shoutsof applause bywell turnedcomplimentsto liberty in tbe days ofher triumph.Theyare those who standupfor rights which mobs,conspiracies,orsingle tyrantsput in jeopardy;who contendfor liberty in that particularform, whichis threatenedat the momentby themany . orthe few,William E. (limning.

Government is thecreature of the people,and that whichthey havecreated they surely havearight to examine.The great Authorof nature, havingplaced .the right of dominioninno particulaie hands, bath leftevery point relatingto it to besettled by theconsent and approbationof mankind.In spite ofthe attempts of sophistry toconceal the origin ofpolitical right,it must inevitably . rest at lengthonthe acquiescence of thepeople.Robert Hall(1825).

The struggle for freedomof speechhas marched bandin hand in theadvance of civilisation with thestruggle for othergreat humanliberties.Historyteaches that humanliberty cannot be securedunless there is freedomtoexpress griev- unces.Ployd E.Thompson (1923). .. The libertyof speaking and writingguardsour other liberties...Thomas Jefferson (1808).

Liberty of speech is justifiedonthree grounds:First, If tbeopinion betrue, the worldreaps a benefit to be derived from thetruth;seco6dly,if the opinion be false, truth is themore strengthened by contest withit, and lastly,if it be partlytrue and partly false,our opinions, if they do not entigelylose theirweak- ness,aiany rategain the corrections whichhave greatlyimprovedthem.John P. Poole (1862).

The Declaration tatIndependencedeclares libertyto bearight giventousby God. Therecan be no liberty without freedom ofspeech and theright of assembly to petition thegovernment. Alfred E.Smith (1940).

. L. , f It ismore dangerous to shut people's mouthsthan tostop the c. Iver. Tostop theprogressofa river means to force ittoexiihighitidthus domore harm than if it had beenallowed to takeIts naturalcourse.Such istheease wiihpeople.Ifyouwant to prevent thedamage threateningfrom theInundation tofariver,you have to lead it intoa proper bed which will holdall of itswaters;

4 MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 21 Ifyou want to make an impressionon the people, letthemhaveperfectliberty of speecb.--ACMnesephilosopher(2000 B.C.). Once again, peoplerealize thatwithoutpersonal libertyand theright expression, life of self- itself ishardly worththe living.tiarnesA. Farley(1940). We should be eternallyvigilantagainstattemptsto checkthe opinions that 'we expressionof loathe.... Americanshavea genuine passionfor liberty Hind a genuine passion for JustIce.WendellL. WHIN('( MO). Everynationalemergency putsa strainupon the democratic heart of process.At the thatprocess is the principleof freespeech andfreepolitical Paul V.McNutt(1939). action. All our Presidentssince thefoundationof therepublichave repeated faithin the right their thinking ofthe people.That iswhatour theory ofgovernment is hasedon.If at this moment peopleneeda deeperconsciousnessoftheir Aheritage of freedomand theirown responsibilities,why notlet themget it through Vie oldtried and true Americanprocesses of educationanddiscussionamong fhemselves?To my mind, theymustgrow into itratherthan bepushed lestthey mightbalk.AntosLang (1940). in Political liberty implieslibertytoexpress one's politicalopinionorally and in writing,and a tolerantrespectforany andevery individualopinion. AlbertEinstein (1933).

FreedomoFConscience A church is "avoluntary societyofmen, joining themselvestogetherof their own accord, in order to the publicworshippingof God insucha manneras they Judgeaeceptable to him andefftactualto thesalvationof theirsouls." is voluntary,because lt no man is by natureboundtoany church.Thehope ofsalva- tion is the'cause of hisenteringinto it.If hefindsanything should be wrong in it, he as free togo out as hewas tocome in.----ThomaaJefferson(1776). The rightof eVery citizen toworshipas he pleases andto aspireto holdany officewithinthe giftof thepeople must bepreservedandmaintainedinviolate. 41. Alvin TuftsFuller (1928).

I couldnever discriminateagainstAman because heembraced thatcame to him with the religion his mother'smilk.--TheodoreRoosevelt(1893). In thiacountry I havenofear thatliberty willbedestroyed, ever take the, thattryannycan place ofdemocracy,thatintolerancewillagainassume Thepioneer spirit power. of libertystilllives here,thetraditionalpolicyof civiland religiousliberty stillanimatesour people. W.eare a nation bornofa great ideal andas longas the nation surilves, that Ideal must and willbe cherishedandpteserved.Othernationsmay reject that idealandtemporarilyturn-backto the darknessof the Miildle the Ages.All more need thatwe hold the torch ofliberty aloftso that othersmay see its light. , ..Darkthough these daysare Insome countries. oftheold andnew worlds, yet everywhere thereare men who still findlight inreligion; and tyrannyis 22 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY forcedto recognize thatmen of sincere religionare its most dangerousfoes. Herbert H. Lehman(1935).

The wholefreedom ofman consists either inspiritualorcivil liberty.As for spiritual, whocan be at rest, whocanenjoy anythingin this worldwithcon- tentment, whobath not libertytoserve God, and tosave his soul, accordingto the best lightwhich Godbath planted inhim to thatpurpose, by theraidingof His revealed will,and the guidanceof His HolySpirittJohn Milton(1670). Longago George Mason in the VirginiaDeclaration of, Rightsvoiced what has becomeoneof the deepestconvictions ofthe Americanpeople; "Religion,orthe duty whichwe owe to our Creator, and themanner of discharging it,canbe directed onlybyreasonandaconviction,not by forceor violence, and therefore allmen are equally entitledto the free exerciseof religionaccording to the dictates ofconscience." In the conflictof policiesand of politicalsystems which theworld todaywit- nesses, the United Stateshas held forth foritsown guidance and forthe guidance of othernations, if theywill accept it, thisgreat torch of'liberty of human thought,liberty ofhuman conscience.We willnever lower it.We will never permit, ifwécanhelp it, the lighttogrow dim.Rather throughevery means legitimately withinour power andourofficewewill seekto increase that light thatt itsrays may extend the furtber;that its glorymay be seeneven from afar.FranklinD. Roosevelt(1935).

The forcing ofaminto support thisorthat teacherevenof hisown religious persuasion,is depriving him -ofthecomfortableliberty of givinghis contributions to the particularpastor whose morals hewould make hispattern, and whose powers he feels mostpersuasiveto righteousness; andIs withdrawingfrom the ministry thosetemporaryreyiardswhich, proceedingfrqman approbation of their personal conduct,'are an additional incitementto earnest andunremitting labors forthe instruction ofmankind.ThontasJefferson (1719). I Whenareligion is'good, I conceivethat it willsupport itself; and when it does not supportitself, andGod doesnot takecare to Support it,so that its professorstre obligedto call for help ofthe civilpowerr, 'tieasign, Iap- prehend, of its beingaba4 one.BenfooninFranklin (1783). I wouldnot persecuteeven the Atheist.I thinkhe hasa rightto toleration and, formy own part, I pity him, forbe wantsthe'consolationwhich I enjoy. Religion shouldteachus the most refinedhumanity, and allberways should bepeace. The bigot is seldom thevirtuous, the meek,the amiable,or the learnedcharactersJohn *ilkes (1196). All religionsmust be tolerated.In thiscountryevery man mustget to heaven in'his ównway.Frederkkthe Great (1740)-

Of all theanimosities whichhave existedamong mankind, ihosewhichare caused byadifference ofsentiments inreligionappear to be deprecated. George Washington(1789).

. Religion,orthe dutywhichwe owe toour Creator, and themanner of discharging it,can be directed only byreason and conviction,not by forceor violence; andtherefore allmen should enjoy the fullesttoleration inthe exercise of religionaccordingto the dictatesofconscienceJamesMadison (1776). MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 23 Donothingto otherswhichyou would nothave themdo to cannotsee how, you. Now I .. on his principle,one man isauthorizedtosay to another, "BelievewhatIbelieve, andwhatyou cannot,or you shall beput to death." FrancoisVoltaire(1765). ; a Bigotryhasno head andcannot think,no heart andcannot feel. moves it Whenshe 2 is inwrqth;when shepauses itis amidruin.Rerprayers are curses, her God isa demon, hercommunionis death,hervengeance is eternity, her decaloguewritten in theblood ofher victims,and ifshestops fora ,momentin her infernal flightit isupon a kindred rockto whet hervulturefang fora more sanguinarydesolation.DanielO'Connell. The proscribingany eitiztinas unworthy thepublic confidence,by laying upon himan incapacity ofbeing calledto offices oftrustor emolument, he profess unless or renounce thisor that religiousopinion,isdeprivinghim in- judiciously ofthose privilegesandadvantages towhich,incommon with his knowcitizens, hehasa natural right.ThomaxJefferson , or (1779). Who can be at rest,whocanenjoyanythingin thisworld withcontentment, who hathnot libertytoserve God and tosave hisown soul the hest accordingto light whichGod hathplanted inhimto thatpurpose?-4ohnMilton (1649).

p. justice

Examinethe history oftngland.See howfew ofthecases of the of the suspension habeascorpus law havebeen worthyof thatsuspension.They been either have realtreason, whereinthe parties mightas well have beencharged atonce, or sham plots,where itwas shameful theyshouldever hare been suspected..Thomas Jefferson(1788). I' am for the prisonersat the bar; andshallapologize for itonly inthe words of tlieMarquisBeecaria: "IfIcan but be theinstrument ofpreserving one life, his blessingandtears of ;transport shall bea sufficientconsolation tomefor thecontempt of mankind." Factsaresiubbornthings, and wliatevermay be our wishes,our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions, thekcannot alterthe state offacts andevidence. Nor isthe law lessstablethan the fact. The law,in allvicissitudes bfgovernment, fluctuationsof thepassions, flights of or enthusiasm, willpreserve a steadyundeviatingcourse.It willnot bendto the uncertainwishes,imaginations, andwantontempers ofmen. To wiethe words ofa great and worthyman, a patriot anda hero,an enlightened friend of mankind,anda martyr to liberty, Imean AlgernonSidney,who, from hisearliestAnfancy, soughta tranquil retirementunder theshadow of the tree ofliberty with histongue, Ibispen, and his sword: "Thelawno passioncan disturb.'Tis voidof desireand fear,lust and anger.'Tismens sine affectu,writtenreason, retainingsomemeasure of the divine perfection.It doesnot enjointhat whichpleasesa weak, frailman, but without any regard topersons, commendsthat whichblood, andpunbthes evil in all, iihetherrich%or poor, highorlow.'Tis deaf,inexorable,inflexible. On theone hand, it is inexorableto the criesandlamentations ofthe prisoner; on the other, It is deaf,deafas an adder, to theclamors ofthepopulace." John Adams(1770). - 11047515.1---4

, 24 VOICESOFDEMQCRACY

Thepeopleare not qualified to Judgequestions oflaw; buttheyare very capable ofjudgingquestions offact.In theform ofjuries, therefore,they determine allmatters of fact,leavingto thepermanent Judges todecidethe law resultingfrom thosefacts.It is leftto the juries,if theythinkpermanent Judgesare underany bias whatever Inany cause, to takeon themselves to judge thelawas well as the fact.Theynever exercise thispower but when they suspect partialityin the Judges;and by theexercise of..thispower they have beenthe firmestbulwarks ofEnglishliberty.ThomasJefferson(1789). No man should scrupleor hesitpten moment touse arms in defense ofso .valuable a blessingasthis libertyof trial byJury whichwehave receivedfrom our ancePtors.George Washington(1774).

The judgmentof jurorsis theguaranty of individualliberty inEngland, and in every other country in theworld wheremen aspire to freedom.Emanuel Joseph Sieves.

An officer whois entrustedby thelaw withthe sacredduty of namingJudges of lifeand death forhis fellowcitizens, andwho selectsthem exclusively fromamong his politicaland party friends,oughtnever to have in hispower asecond abuseof thattremendousnmgnitude.ThomaaJefferson (1801).

The rackand torturechambermay not he substitutedfor thewitnessstand. The Statemay not permitan accused to behurriedto convictionunder mob dominationwherethe wholeproceeding isbuta mask withoutsupplying correctiveprocess.The Statemay not deny to theaccused the aidofcounsel. Normay a State,tilroughthe action ofits officers,contrivea conviction through the pretense ofa trial which in truthis ''butusedaii means of deprivinga defendant hfliberty througha deliberate deceptionofcourt and Jury bf4wthe presentation oftestimonyknownto be perjured."And thetrial eqUairyisa mere pretense wherethe stateauthoritieshavecontriveda conviction resting solely upon confessions obtainedbyviolence.ClaarlesE. Hughes's(1936).

Tyrannicargovernmentshaveimmemoriallyutilizeddictatorialcriminalpro- cedure andpqnishmentto makescapegoats of theweakor of helplèss political, religiousor racial minorities andthose whodiffered,who wouldnot conform and whoresistedtyranny.Today,asinages past,we are not withouttragic proof thatthe exaltedpowers 9fsome governmentsto punishmanufactured crime dictatoriallyis thehandmaid oftyranny.HupoL. Black(1940). I considertrial byJuryasthe onlyanchorever yet imaginedbyman, by which a government-can be heldto theprinciples ofitsconstitution.----Thomas Jefferson (1789).

He'strue to God who'strue toman; whereverwrong is done. To thehumblest andthe weakest,Ineath theall-beholdingsun, Thatwrong is also donetous, and theyare slaves most base, Whoselove of rightis forthemselvesand not forall therace. --JamesRouenLowell(1886); Withmalice towardsnone, with charity forall, withfirmness inthe right, asGod givestous to see the right, letusstriveto finish theworkwe are in, to bindupthe nation'swounds;tocarefor himwho shallhave bornethe battle, and for hiswidow andorphans;to do all whichmay achieve andcherishajust MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 25

and lastingpeace among ourselves and withallnations.----AbrahamLincoln (1865).

Human rights andconstitutional privilegesmust not be forgottenin therace for wealthand commercialsupremacy. Thettoiernmentof thepeoplemust be by the peopleand not byafew of thepeople.It.must restupon the free consent of thegoverned and all of thegoverned.Power, itmust be remembered, which is secured byoppressionsor usurpationorbyany form of injusticeis soon dethroned.William McKinley(1900).

Man isarational animal,endowed bynature withrights, andwithan innate senseofjustice.Thomas Jefferson(1823).

Where justicereigns, 'tis freedomto obey.JamesMontgomery11850).

pa Equality

We hold these truthsto be self-evident,that allmen are created equal,that theyareendowed by their Creatorwith unalienableRights, thatamong theseare Life, Liberty, andthe pursuit of Happiness.Thomas Jefferson(1776). The divine right of kingsmay have been a plea for feebletyrants, but thediem right of governmentis the keystone ofhumanprogress, and without it govelq- tnents sink into police, andanation isdegraded intoa mob.Benjamin Disraeli (1870).

The government ofthe Union, then,is emphaticallyand trulya government of the people.In form and insubstance itemanates fromthem.Itspowers are granted by them, andare tobe exerciseddirectlyon them and for their benefit. John Marshall (1819).

Where slavery is thereliberty cannot be,and where libertyis there slavery cannot be.Charles Sumner (1861). Byadivine paradox, whereverthere IsRile slaveem are two. So in the wonderful reciprocities ofbeing,we canneier reaçllthe higher levelsuntil all ourfellows ascend withus. There isno true libeyfor the individualexceptas he finds it in the liberty of all.There isnodue securityfor theindividual exceptashe finds it in the securityofall.EdteinMarkham (1902).

He whomyoucallyourslave issprung from thesame source, enjoys thesame skies, breathes, lives and diesno otherwise tban 'you. A slave heis; but heis, perhaps,afreeman in mind, and showme who is notaslave.Oneserves his lust; another his avarice; another hisambition;all ofus are slaves to fear. Seneca (64 A. D.).

The Great Spirit did not makementhat they mightdestroyone another, but doing to each other all the good intheirpower, and thus filling the land withhap- piness instead of misery andmurder.TkonsaJefferson (1800). The blackman who cannot let love andsympathygoout to the whiteman is but half free. Thewhiteman who retards his oivn development byopposingablack manIs but half !rec.BookerT. Washington(1897). 26 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY lamoker Theequal right ofallmen is as clearastheft-equal rightto breathe the air it isa right proclaimed by the factof theirexistence.Forwe cannotsuppose thattonne men havearight to bein thisworld, andothersno rightHenry George (1889).

1 The North!the South !the West !the East t Noone the most andnone the least, Rut eachwith itsown heart and mind. Each of itsown distinctive kind, Yet eacha part andone the whole, I. But all togetherformone soul; That soulOur Countryat its best, No North,noSouth,no East,no West, Noyours, no mine, but alwaysOurs, Merged inone Powerour lesser powers, Fornoone's favor,greatorsmall, But all foreach and eachfor all. --EdmundVanceCooke (1915). Slavery discouragesarts and matiufactures.Thepoor despise labor when performed by slaves.Theyprevent the emigrationof whiteswho reallyenrich and strengthena country. Every master ofslaves is borna petty tyrant. They bring the judgmentof Heavenon a country. As nationscannot be rewardedor punished in thenext world, theymust be inthis.Byaninevitablechain of causes and effect, Providence punishesnatkual sins bynationalcalamities. GeorgeMason (1787).

Theprogreas of the elements ofour nature towardsa balance is the epitomeof all history, and Libertyis the exercIseof thatbalauce.MargaretL. Petrfe (1874).

We grantno dukedoms to the few, We hold likèrights andshall; Equalon Sunday in thepew, On Mondayin the mall. For what availthe ploughor*sail, Or land,orlife, if freedomfall? RalphWaldoEmerson (1851).

11 What I dosayis, thatno man is good enogh togovern anotherman without that other's consent. AbrahamLincoln1$61).

Whoserveshis country wellhasno need ofancestors.FranooisVoltaire (1700).

To beagood patriot,a man must consider hiscountrymenusGod'screatures, and himselfasaccountable forhim actingtowardsthem.UeorgeBerkeley (1748). Inafree countryeverymitnthinks he hasa concern in all publicmatters that he basaright to form andaright to deliveran opinion on them.That it isChatfills countries withmenof ability inall stations.EdmundBurke (1789). We oughtto remind ourselvesevery day of the idealson which Ms country was foundedthe ideals of opportunityfor allpeople, equalrights for Joseph Pasternak (1940).

.¡.= i 2,,,,; . :tv

,.. ' MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 27 FreeHomes The poorestmanmay, in hiscottage, biddefianceto all Crown.It theforcesof the may be frail;its roofmay ahake;the wiildmay blow thestormmay enter; the throughit; rainmay enter; butthe KingofEngland enter;all hisforce may not (Airesnotcross thethresholdof theruined WilliamPitt(1766). tenement.

