41160 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION The comments should identify the foster and promote general aviation while regulatory docket or notice number and continuing to improve its safety record. Federal Aviation Administration should be submitted in triplicate to the These goals are neither contradictory nor Rules Docket address specified above. separable. They are best achieved by 14 CFR Parts 1, 61, 141, and 143 cooperating with the aviation community to All comments received on or before the define mutual concerns and joint efforts to [Docket No. 25910; Notice No. 95±11] closing date for comments will be accomplish objectives. We will strive to considered by the Administrator before achieve the goals through voluntary RIN: 2120±AE71 action is taken on the proposed compliance and methods designed to reduce amendments, and the proposals the regulatory burden on general aviation. Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground contained in this notice may be changed The FAA’s general aviation programs Instructor, and Pilot School in light of comments received. All will focus on: Certification Rules comments received as well as a report 1. Safety—To protect recent gains and AGENCY: Federal Aviation summarizing any substantive public aim for a new threshold. Administration (FAA), DOT. contact with FAA personnel on this 2. FAA Services—To provide the rulemaking will be filed in the docket. general aviation community with ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking The docket is available for public responsive, customer-driven (NPRM). inspection before and after the closing certification, air traffic, and other SUMMARY: This action proposes to revise date for submitting comments. The FAA services. the Federal Aviation Regulations that will acknowledge receipt of a comment 3. Product Innovation and prescribe the certification and training if the commenter submits with the Competitiveness—To ensure the requirements for pilots, flight comment a self-addressed, stamped technological advancement of general instructors, and ground instructors and postcard on which the following aviation. the operation of pilot schools approved statement is made: ‘‘Comments to 4. System Access and Capacity—To by the FAA. In order to be more Docket No. 25910.’’ When the comment maximize general aviation’s ability to compatible with the current operating is received, the postcard will be dated, operate in the National Airspace environment and the evolving demands time stamped, and returned to the System. 5. Affordability—To promote of the National Airspace System, the commenter. economic and efficient general aviation proposals are intended to update The FAA has proposed specific flight operations, expand participation, and training, certification, and recency of and ground time requirements in stimulate industry growth. experience requirements. The proposals various sections of this NPRM. These specific time requirements may be Accordingly, this rulemaking project respond to comments to the FAA from was and is designed to meet these the public, internal FAA review, and modified in light of the comments received in response to this NPRM. general aviation goals and provide comments from the International Civil economic relief from unnecessary, Aviation Organization. Availability of the NPRM burdensome regulations. Throughout DATES: Comments must be received on Any person may obtain a copy of this the development of this notice, the FAA or before December 11, 1995. NPRM by submitting a request to the has been in partnership with the general ADDRESSES: Comments on the proposals Federal Aviation Administration, Office aviation community in developing and may be delivered or mailed in triplicate of Public Affairs, Attention: Public revising the rules in parts 61, 141, and to: Federal Aviation Administration, Inquiry Center, APA–220, 800 143 to ensure aviation safety and yet Office of the Chief Counsel, Attention: Independence Avenue, SW., delete unnecessary, burdensome rules. Rules Docket (AGC–10), Docket No. Washington, DC 20591, or by calling The FAA is committed to this 25910, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., (202) 267–3484. Requests should be partnership with our general aviation Washington, DC 20591. All comments identified by the NPRM number or constituents, and will continue the must be marked ‘‘Docket No. 25910.’’ docket number of this proposed rule. partnership through the notice and final Comments may be examined in the Persons interested in being placed on a rule phases of this rulemaking action. Rules Docket, Room 915G, weekdays mailing list for future proposed rules Table of Contents for the Preamble between 8:30 a.m. and 5 p.m., except on should also request a copy of Advisory Federal holidays. Circular No. 11–2A, Notice of Proposed A. Background 1. NPRM No. 92–10, Aircraft Flight FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Rulemaking Distribution System, which describes the application procedure. Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Testing, Lynch, Certification Branch, AFS–840, and Checking at Training Centers. General Aviation and Commercial General Aviation Policy Statement 2. Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Division, Flight Standards Service, Petition Federal Aviation Administration, 800 On September 8, 1993, Administrator 3. General Discussion of Principal Issues Independence Avenue, SW., David R. Hinson issued a general B. Part 61 Issues Washington, DC 20591; telephone (202) aviation policy statement in which he 1. Definition of Terms 267–3844. recognized that the general aviation a. Aeronautical Experience industry is a critically important part of b. Airman Certificate SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: the nation’s economy and the national c. Authorized Ground Instructor d. Authorized Flight Instructor Comments Invited transportation system. Administrator Hinson stated the following: e. Cross-Country Time Interested persons are invited to f. Examiner participate in this rulemaking by General aviation plays a crucial role in g. Flight Training submitting written data, views, or flight training for all segments of aviation and h. Ground Training provides unique personal and recreational arguments as they desire. Comments i. Instrument Approach opportunities. It makes vital contributions to j. Instrument Training relating to the potential economic, activities ranging from business aviation, to k. Knowledge Test environmental, energy, or federalism agricultural operations, to Warbird l. Practical Test impact of the proposals contained in preservation, to glider and balloon flights. m. Supervised Pilot-in-Command (PIC) this notice are also invited. Accordingly, it is the policy of the FAA to Time Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41161

n. Training time 6. Maintenance Requirements demanded of pilots in today’s aviation 2. Areas of Operation 7. Ground School Instructor Requirements environment. 3. New Aircraft Category, Classes 8. Instructor Proficiency Requirements In support of this regulatory review, a. Powered-Lift 9. Renewal of Certificate the FAA completed a historical review b. Glider Class Ratings 10. Recordkeeping Requirements for Pilot 4. New Instrument Ratings Schools with Examining Authority of parts 61, 141, and 143 in January a. Airship Instrument Rating 11. Reorganization of Requirements for 1988. During this review, the FAA also b. Instrument ratings-airplanes Courses that are Approved Under Part received input from pilot schools and c. Instrument rating-Powered-lift 141 college and university aviation 5. Lighter-Than-Air Flight Instructor 12. Appendix A—Recreational Pilot departments operating under parts 61 Certificate Certification Course and 141. Three major areas were 6. Revision of Ground Instructor 13. Appendix B—Private Pilot Certification identified during this review: first, Certificates and Ratings; Inclusion in Course issues of immediate concern Part 61. 14. Appendix C—Instrument Rating Course 7. Eligibility and Tests 15. Appendix D—Commercial Pilot recommended by the NTSB and public 8. Training Requirements Certification Course comments; second, the requirements for 9. Proficiency 16. Appendix E—Airline Transport Pilot aircraft operations in today’s 10. Privileges and Limitations Certification Course environment; and finally, the 11. Records 17. Appendix F—Flight Instructor requirements for pilots in the year 2010 12. Recency of Experience Certification Course and beyond. Accordingly, the regulatory 13. Conversion to New System of Ground 18. Appendix G—Flight Instructor review was divided into three phases Instructor Certificate Instrument (Aircraft Category and Class) corresponding to the needs identified 14. Medical Certificates Certification Course 15. Required Pilot Possession of Pilot and 19. Appendix H—Ground Instructor above. The final rule for Phase 1, Medical Certificates Certification Course Amendment Nos. 61–90 and 141–4 (56 16. Issuance of U.S. Pilot Certificates on 20. Appendix I—Aircraft Category or Class FR 11308; March 15, 1991; effective on the Basis of Foreign Pilot Licenses Rating Course April 15, 1991), contained the 17. Logging Flight Time 21. Appendix J—Aircraft Type Rating following: 18. Recency of Experience Requirements Course, other than airline transport pilot 1. New requirement to obtain training 19. Instrument Currency 22. Appendix K—Special Preparation and a flight instructor endorsement to 20. English Language Ability Requirements Courses serve as pilot in command of a tailwheel 23. Appendix L—Pilot Ground School 21. Flight Training Given by a Flight airplane; Instructor Not Certificated by the FAA Course 22. Second-in-Command (SIC) Training D. Section by section discussion of Part 1— 2. New requirement to obtain training and Recent Experience Definitions and Abbreviations and a flight instructor endorsement to 23. Knowledge Tests 1. Balloon serve as pilot in command of a 24. Standardized Syllabus 2. Flight Time pressurized airplane capable of high 25. Training and Endorsements 3. Pilot in command altitude flight above 25,000 MSL; 26. Endorsement for Complex and High E. Section by section discussion of Part 61— 3. New requirement for an applicant Performance