Near inimportanceto exemptionfromany arbitrary thatmaxim controlof theperaon is of thecommon lawwhichsecures to thecitizen againstthe prying immunityin hishome eyes of thegovernmentandprotection andpapers against inperson,property, even theprocess of thelaw,except ina few specified Themaximthat cases. "everymaeshouse ishiscastle,"ismadea part of mir constitutionaawin theclauses / prohibitingunreasonablesearchesandseizures, and hasalwaybeen lookedupon as ofhigh valueto tbecitizen.ThomasM. Coofry(1898). ,. t Theconstitutionalguaranty ofthe rightof the papers against peopleto be.secure intheir unreasonablesearchesandseizuresextendsto their thus closedagainstinspection, papers, wherevertheymay be.Whilstin themail,they can only be openedandexamined underlikewarrant,issuedupon similar,oath or affirmation,particularlydescribingthethingto be when seized,as is required papers aresubjectedto searchin one'sown household. grew can place in Nolaw ofOm- the haikdsofofficialsconnectedwiththe postal authorityto invadethe service *any secrecy of lettersandsuchsealedpackagesin the and allregulationsadopted mail; as to mailmatter ofthiskindmust beinsub- ordinationto thegreat principleembodiedin theFourth I Amendmentto the Const tion.----81fphen J. Field( 1877). A man's house ishis castle,andhis homeis hissafest Coke(1628). refuge.SirEdward WhatWeReadandWrite Therehasbever beenan hour whenthe firstaid to the placing autocracy hasnot been of thepress in leash.MeirinE. Mom.(1873). Theliberty of thepress Is essentialto thenature ofafree 'stnte.Rir Blackstone(1769). William

41. Thepre m is themistressof Ì intelligence,undintelligenceismistressofthe, world.JeanJose hBetdarnin-Conatgnt(1880). Where thepress is free and everyman ableto read,allI Jefferson (1816). safe.Thomas It isnow beginning to befelt thatjournalismis tomodern politicaloratory Europewhat was to AthensandRome,andthat,to becomewhat it it shouldbe wielded bythe ought, same sort ofmen.---JohnetuartMill(1870). The-freedomof thepress is vital to humanprogress... Publicopinionand thesources of itsinformationmay be controlledby of time.It is despotismfora certainlength unthinkable,however,thatsuchcontrolcan continue Theremustcome a timewhen the indefinitely. instinctforindividualexpressionwillre- 28 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY assert itself and will begin anew that familiar course of discussion and debate which in the longrunwill lead back to democracy.Nieholas Murray Butler (1936).

It Isnecesmrythateveryvehicle of communication,everyinstrument, and everyfaculty by which Mindcancorrespond with Mind, should remain entirely freefrom influence.The Press,asthe most important and pirmerful vehicle of sentiment, should-remain independent of Government, and only be subjected to theceniorialjurisdiction of society.The establishmentttaLicensor is, of all expedients, the most dangerous.Tank Wortman (1800).

The printerscan neverleaveusinastate of perfect rest and uniod of opinion.They would benolonger useful and would have togoto the plow. ThomasJefferion(1801). ,

1 The printer isafaithfulservak. -Without,him tyrants and humbugs in all countries would have everything theirownway.Charles Dickens (1884).

Public opinion hasa moredirect,a morecomprehensive,a moreefficient organfor its utterance, thanadodyofmensectionally chosen. The printing-. pressisapolitical element unknown to classicorfeudal times.It absorbs inagreat degree the duties of the sovereign, the priest, the parliament; it conérols,it educates, it discusses.Benjamin Disraeli (1873).

Let it be impressedupon yourminds, let It be instilled intoyourchildren, that the Liberty of the Press isthe Palladium of allcivil,political and religiousRight4of Freemen.Junius(j760). AND

11, No government ought to be withoutcensors; and where thepressis free, no one everwill.Thomas Jefferson (1792).

The Liberty of the Pressit Isas the air we breathe; ifwehave it not,.- wedie.Old political Toast. The enlargement of freedom has always been dueto heretics who hive been unrequited duridg their day and defamed when dead. No (other) publisher inany country everincurredso muchperil to free thepress asRichard Carlile..V Every British bookseller has profited by his intrepidityand -endurance. Speculations of philosophy and science, whichare nowpariof thecommon intelligence,powerand profit, would have been.,,stified to this day butfor him.Georgc Jacob Holyoakc (1880).

Our liberty dependsonthg freedom of thepress,and thatcannot be limited without being lost. Thomas Jeffers9n(1786).

I should feel myself calledupon to protectAninfidelorMohammedirpaper, if assailed;orto re-establish it,. if deittroyed;Its much as a paper designed

-to advocate the truths ofChrWitinity.--. Wte,ardlBeecher (1870). e . ou e a V .'1 00 . Givemebut theli6erty ót"e-presitaud.I will give to the mtnistera)venal house ofpeers.I will give hInktu, corrupts and servile house ofcommons.I will give him the full swing of'tilepatronage of office.I will give him the _t . whole host of ministeriallpf1ue;i4..Iwillgive him all thepower that place ean confer upow.him, to purchastutisubmission andoveraweresistance;and yet, armed with' ,the liberty of thepress, I will go forth tomeethim undis- !hayed.'I will attack the mighty fabric of that mightierengine.I will shake . 1 MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 29

down. from itsheightcorruption andbury itbeneath theruins ofthe abuses itwas meant to sheiter.RichardBrims leyNheridan' (1810).

The mostessential problemin the makingofadurablepeace isinthe° dissolution ofany partnership thatmay exist inl!ny country betweengovern- ment andthe press.DavidLawrence(1925).

Iam for freedom of thepress, and against allviolations of theconstitution to silence by force,and not byreason the complaintsor critteisms, justor unjust, ofourcitizens againstthe conductof theiragents.ThwhasJefferson (1799).

Democracybelieves in freedomcf thepress.Nonews should be suppressed, but neithershould the agenciesof informationfall into thehands ofundemo.. craticgroups. Theprt.bssand radioare among the most powerfulof all the weapons of democracy. Anenlightenedpress can eductate farmers,workers and industrialistsas to their common interestsin genuinelyproductivecapital.* /1%Henry A.Wallace (1938). w.

Truth

Con Scionsthat therewasnota trut4on earth which I fearedAhould be known, I have lentMyself willinglyasthe subjectofa great eiperiment, whichwas toprove that an administration,conducting itselfwith integrity andcommon uNerstanding, cannot bebuttered down,evenby thefalsehoods ofa licentious press, and consequentlystill lessby thepress as restrained 11' withinthelegal andwholesome limitsoftruth.Thisexperimentwa's wanting for the worldto demonstrate thefalsehood ofthe pretextthaifree- 'dom of thepressis incompatiblewith orderlygovernment.I havenever^ therefore,even contradicted the thousandsof calumniesso industriouslypropa- gated againstmyself. Butthe fact beingonce established, thatthepress is impotent whenit abandon itselfto falsehood,I leaveto othersto restore it to its strength, byrecalling it withinthe pale oftruth.Within that,it isa noble institution,equally the friendof scienceand of civilliberty.Thomas Jefferson (1807). Menare never so likely to settlea question rightly,as when they discuss II itfreeli.A governmentcan interfere in discussiononly bymaking itless free than Itwould otherwisebe. Menare most likely to formjustopinions when theyhavenootheiwish thanto knetw thetruth andare exempt from all influence either bithopes and fearsto supportits doctrines.It carrieson controversy not withreasons, but withthreats andbribes.If itemploys reasons,it doesso not in virtue ofany powers whichbelongto itas a government. Thus,instead ofa contest betweenargument andargument,we have a contest betweenargument andforce.Insteadofa contest inwhich truth, from thenatural Constitution'of thehuman mind, hisa decidedadvantage over falsehood,we havea. conteitin whichtruthcan be victoriousonly by accident. ThomasB. Macaulay(1889). If the Waters of Truthflownot ina continual progression,they sickeninto amuddy pool of conformityandtradition;and althoughall thewinds ofdock- trine were let loose to playupon the earth,so Truth be in thefield,we do injury by liceniing and prohibitingto doubther strengtb.JohnMilton(1659).

,* 30 VOICESOFDEMOCRACY

. Letusailseek truthas if none ofusbad possession ofit.--Constantin F. Volney (1810), The truthis perilousnever to the true, Nor knowledgeto the wise. 'Philip JamesBailey(11375). Everynew truth which hasever been propoundedhas, fora time, caused mischief; 'ithas produceddiscomfort,anti oftenunhappiness;sometimesby disturbing socialor religious arrangemmAs,and sometimesmerely bythe dis- ruption of oldand cherishedassociation ofthoughts.It isonly afteracertain intern),and whentbe frameworkof affairshas adjusteditself to thenew truth, thatits goodeffectspreponderate;and thepreponderancecontinuesto increase, until,at length,the truthCausesnothing butgood.-But, at outset there the is alwaysharm. And ifthe truthisvery greattiewellas very new the harm is serious.Menaremadeuneasy ;theyflinch;theycannot bear the suddenlight;a general restlessnesssupervenes; the faceof society is disturbed,or perhaps convulsed;old interestsand oldbeliefshave been stroyed before de- new ones have beencreated. Thesesymptomsare thepre- cursors of revolution; they havepreceded allthe greatchangesthroughwhich the worldhaspasft. .Henry T. Buckle(1860). The boys ofthe risinggenerationare to be themen of thenext, and sole guardtansof the the principleswe deliverover to them.Truthandreason are eternal. Theyhaveprevailed.Andthey willeternallyprevail, in times however and placestheymay beoverbourneforawhile byviolence,military, civil,or ecclesiastical. Thepreservationof tbeholy fireis confided the world,and the tous by sparkswhichemanatefrom itwillever serve tokindle it in otherquarters of theglobe.ThonsesJefferson(1812). To the pureall thingsare pure.Knowledgecannot defile,nor consequently books ittbe will and consciencebe notdefiled.Allopinions,yea,errors known, readand collated,are of mainserviceandassistancetoward ment ofwhat Is speedyattain- truest. Topreventmen thinkingand actingforthemselves, eby restraintson the press, Is liketo theexploitsof thatgallantman wbo thoughtto poundup crows byshutting his parkgate...A forbiddenwriting is thoughtto bea certain spark oftruth thatfliesup In the face seek to treadit out.sOive of theythat me the libertyto know,to utter,andtoargue freely&wordingto conscience above allotherlibertles.--JoksMilton(1665). All truth is safe,and nothingelse issafe; andhe whokeeps or withholds it from back thetruth men, from motivesofexpediency,Iseithera coward,or a criminal,or both.//a Miller(1880). As a vessel Is knownby thesound,whetherit be deckedor not ; proved, by so menare their speeches,whetherthey bewiseorfooiish.Demosthenes. The firmness with whichthe peoplehavewithstoodthe lateabuses ofthe thediscernment Felts, theyhavemanifestedbetween_ truthand falsehood,show theymay safely be that trustedto beareverythingtrue andfalse, andtoo forma cor- rect judgmentbetween diemThomasJefferson41804). Truth is somethingthatcomes from theConflictof differingopinions. two dark clouds When club,lightningleaps forth;'andwhen thereis theclashbetween conflicting opinions, itis fromthat clashthattruth leapsforth.--1/oseph (1928). Proilauter

1 ; et-''' . . t. t :11; I MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 31 Forthe greatenemy of knowledgeis noterror, but inertness.All that want is we discussion, andthenwe aresure to do well,no matter whatour blunders may be.Oneerror conflicts withanother;each destroysitsopponent, andtruth h; evolied.HenryT. Buckle(1857). Bad meats willscarce breed goodnourishmentin thehealthiest concoction; but herein the differenceis of badbooks, that iheytoa discreet and Judiciousreader serve inmaaky respects to discover, to confute,forewarn,and toillustrate.... All opinions, kea,errors, known, readand'collated,are of main serviceand assistance toward the speedyattainment ofwhat istruestJohnMilton (1644).

e He is thefreemanwhom the truthmakes free, And allfifeslaves besides. William Cowper(1785). Trueopinions can prevail only ifthefacts'to whichthey referare known; if they irenot known,false ideasare just as effectiveas trueones, if nota littlemore effective.WalterLippmann(1929). Indeed,noopinionor doctrine, ofwhatevernature it be,or whatever be its tendency, oughtto be suppressed.For it iseithermanifestlytrue,orit is manifestly false, orits truthor falsehood isdubious.Itstendency ismanifestlygood, or manifestly bad,or it is dubiousand cóncealed.Thereare no other assignable conditions,noother functionsof theproblem. In the case of its beingmanifestlytrue, and ofgood tendency,therecan beno dispute. Nor in thecase of its beingmanifestlyotherwise;for by theterms it can mislead nobody.If its truthorits tendencybe dubious,it is clearthat nothing canbring thegood to light,or exposetlieevil, butfull and freediscussion. Until, this takes place,aplausible fallacymay do harm;but discussionissure to elicit thetruth, and fixpublic opinionon a proper basis; apd nothing else can do it. Thomas Cooper(1800). r Andyeshall knowthe truth,and the truthshall makeyou free.John 8: 32.

ThinkingasWe Please .1

Inafreecountry,every man thinks hehasa concern in all publicmatters; that he hasaright to formanda right to deliveran opinionupon them. They sift, examine,and discussthem. Theyare curious,eager,atteniive,and jealous; and bymaking suchmatters thedaily subjects oftheirthoughts anddiscoveries, vast numberscontracta very tolerable knowledgeof, them,andsome avery considerableone. And this it isthat Ails freecountrieswithmen bf ability in ail stations.Whereas inother countries,none butmen whose office callsthem to it having not muchcare or thought about publicaffairs,and not daringto try the force of theiropinions withone another, ability ofthissort is extremelyrare inany station in lifi.--EdniundBurke (1M).

Freedomofmen undergovernment is tohavea standing rule to live by,come mon to every oneof thatsociety, andmade by thelegislative'power vested init; a liberty to followmy own will in allthings, wherethat ruleprese besnot, and not to be subjectto theinconstant,uncertain,unknown, arbitraryW 1of another, maneJohn Locke(1690).

a 1,1 A . 4ti' *1. :4 32 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY

It isthe ferment ofideas, the clashof disagreeingjudgments, theprivilege of the individualto develop hisown thought and shape hisown character which makesprogress possible.Calrin Coolidge (1025).

To suffera civil magistrate to intrude hispower into the field of opinionat once destroys all liberty becausehe willapprove or condemn the sentimentsof others onlyas they shallsquarewithordiffer from hisown.It is timeenough to interfere when principles breakout into overt acts againstpeace andgiiod order.Thomas Jefferson(1787).

We need-only to glanceat the current worldscene to realize that thepreserva- tion of individualliberty ismore important today thaneveritwasin thepast.' The safety' ofournation dependsupon the extent to whichwefoster hi each individual citizen that sturdyindependence of thoughtand action, whichis essential ina democracy.Albert B. Maris (1938). t. So longasfaith with freedomreigns And loyal hope survives, And gracious charity remains To leavenlowly lives; 11i While there isoneuntrodden tract a. For intellectorwill, Andmen are free to think and act, Life isworth living still. Alfred Austin41900). I havesworn uponthe alter of theliving God eternal hostilityagainstevery form oftyranny over the mind of man.Thomas Jefferson(1787). Over against Naturestands Man, and deep inhis heart is thepassion for liberty.For the passion for libertyis only anothernamefor lifeitself. Libertyisaword of much sophistication,but itmeans,when itmeans anything, opportunity to liveone'sownlife in one'sown way.Charies Ferguson (1900). f

Ideasarealways liveliest when attemptsare made to suppress them.The very worst way to suppress an idea is to attempt tosuppressit.For, ifan idea is true,youcan'tsuppress it, and if it is false it doesriot need to be suppressedit willsuppress itself.Ifweall agreed finally andfor good, talking would benonsense.But becausewe disagree, talking is the part of wisdoni.HoraceTraubel.

What ptherliberty is there worth having, ifwehave not freedom andpeace inourminds, ifourinmost andmost privatemanis but a sour and turbid I pool? Henry David Thoreau (1853). ,

Free Government

The Republican form ofgovernment is the highest form ofgovernment;but I because of this it requires the highesttype of human nature.Herbert Spencer ! (1900). MEMORABLESTATXMENTS 33 '411 There is what Icall theAmericanidea.This ideademands,as the proximate organizationthereof, a democracy; thatis,a government of allthepeople, by" all thepeople, forall thepeople; of - course, a governmentof the of eternal principles a justice,the unchinginglaw ofGod; forshortness'sake Iwill call it theidea ofFreedom.-7-neodoreParker (1850). I have alwaysregardedthat (theAmerican)Constitutionasthemost remarkable workknownto me in modern timesto have beenproducedby thehuman A intellect,ata single stroke,so to speak, in itsapplicationto politicalaffairs. WilliamEwartGladstone(1887). 'A

The AmericanConstitutionisno exceptionto the rulethat everything has poster which to win theobedience andrespect of thenmust have itsroots deep in thepast, and,thatthemore slowlyevery institutionhas the grown,so much more enduringis it likelytoprove.There isa hearty puritanismin the view ofhumannature whichpervades theinstrument of (1910). 1787.JamenV. Bryce 1 Thedoctrine upon whichwe stand is strongand soundbecauseits enforce- menthi important ...toour peace and safetyas a nation, and isessentialto the integrityof our free institutions,andthe tranquilmaintenanceofour distinctive ,formof gove?nment. Itwas intendedto applytoevery stage of .4* national life our andcannot becomeobsblete whileour Republicendures.Grover Cleveland(1895). Democracy.will itself accomplishthesalutaryuniversalchange fromdelusive to real,and makea new blessed world ofusby andby.Thoma8Carlyle(1876). Democracyis thehealthfullifebloodwhichcirculatesthrough arteries, the veinsand whichsupports thesystem, butwhich oughtnever toappear externally, andas the mere blood itself.Samuel T.Coleridge(1830). a Freedomin a democracyis theglory ofthestate, and,therefore,ina democracy oniywill thefreeman ofnature deignto dwell.Plato. Bythe blessing of God,may thatcountry (America)itself becbmea vast and splendidmonument, not ofoppressionandterror, but ofwisdom, ofpeace, and ofliberty,upon which theworldnulygaze with admirationforever: Daniel_Webster(1825). I believe in Democracybecause itreleasesthe energiesofevery human being. WoodrowWilson (1912. 64. Asong forout banner?Thewatchwordrecall Whichgave the Republicherstation: "Unitedwe stand, dividedwe fall !" r It madeandpreservesus a nation ! -Theunion oflakestheunion oflands--L Theunionof Statesminecansever Theunion ofhearts--theunion ofhands And theFlag ofour Union forever ! George PopeMorris(1840).