Airplanes Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, to complete a training curricula and and Ground Instructors 27. Aircraft Type Specific Training receive a flight instructor endorsement 28. Human Factors F. Section by section discussion of Part 141— 29. Aeronautical Decision Making and Pilot Schools prior to qualifying in an airplane that Judgment Training requires a type rating; 30. Windshear Avoidance A. Background 4. New requirement to permit 31. Aeronautical Experience Requirements Since September of 1987, the FAA has completion of a phase of the WINGS 32. Instrument Rating been conducting a regulatory review of program as satisfactory completion of a 33. Recreational Pilot Certificate parts 61, 141, and 143 of the Federal biennial flight review (BFR); 34. Preflight Planning Aviation Regulations (FAR). These 5. New requirement for pilot 35. Limitations on Cross-Country regulations pertain to certification and applicants to receive ground training on Endorsements stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and 36. Night Flight Training training requirements for pilots, flight 37. Private Pilot Limitations instructors, and ground instructors and spin recovery techniques; 38. Glider Towing the operation of pilot schools that are 6. New requirement for pilot 39. Eligibility for Commercial Pilot approved by the FAA. This regulatory applicants to receive flight training on Certificate review is being undertaken in response flights at slow airspeeds with realistic 40. Use of Turbojet Airplanes for to advancements in aviation technology, distractions and the recognition of and Commercial Pilot Certification training, and changes in the National recovery from stalls; 41. Commercial Pilot Experience—Cross Airspace System (NAS) that have 7. New requirement for flight Country Training Flight occurred since the last major revisions instructor applicants to receive and 42. ATP Requirements demonstrate actual spin training; 43. Pilot in Command Hour Requirement to these parts in the early 1970’s. The for Initial Flight Instructor Applicants FAA has received numerous petitions 8. New requirement for flight 44. Experience Required for Training Flight for exemption and letters from the instructor applicants to perform a spin Instructor Candidates public suggesting changes to the current demonstration on retests when the 45. Flight Instructor Renewal Requirements regulations. To date, there have been 41 reason for the failure was due to 46. Flight Instructor Duty Time Limitations amendments and approximately 3,616 deficiencies of knowledge or skill 47. Flight Training from a Control Seat exemption actions to parts 61 and 141. relating to stall awareness, spin entry, C. Part 141 Issues: Recommendations and comments from spins, or spin recovery techniques; 1. Approval of Training Courses That the National Transportation Safety 9. New requirement that FAA Permit Pilot Schools to Train to a Standard Board (NTSB), the public, and the FAA inspectors and designated pilot 2. Check Instructors have also demonstrated the need for the examiners may accept instructor 3. Quality of Training Requirements regulatory review. A major goal of the endorsements for the spin 4. Temporary Chief Instructor review is to identify differences between demonstration on practical tests for 5. Transfer Between Part 141 Schools the rules and the level of training flight instructor applicants; 41162 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

10. New requirement in part 141 that In addition, on February 9 and 10, discrepancies have occurred, the matter a chief or assistant chief flight instructor 1993, the FAA conducted information will be resolved in the final rule. only has to be available by telephone, gathering meetings with a number of 2. Experimental Aircraft Association radio, or other electronic means during aviation organizations and schools on (EAA) Petition the time that instruction is given for an the comments received in Docket No. approved course of training; 25627. These meetings concerned issues On January 3, 1994, the FAA 11. New requirement in part 141 for raised during the public hearings that published, without comment or initial designation of assistant chief were held in Washington, DC endorsement, a petition for rulemaking flight instructors that are one half the (September 12–13, 1989); Chicago, submitted by EAA (59 FR 31). In their requirements of chief flight instructors; Illinois (September 19–20, 1989); Los petition, the EAA requested the 12. New requirement to eliminate the Angeles, California (October 3–4, 1989); following changes to the recreational 100-hour currency experience and Orlando, Florida (October 16–17, pilot certificate: requirement in part 141 for chief flight 1989), and the information received (1) Eliminating the requirement that a instructors to obtain initial designation; during the JTA that was completed on recreational pilot hold at least a 3rd- and March 31, 1989. Because so much time class medical certificate; (2) Requiring a recreational pilot to 13. New requirement to eliminate the had passed since the time of the self certify that he or she has no known 25 mile distance restriction for hearings, receipt of comments to the medical deficiency that would make establishing satellite bases in part 141. docket, and the JTA, the FAA decided him or her unable to fly; This NPRM represents Phase 2 of the to update its information. The invitees were selected as a result of their (3) Eliminating the 50 nautical mile regulatory review. Phase 2 addresses limitation for those pilots who obtain issues affecting parts 1, 61, 141, and organizations’ and schools’ past involvement in this regulatory review. additional training; 143. Prior to drafting and publishing (4) Permitting a pilot with a higher this NPRM, the FAA issued a notice of The FAA is committed to developing rules that are fair and reasonable, and certificate or rating who no longer has hearing (54 FR 22732; May 25, 1989) a medical certificate, but who self that announced 4 public hearings and yet maintain a high degree of pilot training and qualification. The certifies that he or she is physically fit outlined the general topics for this to fly, to exercise the privileges of a NPRM. Four public hearings were held following organizations and schools attended these meetings: General recreational pilot certificate, subject to before the drafting and publishing of the limitations of the recreational pilot this NPRM as part of Phase 2. The Aviation and Manufacturing Association (GAMA), National Air certificate; and hearings were held in Washington, DC (5) Eliminating the recreational pilot (September 12–13, 1989); Chicago, Transport Association (NATA), Jeppesen-Sanderson, National certificate limitations for cross country, Illinois (September 19–20, 1989); Los Association of Flight Instructors (NAFI), night flight, and flight into airspace Angeles, California (October 3–4, 1989); Balloon Federation of America (BFA), requiring communication with air traffic and Orlando, Florida (October 16–17, Farrington Aircraft, Aircraft Owners and control for those pilots with higher 1989). Pilots Association (AOPA), AOPA certificates and ratings who no longer Phase 2 also involves a Pilot and Safety Foundation, Experimental have medical certificates, but who self Flight Instructor Job Task Analysis Aircraft Association (EAA), Helicopter certify that they are physically fit to fly. (JTA), completed on March 31, 1989, Association International (HAI), Soaring The comment period for the EAA which consolidated the results of a Society of America (SSA), Embry Riddle petition closed on March 4, 1994. There study on areas of pilot knowledge, Aeronautical University (ERAU), Parks were over one thousand comments skills, abilities, and attitudes required in College of St. Louis, and American received. The majority of commenters today’s aviation environment. The JTA Flyers. voiced overwhelming support for the provided the framework for this phase There have been some preliminary petition, but did not provide any data or of the regulatory review and provides discussions for conducting a Phase 3 of analysis. Some commenters, including information for use in training programs this regulatory review. However, no the Civil Aviation Medical Association and practical test standards. A copy of schedule has been established for Phase (CAMA), opposed the EAA petition. the JTA is available for examination in 3. If a Phase 3 is conducted, it would be CAMA expressed concern with the Docket No. 25627 and for purchase on a comprehensive, long-term effort to impact on public health and welfare of a diskette through the National address pilot, flight instructor, and the proposed elimination of medical Technical Information Service (NTIS), ground instructor requirements for the standards for pilots who exercise the Springfield, Virginia 22161, (703) 487– year 2010 and beyond. privileges of a recreational pilot 4650. The cost of the diskette is $55 in certificate. One specific concern of those the United States and the NTIS order 1. Notice No. 92–10, Aircraft Flight commenters who opposed the EAA number is PB89–167845CAU. Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Testing, petition was the carrying of passengers Most of the JTA consisted of data, and Checking at Training Centers by a pilot who does not hold a medical based on experts’ opinions, used to On August 11, 1992, the FAA issued certificate. The FAA has reviewed all quantify the relative importance of notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) comments received in developing this knowledge, skills, abilities, and No. 92–10, ‘‘Aircraft Flight Simulator rulemaking action. The vast majority of attitudes. The JTA also included a panel Use in Pilot Training, Testing, and commenters responding to this petition that discussed current and future pilot Checking at Training Centers’’ (57 FR were individual members of the aviation training needs. A transcript of the 35888–35938). Although the flight community and many were members of panel’s deliberations is contained in simulator NPRM contains several issues the EAA. Docket No. 25627. The panel’s objective related to this NPRM, the FAA has tried In this notice, the FAA is proposing was to project pilot training needs 3 to to make these rulemaking projects to permit most of what EAA has 10 years into the future. The panel separate and distinct from one another. requested. The FAA is not proposing to discussed changing technology, airline Despite the efforts to coordinate these eliminate the recreational pilot pilot requirements, airspace, training, two rulemaking actions, some overlap limitations for cross country, night instructors, and aviation economics. still exists. However, if any flight, and flight into airspace requiring Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41163 communication with air traffic control eligibility requirements for applying for airmen as described in the Federal for those pilots with higher certificates all certificate levels and ratings by only Aviation Act of 1958, as amended, and ratings who no longer have medical requiring applicants to hold a third class which also applies the term to certificates, but who self certify that medical certificate; and (18) delete the repairmen, mechanics, aircraft they are physically fit to fly. The FAA requirement for recreational pilots to dispatchers, parachute riggers, other may reconsider this issue, however, hold a medical certificate. flight crewmembers, and air traffic based on comments received. Due to the length of this notice, the controllers. preamble addresses the proposed 3. General Discussion of Principal Issues c. Authorized Ground Instructor in This NPRM changes to parts 61, 141, and 143 in two major sections. First, a general subject This proposal includes a provision to This NPRM incorporates many of the discussion of major issues is presented. incorporate part 143, Ground concepts developed through the public Second, proposed changes are discussed Instructors, into part 61. The term hearings, the JTA, and the public briefly in a section-by-section analysis. would describe a person who holds a comments received in Docket Nos. It should be noted that parts 61 and current ground instructor certificate 25627 and 25910. 141 are republished here in their with ratings that apply to the training Docket No. 25627 was established to entirety. All sections, except those being given, and who is authorized by receive comments throughout the entire specifically noted, include a modified the Administrator to give that training. regulatory review and will remain open format, standardized terminology, and d. Authorized Flight Instructor until the FAA publishes a notice of its the deletion of gender references. closing. This docket facilitates the Several sections, which are noted in the This term would clarify that a flight orderly flow of collecting comments, section-by-section discussion contain no instructor must hold a current flight recommendations, and ideas from the revisions or editorial changes. Three of instructor certificate with ratings that public. Docket No. 25910 was these sections, §§ 61.58, 61.63, and apply to the training being given, and be established to receive specific 61.67, have been proposed to be revised authorized by the Administrator to give comments from the public on NPRM in NPRM No. 92–10, ‘‘Aircraft Flight that training. No. 89–14, which was the Phase 1 Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Testing, proposal. e. Cross-Country Time The proposals in this NPRM cover a and Checking at Training Centers,’’ (57 FR 35888–35938; August 11, 1992). In The FAA proposes to describe cross broad range of issues. The major country time for three separate proposals included in this NPRM are as addition to proposed additions, deletions, and substantive changes to circumstances: (1) For persons who hold follows: (1) Clarify and standardize a private, commercial, or airline terminology; (2) establish a new the regulations, the FAA seeks in this proposal to continue its policy of transport pilot certificate; (2) for persons powered-lift category rating; (3) applying for a private or commercial establish separate class ratings for simplifying regulations through editorial style changes. Wherever pilot certificate or instrument rating; nonpowered and powered gliders; (4) and (3) for military pilots. These issues establish a flight instructor certificate in possible, the rules are broken down into brief sentences and outline format. are addressed further in the discussion the lighter-than-air category; (5) of logging of pilot time. establish instrument ratings for single- Therefore, some section numbering engine airplanes, multiengine airplanes, would change under this proposal. In f. Examiner addition, the FAA has proposed airships, and powered-lifts; (6) revise The term would refer to persons the recency of experience requirements; numerous non-substantive changes to the regulations, and where necessary authorized to conduct practical tests or (7) revise recreational pilot certification knowledge tests under part 61. and authorization requirements; (8) has proposed numerous revisions require human factors training for all involving clarity and conformity. g. Flight Training certificates and ratings; (9) replace flight B. Part 61 Issues The term would refer to training proficiency requirements for training received from an authorized flight 1. Definition of Terms and certification with more general instructor in actual flight in an aircraft. approved areas of operation; (10) revise The FAA proposes to establish a new the training times for the aeronautical § 61.1a, ‘‘Clarification of Terms.’’ The h. Ground Training experience requirements to permit the intent of the section is to ensure more The term would refer to training other student and the instructor to tailor the consistent use of terms throughout the than flight training received from either training to the individual student’s text under part 61. The terms to be an authorized ground instructor or an needs; (11) remove and reserve part 143 clarified include: authorized flight instructor. and establish a new subpart I in part 61 for ground instructors; (12) require a. Aeronautical Experience i. Instrument Approach ground instructor certificates to be This term means pilot time obtained This term would define an instrument based on aircraft category; (13) require in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight approach as an approach procedure applicants for a ground instructor training device for meeting the defined in part 97 and conducted to an certificate to accomplish a practical test; appropriate training and flight time for established minimum descent altitude (14) revise the certification and test an airman certificate, rating, flight (MDA) or decision height (DH), or if courses in part 141 to accommodate all review, or recency of flight experience, necessary, to a higher altitude selected aircraft categories and new technology; of part 61. for safety reasons by ATC. (15) establish a check instructor position to perform student and instructor b. Airman Certificate j. Instrument Training checks and tests at part 141 pilot This term describes a pilot certificate The term would refer to time in which schools; (16) delete exceptions that (other than a student pilot certificate), instrument training is received from an permit pilots to be certified without flight instructor certificate, or a ground authorized flight instructor under actual meeting the English language fluency instructor certificate that is issued under or simulated instrument flight requirements; (17) revise the medical part 61. This would not include other conditions. 41164 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules k. Knowledge Test certificates and ratings and in training The use of areas of operation would The term ‘‘knowledge test’’ would and testing for ground instructors. Many permit the practical test requirements, replace ‘‘written test.’’ The FAA specific flight proficiency requirements and hence, specific training believes the term ‘‘knowledge test’’ is a currently in the FAR would be deleted. requirements, to keep pace with more inclusive term, referring to either The specific tasks for the training and technological change. For example, the tests administered with pencil and practical tests would be listed in the current rule lists pilot operation paper or by computer on the standards for each practical test for each procedures for equipment that is no aeronautical knowledge areas in part 61. certificate and rating. The purpose of longer common and does not include this approach is to permit greater procedures for newer equipment (e.g., l. Practical Test flexibility in updating the training and Electronic Flight Instrument System The term ‘‘practical test’’ would testing maneuvers and procedures (EFIS), LORAN–C). required of pilot and flight instructor include both oral and flight testing or 3. New Aircraft Category, Classes testing in an approved flight simulator applicants. or flight training device on the approved For example, under current § 61.107 This proposal would establish a new areas of operation for an airman an applicant for a private pilot aircraft category for pilot certification— certificate, rating, or authorization. certificate with an airplane category and the powered-lift. The FAA also proposes single-engine class rating must receive to establish two aircraft classes within m. Supervised Pilot-in-Command (PIC) training on ‘‘emergency operations, the glider category: powered glider and Time including simulated aircraft and nonpowered glider. The term ‘‘supervised PIC time’’ equipment malfunctions.’’ The a. Powered-Lift would mean aeronautical experience proposed areas of operation for the same flight time in an aircraft that applies to applicant would require training on The FAA anticipates that one of the either a student pilot or pilot who is not ‘‘emergency operations;’’ however, the most significant future developments in rated in the aircraft, but is under the tasks for the required training and the NAS will be the introduction of a supervision and authorization to practical test for an airplane category new category of aircraft, the powered- conduct the flight from an authorized and single-engine class rating would lift, into civil application. According to flight instructor. The purpose for this include a task for emergency approach the FAA’s Interim Airworthiness proposal is to permit student pilots and and landing (simulated) and a task for Criteria Powered-Lift Transport pilots who are not rated in the aircraft, system and equipment malfunctions. Category Aircraft (Department of to log PIC time when the sole For convenience, the areas of Transportation, Federal Aviation manipulator of the controls. This will be operation for each category and, in some Administration, Southwest Region, July a change to the FAA’s existing policy on cases, for each class of aircraft under 1988), powered-lifts resemble airplanes who can log PIC time. In the past, the each certificate or rating would be listed and rotorcraft in many respects. The logging of PIC time in § 61.51 required separately. This would result in a document addresses airworthiness the person to be a rated pilot, the sole certain amount of redundancy because standards for multiengine turbine manipulator of the controls, and be many areas of operation would be transport category aircraft that use rated in the aircraft. Furthermore, common to more than one category and power for lift, propulsion, and control. depending on the crew compliment class of aircraft. However, the FAA Powered-lift aircraft have vertical specifications set forth in the aircraft’s proposes this method of listing areas of take-off and landing and hovering flight manual, the flight instructor may operation to avoid requiring users to capability like helicopters, but they also be onboard the aircraft in an assigned consult more than one list to identify may fly at higher airspeeds like crewmember position. The flight the areas pertinent to their individual airplanes. The low airspeed capability instructor is expected to perform situation. may be provided by either aircraft essential crew member functions, In conjunction with using general configuration changes (tilt-wing, tilt- evaluate the person’s ability to act as a terms to refer to maneuvers, the term rotor, tilt-propeller), thrust vectoring, PIC, and as always perform essential ‘‘slow flight’’ would be used in place of direct-lift engines, or other powered-lift safety-related functions in the case of previously used terms such as concepts. emergencies. ‘‘minimum controllable airspeed’’ and Powered-lift aircraft will require a the more recent term, ‘‘flight at slow new set of pilot knowledge, skills, and n. Training Time airspeeds with realistic distractions.’’ abilities. Therefore, the FAA proposes to A definition of the term ‘‘training The FAA is not proposing a change in create a new powered-lift aircraft time’’ would mean training received: (1) the concept; the details of the category rating in § 61.5 for certification In actual flight from an authorized flight maneuvers and procedures will of private, commercial, and airline instructor; (2) on the ground from an continue to be established through the transport pilots, and for flight instructor authorized ground or flight instructor; appropriate practical test standards. and ground instructor certificates. The or (3) in a flight simulator or flight The use of areas of operation is FAA also proposes to create a training device from an authorized consistent with public response to the corresponding instrument rating for ground or flight instructor. issue addressed in the Notice of powered-lift aircraft. The FAA does not Hearings of whether the specific tasks or propose to extend recreational pilot 2. Areas of Operation requirements in the Practical Test certification in proposed subpart D to The FAA proposes a significant Standards (PTS) should be included in include the powered-lift category rating. change in the regulatory descriptions of the FAR. The FAA believes the PTS The FAA has considered various the procedures and maneuvers required should remain separate from the approaches to pilot certification for of applicants for the various pilot regulations to maintain the flexibility powered-lift aircraft. For example, the certificates and ratings. Under the needed for revising and updating the FAA considered whether powered-lift proposed new concept, the FAR would PTS. Some commenters suggested should be a separate category, with or specify general areas of operation to be listing specific areas of operation rather without class ratings, such as tilt-rotor, covered in flight training and practical than specific pilot operations in the tilt-wing, ducted fan, and vectored tests for pilot and flight instructor regulations regarding pilot operations. thrust. Another approach considered Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41165 was creating a powered-lift class rating knowledge of communication or radio 4. New Instrument Ratings within the rotorcraft category. The FAA navigation procedures. Powered gliders The FAA proposes to amend § 61.5 to also considered proposing to require a require knowledge levels similar to establish four additional instrument type rating for every make and model of those of powered aircraft. The FAA ratings: Airship, single-engine airplane, powered-lift aircraft. believes that another option to multiengine airplane, and powered-lift. Based on available information, the establishing glider class ratings would Corresponding flight instructor FAA has concluded that safety needs be to treat powered gliders as single- instrument ratings for those specific will be met by establishing a separate engine airplanes. However, the FAA aircraft also are proposed. aircraft category only. Under proposed believes that treating powered gliders as § 61.31, type ratings would not be airplanes would be a more restrictive a. Airship Instrument Rating required for powered-lift aircraft except approach. Therefore, the FAA proposes Under the current FAR, the for large aircraft or as specified by the to pursue the class rating approach. commercial pilot certificate for airships Administrator under aircraft type The FAA proposes to convert current includes training and testing on certificate procedures. The FAA has glider pilot and flight instructor instrument flight maneuvers and determined that requiring additional certificates to the new class ratings over procedures and instrument flight rules requirements beyond this type rating a 2-year period. A person who currently (IFR). Currently, there is no separate requirement at this time might holds a private or commercial pilot instrument rating for airship pilots. The discourage the development of smaller certificate with a glider category rating proposal to establish a separate powered-lift aircraft intended for could also obtain a nonpowered class instrument rating for airships is in general aviation. Thus, it does not rating if the person passed a practical response to current trends in design and appear feasible to establish class ratings test in a nonpowered glider, or obtain a certification of airships. These trends at this time. powered class rating if the person In general, the aeronautical are toward smaller airships with passed a practical test in a powered specific intended uses, such as daytime experience hour-requirements for glider. powered-lift category ratings would aerial advertising. These airships are not Currently, the FAR does not address parallel those for airplanes and designed or equipped for flight in powered gliders. For example, §§ 61.107 helicopters. For example, proposed instrument conditions, and therefore, and 61.127, which address flight § 61.87, Solo flight requirements, would pilots who train in these aircraft must require powered-lift student pilots to proficiency for private and commercial either incur the expense of training in meet the same requirements as both pilot applicants, require training in IFR-equipped airships or seek an airplane and helicopter student pilots. glider launches by ground (auto or exemption from the regulation. Industry Similar overlap would occur in the winch) or aero tows, and limits the experience indicates that the smaller, areas of operation for private and applicant’s certificate to the type of tow non-IFR-equipped airships in which the commercial pilot training and selected. The PTS for gliders include a pilots train are generally the same certification. powered glider self-launch limitation airships those pilots will fly when they Aeronautical knowledge requirements and specific tasks for powered gliders. are certificated. Therefore, the FAA has for commercial pilot certification would The FAA also has addressed the unique concluded it is reasonable to separate be the same as those for helicopters (a characteristics of powered gliders in the instrument rating requirements from single set of aeronautical knowledge Advisory Circular (AC) 61–94, ‘‘Pilot the commercial pilot certification areas is proposed for all aircraft Transition Course for Self-Launching or requirements. categories at the private pilot level). Powered Sailplanes (Motorgliders).’’ Historically, the airship industry has Areas of operation for the instrument The AC recommends procedures and consisted of larger blimps and dirigibles rating under proposed § 61.65 would be standards for glider pilots who want to that are certificated for operations the same as for airplanes. accomplish a practical test in powered including IFR, visual flight rules (VFR), gliders. and day and night flight. But very few b. Glider Class Ratings For holders of a flight instructor- airships operate in the United States, The FAA proposes to divide the glider glider certificate, the conversion would and the growth of the industry has been category into two classes for pilot be based on the type of training the slow, with few pilots being certificated. certificates and ratings: powered glider instructor has given. To obtain a flight However, the FAA notes that smaller, and nonpowered glider. The term instructor certificate for nonpowered foreign-built airships are being operated ‘‘powered glider’’ includes self- gliders, an instructor would be required in the United States. It is hoped that launching sailplanes, powered to have given at least 20 hours of flight these signs of growth of the industry sailplanes, motorized sailplanes, and training in a nonpowered glider and will be accompanied by the need for motorgliders. Some of these aircraft are recommended at least one student for a more airship pilots. A separate airship designed primarily for high performance practical test for a glider category rating instrument rating will remove an and competitive flying; others are more (the proposed rule does not specify obstacle to certification of commercial suitable for training. The low power-to- powered or nonpowered), and that airship pilots desiring to fly these weight ratio and relatively low wing student would have to have passed. To smaller airships, and help foster growth loadings generally found in powered obtain a flight instructor certificate for of this small segment of the aviation gliders produce performance powered gliders, a flight instructor with industry. characteristics that are similar to low- a glider category rating could be eligible The FAA proposes to delete airship powered, light fixed-wing aircraft. to obtain a flight instructor certificate instrument knowledge requirements Specific knowledge and skills are with a glider category and powered from existing § 61.125 and delete needed for the safe and efficient class rating if the instructor had given current § 61.135, which refers to operation of these aircraft in the NAS. 20 hours of flight training in a powered aeronautical experience requirements. Powered gliders may be flown long glider and recommended at least one The FAA proposes to incorporate in distances and through complicated student for a practical test for a glider § 61.65, flight training and skill airspace by pilots holding only glider category and powered class rating, and requirements for airship instrument category ratings, which does not imply that student would have to have passed. ratings. For pilots who do not hold an 41166 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules airship instrument rating, § 61.139 airplane multiengine rating and also Under the proposed rule, a person would be amended to require a holds a flight instructor single-engine who holds a private or commercial pilot limitation to the commercial pilot airplane class rating would be permitted certificate with an airplane category certificate-airship that prohibits the to train students for an instrument- rating and an instrument—airplane carriage of passengers for hire in airplane single-engine rating. rating would be permitted to exchange airships on cross-country flight or at This proposal is consistent with FAA that certificate for the new proposed night. policy in effect since October 1984, certificate. The new private or The proposal includes a system of which requires applicants for commercial pilot certificate, as conversion of current commercial multiengine airplane class ratings to appropriate, would have either an certificates to commercial certificates demonstrate instrument proficiency on instrument—airplane single-engine with an instrument rating. Under their multiengine practical test if they rating or instrument—multiengine class proposed § 61.5, ‘‘Certificates and have an airplane instrument rating and rating. For example, a person would be ratings issued under this part,’’ the desire IFR privileges for their entitled to obtain an instrument— holder of a commercial pilot certificate multiengine rating. The policy was airplane single-engine rating if that with a lighter-than-air category rating instituted based on an NTSB person had an airplane single-engine and an airship class rating would be recommendation that followed an class rating and had satisfactorily permitted to exchange that certificate for investigation of a 1981 multiengine completed the practical test for an a certificate with an instrument-airship airplane accident. The NTSB concluded instrument rating in a single-engine rating, if that person receives an that the accident may have been caused airplane. endorsement from an authorized flight by excessive airloads generated by a Under the proposal, a person could instructor who holds an instrument- nose-up control input by the pilot at exchange their certificate for a airship rating on the flight instructor high speed. This resulted in an in-flight certificate with an instrument-airplane certificate, and that flight instructor has breakup of the aircraft. The pilot had multiengine rating if one of the observed that person perform 10 hours acquired his instrument rating in a following conditions were met: (1) That person had an airplane of PIC time in an airship under IFR, or single engine airplane, had limited multiengine class rating and had that person passes the instrument experience in operation of multiengine satisfactorily completed the practical proficiency test of § 61.57 in an airship, airplanes in instrument meteorological test for an instrument rating in a and the test was conducted by an conditions, and had no multiengine examiner. multiengine airplane; instrument training. (2) That person had an airplane b. Instrument Ratings—Airplanes Under the current FAA policy, multiengine class rating and had The FAA proposes to amend § 61.5 to applicants for a multiengine airplane satisfactorily completed the practical establish separate instrument ratings for class rating who hold an instrument test for an instrument rating in a single single-engine and multiengine airplanes rating for airplanes are required to engine airplane and also demonstrated and to establish corresponding demonstrate instrument proficiency in instrument proficiency during the instrument ratings for flight instructor multiengine airplanes. If the applicant practical test for the multiengine class certificates. chooses not to demonstrate instrument rating such that the person’s certificate Under the proposal a person who proficiency, their multiengine airplane did not bear the limitation ‘‘Airplane passes the practical test for an rating is limited to VFR privileges only. Multiengine VFR Only;’’ or instrument rating in a single-engine If an applicant with single-engine and (3) That person had an airplane airplane would be issued a pilot multiengine class ratings takes the multiengine class rating and had certificate with an instrument-airplane instrument practical test in a satisfactorily completed the practical single-engine rating. If that person holds multiengine airplane, no restriction is test for an instrument rating in a single- a multiengine airplane class rating and added to the certificate. For example, a engine airplane before October 1, 1984, desires an instrument-airplane certificated pilot who holds a the date on which the FAA policy, multiengine rating, the person would be multiengine class rating with which requires multiengine candidates required to pass a practical test for an instrument privileges for airplanes, and to demonstrate instrument proficiency instrument rating in a multiengine who applies for an airplane single- when seeking instrument privileges, airplane. The proposal would permit a engine class rating, may, upon took effect. person who holds both a single engine successful completion of the airplane Under the proposal, in any of the and multiengine airplane class rating single-engine practical test, exercise above three cases, a pilot with a single- and passes a practical test for an instrument privileges in both classes of engine airplane class rating would also instrument-airplane multiengine rating, aircraft without showing instrument be entitled to the privileges of an to be allowed to exercise instrument proficiency in single-engine airplanes. instrument-airplane single-engine privileges in single-engine airplanes. The FAA proposes to allow 2 years for rating. A person with a flight instructor In addition, a person who desires to pilots and flight instructors who certificate and an instrument-airplane train students who want an instrument- currently hold single-engine and rating would be able to obtain a flight airplane single-engine rating would be multiengine airplane class ratings and instructor certificate with an required to pass a practical test for a an instrument—airplane rating to instrument-airplane single-engine or an flight instructor certificate with an convert to the new single-engine and instrument-airplane multiengine rating. instrument-airplane single-engine multiengine instrument ratings. With A person would be able to receive a rating. If that person desires to train the exception of those pilots who flight instructor certificate with an students who want an instrument- received an instrument rating before the instrument-airplane single-engine rating airplane multiengine rating, the person current policy became effective, the by having given at least 20 hours of would be required to pass a practical proposed conversion would ensure that flight training in a single-engine test for a flight instructor certificate with pilots who obtain instrument privileges airplane for the issuance of an an instrument-airplane multiengine in multiengine airplanes have instrument-airplane rating as a rating. A person who passes a practical demonstrated instrument proficiency in certificated flight instructor. The person test for a flight instructor-instrument- multiengine airplanes. also would be required to have Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41167 recommended at least one student for a should be the same or similar to those instructor applicants in an FAA- practical test for the issuance of an required of other aircraft flight approved course. This person could instrument-airplane rating and the instructors. The commenters also either meet the 24-month and 20-hour recommended student would have had recommended that a proposal for a requirement or: (1) Have trained and to pass the practical test. flight instructor-balloon rating should endorsed at least 5 persons for a pilot A person would be able to receive a require: (1) A minimum number of certificate or rating practical test; (2) flight instructor certificate with an hours as PIC; (2) a biennial renewal have a record that reflects that at least instrument-airplane multiengine rating requirement; and (3) a passing grade on 80 percent of the persons whom the by having given at least 20 hours of written and practical tests. In addition, flight instructor has endorsed for a flight training in a multiengine airplane the commenters recommended that such practical test passed that test on their for the issuance of an instrument- a proposal should provide for existing first attempt; and (3) have given at least airplane rating as a certificated flight balloon instructors