, . SU I . 4 1 vf. 1 ,:otj2 ' t. ,.f! 34 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY .;' Our governmentwas founded to give lifeto certainbasicprinciples ofhuman rights, whichthe petipleembodied intheConstitutionas the Bill ofRights. Alfred M. Landon(1936). The true ends ofsocial justicecanbe achievedonly inconditionsof individual freedom underlaw, throughtheinstitutionsof populargovernment, ¡full(1939). Cordell es- Wemust never forget themost importantfunctionofgovernmenttopreserve by orderly,well consideredprocesses the rightsand dignityof theindividual. Thereare many suchrights, butfirstamong them is therighttofreedomfree- dom to enjoya full life,freedom ofopportunityto winthe goodthings oflife, fieedomto achieve a proportionateshare of Ihemodernluxuries whichmake life happierandmorecomplefe. There are other rightsbasicrights ofthe freeman ; the rightto worship he as seesfit;the rightto think clearly.and honestlyand toacton such thoughts the rightto freedom : of speech,freedom ofpress, freedom ofpublicassembly. These rightsmust not beviolated.ThomasE. Dewey(1938). We have a great, popular,constitutionalgovernment,guarded bylaw andby judicature, anddefended_by theaffections ofthe wholepeople. Nomonarchial thmne presses these Statestogether,no iron chain ofmilitarypower encircles them; theylive andstand undera government popularin itsform, in its representative character, foundedupon principles of equality,andso constructed,wehope, atito last forever.DanielWebster (1g50). The purpose of democracyis theminimizingof injusticesand theuniversalizing of itsgains.CharlesS. Johnson(1936). We, in thisgreat AmericanRepublicare, and shouldbe, theguidingstar for all the world;and if,united withthe othernationsrelatedtous in spirit and aspirations,we do our full duty,progress will be aasured,thepeace of the world will be conserVed,andweshallsetan example thatwill beemulated allover theworld.RudolphBlankenburg(1918).

Oppression willdrivemen mad. Butwe know how tomake Statesthat will stand;and notmerely standstill, butthat willradiate, vitalizeand illuminate theworld.Heary WardBeecher (1886).

I believethat thisConstitutionis likelyto be welladministeredfora course of years andcanonly endin despotismas other forms havedone beforeit whenthe people shallbecomeso corruptas to need despoticgovernment, beingincapable ofany other.BenjaminFranklin (1787).

Civil andreligiousliberty, universaleducationand therightto participate, directly or through representativeschosen byhimself, inall the affairsofgovern- mentthesegive tothe Americancitizenan opportunity andan inspiration whichcanbe foundnowhere else.WilliansJenningsBryan (1899). Let uslook forguidanceto the principlesoftrue Democracy,whichareendui- ing becausetheyare right, and invinciblebecause theyareAmt.Grover Cleveland (1882).

The Ideaofdem&racyis eternal... Democracy wishesto raiseupmaákind. to give itfreedom,and itsgreatest strengthlies itits deep spiritualand moral settconiciousness.ThosusaMann (1900).

*L. .AA = '17 V O MEMORABLESTATEMENTS 35 Here(inAmerica-)human dignityhas beendevelopedto such would be a point that it impossible forpeople toendure lifeundbra system in whichthe individual isonly a slave of theState and hasno voice in hisgovernmentandno decisionon hisown way of life.AlbertBiutein(1940).

Democracyisa word which hasmany shades ofmeaning.Itmeans not only aformof governmentbuta way of living.Itmeans alsomany great ideals of' human conduct andrelations whichperhaisno country hasever entirely 4.rea lized.RaouI d'Ilica (1940). Ct'13s 4)kipmen were less a revolutionaryin spiritthan theheroes ofthe American Revojution. They madea revolution In thename of MagnaCharta andthe Bill ofRights.---JanwaV. Bryce(1806). We haveno selfish ends toserve. We desireno conquest,no dominion. We no indemnities seek for ourselves,no material compensationfor thesacrificeswe shall freelymake.We are butone of the championsof therights ofmankind.We shall besatisfiedwhen thoserights havebeenmadeas secureas the faith and thefreedom ofnationscan make tbetii.WoodratcWilson (1917).

.46

04.0110

P.)

Ir.

. .-4. W.I .... '.'s" Life, Liberty, fl Memorable and the Pursuit Stories of Happiness of ;, 37

INIMMEMEMEINIMEINEMMIMmornmommomoli OppressiveGovernment One dayitsConfuciusandsomeof hisdisciplesweregoingpast T'ai Mountainthey noticeda womanweepingover anewly madegrave. Wonderingwhatrelativeshe grievedfor,Confuciusbadeoneof his followersask herthecauseof hersorrow. "My husband'sfatitewas 'killedhere byatiger," sheexplained, "and e) soalsowas my husband. Andnow mysonhasmet thesamefate." "Whythen," askedthe disciple,"doyou notleave thisplacefora saferabode?" Theweepingwomanreplied:"I donot leavebecausehere,at least, there isno'oppressivegovernment:" When thedisciplereturnedto thegroupand toldhisstory, Confucius said: "Rememberthis,oppressive governii4ntismore tobefeared a thantiger."--THERIGHTS WEDEFEND,Williams,p.13.

TheWagesoFaSlave Iniheyear9 A. D.two brothers,Hermannand Flavus,were sent to Rometo study militarymethods.Whentheirperiod oftraining wasover,Hermannreturned to his nativeforeststo train his . in the people Romanwaysofwar;*Flavusstayed inthesouthlandas one of theEmperor'sguard. - As thelegions ofAugustusswept northward,the clanswhichfought underHermannfoundthat theypouldmorethan holdtheirownagainst the invader. 'However,they hadto defeat theRomansinseveral battle beforeTeutonindependencewas complete. Andinoneof these battlesHermannfound thathewasfacingaRomancompany commandedby hisbrotherFlavus. On theeveof thebattle thebrotherstalked across ariver.Her- . mann noticed that hisbrotherwore a patchoverone eye.Flavus explainedthat he hadlost theeyein theservicieofthe Emperor. "And whathas beenyour recompense?" askedHermann. "I havereceivedanincrease inpay, amilitarychain,anornamental crown,and honors,"answeredFlavus. Hermannsaidscornfully:"Theyarethewagesofaslavecheaply pureI ."GREAT MOMENTSINFREEDOM,Lansing,p.81. a 39

V30055-1-41,.-4

- 40' VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

"WhyDidn'tThey AskFor MyKingdom?" Continued demandsuponKing Johnfor reformwereslightedand evadeduntilanarousedpopulacemarchedonLondon,capturedthe arrogant King, andpenned himup onanisland inthe Thames.There, at the insistenceof hisbarons andnobles, hewasforcedto sign the Magna Carta, Theangryprisoner placedhis signatureandsealonthedocument. Then,asthe happybarons left,the Kingfellto the groundinrage, gnashinghis teethand breakingto pieces smallsticks whichcameinto his haandsasthey openedand closedin fitfulfrenzy."Why," hecried, "when theywereasicing,didn't theyask formyKingdomalso?"--- GREATMomENTsINFREEDOM,Lansing,p.176. f HeMusedTo Bow Austria,conquerorof Switzerlandin thefourteenthcentury, be- lievedin keepingthe SwissremindedAof theirfate.In thevillage squarpof Altdorf,for example,they placedahaton topof theflagpole. Allwereoraéredto bowto this, since itsymbolized thepowerof the Austrian Empeior.But WilliamTell refusedto bow. "Thoushalt shootanapplefrom thehead ofthy son,"wasthe decree ofthe localauthorityfor thisaffrontto Austrianpower.Tell's only other cluiicewascertaindeath forboth hiniselfand hisson. ,Theson Arasstood 'againsta tree.WilliamTell shotand hisaim was true. But heheldanotherarrowinreserve.Heconfestedto the localgovernorwhat itwould-havebeen usedfor if he .1 hadmissed and harmhad collietohisson. "I wouldhave shotyouwiththis otherarrow," hesaid, "andbelieve me, I shouldnot have missedyou.".--GazATMOMENTSINFREEDOM, Laming,p.109. ,000.P "What IDo, IDoFreelyForLiberty" o "Thereseems noreasonthatourcolony shouldbetoo precipitate in changingthepresent mode ofgovernment,"mid JohnJay -whenthe moveforindependencewasbeingdiscussed."I wouldfirst bewell i. assured ofthe opinionof theinhabitantsat large.Let them berather followed thandrivenon anoccasion ofsuchmoment." To checkonthe feelingsof thepopulace,Jay employedaninvestiO gator. When hereportedto his employeronthe resultsof hissurvey, Jay offered himthemoneythat hadbeenagreedupon. -4 "Sir," he'

said, "Icannot take it. k. Theco ntry has need ofeverydollarto I 1. proiecute thewar,Icanwork In get my living.Never mindany 1 / . 1 a 1 e . . 4 MEMORABLE STORiES 41 moneyforme.WhatIdo I dofreelyfor*liberty."IIIsToRtc AMERICANS,Brooks,p.147.

A GoodListener NO

Inanunpretentiousbrickhouse inPhiladelphia,ThomasJefferson *roteandrewrotewha'twaslaterto be calledTheDeclarationof Independence.As befinished thefinal draft,he heardaknockat the door. "Come in," besaid, wearilybut cheerful. -7, ThecallerwasBenjaminFranklin. "Well, BrotherJefferson," heasked, "isthe faircopymade?" "All ready,Doctor.Willyouhear itthroughoncemore?" "Asmanytimesas you wish," said theelderlystatesman. "One can'tget too much ofagood thing,youknow." 'AfterJefferson hadfinishedreadingit Franklinsat back and beamed."That's good,Thomas!" hèexclaimed."That'srightto the point;that millmakeKing Georgewince.I wishI haddone it myself."---HISTORICAMERICANS,Brooks,p. 101.

"We DoMot WishToMolest You. St. Augustinejwhocame toFglandas nChristianmissionary, met King Ethelgertonthe Isleof Thanetin 597A. D.Althoughthe King couldnot accept(7hristianityhimself, headdressed St.Augus- tine and hisfellow-workersin thefollowingwords: "Becauseyouhavecomehitherasstrange'rsfromalongdistance, and wliatyouyourselves believeto be true andgoodyouwishto imparttous, wedonot wish to molestyou.Nay,we areanxiousto recefiti-jiVuhospitably, andwewill giveyouall thatis neededfor yo r support.Nor willwehinderyoufrom joiningall whomyou e nto thefaithofyour religion."ENGLAND'sVOICEorFREEDOM, Nevinson,p.27.44

7. "We ShallLightaCandle"- Because they wouldnot bowto the crowned beadsof theircountry inmatters of religion, BishopLatimerand BishopRidleywereburned ,at the stakeonOctober 16,1555. . As theywereledto the stake,BishopLatimersmiledtoair- abostt.him, butRidleywasdraggedalong,quaking withterror. Wheti theflames leapeduparound themLatimercalledto the horrified Ridley:"Be of goodcomfort MasterRidley,weshall this day lightsuchacandle byGod'sgracein Englandas,Itrust, shall\ neverbre'put out."RISTORYOFENGIANDANDGREATERBRITAINt CronD.'289. 7 ß !. 42 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY No Man Shall InterFere When Massachusetts prevented Roger Williamsfrom prittticing the religious principles in which he believed,he fled to Rhode IsInd. There he foundedacolony 'in whichanyreligion,or noreligionat all, would be tolerated.Civil authorities would tend onlyto civil problems. .",The straining of men's consciences bythe civil power," he del dared, "issofar from makingmenfaithfultoGodor man,that it isareadywaytorender them falsetoboth."

I One of themenwhocamedown from Boston to- live in thenew colony, aptly called "Providence,"wasJoshua Verein.For twelve months he didnot attendanychurch services whatever.. William)s said nothing. 6 Butoneday itwasfound that Joshua Verein had beaten his wife because shewent to church.Thiswassomething vfhichcame under the jurisdiction ofthe civil authority; a man wasinterfering with the religious freedomof anotherperson. It madenodifferenceto Roger Williams that this other perso0 wasthe wife of themanwho beat her.Joskia Vereinwasbanished from thé colony.LunoorRoma WILLIAMS,aston,p.243. 4 %Masterpiece WritteninJail When the Actof Uniformitywaspassed in 1660 John Bunyan, thesonofa poortinker who followed that trade himself andpreached 44n the side," found that the lawmade his preaching illegal.But he felt that the lawwasunjust. He continuedto preach to the hundreds whocametohear him until hewasarreste*pd thrown into the Bedford. jail. For twelveyearshe languished there; makingtagged laces for hiso.wnsupport,preachingtohis fellow-prisonat, and writingsev- eral books,amongwhichwas oneentitled Graee Abownding. Upon being freed, hewent back tohis preaching. 'liewaswarned; refusedtodesist; andwasagain taken into custody.Itwasduring this secondtermill jail that hewrote th e. book whichwasto become oneof the religious masterpieces of all time: Pilgrim's Progress. ENCYCLOPEDIAOPRELIGIONANDEmu's,p.897. "We Must Give the Liberty We Ask" One day Williaml'enn,whowasbringing peopletoAmerica in order that they nright be freetofollow thetenets ofQuakerism, tookafriend to the outskirts of Londonto viewanunusual sight.

a. MEMORABLESTORIES 43 There,before theastonishedeyesof thevisitor,werethousandsof Germans waitingto sail forAmerica. "Are these allFriends?"queriedtheamazedvisitor.Thiswas theterm applied tóthose whofollowedQuakerism. "No," answeredPenn,"theyareMennonites,Moravians;even some Catholics." "But isit wiseto mixmenof suchdifferentviews?"askedthe astonishedfriend. "We must betrue toourprinciples,"insistedPenn."Wewould havenone to suffer fordissenton any hand. Wemust give the libertywe ask."ItruoiousLIBERTY,W Many,p.48.

GunsCannotKillaFaith Joseph Smith,leaderof theMormons,had beentaken intopro- tectivecustodyat Nauvoo,Mo.,becauseahostilemob his life. threatened As thethrongaroundthe jailgrew bigger andfiercer, Governor Fordstatedfirmly thathe hadpromisedSmithprotection and hemeant tostand byhis word. "But theanob isarmetl,"pleadedthecaptain inchargeof themilitia around thejail."Therewill bebloodshed." "Yes, send thesoldiersaway,"urgedJosephSmith.Hewas re- luctanttosee men killedoveranissuethatconcernednoneof them. "Without thesoldiersyourlivesaren'tworthacontinental,"argued the Governor. "The mobwill killyou." 4. "Perhapsit will,"repliedJoseph.Smith, "butthosepeoplecan't kill whatwestand for." Joseph Smithwaskilledby themob.But,asheprophesied,his religion didnot die.Itwentongrowingundertheleadershipof anotherman,Brigham Young.----LrrFREEDOMRING 19Calhoun,k129.

ReFutation,NotSuppression

One of theearliestexponents offreedomof thepresswas 6f LouisXII France. In1518 he issuedanedict statingthatprintersshouldbe free from allrestrictions.In it hespokewithgreat appreciationand admiration of the printingart, thediscoveryof whichheconsidered "ratherdivine thanhuman."Hecongratulatedhiskingdomontheir leadership in thedevelopmentofprinting,saying.thatin this"France, takes precedenceof allother realms.") When theCouncil of Pisa condemnedabookasheretical,Louis said: "Take no measures of severity agaiiistthe -author,but letthelearned professorsgo overthe bookchapterby chapter 'andWaitearefutation ofany part which seems contraryto truth."BOOK8ANDTHEW MAIMS,Putnam,p.6, 6 %. 44 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

Truth OughtTo Govern John Peter Zenger, publisherof the WeeklyJournal of New York, thought it exi)edientto disagree with the existinggovernment, and wasbroughtto trial, accused of "seditious libel." Aftertwoof hislawyersweredisbarred, the agingAndrew Hamil- tonmade the arduousjourney fromPhiladelphiato takeupthe fight. Despite hisarguments the judge instructed thejuryto rule onlyon Nvhetherornot Zenger had printedthe material. Hamilton refusedto let the juryactonthese instructions.He arguedthat "it isaright whichall freemenclaim...tocomplain when theyarehurt;theyPavear¡ght publiclyto remopstrate'against abuses ofpower....Truth oughttogovernthe whole affair of libels." He further contendedthat suchquestionsasthe criminalintent and the truth of thepublication shouldbe leftupto the jury to decide, and ended with the plea:"It isnot thecauseofa poorprinter whichyou are nowtrying: No !It is the bestcause:It is thecauseof liberty !" The jury disregardedthe instructionsof thejudge andset Zenger free.Thisevent has been (balled "theMorning Star of 'thatLiberty which subsequentlyrevolutionizedAmerica ."----CONSTITUTIONALFREE SPEECH, Schroeder,p.53.

Rights oFaFree Press In 1762 John Wilkeswaschargedwith libelingthe King in his 'fun-pokingnewspaperThe NorthBriton.Theoffensive issuewas or- dered burned by thecommonhangman, and Wilkeswasexpelled from the House of Commons.The provocativeitemwasreprinted, and Wilkeswassent to the pillory.Court appealsfailed, andbecause thecaseagitated riots, Wilkesfledtothe continent. Fourmoretimes Wilkeswaselectedto the House ofCommons, and four More times hewasdenied hisseat, although the last timehis opponent received only one-fourthas many votesasWilkes. This allcostmoney,and Wilkeswassinking intodebt.Nithe was sopopular thatapublic subscripConsquared himwith his credi- tors, andacourt awarded himdamages for unlawfularrest. Again electedto Parliment, hisgreatest victory inthe fightfora freepress camewith the Houseordertoerasefrom itsrecords the minutes for his expulsionas"subversivetothe rightsof theelectors of the United Kingdom."His laterelevationto the office of Lord Mayor of London clothedhim with thepowerto release allprinters whowerebeing heldfor AuppozAviolations oflaw.--PoPuLARPROG- RESS INENGLAND, Routkdge,p.111. MEMORABLESTORIES 45 MutinyonPaper

Asadirectoutcome of thepassageof theMutiny Actof 1769, there appeared in NewYorktwo pamphletswhichvoiced thediscontent of the colonists.OnewasentitledA Son.of Liberty;the other Legion. Theysummonedameeting of"the betrayedinhabitants of the City andColony ofNew York"to air grievances. The New YorkState Assemblybranded theseaslibelous.The Governorset about ascertainingwhowasthe author ofthe pamphlets. One Capt.AlexanderMcDougallwas pronounced the slanderer,his guilt leaningontheconfessionsextracted bynefariousmethods from printers.McDougall refusedto admit authorship,butwas putin jail. Hewas apopularprisoner.Instead ofsulking abouthis.fate, he and hisfriendsnodeabig joke ofit, muchto the embarassment of theauthorities.Byaremarkablecoincidence theassembly records of theMcDougallcaseappearedon page 45 of the Journal.Itwas issue number45 of The NorthBriton whichhadgotten John Wilkes, English crusaderforafivepress,intotrouble.An)account ofone of McDougall'sjail receptionsstates:"Yesterday, the45th dayof the year,45. gentlemen,real enemiesto internal taxation,went to the New Gaol;and dined withhimon45 pounds ofbeef,cutfromabullock45 months old." Astorm of pamphletsopposing thecrownbeganto roll from the presses,and thespearheadof the sattack,McDougall,wasfreed.The English authoritieswereforcedto surrender in theireffortsto control a press sopopular.--LIBEWITOF THEPRE138, Schuyler,p.64. 4,1 42 YearsUntilVictory Matthew Lyon,congressman from Vermont,publishedaletter in the VermontGazette criticizingPresident JohnAdams, andwasbrought .to trial by the Federalistsoncharges ofviolatingthe Alienand Sedi- tion Laws.He pledhisown casebadly, andwasconvicted, fined, and sentencedtoserve a term in prison. His constituentstookup acollectiontopayhis fine,andeven re- elected himto Congress whenhewasin jail.Theygotuppetitions for hisrelease, but, hewould 4otsign themhimself; Withouthis signatureonthepapers,PresidentAdamsrefusedto consider them. When Jefferson tookofficehe pardonedLyoi,ashe didall the others prosecutedunder theAlien andSedition ws.But Lyon's final victoryoverwhat hedeemedanunjustlaw didnotcomeuntil 42-yearslater, when Congressrefunded hisfine.FREEDomOFINQUIRY ANDEXPRESSION,Cheyney,p.5. 46 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY

SufficientEvidence One day whenBaron Humbolt,aEuropeannobleman,wasvisiting President Jeffergonat the White House hefounda copyofa newspaper onJefferson's desk,Glancing throughit hewassurprisedto find that itwas oneof themost abusivepapersof the day, aridcon- tained bitterattacksuponthe President. "Whyarethese libelsallowed?" he indignantlyasked."Why is ,not this libelous journal'suppressed, andits editor imprisoned?" "Putthis palierinyourpocket," Jeffersonsaid, smiling, "arid shouldyouhear the realityofourliberty, thefreedom of thepress, .quest' Ishow thispaperand tell whereyoufound it."--Lnmarry OF THEPRESS, Wilhiain,p.48. "But ICannot DesertIt"

e. One of thegreat Americanmartyrs in the battle fora(freepress wasElijahLovejoy, wholived andworked in the border Statesthree &aidesbefore theCivil War.Many abolitionistpresseshad been de- stroyed inBaltimore,Cincinnati, andpointsevenfarther north. Lovejoywas awarethat his crusadefor suchanunpopularcausein Missouri andSouthern Illinoismeant arousing the ire of mobs. Three pressedbelongingto Lovejoyweredestroyed.Yet heper- sisted in fightingfor what hebelievedwasright. "I have asked fornothing buttobe,protected inmyrightsas a citizen, -rightswhich Godhas givenme, and whichareguaranteed tomeby the Constitutionofmycountry....Icandieatmy post, but Icannot desert it." . . . His wordswereprophetie, forafew nights\lat,erasLovejoyand his friends triedto stopamob from smashinghis fourthprim, he . . waskilled.---FRizooxorINQUIRYANDEXPRESSION,Cheyney,p.7.

A DemandFor Free Speech

1 More thanoncein his earlyyearsLincoln championedthe right of free speech. Ononeof these occasions,atapolitical meeting in Springfield, Ill., in1840, he fearlessly facedan angrycrowd an'd savedafellow speaker frompartisan violence.Edward Dickinson Baker arousedsomuch hostility by hisunpopular viewsatonemeet- ing that the-crowdthreatenedto drag him from the platformand beat him. Lincoln mounted theplatform, waved hishand for attention,and said:"Mr. Baker hasarightto speak, and oughttobe permittedto doso.Iamhere to protect him, andno manshall take him from =B.

MEMORABLESTORIES 47 his stand if Ican prevent it.Gentlemen, thisisaland wherefree- dom ofspeech isguaranteed." His*forciblereproof andresoluteattituderestoredorder,and Baker wasgivena respectfulhearing.ONETHOUSANDSAYINGSOFHISTORY? Fogg,p.810.

. "FairPlay!"TheyShouted Duringthe BoerWarabeardedpacifiststbodon abench inHyde Patk, London'sfreespeechzontti, anddenouncedhisgovernment for attackingtheSouthAfricanDutchmen.Ahalf-drunkensoldier, just back from thebattle front,startedto call thespeakernames. The crowdaroundhimimmediatelyobjected. "Fair play! Fairplay I" theyshouted."Let theoldmantalkhim- self out." .1, Maintainingthis spirit,Englandwent .throughthewarwithout 'checking freespeech.----FREEDOMorSPEECH, Johmen,p.99. 461 FewPeopleBotteredToListen

Shortly beforethe WorldWar, whenGeorgeCreelwasmade policecommissioner ofDenver,a manlabeledan"anarchist"wished to makeaspeech inthat Coloradocity.Thepapers demanded that thémanbe keptout. But CIOossobvithe dangerinvolvedinpersecutingspeakerswith unpopularviews. Heissuedapublicinvitationto the anarchistto come to town,and speakanywhere.When thepuzzledagitatorcalled uponCreel hefound thecommissionerinurethancooperative.Creel wanted himto speak whereverhethoughthe couldget the biggest crowd. Hesuggested thatthemanspeak fromthesteps of thecity hall. And hepromisedthe speakerthe protectionof thepolice. To thecryof thealarmistsCreelstatedthat iftheman-hadany- tUingtosayhe shouldbe heard;ifnot, nobody wouldlistenanyway. 'Themanspoke, protectedby thevery Government hewasattack-

O ing. And ,fewpeoplebotheredtolisten. R orSPEECH, JohnSen,p.99.

A JuryAssertsIts Rights.

When WilliamPenn andWilliamMead foundtheirmeetinghouse locked, theybeganto preach in thestreet outside.Immediatelythey werebrought intocpurt charged with "cimtemptof law,disturbing thepeace,ill example"and severalother :vaguecounts. Penn arguedthat theindictmentlistednospecificlaw which had beenviolated.Therefore,hecontended,gild)therewas no

. '...I-I., ' A. . . . 42'.61 Oh 48 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

law therewas notransgression,and hewasbeing triedillegally. The argument only servedto make the judgethinkPennwas"too saucy." He orderedthe juryto bring inaverdictiof"Guilty." The jury,headed by EdwardBushell, refusedto take orders,and wasthreatened bythe.judge.Hearingof this, Pennshouted: "You areEnglishmen, mindyourkivilege,givenotaway yourright." Thus strengthened,Bushell andhis fellowjurors broughtinaverdict of "Not Guilty"andwerethrown intojail fordefying theCourt's orders.

But this uprisingonthepart of the jurorsgaveothers thecourage. to bring in decisions inaccordance withtherviews ofthe evidence. The instructionsofprejudiéedjudgeswere olonger bindingonan English jury.--THETRYALorWILLIAMPENNANDWILLIAM MEAD, Penn,p.37.

A PrincipleMeans MoreThanaCause' 0 4 The Britishsoldiers quarteredin Bostonbefore theRevolution werethe symbol of colonialgrievance&Whensomeof thesesoldiers, goaded bytormentors, fired intoacròyd,the incidentbecome the rallying pointof thecolonists.Althouhonly fivepersons were killed, the affairbecame knownapthe"Boston Massacre." It 'didnotseemthatanyonein thecolonies woulddefend the unpopular Redcoatswhen theywerebroughtto trial.But John Adams and Josiah Quincy'cameforwardaschampions ofthe right ofafair hearing forthe soldiers,eventhough theyrealized -itmight meansacrificing theirplaces ofleadership inthè colonialcause. "Factsarestubbornthings,"argued Adamsbeforeahostile jury, "and whatevermaybeourwishes,ourinclinations,orthe dictates a ofourpassions, theycannot alter thestate of facts andevidence." He wentontoprovethat the shootingwasprovoked,and therefore wasdonò in self-defense.The jurysawthe wisdomof qie.argument and brought inaverdict of "NotGuilty" forall buttwo of the soldiers.These twciwereconvicted andlightlysentenced forman- slaughter. e Thus.wasthe principle offair trialassertedonj3ehalföf British soldiers in thescolonies,and itwasasserted by tluillveryleaders who insisted that thesesoldieit bewithdrawn.-FFAMTRIAL, William!, .. p.51. . Right.toaFair Trial I. When WilliamTrailor, ehargedwithmurderingafriend ina squabble,waslockedupin theSpringfield,Ill., jail in1838,acrowd gathered inthe publicsquareandbegan growlingabout "therope." Out of thegroupsteppedatall, ganglinglawyer. Hearguedthat

I." .'s .1:4; : 7:!st, .I MEMORABLESTORIES 49 Trailor hadarighttoafair trial.Whenhisreasonablecontentions failedto stop the surgingcrowd, AbrahamLincolnbegantouse stronger language.Ifanyonebelieved theprisonershouldbe lynched he shouldbe willingto fight for that belief.He himselfwaswilling to fight for his beliefthat theprisonershouldbe givenahearing. Noonesteppedupto challengethe-ruggedfrontiersman,and the crowdsoondispersed.bail',attlìttrial, Lincolnproducedtheman whowassupposedto have been "murdered."Lincoln'sdetermined stand foranAmericanprinciplehad savedaninnocentmin from hanging.FAIR TRIAL,William,p.59.

FreedomoF Thought

Galileo,Florentineastronomer and, inventor,provedto hisown satisfactionthat theearth movedaround thesun.He thereupon set aboutinstructinghis pupilsin thisbelief, andbeganwriting articlestoprovehiscontention. For thishewasindictedby the.Church, andarecantationwas demanded.The indictmentstated thatthe holytribunal,being de- sirous ofprovidingagainstdisorder andmischief,considered"absurd philosophicallythepropositionthat thesunis thecenter of theworld andimmovablefrom itsplace." Galileo'sassertionthat theearth movedwaslikewisefrownedupon. "The,ropositionthat theearth isnot-thecenter of the world,"ruled theinfalliblejudges, "butthat itmoveswithadiurnalmotion isalso absurd,philosophicallyfalse and,theoreticallycolasidered,at least erroneousin faith." ThetribunalgaveGalileo hischoice ofdeathorpublicdenial. Rather thangive his lifefor hisbeliefs,herecanted.Butonhis deathbedheasserted thathe hadalways believedhisfindingto be true. The lipservice hadbeen giventheauthoritiesin thehope thatsomeof histeachingsmightleacceptedatalaierdate, andtheq he would still'be aliveto aid indispensingthem.---THEWARON MODERNSCIENCE,Shipley,p.286. 1 EarnedLastingGratitude =1, Largely dueto the workof HoraceMann, theoldschool ofthe PuritanswasbeingreplacedinMassachusettsbya newandpurely Americantype of school.Instructionwasbecomingadaptedto -democraticand nationalrather thanreligiousends. Tfiepulpit andthepressdirectedviolentattacksagainstMann and his Boardof Education.Itwasclaimedthat theeducatorswere try- ingto eliminate theBiblefrom theschools,to abolishcorrection,and I.

50 : VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

to "make theschoolsacounter-poiset+ religiousinstructionat home and inthe Sabbathschools." s. Mann, however,heldthatanyattem*tto decide whatcreedor trine doc- shouldbe taughtwas undemocrOtic,andwouldmeanthe E ruin of theschools. , Thebattle culminatedinan attempt1)3Fthe religiousforcesto abol- ish theBoard of Education.Themoveinentfailed.GovernorBriggs commendedMann's stand bysaying:"J4sticetoafaithfulpublicofficer leadsme to say that theindefatigablet(ndaccomplished Secretary ; the Board of ofEducationhas performedservicesin thecauseof the commonschools which willearnhimthilastinkgratitudeof thegen- erationto which he belongs."HORACEMANNANDRELIGIONIN THE MASSACHUEINITSPump:,SCHOOLS,CU/1.4p.233.

Vlb "LongLivetheMociornSchool!" FranciscoFerrer, progressivefreethinIcer,arrivedin Spainin1901 and began to organizeschoolsalong.theilinesof themoderninstitu- tions foundelsewhere inEurope.This\metwiththeoppositionof churchand state, whichwere practically o6pand thesame.ffowever, the authoritiescouldnotprosecute Ferrer 4nthe boldaccusationthat hewasopening progressiveschools;theytiadto find othercharges. When hestated: "It isevidentthat expekimentsinpsychology,and physiology must leadto important:Changes4feducation,thatteachers, being.better able to understandthechild,willknowbetterhowto adopt their instructionto naturallaws,"th4twas too much. Hewas imprisoned foroneyear onanallegedcharkeofbomb-throwing. Upon his release herefusedto desistteachingsuch"heresies,"and soonfound himselffalselyaccused ofleadh*anuprising.The was a travesty trial onjustice,butFerrerwaS sentencedto be shotin MontjuichfortressonOctober13, 1909. i

His lastwords I whenexecuted ere :/"Longlivethemodern school !" .; -LIBERTYAND,GREATLIBERT.... 74,Sprading,p.487. t "ThisIsDemocr; I" , WhenAndrew Jacksontook hisoathf officeasPresident,most of, hingtonsocietyfled the inaugura ioidayonslaughtof Jack- res. son llowersthatswarmed into thecaitol. I ButDaniel thegreat Webster, orator, andFrancisScottKey,uthorofThei.eer Spangled Banner, Iwo"aristocrats,"stayed"toseeheshow." As Webster stood withKey, 4átchigtheenthusiasticcrowd of trappers andpioneerstramp around,,theWhiteHousewith muddy their boots,he askedthefamous Boniwriterwhat hemadeof it. r 4 4. ..; Pt

; t 11. MEMORABLESTORIES 51 "A magnificentsight !"exclaimedFrancisScottKey. This is "Sublime! Democracy IFor thefirsttimeourflag isflying land ofthe over the free I"LrFaziwomRING I,Calhoun,p. 209.

WomanSuffrage EmmelinePethickLawrence,Xnglishleaderofthe cialand Women'sSo- PoliticalUnionandadvocateforwoman's cizedthe suffrage,criti- existinggovernment inEnglandandwas tried conspiracy.Speaking for fromthedockofOldBaileyin1912 said: she

; , "Therehavebeen . over a thousandimprisonmentsofwomen al- = , ready.MyLord, ifyousendus (suffragists)to prisón,we to prisonwitha shallgo firmandsteadfastfaiththatour imprisonment, whetherit belongor whetherit beshort,willbeacceptedas part of thegreat pricethat hasto beexactedfor the of civicandlegalliberty women, which isthesafeguardof themoralandspiritual Qf tbewomen of liberty our country andofour race."---ENCILAND/8Voiczor FREEDOM,Nevinson,p.286.

ForMinorityRepresentation In theNewYorkelections of1919 fiveSocialistswereelected theStateassembly. to Whentheycame before thelegislatureon uary7,1920,to be Jan- swornin,that bodyrefusedto allowthem theirseats. to take AlfredE.Smith,the Governor,protestedtheactionofthegovern- ing bodyin thesewords:"AlthoughIam unalterably fundamental opposedto the principlesoftheSocialistParty, itisinconceivable aminorityparty, duly that constitutedandlegallyorganized,shouldbe deprivedofits rightto expression solongasit hashonestlybylaw- fulmethodsofeducation andpropaganda,succeededinsecuring representation,unlessthe chosenrepresentativesareunfitas individuals."OuRThins,Sullivan,p.172.

"YouHaveSavedUsAllToday!" Theirpetition avowing.theDeclarationofIndulgenceof illegal,andits 1687 readingimpossible,landedtheSeven BishOps prisonto awaittrial. in Theofiginalintentionwas to trythemfor treason, butupontheadviceofJeffreys,James II be triedfor the chose-.thatthey lesseroffense oflibel. . Thedefensearguedthat thepaper which theyhadpresentedwas not false,malicious,and libelous,butwas a respectfulpetitionsetting forthfactswhich were true. AnexcitedEnglandawaited'theoutr 52 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY

comeof the trial.Afteranight of deliberationthe jury broughtin averdict of"Not Guilty." The bishópswereteleasedamid thecries of the multitudeswho shouted: "Youhave savedusall today!"-HISTORYOFENGLANDAND GREATERBRITAIN. Crow',p.394.

Alien- andSedition Laws Jedediah Peckwasonlya poor,uneducatedpreacher who lived in up-StatkNew York.But hewasshrewd, andhe hadgreat natural ability andintellectualpower. Upon thepassageof th6Alienand Sedition Lawsduring the admin- istrationof JohnAdams, Peckbecameacrusader and circulatorof petitionscalling for theirrepeal.For this hewasindkted and taken to New York inirons. Hisarrest servedtofastenattentionuponhim, and gainconvigs to thecauseof Jefferson.Indeed, the overthrowof the Federalist Party in NewYork State,and the electionof Jeffersonto the presi- dency,is attributedinnosmallpart to Peck. The excitementand indignationaroused by thespectacle of this frailmalt being trans- ported throughthe State inthe custodyof Federal officials,and manacled, helpedturn New York'svote,which provedtobe deciding, to the Democrats. Upon his electionJefferson pardonedPeck and all theother victims of the Alienand SeditionLaws, saying: "Iconsider that lawto bea nullity,ks absolute andaspalpableasif Congress hadorderedusto fall downand worshipthe goldenimage."THESTORYorCoornsProwN, Birdsall,p.86.