to convert to the new 40 hours of flight training as a instructor. The person also would be system. certificated flight instructor. required to have recommended at least Comments also were submitted to the The proposal also includes a one student for a practical test for the docket that opposed the addition of a provision for practicing lighter-than-air issuance of an instrument-airplane flight instructor-balloon rating. One instructors (with commercial rating and the recommended student commenter stated a majority of balloon certificates) that requires them to obtain would have had to pass the practical instructors would not elect to obtain a flight instructor certificates with lighter- test. flight instructor certificate, creating a than-air category ratings without The FAA invites comments on the hardship for future pilots. Several passing a practical test. The proposal conversion process proposed for the commenters also disagreed with the would revise § 61.201 to provide a 2- instrument-airplane ratings. suggestion that a specific number of year transition period for holders of a hours as PIC should be required of commercial certificate with an airship c. Instrument Rating—Powered-lift current commercial pilots to obtain their or a free balloon class rating to obtain In addition to proposing a new flight instructor certificates. The a flight instructor certificate with an powered-lift aircraft category rating, the commenters stated that existing airship or a balloon rating. If this FAA proposes to amend § 61.5 to commercial pilots have earned proposal is adopted, the FAA is establish a new instrument rating for instructor privileges in accordance with considering allowing the conversion powered-lift. The FAA also proposes to today’s FAR and that there is no need process to begin before the effective date establish a corresponding powered-lift for a minimum hour cutoff. of the proposed rule. instrument rating for the flight The FAA has determined that a flight Under the proposal, to obtain a flight instructor certificate. The FAA invites instructor certificate should be created instructor certificate with a lighter-than- comments on the proposal to establish for the lighter-than-air category. The air category rating, an applicant would this new instrument-powered-lift rating present system of incorporating training need to present a valid commercial and the powered-lift instrument rating privileges into commercial certificates is certificate with a lighter-than-air for the flight instructor certificate. a burden on commercial pilots who do category rating and the appropriate class not instruct. The intent of this proposal rating and have given at least 20 hours 5. Lighter-Than-Air Flight Instructor is to ensure that those who perform of flight training in airships or free Certificate flight training in all aircraft categories balloons, as appropriate, as a Under current regulations, any and classes are subject to flight commercial pilot. The applicant would commercially licensed lighter-than-air instructor training and renewal also be required to have recommended pilot may provide flight training in the requirements. The FAA proposes to at least one student for the issuance of class of aircraft in which commercial revise § 61.5 to establish a flight a rating in an airship or balloon, as privileges are held (i.e., airship or free instructor-airship rating and a flight appropriate, and the student would balloon). A lighter-than-air commercial instructor-balloon rating. have had to pass the practical test. pilot who gives training under the The proposed revision to § 61.3 The proposal includes a revision to authority of existing § 61.139 is not includes a clause to permit holders of a § 61.125 to remove the requirements for bound by any of the recordkeeping commercial certificate with an airship applicants for a commercial certificate, requirements, authorizations, and or a free balloon class rating to train in with a lighter-than-air category rating limitations that apply to certificated the appropriate aircraft for 2 years after and an airship or balloon class rating, to flight instructors for the other categories issuance of the final rule. A revision to obtain knowledge on training. of aircraft. Under the current PTS, § 61.187 is proposed that would require commercial lighter-than-air applicants a person who trains an applicant for a 6. Revision of Ground Instructor must be tested in all phases of the flight lighter-than-air flight instructor Certificates and Ratings; Inclusion in instructor area even if the applicant certificate to meet the same Part 61 does not plan to train. requirements as a person who trains Part 143, ‘‘Ground Instructors,’’ is Several balloon operators who made other flight instructor applicants. outdated and inadequate for defining presentations at the public hearings or Under the FAA’s proposal, a person ground instructors’ privileges and submitted comments to the docket who trains flight instructor applicants limitations, or their training and favored the establishment of a flight for a lighter-than-air category rating certification requirements. Under the instructor-balloon rating. Two balloon would be required to have held a flight current system, the ground instructor organizations indicated that, with the instructor certificate for at least 24 certificate is obtained on the basis of exception of those instructors associated months and to have given at least 20 written tests only, with no practical test. with part 141 schools, the current hours of flight training. This is the same Although a recency of experience training in balloons does not provide minimum-hour requirement requirement exists, there is no provision quality control measures for flight recommended by the Great Eastern for renewal of ground instructor instructors. Several commenters said Balloon Association during the public certificates. In addition, ground that the training and renewal hearings. The FAA also has included a instructor certificates will be revised to requirements for balloon instructors provision for a person who trains flight distinguish ratings on the basis of 41168 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules aircraft category (i.e., ground instructor- 7. Eligibility and Tests either meet the 24-month and 40-hour airplane, ground instructor-rotorcraft, The proposal for the ground instructor experience requirement, or could have ground instructor-glider, etc). certificate and rating would establish a given 100 hours of ground or flight To make the ground instructor requirement for English-language training. As an alternative, the certificate more compatible with the ability, and would include the testing applicant, under the proposal, could demands of current training requirements. The required tests would also accomplish the preparation through requirements, the FAA proposes to include a test on the fundamentals of an independent, or home study revise regulations on ground instructors instructing, except for persons who are program. Such preparation would have to be reviewed by an authorized and address the ground instructor certificated teachers at or above the instructor who meets the same certificate in a new subpart I in part 61. seventh grade level, employed as college experience requirements; the instructor Current part 143, Ground Instructors, or university instructors, or already hold would be required to sign an would be removed and reserved. Under a ground or flight instructor certificate. endorsement of the applicant’s the proposal, ground instructor An additional knowledge test specific to independent course of study. certificates would be specific to aircraft the aircraft rating sought and an categories. A practical test, as well as a instrument knowledge test in the case of 9. Proficiency knowledge test, would be required. The an instrument rating, would be required ground instructor certificate would still The practical test for a ground as well as a practical test. instructor certificate would cover not expire, but new recency of Another proposed provision would experience requirements are proposed approved areas of operation including preclude the holder of a flight instructor preparing and conducting lesson plans, in order for a person to continue certificate from taking tests for and exercising the privileges of the evaluating student knowledge, and obtaining a ground instructor certificate analyzing and correcting common certificate. This proposal would with the same aircraft category as establish recordkeeping requirements student errors. An applicant would be already specified on the person’s flight required to teach a ground school lesson for ground instructors and clarify instructor certificate. This provision is as part of the practical test. The training ground instructors’ privileges and needed because the ground instructor for the practical test would have to be limitations. certificate would not grant additional given by a person who meets the same During the public hearings, privileges, but the process of obtaining minimum experience requirements as commenters agreed that parts 61 and it only adds to the FAA’s workload for the knowledge test, although no 143 could be combined, provided the because of the additional tests. minimum amount of training would be ground instructor certificate is retained. However, the applicant may seek a specified. The practical test would be Commenters, including Embry-Riddle ground instructor rating for a different administered by an examiner. An Aeronautical University (ERAU), aircraft category (i.e., a person who applicant for an additional ground Experimental Aircraft Association holds flight instructor-airplane single instructor rating would not be required (EAA), and General Aviation engine may apply for a ground to take a practical test. Manufacturers Association (GAMA) instructor-rotorcraft, etc.). recommended that applicants for a Some commenters recommended that 10. Privileges and Limitations ground instructor certificate be required a single ‘‘aviation instructor certificate,’’ Subject to the limitations specified in to pass a practical test. The test would be established in lieu of separate flight part 61, a ground instructor would be include an oral segment, but not a flight or ground instructor certificates. An permitted to give ground training for segment. aviation instructor certificate could aeronautical knowledge areas; give This proposal is based largely on the specify ground or flight instructor endorsements required for pilot, ground public comment. The proposal also privileges or both. After reviewing this instructor, and flight instructor reflects guidance contained in FAA recommendation, the FAA believes the certificates and ratings; give the ground Order 8700.1, ‘‘General Aviation required knowledge, skills, and abilities training portion of the flight review; and Operations Inspector’s Handbook,’’ needed to instruct in the different give recommendations for knowledge chapter 159, ‘‘Issuance of Ground aircraft categories and classes and tests. Instructor Certificate and Added differences between flight instructing Ratings.’’ subpart I is modeled on and ground instructing makes this 11. Records existing and proposed regulations for difficult to comprehend how this would Under the proposed recordkeeping training and certification of flight be better than the current system. requirements, a ground instructor would instructors. The intent of the proposal is However, the FAA does request note in a student’s logbook or training to recognize the importance of proper comments on this issue. record information for each training ground training and to make the ground session; i.e., the amount of time of the instructor certificate more meaningful. 8. Training Requirements lesson, date, and topics. The ground A number of issues, particularly An applicant for a ground instructor instructor would be required to administrative issues, currently certificate would have to receive ground maintain a record of the following addressed in part 143, such as training on required aeronautical information: the name of each student replacement of a lost certificate, testing knowledge areas and fundamentals of whose logbook or training record that procedures, and change of address, are instructing from a person who meets instructor endorsed for satisfactory addressed in there respective categories minimum experience requirements. The completion of a course; the name of in the proposal, along with other person giving the training would have to each student endorsed for a knowledge certificates and ratings. The proposed have at least 24 months experience as a test and the results of the test; the name subpart I primarily addresses issues ground instructor or flight instructor, of each student endorsed or unique to the ground instructor and have given at least 40 hours of flight recommended for a practical test and certificate. Some of the major or ground training. However, if the the date of the endorsement or differences between proposed subpart I ground instructor candidate is receiving recommendation; and a copy of the and part 143 would include the training in a course approved under part training syllabus for each student following: 141, the person giving the training could trained. The records would be required Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41169 to be kept for 3 years. In addition, 14. Medical Certificates who are seeking a recreational pilot certificate, holders of a recreational pilot although the proposed rule does not a. Medical Eligibility Requirement for certificate, and holders of a higher pilot specify this, ground instructors should Applying for a Pilot or Flight Instructor certificate who elect only to exercise the log the time during which they give Certificate ground training, to demonstrate privileges of a recreational pilot sufficient experience giving ground The FAA proposes to change the certificate. This proposal would be a medical certificate requirements for training to ground instructor applicants. significant departure from long-standing eligibility for pilot and flight instructor FAA policy. 12. Recency of Experience certificates. Under the proposed Since the early 1930s all pilots, except revision to § 61.23 and other sections, glider and balloon pilots, have been Existing § 143.19 specifies that a applicants would only need a third- required to hold medical certificates in ground instructor may not perform the class medical certificate to be eligible to order to exercise the privileges of their duties of a ground instructor unless, apply for a private, commercial, or an pilot certificates. The FAA determined within the 12 months before intending airline transport pilot or flight instructor that medical certificates were required to perform the duties, the instructor has certificate. Requirements for exercising for the purpose of ensuring the safety of served for at least 3 months as a ground the privileges of each certificate would the pilot in command and passengers, instructor, or the FAA has determined remain as they are now. That is, a and also for the safety of people and that the instructor meets the standards second-class medical certificate still property on the ground. As a result of prescribed in part 143. Proposed would be required to exercise the the EAA petition discussed earlier and § 61.225, ‘‘Recency of experience for a privileges of a commercial pilot the interest shown in the general holder of a ground instructor certificate, and a first-class medical aviation community, the FAA is seeking certificate,’’ would state that a person’s certificate would be required to exercise wider comment on whether recreational ground instructor certificate remains the privileges of an ATP certificate. pilots and holders of a higher pilot The concept behind the proposed current for providing ground training for certificate who elect to exercise the changes is that pilots should be airman certification purposes, provided privileges of a recreational pilot encouraged to continue training and certificate should be required to hold that person has either: (1) Trained at earning new pilot certificates, regardless medical certificates. The FAA is also least one student and endorsed that of whether they intend to use the seeking data on any safety or other student for a practical test; or (2) certificates. In some cases, pilots may public interest concerns that may arise received an endorsement from a flight qualify for a third-class medical from obviating any review of medical instructor or ground instructor certificate, which is sufficient for qualifications by medical professionals. indicating that the person had undergoing training and taking a Pilots applying for a recreational pilot demonstrated satisfactory knowledge in practical test for a commercial or ATP certificate would be required to certify the areas of operation that apply to the certificate, but may not meet the at the time of application that they have person’s ground instructor ratings. The requirements for a second- or first-class no known medical condition or FAA believes these provisions will medical certificate. The FAA believes deficiency that makes them unable to ensure that ground instructors stay that lack of the more stringent medical operate the aircraft in a safe manner. current on industry developments, certificate should not prevent the pilots This requirement parallels the without imposing significant costs and from earning the more advanced pilot provisions that are now provided to burdens on persons who hold ground certificates and enhancing their pilot balloon and glider pilots under the instructor certificates. skills and proficiency. current rules. This proposal would The FAA proposes to include a prohibit pilots from exercising the 13. Conversion to New System of provision in § 61.39, ‘‘Prerequisites for privileges of a recreational pilot Ground Instructor Certificate practical tests,’’ requiring an applicant certificate if they have a known medical to hold at least a third-class medical condition or deficiency that would The proposal would establish a 2-year certificate, if a medical certificate is make them unable to operate the aircraft period during which holders of ground required. Section 61.39 currently in a safe manner or if they are taking instructor certificates could convert requires a practical test applicant to any medication or receiving other those certificates to the new system. The hold a current medical certificate that treatment for a medical condition that holder of a ground instructor certificate applies to the certificate sought or, in would make them unable to operate the with a basic rating or an advanced rating the case of a rating to be added to a pilot aircraft in a safe manner. (This ongoing would be permitted to exchange that certificate, at least a valid third-class obligation is discussed in more detail certificate for a ground instructor medical certificate. Corresponding under the section-by-section analysis.) certificate with an airplane category changes are also proposed to the The FAA is not proposing specific rating. The holder of a ground instructor subparts addressing the various medical standards for this pilot self- certificate with an advanced rating and certificates and ratings. evaluation but instead are proposing that pilots self-evaluate prior to each an instrument rating would be b. Medical Requirements for permitted to exchange that certificate for flight whether they have any medical Recreational Pilots and Holders of a conditions that would inhibit their a ground instructor certificate with an Higher Pilot Certificate Exercising the airplane category rating and instrument ability to operate the aircraft in a safe Privileges of a Recreational Pilot manner. The FAA would rely on the rating. The holder of a ground instructor Certificate certificate who also holds a flight pilot’s knowledge and judgment as to The FAA is proposing to allow pilots their medical fitness for conducting instructor certificate would be permitted who hold recreational pilot certificates each flight. The FAA strongly to exchange the ground instructor and those higher rated pilots who elect encourages the public to comment on certificate for a ground instructor only to exercise recreational pilot whether there should be specific certificate with the same aircraft privileges to operate aircraft without a medical standards upon which the pilot category and instrument ratings as on medical certificate. Specifically, this