He WoreDown HisOpponents When'iJohnQuincy Adamscameto the House of Representatives after havingheld theoffice of President,he found thata"gag" rulewasin effect inthat "democratic" stronghold.This rulewas aimed expresslyat keeping out petitions which asked for theabolition of slavery.But it angeredthesenseof justice whichwas sodear to Adams'heart.After all,the Constitution of the UnitedStates guaranteed theright of petition. Beginning in 1831,Adams presented petitionswhich he saidwere signed by persoxisprofessingtobe slaves.This arousedafuror by themenfrom the slaveStates.Theyeventhreatenedto expel Adams from'the House,but he persisted inpresentifig the petitions. Year afteryear,in thisway,he moved to rescind thegagrule.In one case apetition which he saidwassigned by22 slavessoenraged the Southernersthat itwasnot considered beyond the reading of the

IS 4 MEMORABLESTORIES first line. Latertheywere further exasperatedti) findthatthe tion was not for the abolitioilof slavery,but forquitetheopposit As the aging Adamsfoughtonfor whathethoughtwasright,the oppositionslowlymeltedaway.Finally,onDecember8, 1845; when theman was 78, the vote againstthegagrulebecameamajorityposition. In14years Adamshadwon new membersto his sideand hadworn down his opponents. Theright ofpetitioninAmericawasdramati- callyreasserted.--LTHEAlumsFAMILY,Adam?,p.214. L Madison*andLiberty Although born andbroughtupinaslave-holdingState,James Mádison detestedslavery.Heeventookupthe studyof lawin order to earnhis living"dependingaslittle!ispossibleup9n the labour 'of slaves." DuringtheRevolution he sujgestedthaiVirginiafreeits slaves and allowthemto join thearmyand fightfor fheprinciples of liberty. "Thatwoubtbeconsonantto theprinciplesofliberty, whichought.neverto be lost sightof inacontest for liberty." At the enaofthewarhis Negroboy. Billyranaway.Madison wrote his father notto return therunaway to Virginia,becausehe was unwillingtotransport him andpunishhim for simpfy"coveting that libertyfor whichwehave paidthe priceofsomuch 'bloodand have proclaimedsooftento be the right andworthypursuitofevery humanbeing."---LIFEorJAMES MADISON,Hunt,p.70. - WashingtonandaCrown

",GeorgeWashington willseethe wisdomofour proposaland willno'doubtitteeptihecrown;and here,before itisdisbanded, is theAmericanarmywhich,wepledgeourselves,willsupport and defend himagainst allwho refusetheirallegiance." Thiswasthe idea ofsomeofWashington'sfriends;menwho had been associated with theGeneral insomeof hisRevolutionarycam- paigns. Aftermany secret consultalivstheywent ina groupone morningtoWashingto'n'sheddqiiaiiers.Whentheyurged theGen- _ eral to become theirking, hiskindlygreetingschangedintotears. He turnedawayhis face,leaving thedreamersof empire,whohad plannedto makethemselvesthe courtiersof thenewking,wondering at theirfolly.---ThESTORYorLIBERTr,Baldwin,p.160

."ItIsaRising Sun" While thedelegatesto theConstitutional Convenlionweresigning thecompleteddraftof thefamousdocument,.BenjaminFranklin

bv t 54 VOICES OFDEMOCRACY

pointed towardthe President'schair,onthe back ofwhichwas paintedahalf-sun.Franklinsaidto thomi aroundhim: "I have often,in thecourseof thesession,änd thevicissitucks ofmyhopes and fearsasto its issue, lookedat thatsunbehind the Presidentwithout beingableto tell whether itwasrising,or setting.Butnow atJength -have thehappinessto knowthaiit isarising and.not,asetting "--a-FRAMINGOF Tin CONSTITUTION, Farrard,p.194.

410

1,0

i a .;

41. PO 4

qt.

Those WhoLiftedTheirVoices

il .4=mmo 55 It

Action, JohnEmerich,Lord(1834-1902).Englishhistorian, ern History. CambridgeMod- Adams,JamesTruslow (1878- ). Americanhistorian,Epic ofAmericaand March ofDemocracy. Adams,John (1735-1826).UnitedStatesAmbassadorto Ens Oind; Vice Presi- dent; President, 17971-1801.Quotationis fromhis defen*ofEnglishsoldiers p. after theBostonMassacre. ,, , Adams, JohnQuincy(1767-1848).Americanstatesman,son of John Secretary Adams; of State;President,1825-29;Congressmanfrom Massaitusetts, 1831-48. Adams,Samuel(17=-1803). Americanstatesman; Governor ofMaisachusetts. Addison,Joseph (1672-1719).Englishauthor; member ofParliament. AristidesThe Just(550-467B. C.).Greekstatesmanand general. Ashurst,Henry F. ( 1874- ). Americanstatesman; Senator fromArizona. Austin,Alfred (1835-19144.Englishauthor andpoet , laureate;,`editor, Na- tionalReview. Bacon,Francis(1561-1626). _Englishauthor,Advancementof Learning;itiem- ber ofParliament; Lord Chancellor. Bagehot,Walter(1826-77). Englishauthor, The'EnglishConstitution;editor, 7 Economist. %alley,PhilipJames(1816-1902).Englishpoet. Beecher,Edward (1803-95).Americanclergyman; college president; author, . The Concordof Ages. Beecher, HenryWard(1813-87).Americanclergyman; editor, The Indepen4- ent andChristianUnion. Benjamin-Constant,Jean Joseph (1845-1902).Frenchpainter; member ofthe Legion ofHonor. Berkeley,George(16854753).Irishbishop; author, ATreatiseConcerningthe IP Principles ofHumanKnowledge. Black,Hugo Lanyette(1886- ).SenatorfromAlabama; Justice United StatesSupreme Court.' Blackstone,Sir William (171.3-80).EnglishJurist; author,Commentarieson the Lawsof Englan41. Blankenburg, Rudolph(1843-1918).Mayor ofPhiladelphia; born In Germany. ol ingbroke,HenrySaint-John, Viscount(1678-1751).Englishstatesman; member ofParliament;Seer1,*.of War; Secretary ofState. Bonaparte,CharlesJoseph(1)-1921). Americanstatesman;Secretaryof the Navy;AttorneyGeneral. Borah, WilliamEdgar(1865-1940).Americanstatesman; Senator from o Idatio. 57 58 V VOICES OrDEMOCRACY

Brad laugh, Charles(1833-91). Englishstatesman;pounderof National Re- former; member ofi'arliament. Brewer, David Josiah (1837-4910).Justice United StatesSupreme Court.

Bright,John (1811-89).Englishstatesman;member of Parliament;author, SpeechesonParlia;netaryReform Bruce, Robert (1274-1329).King of Scotland. t Bryan, Wiflfm Jennings(1880-1925).Americanstatesman;Congressman from Nebra*a pemocraticcandidatefor President 1896, 1900,and 1908 Secretary ofSi4lik/

Bryce, JamesIii;;yiscount.(1 1922). English statesman;author, The American Comménwealth. Buckle, Henry Thomai Englishhistorian. History of Civilisation in England.

Burke, Edmund(1729417).British statesman; niemberof Parliament;author, Vindication of NaturalSociety.

Butler, NicholasMurray (1862- ). Americaneducator;President of Colum- bia University;author, True and FalseDemocracy.

Byron, George NoelGordon, Lord (1788-1824).English poet;died command- manding Greek insurgentsat Missolonghl. Cady, Daniel Leavens(18614934). Americanpoet, The Hill of Bennington. Carlyle, Thomas(1795-1881).Scottish essayist andhistorian. Cervantes, Miguel de (1547-1616).A'panishauthor,)onQuixote. Charming, William Ellery(1780-1842).Ameriainclergyman; one of the founders of Unitarianism.

Chapin, Edwin Hubbell(1814-80).American clergyman; author, Moral Aspects of City bile.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B. C.)Romanstatesman;Praetor of Rome; Conful.

Cleveland, Grover (1837-1908).American statesman;Governor of New York; President, 1885-80 and 1893-07.

Coke,SirEdward (1552-1634).English jurist; AttorneyGeneral;Chief Jus- tice King's Bench; Speaker, House of Commons. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1M). Englishpoet. Colton, Charles Caleb (1780-1882).English clergymanand writer. Cooke, Edmund Vance (1866-1932).Americanpoet and lecturer. Cooley, Thomas McIntyre (1824-98).Chief Justice SupremeCourt of Michit; gan ;author, Constitutional Limitations. Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1K-; ). Americanstatesman ; Governor of Massachu- setts; Vice President; President, 1923-29. Cooper, Thomas (1759-1840).Americsikphilosopher and politician,born in England. -- Cowper: (1731-1800).English poet. Curran, John Philpot (1750-1817).Irisb oratok andjudge. THOSEWHOLIFTEDTHEIRVOICES 59 Dana, Charles Anderson(1819-97).Americaneditor, NewYorkgun and can Cyclopedia. Ameri- Demosthenes(384-322 B.C.)Athenianpatriot, calledthegreatest of Greek orators. Dewey, Thomas Edmund(1902- ). Americanlawyer; District Attorney of New York County; Republicancandidate forGovernor,1938. Dickens,Charles(1812-70).Englishnovelist, OliverTwistand Christmas Carol. Disraeli,Benjamin(1804-81). Englishstatesman; member ofParliament; Chancellor ofthe -Exchequer;PrimeMinister. Drake, Joseph Rodman(1795-1820).Americanpoet, TheAmericanFlag. Eca, d', Raoul(1896- ). NaturalizedAmerican; author, Outlineof Latin- AmericanHistory; bornin Portugaland rearedin Brazil. Einstein, Albert (1879- ).NaturalizedAmerican; physicist, famousfor his theory ofrelativity; born in Germany, Emerson, RalphWaldo(1803-R2). Americanphilosopherand essayist;editor, The Dial;author, TheConductof Life. Erskine,Thomas,Lord (1750-1823).Britishjurist; defenderof Thomas Paine;LordChancellor;memberofParliament. Parley, James A. (1888- ).Americangtatesman; Chairman ofDemocratic NationalCommittee;PostmasterGeneral. Ferguson,Charles (1863- ). Americalclergyman;author, The of Democracy. Religion Field,StephenJ.(1816-90).Chief JusticeCaliforniaSupremeCourt;lustice United StatesSupremeCourt. Fields,JamesThomas(1816-81).Ameri.x4ipauthor; editor, Atlantic Monthly. Franklin,Benjamin(17013-00).Americanstatesman; founder of University of Pennsylvania;Ambassadortoirance;inventor;author, PoorRichard's Almanac. /FrederickII, TheGreat(1712-86).King ofPrussia. Preneau,Philip(1752-1832).Americaneditor,NationalGazette. Puller,Alvan Tufts(1878- ).Americanstatesman; (overnor of Massa- chusetts;member ofCongress. Garfield, .11 James Abram188/141).Americanstatesman; member ofCongress; elected President,1880,assassinated,1881. George,Henry(1889-97).Americaneconomist. Gibson, ErnestW., Jr.(1901- ).Americanlawyer; Senator fromVermont; Chairman ofCommitteeto DefendAmerica byAidingthe Allies. Giles,Henry (1809-82).Americanauthor,ChristianThoughton Life; born in Ireland. . Gladstone,William Zwart(1800-08).Britishstatesman; member of Parlia- ment; Chancelloratill?'Exchequer ;.PrimeMinister,

Goethe, S JohannWolfgangvon(1749-1832).Germanauthor, Faust;Privy Councilor; President ofDucalChamber.

L. 60 VOICESOFDEMOCRACY , r Grant,UlyssesSimpsion(1822-85). Americansoldierandstatesman; Com- mander of theUnionArmy; Secretary of War;President,1869-77. Grattan,Henry(1100-77).Italianpenedietin(monk,:author, Deeretum Gratiani. Hall, Robert(1764-1831).Englishauthor, Apologyfor theFreedomof the Press.

Hamilton,Pndrew(1676-1741).Americanlawyer,defender of.Tohn Peter Zengerin famousfreepress case. Hayes, RutherfordBirchard(1R22-93). Americanstateman; Governorof Ohio;President,1877-81. Helvetius,ClaudeAdrien(1717)-71).Frenchphilosopher; author, De L'exprit. whichParliamentorderedburned in1759. Henry,Patrick(1736-09).Anwricanstatesinan; Governor of Virginia. Herbert,AuberonEdward(1S3R-1906).English author; member of Parlia- ment. Holbach,PaulHeinrichvon (1723-89).French writer,horn inGermany. Holyoake,George Jacob(1817-1906). Englishreformer;author, lliatoryof Cooperation inEngland. Hoover, Herbert Clark(1R74- ).Americanstatesman; United Stiit.Food Administrator;Secretaryof Commerce;President,192943. Hughes, Charles Evans(1862- ). Governor ofNew York; Republicancan- didafefor President1916;Secretary ofState; ChiefJustice UnitedStates SupremeCourt.

Hull, Cordell 11871- ).Americanstatesman;Senatorfrom. Tennessee; Secretary ofState. Huxley,ThomastHenry(1825-95).Englishbiologist andwriter;president of RoyalSociety. Ickes,Harold (1874- ).Secretary,U S.Departmentof theInterior.

Jefferson,Thomas . (1743-1R2().Americanstatesman; Governor(ifV i ran ; Secretarypf state;Vice President;President 1801-09;author,Deelara- tion ofIndependence. Johnson,Charles S.(1893- ). AmericanNegroeducator;director of In- stitute ofRace Relations;author, TheNegro inAmericanCivilization. Johnson, James Weld6(1871-. ). American Negroauthor, Rookof Ameri- ean Negro Poetry;Secretary of theNationalAssociationfor theAdvance- ment of ColoredPeople. Jones, Samuel Milton(1846-1904).American reformer;Mayor ofToledo. Junius.Pen naméof Englishpoliticalwriter whoselettersappeared Ir Eng- land,1769-72;advocate ofcivil liberty. Kett, Robert (?-1549).Englishmartyr; leaderin rebellionagainstprotee- torate ofSomerset; hanged, 1549. . V. Kindler, Hans(1893- ).Musician,founderandcowluctor ofNational SymphonyOrchestraborn in Holland.

a THOSE WHOLIFTEDTHEIRVOICES 61 Kipling,Rudyard (186)-19361.Englishauthor,The LightThatFailed, Sol. diersThree.and BarrackRomn Ballade. Kossuth,Louis (1802-94).Hungarianpatriot;imprisoned advocating by Austriansfor independence;leader ofindependentHungary. Landon,AlfredM.(1887- ). Americanstatesman; Governorof Kansas; RepublicancandidateforPresident,1936. Lang,Anton (1905- ). Playproducer,bornin Germany. Latimer,Hugh (14887-15551.Englishmartyr; BishopofWorcester;burned at stake,15:71i.

Lawrence,David(1888- ). Americ.aueditor,U. S.News. I& Lehman, HerbertH.( 11478- ).AmericanstatesmanGovernor York. ofNw Lincoln,Abraham ( 1R09-65). Ame.rican statesman:author, Ewanci Proclamation; pa lion Congressman: President,1861-65:assassinated,1865. Lippmann.Walter (1889- ). Americancolumnist; author, The Freedom. Method of Lloyd,John William(1876- ).American,educatorandhorticulturist. ocke,John (1832-1794).Englishauthor,ConcerningTolerationand Con- rentingHumaneUnderstanding. Lowell, JamesRussell (181I)).Americanauthor,Democracy; Monthly. editor, Atlantic Macaulay,Thomas Babington(1800-59).Englishhistorian,History ofEng- land;member ofParliament; Secretary ofWar. Mackay,Charles(1814-89).Englishpoet andJournalist. McKinley,William (1848-1901).Americanstatesman;Governorof Ohio; Presidént,1897-1901;assassinated,1901.

McNutt,PaulVories(1891- ). Americanstatesman: Governor ofIndiana; U. 8.High Commissionerto thePhilippines;FederalSecurityAdministrator. Madison,James( 1751-1R36). Americanstatesman; Congressman; Secrefary of State; President, 1809-1817. Mann,Thomas(1875- ). 14ovelist,Josephand HisBrethren;winner,Nobel Prize forLiterature,1929;.bornrinGermany. Mt.tris, AlbertBranson1893- ). AmericanJuristand writer. Markham, Edwin(1852-1940).Americanpoet, TheMan Withthe Hoe. Marshall,John (1755-1835).Secretary ofState;ChiefJustice UnitedStates SupremeCourt. Mason,George (1725-92).Americanstatesman;memberofConstitutional Convention. Mattathias(? .-166R. C.).Jewishpriestandreformer; leader in revolt againstreligiousoppression. Mill, John Stuart (1866-73).Englishphilosophicalwriter andeconomist. Milton,John11608-741.rnglishpoet, ParadistLost. 62 . VOICESOFDEMObRACY

'Montgomery,Xames(1776-1854). 'Scottishpoet and lechwer.

Moore, Thomas (1779-1852).Irish poet. o

Morris, George Pope.(1802-64).Americanpoet, Woodman,gpareThat Tree. o Miller, Max (1823-1900).English philologistand orientalist,boltGermany. ,. Newman, Louis Israel(18 1. Jewish rabbi; Chairman Palestine Man- date DefenseLeague.

O'Connell, Daniel(1775-1847 Irish lawyer;member of Parliament. Paine, Thomas(1737-1809).American author,Common Sense, Rightsof Man, and Age ofReason. 4. Parke, Thecidore(1810-00).American clergymanand author. Pasternak,Joseph (1901- ).Motion pictureproducer, bornin Hungary. Pericles(495-429 B. C.).Athenian statesman;leader ofdemocraticparty : Minister of Athens.

Petrie, MargaretS.( ). American author,History of Lifierty,1874.

Phillips, Wens i ( 1-84).Americanreformer; presidenti.nti-Slavery Society.

I Pickens, WI (1881- ).American Negroeducator;secretary of the Nationalssociation for theAdvancementof Colored People;Nitbor,Abra- ham LinoolMan andSatesman.

Pitt; William(17 -7..4. Englishstatesman; member, of Parliament;Secre- . tary of State; PrimeMinister.

Plato (427-347B. C.).Greek philosopher;found(); of Academy. Poole,JoltP. (1788-1879).English playwright.

Proskauer, aoseph H.(1877-4 ) Americanjurist;Justice Supreme Colirt of NeT York. . Quincy, Josiah(1744-75).Americanstatesman;co-defender, withJohn Adams, of British sold in BostonMassacrecase ; special representative to England. Robertson, John ackinnon (1856-1933).English author, Historyof Free Thoupht;Privy Councilor. ak Roosevk Franklin Delano (1881- ). American statesman;Governor of New k;elected 'President1932, 1936, and 1940.

Roosevelt, Theodore(1858-1919).Americanstatesman;Governor of New York;Vice President;President, 1901-09. "Scherger,George Lawrence(1874- ).American clergymá'n; author, The

Evolution of 'ModernLiberty. 8 Schiller, Jôhannvon (1759-1M). Germanpoet and dramatist. 1 sot Seneca, Lucius Annaeus(4 B. C.-65 A.D.). Roman philosopher;member of RoMan Senate. Shelley, Percy Bysshe(1792-1822).English poet, The Spiritof Solitude.

Sheridan, Richar0Brinsley (1751-1816).BritigEliramatist; membeiof13;1r- liment;Elecretaiyof thetreásury. Aft O N**

6 THOSEWIJOLIFTEDMEIRVOICES 63 Sidney,Algèrnon (1622-83).Englishstatesman;author,.DiscourseConcerh- ingGovernment. ...Sieyès;Emmanuel Joseph,Count(1748-1836). Frenchstatesman to Germany. ; Ambassador Sikorsky, IgorI. (1889- ). NaturalizedAmericanaircraft in Russia. designer, born Smith,Alfred Emanuel(1873- ). Americatistatesman;Governerof New York ; DemocraticcandidateforPresident 1928editor,New Outlook. Socrates(489-399 B. C.).Greekphilosopher; president ofthe Prytanes;con- demnedfor impietyandsentencedto death,399 B.C. Spencer,Herbert(1820-1903).Englishphilosopherand writer. Stone,MelvilleElijah (1848-1929).AmericanJournalist;founder,Chicago MayNews;generalmanager of theAssociatedPress. Sumfier,Charles (1811-74).Americanstatesman;SenatorfromMassachusetts. Swift,Jonathan(1667-1745).Irishauthor,Gulliver'sTravels. Taft,Robert Alphonso'(1889- ). Americanstatesman; Senator from Ohio. Taylor, Bayard(1824-78).Americanauthor; Ambassadorto Germany. TheodosiusI, TheGreat (346-395)i.Romanemperor ; foe ofpaganism; phristianity. iniposeed Ne Thompson,-Floyd Eugene(1887- ). ChiefJustice Supren& Illinois. Court of Moreau, HenryDavid(1817-62). Americanwriter andphilosopher. Traubel,Horace(1858-1919).Americanwriterand editor. Vandenburg,Arthur Hendrick(1884- ). Americanstatesman;Senator fromMichigan;author, IfHamilton WireHereToday. Volney,Constantin 1 Francois(17574820).Frenchphilostpher;author, Medi- tationson Revolutions. Voltaire,Francois(1694-1778).Frehch,ppetand reformer. Wallace, Henry Agard (1888- )...Americanstatesman;Secretary,U. S. DepartmentofAgriculture;VicePresident; author, NewFrontiers. Washington, BookerTaliaferro(185e-1915).AmericanNegro author,Up From Et. Slavery;presidentTuskegeeInstitute. Washington,George(1732-09).Americansoldierandstatesman; Commander in Chiefof the Continentalforces; President of the CoiititutionalConvention; President,178947. Webster,Daniel(1782-1852).Americanstatesman; Congressman; Secretary of State; Senator fromMassachusetts. Wentworth, Péter(1530-96).Englishstatesman; memter of Parliament; sent to Tower of London forspeechesonParliamentaiyprivileges;died inprison. Wesley,Charles Harris(1891- ).AmericanNegroeducator;author,The Collapseof theConfederacy. Wheeler, BurtonKendall(1882- ). Americanstatesman; Senator from Moptana; Progressivecandidate forVice President,1924. ("ICES 1 64 OF DEMOCRACY i L. ! . , White, William Allen(1L468- .). American journalist;editor,cf.,mporia t. , Gazette. 1.}Ch,--irniii.(luotutionis froni his 1922 PulitzerPrize edit rial. ? Whitman, Walt (1819-92)1American poet, Learnt of Grass. ; I: i ; Wilkes, John 11727-1)7).'English statesman;member ofParliamerit;denied seatonseveral occasiOns for persisting in Wstight forafree piess; Lord Mayor of London. gc r .i; ,, f Willkie, Wendell L. (14)2- ). American lawyer; president ()fiCommon- wealth and Southern Corporation; ., Itepubikancandidate for Pres dent,1940. Wilson, Woodrowi1$.18419241.Americanstatesman;presiaentoPrinceton University; Governor of NewJersey;President, 1913-21; tm'air(IedNobel i , Peace Prize, 1920. , , !

Pill""\%Wordsworth, William (1770-1K.0).English poet laureate. i : 1 .ortMan,Tunis ( ?-1822).Americanorator and journalist; Wader in fight for , freedom ofpressand speech during pre-JeffersonIanera. ! ,

01. czi

(4.

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4 Ir. SI '

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BoolcsForFurtherReading

_ t.

ft TheAmerican Faith:Ernest SutherlandBates.NewYork, N.Y., W.W. Nor- ton & Co.,1940.479p. . Dealswithreligious backgroundsin America.'Simplywritten; many specific mentary stories.Dividedinto four docu- sectionscoveringour Europeanheritage;the American'reformation;relationof religionto politics; romanticised. and thestory offaith AmericanGovernment; a Consideration of theProblemsofDemocracy.Frank AbbottMagruder.Boston,Mass., and Newyork,N. Y.,AllynandBacon, 1939.758p.illus.,maps, diagrs. A discussionof politiesandgovernment.A chapter tion, andpower has been on transportation,communica- addedto includerecentdevelopments,1939. AmericanSaga. Marjorie BarsiowGreenbie.NewYork, N.Y.,Whittlesey HouseMcGrawHill,1939.682p. Ahumaninterestapproachthroughauthenticstories of colorful, history.Simplywritten; informativt,anddocumentary.Usefulfor Colonialand dramatisations.Coversthe Revolutionaryperiodsand thenineteenthcentury. Apology,Critoand Phaedoof Socrates.Plato.NewYork, N.Y.,Translation PublishingCo., Inc.1929.128p. A literaltranslationby HenryCary. Containsa tetailedglory ofthe trialof Socrates;thechallengeto hisaccusen; his rejection of hisdeath. ofcompromise;and thestory AreAmericanTeachers Free?HowardKennedyBeale.NewYork,N. Y., CharlesScilbner'sSons, 1936.856p. An,,analysis oftherestraints upcinfreedomof detailed teaching inAmericanschools: A report by theCommluionon the SocialStudies. TheBattleof thePress. TheophilaCanineCampbell.London,Eng., A.& H. R. Bonner,1899.319p. The fightfora freepress,as told in thestory of hisdaughter. the lifeofRkhardCanine, by AP. A BookofAmericans. StephenandRosemaryBenet.NewYork,N. Y.,Farrar &Rinehart,Inc., 1933.114p.illus. BeginningwithChristopherColumbusand ending'*Ith .thors WoodrowWilson,theau- tell thestory ofpioneers inAmericaand ofleaders grówthof theUnited whocontributedto the States.Containsgoodmaterial fordramatisations. Bindersbf theRepublic. FrederiC.A. Ogg.NewHaven,Conn.,YaleUniver- sity press,1927.352p. illus. J Tile RevolutionaryandConstitutionalperiods;a profuselyillustrated us up to theWarBetweenthe story taking States. ,Onèof thePageantof AtistoricaSeries. CanTheseThingsBet GeorgeSeldes.New York,N. Y.,Brewer,Warren & Putnam,11. 483p. Dealingwith terrorism inEurope;thecensorshipof thepress under dietaioes. TheCaptureandExecution'ofJohnBrown,a Tale of Avey. Martyrdom.Elijah Chicago,Ill.,TheHydeParkBindery,1908.144 ports: p. illus., plates, A firsttand story of JohnBrown'scrusade,imprisonment, Aytywas Ineye witness. and lasthours.Elijah , 67

4 68 VOICESOFDEMOCRACY

Censoishipof Speech andthe Press.Lamar T.Ileum.New York,N. Y.,The ICW.Wilson Co., 1930. 507p. Selectedarticles on censorshipOf speechnudpress; ncross section of whatleaders think should bethe limitationsofthisfreedom. Civil Liberty.Edith M. Phelps.New Y(' Irk,N. Y.,The II. W.Wilson co., 1927. 194p. This volumecontainsmaterialon the freedom ofexpression ofopinionfrom the viewpoint ofthearguments for and agains.trestrictionsupon it. Constitutional FreeSpeech.Theodore A.Schroeder. NewYork,N. Y., Free Speech League,19W. 456p. Constitutionalfree speechdefined anddefended.Interestingeases from the files of the FreeSpeech League. ConstitutionalProblems UnderLincoln,1809v-1865.James G.Randall. New York, N. Y., and London,Eng., D.Appleton & So.,1926.580p. , Covers thewar years in detail.Takesup theproblems ofthe suspetisionof h(ibena corpus. the military andcivil trials,and the closingofnewspapers which attackedthe Government.

Defender ofDemocracy.Emil Ludwig.New York,N. Y., RobertM. Me lirldP ,&Co., 1936.278p. 1)# The life ofMasarykof Czechoslovakia,with dramaticscenes in the Mid-Eupopean countries:' Democracy.ThomasJefferson.New ork, N.Y., D.Appleton-CeritutyCoj 1939.291ps A compilation ofJefferson's*ritings, arrangedby Saul K.Padover.Reveals Jef- fersonas a commentator and ixditiefdthinker.Quotationsare arranged topically. 1 DocumentarySource Book of-ziirfcanHistory,1606-1926.William Mac- Donald. New York.N. Y., The3 emillanCo., 1937.713p. Includes thecharters of Virginia, JfaMwaehuiettt,Maryland.Connecticut.the Cartí. !inns, RhodeIsland. Pennsylvania andGeorgia,as well a 14 importantnational doctiments. . TheDreyfusCase. i Alfred and Pterre Dreyfus. NewHaven,Conn., YaleUni- , versity Press, 1937.303 -v:.°1plates,ports. . _ The memoirs . of Alfred Dreyfus,includingletters hewrote to his wifewhile hewas in prison. Achronologicalstori,oftheeaseby PierreDreyfus,son of the prisoner. .?" The Early 'Peisecutionsof the'Çhristians.Leon II.Canfield.New York, N. Y.; ColumbiaUniversity, 1911.,215p. The story of howChristianity thriiredon persecution; includes episodessu table for dramatization. Elijah ParishLovejoyas aChristiin.Melvin Jameson.1tochesteN. Y., Scrantom,Wetmore, mid Co., 1910.415p.illus. . Early stories ofLovejoy's life,hisdefeimeof liberty,of thepress, and h 8/deathat Alton, Ill., inhis final fightfor this freedom. / The Enemies ofBooks.William Blades.New York,N. Ya., A. C.Armstrohg & Son, 1888.165 p.I11ii. . A story of theattempted suppressionQfdfreedomof thepress,accentIngEuropean cases.

England's Voice(of Freedom;an Anthology of Liberty.Henry W.Neyinfson. London, Eng.,V. Gollanot,Ltd., 1929.804p.

. The storyof the growthof liberty inEngland. whichisn chronicle of liberty in itself.Nevinson givesdue creditto continental predecessorsin eachcase.

IA BOOKS FOR;FURTHERREADING 69 TheEnglish Revolution,1688-89..GeorgeMacaulay'Frewlyan.New York, N. Y.,Henry Holt&Co.,1939.281 p. 4 Trevelyan claimstheseyears were notonly theturningpoint in but reallythe heartof the Englishhistory, story ofdemocracy.Ilestudiesthecauses behind the revolution,as well as the forceswhichgrew out of it. 1. \TheEpic ofAmerica.JamesTruslow Adams.1t4t41, little,Brown& Co., 1931.433p. Adamsviews thestory of Amerlea as a mo% hogpageant in whichthe characters appear onthestage, net theirpartti, andretire. Epoch-MakingLiberty Documents.DavidWuntch..Tyler,Tex.,D. Wuntch, 1936.174p. 4.0 containscopies OftheTrrt1Commandment/4, tion of Magna Carta,Petition oiRight.Declara- Independence,Article*olConfederation.andmany other documents, 3 l% Introductoryhistoricalsketchesgiving thesetting foreach 4 document. EternalVigilanCe. AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion.New York,N. Y.Ameri- ,canCivilLibertiesUnion,1934. 96p. Suggestions alwhatwe must 4141 toguard ip our civil liberties. TheEvolution ofModern Liberty.George L.Scherger.NewYork,N. Y., Longmans,Green &Co., 1904.2S4p. The *historyand de%Moment of wow the naturedlaw andgrowth ofthesovereigntyof the %fairy of theAmericanitilf..ofRightx andthe French Rights ufMan and ofOw eiti:cn. Declarationof the Fair Trial. Chester Williams.Evanston, Ili, Row,Petersonand Co., 191/. 72p.illus. A storyof thelong' siruggleof mankindtoescape from thelaw ofengeanceand to establishjustice unttessimpartialjudges andthe trial lijury. The *Fathersof the a Constitution.MaxFarrand.NewHaven,Conn.,Yale UniversityPress, 1921.246p. front. The storyof themen behind the writing. rewriting,andratificationof theConatt- IIIion.Bibliographicallitoteson each. ()tie of the Chi()nick'scifA?portico&Tie*. tre. The 0 Federalist,a Commentaryon theCcnstitutionof theUnited sAlexander Stlte.:. Hamilton,JamesMadison,and JohnJay.Washington,D. C., NalionalMane LibraryFoundation,1938.1ip. Acollection ofessays writtenIn 00j support ofthe ('pnstitutionagreedupon September*,_ 17,1 7.s7, bythe FederalConvention.From the oiIginal ; text itt theauthors. The First Americans,1607-1690.ThomasJeffersonWertenbaker. N. Y., New Thrk, TheMacmillanCo., 1938.3.$p.plates,ports.,map, plan.:. Pioneers Inthe earlystruggles to establisha haven of refugefor thepersecuted. Formation ofthe Union, 1750-1829.AlbertBushnellHart.NewYork,N. Y., Longmans,Green & Co.,1925.301.p.maps. q Anaeeount of thedrawing'together of theColonies inacommoncause, thewars with England.and filialunion. FoundationsofAmerica. New York,N. y.,Sun Dial-Press, 1938.421p. A collection of famousdocumentsthat havedeterminedthe Anherlea. course of historyin Starts withthe MayflowerCompactandincludesmany Presidential ma dorm of thepresent say. procla- The Filmingof the Constitutionof theUnitedStates.MaxFarrand.New Thiven,Conn.,. Yule UniversityPress;London,Eng.,OxfordUniversityPress, 1936.281p. This bookisfounded uponthe rectirdsof theFederal ConventIon,many of which were not collecteduntilrecentyears.Indexed.

411h 7 .

Wirt. -77.7 70 VOICES OF DEMOCRACY Free Sztpech andaFree Press.Giles J.Patterson.Boston, Mass., Little, BiWn& Co., 1939.261p. Written byamember of the American Bar, butnot fromakegal viewpoint. Arun- ningstoryNofthe struggle through theages. Free Speech and Plain Language.Albert Jay Nock. New York, N. Y., W.Mor- rout*Co., 1937.343p. A recent book telling of the curbs that have been placeduponthe right of free .speech.Accents the American story. Freedom of Inquiry and Expression.Edward Potts Cheyney.Philadelphia, Pa., AmericanAcademy of Political and Social Science, 1938.365p. A detailNl story of the opposition to free speech and freepress,withnewside lights onthe characters involved. Freedom, of"Speech.Zechariah Chafee, jr.New York, N. 1",, Harcourt,Brace & Howe, 1920.431p. How to obtain freedom of speechand how topreserveit.Containsabibliography. Freedom of Speech. 9 Julia E. Johnsen. New York, N. Y., 'The H. W. Wilson Co., 1936.317p. Arguments for and against unlimited speech.Interesting insight intominds of leading historical charactérs whowereopposed to free expression. Freedom of the Mind in History.Henry Osborn Taylor. New York, N. Y. and London, Eng., Macmillan & Co., 1923.297p.

Coverscasesof persecution from. the earliest days throughthe First World War. Giordano Bruno; His Life, Thought and Martyrdom.William Boulting. New -York, N. Y., E. P. Dutton &Co., 1916.415p. *1 One of the later biographies, containingmany new facts in Bruno's battle for free thought.Tries to record his thoughts in the order hedeclared them. Great 'Aliments in Freedom.Marion Florence Lansing.Garden City, N. Y.. Doubleday, Doran & Co.,1930.820p.Illus., plates. Pictures historic procession of famous people insearch of liberty and interprets the manner in which each found the ket to freedom. A book foryoung reapers. /.1 Haven of the Spirit.Merrill Denison. New York, N. Y.,Dramatist's Play Service, 1939.3i3p. A play depleting the struggle ofRoger Williams for religious freedom.One of the Anserica In Action Series. Heritage. of Americit.Henry Steele, Commager.Boston, Mass., Little, Brown

& Co., *1939.1152p.Must . Sharp, concise, and detfilled historrofour country In the words of eyewitnesses of . . great events.Good souliee of story materialonfreedom and democracy. Historic Americana' ElbridgebS. Droop, New York,N. Y. and Boston, Mass., T. Y. Crowell & Co:, 1899.384p.illus., &Us. . Sketches of the llvesand charaeciersof certain famousAmericans.Written for youngpeople. V 11Ib Historical Development ofthe Jury System. Maximus Lesser.Rochester, N. Y., The Lawyer's Co-operativePublishing Co., 1894.274p. Traces the story of howwe came tohavéjuries, from the timea manwalk tried by 12 neighborhOod gossipsto the present day. .4 e The History and Development ofthe Fourth Amendmentto the tt. O. \Con- . . . . , . . . stitution..Alison-B. Upson. .Baltimore, Md., The JohnsHopkins Prest...... , 1937.154p. . . v .., ., ; &sinswith the early Colonial period; shows howthe writs of assistance trials stampeduponthe mind's of the founding fathersa need for this amendment.....

. . 4 ,,. -I , . . I

1 Se , . .* . . _ -.... / .p, 11 I , BOOKS FORFURTHERREADING ; 71

A History ofEnglish Law.W. S.Holdsworth.London,Eng.,Methuen& Co., T.. Limited, 1937.4 vols. The story of the developmentofcommon law in theBritish Isles; where earlycus- toms originated;and evolutionof modernjustice. A Hrstoryof Freedomof Thought.John BagnellBury.New York,N. Y., Henry Holt& Co., 1913.256p. Begins with thestory of fre.,,:reason in Greece andRome and endswith theAmerican struggle.Bibliography andindex. z History ofJournalismintEeUnited States.George S.Payne. NewYork, N. Y.,and London;Eng., D., Appleton& Co., 1920.453p. Valuable because ofdetailedaccounts of suchmen as Franklinand Freneau.A story ofmen rather thannewspapers. t.) History of Trial byJury.William Forsyth.New York,N. Y.,Cockcroft& Co., 1878.388p. The author describes early formsof justiceand injustice,and tracestheemergence of the modernjury ofpeers. Horace Mannand Religionin theMassachusettsPublic Schools.Raymond , B. Culver. NewHaven, Conn.,YaleUniversity Press,1929.301p. A detailedaccount of Mann'sbattle to keepreligionout of the publicschools, and hiscontroversy with the AmericanSunday SchoolUnion regardingschool libraries. How We GotOur Liberties.Lucius B. Swift.Indianapolis,Ind., The Bobbs- Merrill Co.,1928.304p. A:.history ofthe foundationsof politicalandreligious liberty,containingmany colorful incidents.Good mttterialfor dramatizations. In Defenseof Liberty.William Woodand Ritlph H.Gabriel. NeWHaven, Conn., .YaleUniversity Press,1928.370p. 7 Stories of America'swars for freedom after shebecameaunited Nation.Profusely illustrated. One oftilt Pageantof AmericaSeries. . The InquiringMind.Zechariah Chafee..New York,N. Y.,Harcourt,lime & Co., 1928276p. A Collectionofessays on liberty and otherconstitutionalproblems,includingcon- temporaneous reviews of judicialdecisionson free speech and industrialrelations. It is LaterThan Youthink.Max Lerner.New York,N. Y., TheViking

Press, 1939.--260p. 4 Shows howbattle cries of personalfreedom andminority rightshave been drowned out bynew slogans.Inquires intowhat might bedone tosave democracy. Jefferson andHamilton; theStruggle forDemocracy inAmerica.Claude G. Bowers.Boston, Mass.,and New York, N.Y., Houghton,Mifflin Co.,1929. 531p.plates, ports. Twomen representing different schoolsof thought battledin theopen, and thus democracygrew. Good insight into the charactersof both. Jefferson and HisColleagues.Allen Johnson.New Haven,Conn., YaleUni- versityvPress, 1921.343p. Givesa picture of the men associated withJeffersonduringhisPresidency.One 116s of the Chronicles ofAmerica Series. 1 The* Jeffersonian Cyclopedia.John P. Foley,New York,N. Y.,and London, Eng., FunkWagnallsCo., 1900.1009p:plates,portm. . A comprehensivecollection of.the viewsof ThomasJefferson, claisifiedby title and subject.

. a304755*-41-6

. % .s ,

4 . Leg41 StatusofChurch-StateRelationshipin the UnitedStates. Let FreedomRing. Lest FreedomFall. Land oftheFree. The KingNish, 72 John PeterZenger. The KeyofLibberty.2 John Brown'ellody. John Huss. John Bunyan,HisLife, . : 3 Originalspelling. AK InvisibleEmpire. .1928. during 1922-27. possibilities. 305 dence, stage,andopinionwith whichthewriter, social obligationswhichcontroltheexerciseof 1940. Johnson. Contains law deficiency. Co., 1939. and hisbattlewiththe Lippincott, 1935. way to ciation, 1922. 1934. struggle forfreedomoftheAmerican that day. five centuriesfollowinghisdeath. York WeeklyJournalprintedby at whichBunyanpresidedand Doran &Co., memorials. Houghton, Mifflin . Describes The authorshowsthatthekeystoneoflibertyisvoluntaryeperformance ofthe Laws andcourtdecisions How tounderstabd The storyoftheKuKluxKlanduringitsmostactive A biographyofHueyP.Long,Louisianadictator,hiscurtailment The authorpresents Showing the A. biographywhichjudgesthe A biographyby A narrative p. 341 138 GO make themsucceed. illus. a p. D. S.Scharf.NewYork,N.Y.,C.Scribner's study ofSundaylegislation. p. Minneapolis, Minn.,UniversityofMinnesota p. 422 cases concerning 6 .; Inc., 1930. poem illus. reasons Carleton Beals. p. 71 a Herbert Agar. Charles F.Heartman. p. Nathan AyerSmith.NewYork,N.Y.,DoddMead &CG., & Co.,1886. Arthur G.Hayes.NewYork,N.Y.,BoniandLiveright, 414 minister whofor telling ofthe Stephen Vincent press. our William Manning. . a p. why freegovernmentshadalwaysfailed, VOICES OFDEMOCRACY Times andWork.JohnBrown. character sketchofthisliberaljournalist ". Stanley F.Horn. liberty 376 . affecting . Written inthe freedom ofeducation,speech, assemblage,press,resi- Zenger. was p. man ; vtit man 515 Philadelphia, Pa.andLdndon,Eng.,J.B. plates, illus. official guardianofBunyan's Bostori, more the teachingofreligioninpublicschools. in thelightofwhathashappenedduring p. who ledtheuprising press. Benét. . r than 20 illus., plates,ports. Billerica, Mass.,TheManningAsso- fight forit our year Highland Park,N. Mass., HoughtonMifflinCo.,1935. Contains Boston, Mass.,HoughtonMifflin a civil rights. Garden City, 1798 lawyer, happenedtobeconnected years ; a ; . years, preached atthe a andl specimen remarkable documentfor at HarpersFerry. Sons, 1915. Press, 1934. grow 1866-71. Astudyof Cambridge, Mass., N. Y.,Doubleday, personal relicsand J., H.B.Weiss, and suggesting page o conscious ofits and tellsofhis same ° of theNew Alvin W. A 'liberties, 349 332 church p. the p. a t , I 'MAO VICE olE BOOKS FORFURTHERREADING 73 Let' FreedomRing! HaroldG. andDorothyCalhoun.Washington,D. C., U. S. GovernmentPrinting Office,1967.379p.illus. A series of 13 radioscriptsdriimatizingimportantepisodesin tbegrowth of freedom.Contains productionnotes and lessonaids.

Liberty and theNews.WalterLippmann.New York, N.Y,Harcourt,Brac4? and Howe, 1920.104p. What modern libertymeans, how it should beinterpreted in thenewspapers, and how it oftensuffers at thehands qfspecial privilege. LibertyDocuments.Mabel Hill.New Work,N. Y.,and London,Eng., Long- mans, Green & Co., 1907.458p. A contemporary exposition,with criticalcommentson documents which had'a bearingon the evolution of liberty. Liberty ofthe Press.Chester S. Williams.Evanston,Ill., Row,Peterson and Co., 1940.72p.illus. A story of thestruggle to win freedomto write,print, andpublish withoutundue censorshipof government.

The Lifeand Lettersof John Hay.WilliamRoscoe Thayer.Boston, Mass., Houghton Mifflin Co., 1929.2 vols. These letters of Lincoln'ssecretary givea new insight into theconstitutional prob- lems4facedby the Presidentduring thewar years, especially whendealing witha recalcitrantpress. Life ofGeorge Mason,1725-1792.Kate M.Rowland.Nety York,N. Y. and London, Eng., G. P.Putnam's Sons, 1892.2 vols. iit biography of theman who most influenced Jeffersonin writing theDeclaration of epehdenee.Publisheda century after his death. Theife of JamesMadison.Gaillard Hunt.New York,N. Y., Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902.402p. An analysis of theman as statesman and President. Life of JohnWilkes.Horace Bleackley.New York,N. Y., JohnLane Co., 1917.464p. One of the leadingexponents of freespeech and freepress in England is analysed for his effectupon following generations. IS ,Main Currentsin American Thought,1620-1920.Vernon L.Parrington. NewYor101.Y., Harcourt,Brace & Co., 1927.3 vols. One of the besthistoricalsources of human interestmaterial forwriters and speakers.Interestingly written.

The Makingof the,Constitution.Charles Warren.Boston,Mass., Little,\ Brown & Co., 1937.832p. Conditions and sentiments whichinfluenced theframers of theConstitution, political history behind eachclause of the document,andmany letters to and fromthe delegates. f.s The March ofDemocracy,aHistory of theUnited States.JaMes Truslow Adams. New York,N. Y., CharlesScribner's Sons,1933.5 vols. a Tracing the growthof democracy o.nthis continent,with referencestoour European heritage.Detailett accountof each forwardstep and theforces behind it. Milton.Hilaire Belloc.Philadelphia, Pa.,and London, Eng.,J. B. Lippincott Co., 1985.812p. A recent bookonMilton, with mitchhithertounpublished materialonhis struggle for the freedoms. The Record Readings The 1 ' The Press Popular On Our f The A New New Mr. Pitt 74 Modern I i . of theincidents maPs, diagrs.,andcolorplates. tion, New York, story. Co., 1929. Hill Book Eng., John played byradio; and Co.,1876. dom ofthe Raciar famous ing Co., 1927. 548 Liberty; University Press, Stuart Scribner's Sons,1938. forth upon makingorganized House, 1930. The ideaof A. Stokes A histörywritten Ancient of all biographer Lincoln's speeches Studio the Newspaper and N. Y.,G. Chapters in An accountof Three ofthe Adventures The story A Practical The to basic Contains says theauthor,and p. Progress in new interpretaionof From Lincoln. Birth of a caseforfederalism, Jury Trials time. and America's libertarilins Myth. and of #merica. man who,with Mill. of leading Co., N. Y., Representative A. Jennings best Liberties. 287 Lane, 1936. press andtrialbyJury, classifications. & Co.,1940. believes him problems ofliberty 153 superior synopses of of the applications of a chronicled. the historya best-known Inc., 1934. p. and censorship Changing Civilization. London, Eng., speeches andpapiers 229 in 631 the history p. Pailtitadin. and Chicago, rvadom. merely 1923. on freedomofthe Democracy. illus. power newspapershad Authority. American advocates England. p. and p. races isnotcompatibleiwith relations James Leon Whipple. Co., cases whichhave Birthright. Alfréd to be he cites Burke, defended 139 VOICES essays bythe as 274 Advocates. 576 505 America's of civil 141 and answering popular Inc., 1929. a record,with.little the democratic Government; p. Nicholas p. p. of p. of the one ofthegreatest New York to social p. A. Wright. 1., blades James Routledge. Oxford ruslow.A.dams cases Inwhichtills press andrradio. Lucy M. Ordway plates. liberties in OF 1620-1820, progress, considered edited, witha% future in press today; press. great J. C.Long. of freedom. 4 DEMOCRACY Judge Roosevelt. groups democratic. 740 contributed New University Press, until radio the the challenge Tend. Scribner's N. Y., Arthur Englith Salmon. the idea, p. New the United American with the light Joseph York, N. liberty, comment and Charles Subjection and how defenders of newspaper Whittlesey pork, economibt. New York, belief has an application to democracy, brief John New York., became New York, London,' \ Sons, 1935._ New York, W. of dictators. or chiefly in Colonies in 41, of America's StAtes. Y., The on the version of N., Y., the survival Cummings. Donovan. to *focus . a propaganda.; A of Women. ruined H. Milford, Garrett fasctor. the Hoire, Eng., N. Y., subdivided accord- causes oreffects . a N. Y., Henry relation 010 with sietches N. Y., H. W. democratic to later N. 941 civilizations. England. the Lincoln our attention past, setting Macmillan of civiliza- Y., Oxford Opinions of Whittlese7 McGraw- Vannest. New York, p. illus., Frederick s London, the role Holt & to free- Wilson Charles years. 1933. John ideal and Ms

'*111111111Piiij uour;711 BOOKSFORFURTHERREADING sib 75 ReligiousLiberty. ChesterS. Williams.Evanston,Ill., Row,Petersonand Co., 1941.72p.illus. Thestory of thestruggle to winfreedomofconscience,-to Old religiouspersecu- tion,and toseparate churchandstate. Right of Free Speech.ChesterS. Williams.Evanston,Ill., Row,Peterson and Co.,1940.84p.illus. Highlightsin the battle towin therights of free ipeechand assembly,and tomain- tain thoserights. . The Rights We Defend.Chester S.Williams.Evanston,Ill., Row,Peterson and Co.,1940.72p.illus. The story ofthestruggle ofmankindforgovernmentalpoliciesand documents guaranteeingpersonal liberty. The Riseof Religious Libertyin America.Sanford H.Cobb. NewYork, N.Y., TheMacmillanCo., 1902.541p. Beginningwitha description of OldWorld-ideaswhichwere brought to America, thisbook showsthe effect of theseon the Colonies andthe subsequentchanges which, came about. Thework is politicalratherthan religious. Roger Williams,New England Firebranh.James E.Ernst. NewYork, N. Y., TheMacmillanCo., 1932.538p. Te story of theman who foundedacolony for religiousfreedomand the perOcu- tionshe sufferedin Americabefore he foundedthat colony. Roots of AinericanCivilization.Curtis P.Nettels.New York, N.Y., r: S. Croftsand Co., 1938.74*p.illus. a A historyof AmericanColoniallife, withaninde;anda bibliography. Samuel Adams,Promoter ofthe AmericanRevolution;aStudy inPsychology and Politics.Ralph VolneyHarlow. NewYork, N.Y., H Holt& Co., 1932. 363p. The compleiVauses behind theRevolutionaryWar;England'strade relations vex the Coloniesl\Adamsleads them 1 in showing resehtment,which flaresinto War. Samuel. Gorton: A PorgottenFounderof Our Liberties. . a4 LewisG.Janes. Proviaenfe,R. I.,Preston &Rounds, 1896.141p. An account of the lifeof SamuelGorton, the firstsettler ofWarwick, R. I.The author believesGorton hasnot beengiven his rightfulplace in Ainerican histofy. Seed of Liberty:The Storyof theAmerican Polonies.E. KebleChattertoi). Indianapolis,Ind., TheBobbs-Mer4llCo., 1929.356p.illus. The emerpnce and development ot4heAmericanColonies,the .seeds ofdiscontent, , and the finalfreedom. SelectDocuments ofEnglishConstitutionalHistory.George Burton'Adams and H. MorseStephens.New York,N. Y., TheMacmillan Co.;London, Eng., MacmillanCo., Ltd.,191&555p. A collction of themaindocuments andpapers that have contributedto the growth of constitutionaldemocracy. in England. t. Ships forEvery Sailing.Stanley Young.New York, N.Y., Dramatist'sPlay Service, 1939.36p.

._ fila ^ .A play depictingthe signingof the MayflowerCompact, firstdemocraticdocument of America.One of theAmerica InActionSeries. Sketches of theProgress ofFreedom.Frederick MayHolland.Boston, Mass., BostonInvestigationCo., 1900.7p. Begins with an account of movements forfreedom duringthefifteenth century I and carries thestory to the beginningof the twentieth. Thomas JefferionandEducation In This ConstitutionofOurs. The SuffrageFranchiseintheThirteenEnglish eflonies The StoryoftheWoman'sParty. Story oftheDeclarationIndependence. The Storyofthe Sources ofthe The StoryofMyLife. The .StoryofLiberty. The Storyof The Storyof 76 A SourceBookin' . freedom. Colonies, and Constitution to thecommon New York, Sons, 1940. Court,- Brace&Co., E. McKinley. stories aboutthe Fisk Carlton.NewYork, Sesquicentennial Commission, one races, religioustolerance,andfreedomof 1919, Charles Scribner'sSons,1932. H. CristCo.,1917. involved. it post-World War N. Y.,Vanguard guidance. and London,Eng.,Macmillan . Colonial andEnglish tutiois Mass., J. Written in How tbeDeclarationofIndependence Tells of Revives t Special book A briefoutlineofthefranchise ,9 An accountofhow The greatliberal The documentsand The storyof was herethatJudgeCooper,JedediahPeck, Deals withth.e The imperfect hundred andfiftieth 240 ; WItten by the breakdownof J4ferson's S. CushingCo., Civil Liberty Cooperstown. e p. 4. was passed. a tile 198 Constitution of Jeffersonian doctrinethat man. Y. andLondon,Eng. on the detailed chapter Boston, Mass.,Ginn&Co.,1905. men Illus. times. one of first flushofvictoryafter American History nature ofdemocracy p. struggle forcivil onstitution. Press, 1927:329 lawyer tellsofhistrials theory ofeduca4 a leadingAmericanwomanJurist. 1921.* behind it. 425 we wonourliberties,withstories constitutional history James Clarence Darrow. anniversary oftbeConvention. experiences the , VOICES The leading History. ..e,. Florence E.Allen.NewYork, p. 1913. in theUnited most influential 486 ' N. Y.,CharlesScribner's Ralph italdwin. Confvderation illus. on For or p. r the United & Co.,1927. 1937. Sol Blom. the suffrage 586 lack ofitpossessedbythe liberty from 405 OF DEMOCRACY the writersof Inaz HaynesIrwin. young readers. Birdsall. illus. fromphotographs. p. - in the Charles Ellis to 1787. a characters behindthebattle p. gild ofhiLeffortsto speech and was p. yip 192 our Republic. New York,N. raW:Hill in defenseof the WomanSuffrage ports., illus.from States. ; andthemakingof written Colonies; the towns inthe of tbeUnited New York,N. p. national charteris States Considered Mabel MasonCarlton requirements ofeach4colony. 313 and other the time Washington, Cooperstown, N.Y., illus. press. Willis Mason the Constitution 518 p. Book Co.,Inc., and giventotheworld; Stevens. NewYork, Leon Whipple. Charles FlinnArrowood. Sons, 1926. academic freedom, p. of theearly of theleadingearacters evolution of leaders lived Y., American history of New York,N.Y., mike educationavailable States, published Y., andLondon, N. Y.,G.P.Putnam's people who in America. D. C.,Constitution . Amendment photographs. an West. b. 4 in Relation for theballot. Constitution. 1930. drew instrument of abolitionists America, 113" political insti- The Arthur and Henry and worked. came tothe New York, Book *Co., p. persecuted Norwood, < upon for Albert 184 on the to the N. Y., port illus. Eng., Har since p. to to , 0.10 VITIlti MO GO gi ',311¡ BOOKS FOR FURTHERREADING 77 Tojerance. Hendrick WilliamVan Loon. New York,N. Y., Boni& Liveright, . 1925.390p. ç. The authorcovers all types t)f struggles for freedomfrom the tyranny ofignorance in the pre-Greekera to the years following the FirstWorld War. Tom PaineAPriendof Mankind.Hesket!1 Pearson.New York, N.Y., Harper and Brothers, 1937.293p.illus. A recent biographyof Paine. stressingpoints whichprove his faith and belief in the ultimate goodof thegreat masses. Tragedy ofLynching.Arthur F. Raper.Chapel 11111., N.C., The University oiNorth CarolinaPress, 1933.499p. A report presentedby the SouthernCommissionon the St tidy of Lynching, showing that lack ofal.fair trialnot only deprivesacitizen of his rightsbutmay condemn innocentper: In- 0?' The Tree of L yElizabeth I'age.Z:e;? York, N. Y.and Toronto,canaL, . Farrar & Rinehart,Inc., 1939.985p. A novelized formof tbe story of America'sfight for freedom,on which a motion picture entitled TheHoward., of Virginiawasbased. Trial byPrejudice.ArthuiG. Hayes.New York, N.Y., Covici-Friede,1933, 369p.plates,port4. A great trial lawyertells of thecasesin which thenewspapers and public o:)inion convictedmen before theycame to trial. The Tryal ofWilliamPenn and WilliamMead.William Penn.Boston, Mass., Marshall JonesCo., 1919.37p. A reprint ofthe story of Penn'strial in Encgland.A jury refusesto bring ina verdict of guilty when instrUctedto doso, and the casegoes down in historyas oneof the great forwardsteps in the story of fair Mil. We'd NeverBe Happy Otherwise.E. P.ankle. New York,N. Y., Dramatists Play Service,1939.36p. 4 A play depictingthe story ofElijah Love Jby and hisfight for freedomof the press, which ended in his deith.One of the AmericisIn Action Series. 4 The Wellspringsof Liberty.EdouardHOrriot.New York, N.Y., Funk and

Wagnalls Co., 1939.279p. .

Written for theone hundred and fiftieth anniversaryof the FrenchRepublic;Her- riot tells ofthe intellectualdebt Franceowes America and Great Britain. What's Dimocracyto You? Joseph GollomÌ.New York, N. Y.,The Macmillan

Co., 1940.118p. t. 1 Smitinizes democracyfrom the viewpointbfalayman;asks himwhatusehe makes of it; and if this is consistentwith what /leexpects of democracyin tho future. A

William LloydGarrison.By His ChIldeen."I,New York, N.Y., TheCentury Co., 1889.4vols:illus. > r .7 Adetailedaccount of his life andwork, includtngisst the abolitionmove- ment and its effeceton politics; and the beginnings athe ivotip° uffragemovement. The Writingsof ThomasJefferson.AndrewA. Lipscomb, ¡Editor.Washing- ton, D. C., TheThomas JeffersonMemorial Association,1903,-04.20 vols. plates,maps. 4 Contains hisantolgography,notes on Virginia,officialpapers, messages, addresses, private letters,'and manuscriptswhichwere depositedizi;the Department.of State. You Can'tPrint That!George &ides.New York, t,N.Y., Payson& Clark?, Ltd., 1929.4465p. The truthbehind thenews,1918-28.An attempttolikustratethe foreignsitua- tion by incidentand adventure; reasons behind the Moreof theAmericanpress to present the wholetruth aboutEuropein the 10yearsfollowinkthe WorldWar. e I. ¡we° 6Z 4 Oik SI r- VIP cat

miumiuminmieniiiinniilibmill1111ffititilmlnifillm -7

# ndex

Act of Uniformity, 42. Brown,John (Abolitionist)67, 72. Acton, John Emerich, Lord. 11, 57. Brown,Ahn(Author), 72.\ i. Adams, George Burton, 75. Bruce, Robert,9, 58. - Adams, James TrusloW, 11. 57. 69, 73, 75. Bruno, Giordano, 70. 11.1 Adams, John, 23, 45,48, 52, 57. Bryan, William Adams, John Quincy, 9, 52. 53,r- Jepnings, 34,8. Adams, Samuel, 4, 8. 57. 73. Bryce, JamesV., 33. 35, 58. Buckle, HenryT., 30, 31, 58. Addison, Joseph. 5, 10, 57. \\ Agar, Herbert, 72. Bunyan, John, 42, 72.

f Alien and Sedition Laws, 45, 52. Burke, Edmund, 5, 10,26. 31, 58, Allen, Florence E., 76. Bury, John Bagnell, 71. Aristides, 9, 57. Bushell, Edward, 48. Arrowood, Charles Flinn. ,76. Butler, Nicholas Murray. 28, 58. o Articles of Confederation, Go. Byron, Lord, 8, 58. Ashurst, Henry F., 4, 57. Augustine, Saint, 41. Cady, Daniel Leavens, 8, 58. Augustus, 39. Calhoun, Dorothy, 73. Austin, Alfred. 32, 57. Calhoun, Harold G., 73. Avey, Elijah, 67. to Commager, Henry Steele, 70. Campbell, Theophila Carlile, 67. Bacon, Francis, 18,57. Canfield, Leon H., 68. Bagehot, Walter, 1R, 57. Conkle, E. P., 77. Bailey, Philip James, 30, 57. Canine, Richard, 67. Rinker. Edward Dickinson, 46. Carlton, Henry Fisk, 76. Baldwin, James, 76. Carlton, Mabel Mason. 76. Bates, Ernest Sutherland, 67. Carlyle, Thomas, 83, 58. a tale, Howard Kennedy, 67.4 Cary, Henry, at als, Carleton, 72. Cervantes, de Miguel, 9, 58. Beecher, Edward, 28,57. Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 70, 71. Beecher, Henry Ward, 17. 34,57. .Channing, William E.. 1,3. 20, 58. Belloc, Hilaire, 74. Chapin, Edwin Hubbell, 5, 58. Beman, LamarT., 68. I. Chatterton, E. Keble, 75. et, Rosemary.67. Cheyney, Edward Potts, 70. -4411 IBceten ,Stephen, 67, 72. Chinese philosopher. 21. Benjamin-Constant, JeanJoseph.27,A7. Cicero, Marius Tullius, 14, 58, Berkeley, George, 26, 57. Cleveland, Grover. 13, 23, :14, 58.- Bill of Rights, 69. ft Cobb, Sanford H., 75. Birdsall, ,Ralph, 76.. Coke, Sir Edward, 27, 58. Black, lidgo L., 24,57. Coleridge, Samuel T., 33, 58.

4 1 Blackstone, Sir William,27, 57. Colton, Charles Caleb, 5, 58. Blades, William.68. Confucius, 39. Blankenburg,Rudolph, 34, 57. L j Constitution, United Biafra, 33, 46, 52,69, Bleackley, Horace,73. /1, 78,76. Bloom, Sol,76. ColistitutionalConvention, 53, 69, 70, 76. Bolingbroke, HenrySaint-John.Viscount,Continental Congress, 14. 5, 57. Cooke, Edmund Vance,26, 58. Bonaparte, Charles,4, 57. Cooley, Thomas M., 27, 58. Boiah, WilliamE., 17, 57. Coolidge,Calvin, 82, 58. BostonMassacre, 48. Cooper, Judge, 76. Mulling, William,70. Cooper, Thomas, 15, 31,58. Bowers, ClaudeG., 71. Council of Pisa, 48. Bradlough,Charles, 18, 58. Cowper, William, 4, 6, 81,58. Brewer, DavidJosiah, 17, 58. Creel, George* 47. Briggs, Governor,50. ,Culver., Raymond B., 71. Bright, John, 11,58. Cumminp, Artbdr Joh9,74. Brooks,Elbridge 8., 70. .Curran, John Pbilpot,8, 58.

r) 81

eib e 3C, 82 INDEX

Dana,CharlesA., 8, 59. Hayes,Arthur G., 73, Darrow, 77. Clarence,76. Ilayes,Rutherford B.,13, 60. DeclaratiOnof Independence,41,, 69, 73, 76.Ileartman,Chorles F., 72. Declaration of Indulgence,51. Ilelvetius,Claude A.,19, 60. Declarationof Rights: Henry,Patrick, 11,12, 60. French,69. Herbert,Auberon, 18, 60. (Pennsylvania, 4$. Hermann,39. Demostbines.30, 59. Herriot,Edouard, 77. vs Denison,Merrill, 70. Hill,Mabel, 73. Dewey,Thomas E.,34. 59. Holbach,von, Paul, 3, 60. Dickens,Charles, 28,59. Uoldsworth,X. S., 71. Disraeli,Benjamin,25, 28, 59. Holland,FrederickMay, 76. Donovan, J(isephW., 74. Holyoake,GeorgeJacob, 28, MI Drake,Joseph Itodman,6. 59. Hoover,Herbert, 6,60. Dreyfué,Alfred, 68. Horn,'StanleyF.', 72. Dreyfus,Pierre, 68. Hughes,Charles E.,24, 60. W. Hull,Cordell, 34, 60. Eca, d',Raoul, 35, 59. Humbolt, Einstein, Baron,46. Albert,21,(35,59. Hunt,Gaillard, 73. Emerson,Ralph Waldo,6, 9; 26, 59. Huss, Ernst,,James John, 72. E., 75. Huxley,ThomasIL, 15, 60. Erskine,Thomas, 18,59. Ethelbert, ling,41. , Ickes,Harol4L., 11, 60. 41. Illinois;Schoollaw, 16. Farley,James A., 21,59. Irwin,Inez Farrand,Max, 69, 70. Haynes, 76. Federalists,52, 69. ca, Jackson,Andrew,50. Ferguson,Charles, 32,59. JamesI, 7. Ferrer,Francisco,50. JamesII, 51. Field,Stephen J.,27, 59. Jameson,Melvin, 68. Fields,James T.,9, 59. 44 Ja'nes,Lewis G.. 75. Flavus,39. 0 Jay, John,40, 69. Foley, John P., 72. Jefferson, Thomas,3,4, 11,12, 13,14, 15, Ford,Governor,43. 16, 17,20, 21,22,23, 24,25, 27, Forsyth, 28, 2e,. William,71, 30, 32,41, 45, 46,52, 60,68-71,72, 73, FourthAmendment" rotheUnitelStates n, 77. Constitution,71. Jetiretniah,7. Franklin, Benjamin,10, 17,22, 34,41, 53,John,King, 40. 54, 59. John, 31. Frederickthe Great, 22, 59. Johnsen,JuliaE., 70. Freneau, Philip,16, 59, 71. .10 Johneron,MIA',71. Friends, 43. Johnson,Alvin W.,72. Fuller,Alvan Tufts,21, 59. Johnson,CharlesS., 34, 60. Johnson,James Weldon,12, 60. Gabriel, Ralph H.,71.As 4 Galatians, Jones, Samuel M.,13, 60. 7. or Journalism in U.S., 71. Galileo, 49. Junius, 28,..60. Gallomb, Joseph,'77. Garfield,,James A.,14, 15, 59. Kett, Robert,10, 60. Garrison, WilliamLloyd, 77. Key, FrancisScott, 50,51. George, Henry,26, 59. Kindler,Hans, 11, 60. George, King,41. A Kipling, Rudyard,3, 61. Gibson, ErnestW., Jr., 10, 59. Kossuth, Louis,6, 61. Giles, Henry, 6,59. Gladstone, WilliamEwart, 12, 33,59. Llindon, AlfredM:, 34, 61. Goethe,von. Johann Wolfgang,8, 59. Lang, Anton,21, 61. Gorton, Samuel,75. Lansing, MarionFlorence, 39,40, 70. Grace Abounding,42. Lasson, NelsonB., 71. Grant, UlyssesS., 14, 60. Latimer,Hugh, 12, 41, 61. Gratian, Henry,3, 60. Lawrenceo*David, 29,61. Greenbie, MarjorieBarstow, 67. Lawrence,EmmelinePethick:51. Legion, 45. Hall, Robert,19, 20. 60. 1. Lehman,Herbert H.,22 61. Hamilton,Alexander, 44, 69. Lerner, Max,71. aHamilton,Andrew, 11,12, 44, 60. Lesser, Maximus,70. Harlow,Ralph Volney,75. Leviticus, 7. Hart,Albert Bushnell,69. Lincoln, Abraham,3, 5, 7, 9,11, 25, 26, 46, - Hay,tohn,73. ti 49, 61, 68, 73, 74.

- -at INDEX 83 Lippmann, Walter, 31, 61. 73. Peck,Jedediah,52, 76. e Lipscomb, Andrew A.,77, Penn,William,42, 43, 47. Lloyd, JohnW., 4, 61. 48, 77. Pennsylvania'Declarationof Rights,4. Locket John, 31,61. Pericles,7, 62. Long, Huey P., 72. Petitionof Right,69. Long, J. C., 74. Petrie,Margaret Louis XII, 43. S.. 26, 62. Phelps.EdithM., 68. Lovejoy, Elijah, 46. 68,77. Phillips,Wendell,19. 62. Lowell, JamesRumen, 24,61. Pickens,William, Ludwig, Emil, 68. 16. 62, Pilgrims Prosgress,42. Lynching. 77. Visa,Councilof, 43. Lyon. Matthew, 45. pitt,William.27, 62, 74, Plato,33, 62,67. McDougall,Alexander,45. Politicaltoast, 28. MeKiplcy, AlbertE., 76. Poole,JohnP.. MeKii4y, 20, 62. William, 25,61. Proskauer,JosephII., 30, McNutt, PaulV., 21, 61. 62. Macau ley, ThomasB., 13,29, 61. Quakers,42, 43. MacDonald,William, 68. Quincey,Josiah, 9.48, 62. Mackay, Charles,11, 61. Madison,James,,14, 22, 53,61, 69, 73. Radin,Paul,74. Magna Carta, 40;69. Radioscripts, 73. Magruder, FrankAbbott, 67. Randall,JamesG., 68. Mann, Horace,44, 50. Raper,ArthurF., 77. Mann, Thomas,34, 61. Ridley,Bishop,41. -4Manning, 'William,72. ft Rightofpetition.52-43. Marls, AlbertB.7, 32, 61. Robertson,JohnM., 15,62. Markham, Edwiin,25, 61. Roosevelt,FranklinD., 10,22. 62. Marshall,John, 25, 61. Roosevelt,Nicholas,74. Masaryk, Thomas,68. Roosevelt,Theodore,21, 62. Routledge, Mason. George, 4,26, 61, 73, . James,74. Massachusetts, 42,49. Rowland,Kate M.,73. Mattathias, 8.61. SaintAugustine,41. Mayflower Compact,69, 75. Salmon, Mead, William,47, 77. Lucy M., 740 Schaff,D. S.,72. Mechanics andWorkingmen,15. Scherger, Mennonites, 43. GeorgeL., 12,62. 69. Mill, Schiller,von, Johann,6, 62. John Stuart,13, 17, 18,27, 61, 74. Schroeder, Milton, John, TheodoreA., 68. 18, 22,23, 29, 30,31, 61,"t4. Seneca,Lucius ModernSchool, 50. Annaeus,25. 62. 411 ,.. SevenBishops, 1 lontgomery,James, 25, 62. 51. 52. , Shelley,PercyBysshe,12, 62. Iffontjuich,50. Sheridan, Moore, RichardBrinsley,29, 62. Thomas, 5,6,9, 62. Sidney, Mormons, 43. Algernon,18, 63. Sieyès,EmanuelJoseph, MorningStar of Libirty,44. 24, 63. Moravians, Sikorsky,Igor, 7,63. 43.' Smith, Morris, AlfredE., 4, 20,51, 611. George Pope,33, 62. Smith, Mi iller, Joseph,43. Max, 30,62. Smith, MutinyAc4 45.. NathanAyer, 72. Socialists,51. Nettels, CurtisP., 75. 4 Socrates,11, 18,63, 67. Nevinson, HenryW., 69. Sonof Liberty,45. Newman, Spencer,Herbert,32, 63. Louis I., 15,62. So% Nock,Albert Jay, 70. r Star80angledBanner,50. NorthBriton, 44, 45. Stephens,H. Morse,75. 3 O'Connell,Daniel, 23, Stevens.CharlesEllis, 76. Ogg,Frederic A.o.67. Stone,.MelvinE., 27, 63. Studebaker,JohnW., VII.. Page, Elizabeth,'77. Suffrage,Woman,51. Paine,Thomas, 3,5, 6. 8, 62,77. Sumner,Charles, 25,63. Parker,Theodore, 33,.,62. Swift,Jonathan,15. 63. Parliament,44. Swift, LuciusB., 71. "Parrington, Vernon L.73. Taft, RvbekA.. 12, 63. Pasternak,Joseph, 26, 62. Taylor,Bayard,10, 63. Patterson,Giles J., rt 70. Taylor,HenryOsborn, 70. Payne,George S.,71. Pearson, Tead,Ordway, 74. Hesketh,77. Tell,William,40.

4P' t. i... 84 INDEX

TenCommandments; 69. Wentworth Peter.10, 63. Thayer: WilliamRoscoe, 73. Wertenbakei,Thomas Jefferson,69. TheodoMus I (TheGreat), 17, 63. Wesley, CharlesII., 12, 63. Thompson, Floyd E.. 20, 63. West,Willis- Mason, 76. Thoreai,llenry Davkl. 32, 63. Wheeler,lityrton K., 7, 63. Trailor, William, 48,49 Whipple, pion,74, 76. Traubel, Horace, 32,63. White lIotilse,46. O. Trevelyan, GeorgeMacaulay, 69. White, NVI11IamAllen, 20, 64 Twelve Tablesof Roman Law, 13. WhitmanWalt, 19. 64. Wilkes,.41m,22, 44, 45, 64, 73. Uniformity Act, 42. Williams, ChesterS.. 39, 43, 46, 69,73, 75. Wil1iams4Roger,42,170, 75. Vandenburg. ArthurII., 10, 63. Winkle, WendellL. 21, 64. Van Loon, HendrickWilliam, 77. Wilson,Woodrow, 5,8, 9, 33, 35,64, 67. Vannest, CharlesGarrett, 75. Womansuffrage, 51. Verein, Joshua, 42. Women's Socialand Polltical Union.51. Vermont Gazette, 45. Wood, William,71. Voiney. ConstantinF., 30, 63. a Wordsworth, William,5, 64. Voltaire, Francois, 9:39, 23, 26,3. Wortman, Tunis,28. 64.

Wright, AlfredA., 74. . Wallace, Henry A.. 29,63. Wunteh, David. CO. Warren, Charles,73. Washington, Bolker T..25. 03. Young. Brigham, 43. Washington,George, 22. 24 53. 63. Young, Stanley, 75. Webster, Daniel, 5, 8, 334, 50, 63. Weekly Journal,44, 72. Zenger, John Peter,44. 72. dap 'o o

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