should base their self-evaluation. If so, that person’s flight instructor certificate. proposal would include student pilots what should those standards be? In 41170 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules particular, the FAA would like (6) How, if at all, should the FAA pilot certificate, which includes, among comments in response to the following require pilots without a medical other things, the following limitations: questions: certificate to disclose to passengers that A recreational pilot may not operate (1) Should the rule specifically they have not been medically an aircraft—with more than one prohibit holders of pilot certificates who certificated by the FAA? passenger on board the aircraft; that is do not also hold medical certificates The FAA recognizes that broad scale certificated for more than 4 occupants; from flying if they know or should know medical self-evaluation could create with more than one powerplant; with a that they have certain conditions? For substantial obstacles to the FAA’s powerplant of more than 180 example, should the rule exclude ability to enforce § 61.53. Therefore, the horsepower; with a retractable landing persons who believe that they have no FAA also requests comments on the gear; that is classified as a multiengine known medical deficiencies even if they following issues: airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, or know, or have any reason to know, that (7) How would the FAA enforce and balloon; carrying a passenger or they have: monitor compliance with § 61.53(b)? property for compensation or hire nor (a) A visual problem, e.g., vision un- (8) Should pilots who do not hold may the pilot operate for compensation correctable to at least 20/30? medical certificates be obligated to or hire; in furtherance of a business; (b) An equilibrium problem? provide the FAA with their medical between sunset and sunrise; in airspace (c) Alcoholism to the extent that the history/records upon request, either as in which communication with air traffic intake of alcohol has caused damage to part of a specific investigation or control is required; at an altitude of their physical health, personal or social randomly as part of a compliance more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet functioning, or is required to enable program? AGL, whichever is higher; when the them to perform normal functions? (9) Should the FAA be able to require flight or surface visibility is less than 3 (d) A drug dependence? pilots who do not hold medical statute miles; without visual reference (e) A personality disorder, neurosis, certificates to undergo medical testing to the surface; on a flight outside the or a mental condition that makes them when any uncertainty exists as to United States; to demonstrate that unable to safely operate a vehicle or whether or not they have any medical aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer; machinery? problems? used in a passenger-carrying airlift and (f) Epilepsy or a disturbance of Under this proposal, pilots with an sponsored by a charitable organization; consciousness without satisfactory airplane, rotorcraft, or a glider rating and that is towing any object. medical explanation of the cause? and who elect to only exercise The FAA is also proposing to allow (g) A convulsive disorder, disturbance recreational pilot privileges would be recreational pilots who have received of consciousness, or neurologic eligible to conduct ‘‘recreational pilot’’ the cross-country training required for condition that makes them unable to operations without having to hold or private pilot certification to fly beyond safely operate a vehicle or machinery? obtain a medical certificate. Therefore, a the 50 nautical mile limit which is now (h) A myocardial infarction (heart person’s pilot certificate may represent required by the current § 61.101. attack), angina pectoris, or a coronary apparent authority to conduct those The FAA acknowledges that there are heart disease? operations even when that person may a number of difficult issues surrounding (i) Diabetes? not be medically qualified under part 67 this concept, and that the data and (j) An organic, functional, or of this chapter. Under the current rule, analysis currently developed are limited structural disease, defect, or limitation these operations would require the at best. The FAA is therefore requesting that makes them unable to safely pilots to hold and have in their comments that provide supporting data operate a vehicle or machinery? possession a current medical certificate. and analysis on the likely effects of (k) Any other serious medical Because of the possible enforcement changing the FAA’s long-standing problem that makes them unable to problems associated with determining medical certification policy for pilots. In safely operate a vehicle or machinery? an individual’s actual authority to particular, the FAA would like (2) Should the rule state that pilots operate, the FAA is also seeking comments on the potential impact on who have failed a medical examination comments on the following: safety. by the FAA be prohibited from claiming (10) Should pilots who have known On November 17, 1994, the National that they have no known medical medical deficiencies be required to Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) deficiencies? surrender their airman certificates? provided the FAA with general aviation (3) Should the rule state that pilots (11) If pilots are allowed to keep their accident data involving medical who have had their medical certificate airmen certificates when they have a incapacitation since 1982 for balloon revoked or suspended be prohibited known medical deficiency, should the and glider pilots. There have been a from claiming that they have no known FAA require the airmen certificates to total of 7 accidents involving balloon medical deficiencies? be stamped ‘‘NOT VALID UNLESS and glider pilots since 1982 where a (4) Should the rule state that pilots ACCOMPANIED BY A CURRENT finding was made on medical who hold or have held a medical special MEDICAL CERTIFICATE?’’ The FAA is incapacitation as a cause or factor issuance be prohibited from claiming strongly encouraging the public to involved in the accident. Out of those 7 that they have no known medical express their concerns regarding these accidents, 4 pilots had valid medical deficiencies? questions as well as any other issues certificates, 2 pilots had held a medical (5) What, if any, documentation pertinent to this proposal. certificate but the certificates were should the FAA require persons without The FAA requests comments on expired, and only 1 pilot did not hold an airman medical certificate to execute whether the limited operational scope of a medical certificate. There were 5 in order to identify that they have a recreational pilot certificate, under fatalities, 1 serious injury, and 1 minor evaluated their medical fitness to fly which all the above pilots would be injury. The NTSB’s data and brief and that, to the best of their knowledge required to operate, makes requiring summaries showed the following and belief, they are medically qualified these pilots to submit to medical information: to pilot an aircraft? How often (before examinations an unnecessarily (1) Date: June 18, 1983, Category of each flight, annually)? What kind of burdensome process. Section 61.101 Aircraft: Balloon, Crew Injuries: 1 fatal, documentation? lists the limitations of a recreational Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41171

Medical Certification: Yes, analysis revealed the drug (6) Date: July 31, 1991, Category of Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 58, carbamazepine present in the blood and Aircraft: Glider, Crew Injuries: 1 fatal, Brief summary: After takeoff, the pilot urine samples at therapeutic levels. The Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, collapsed to the floor of the gondola and drug was an anticonvulsant which Medical Certification: Unknown, had difficulty breathing. The balloon hit causes drowsiness. Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 25, the porch of a house and was (4) Date: July 31, 1990, Category of Brief summary: Pilot reported a midair substantially damaged. The pilot died Aircraft: Glider, Crew Injuries: 1 minor, collision with another glider. The from acute myocardial infarction. Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, NTSB’s finding determination was the (2) Date: February 20, 1986, Category Medical Certification: Yes, failure of the pilot to maintain an of Aircraft: Glider, Crew Injuries: 1 fatal, Miscellaneous statistics: Female, age 56, adequate visual lookout and the Passenger/Gnd personnel injuries: 0, Brief summary: Pilot had reported she collision induced incapacitation. Medical Certification: Yes, had injured her right arm during flight (7) Date: September 21, 1991, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 65, into turbulent conditions. She stated she Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew Brief summary: Medical examination of was unable to control the pitch of the Injuries: 1 serious, Passenger/Gnd the pilot revealed that the pilot had a glider due to her injuries and had to personnel injury: 0, Medical history of heart condition and at the parachute out. Certification: Medical certificate had time of the accident the pilot (5) Date: July 19, 1991, Category of lapsed, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, experienced an heart arrhythmia Aircraft: Glider, Crew Injuries: 1 fatal, age 72, Brief summary: Pilot reported associated with a myocardial infarction. Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, that he blacked out. (3) Date: February 24, 1990, Category Medical Certification: Medical In addition, the NTSB supplied the of Aircraft: Glider, Crew Injuries: 1 fatal, certificate had lapsed, Miscellaneous FAA with the following total general Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, statistics: Male, age 63, Brief summary: aviation aircraft accident data and Medical Certification: None, An autopsy revealed the pilot had statistics involving medical Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 53, cardiovascular disease, including incapacitation as a cause or factor in Brief summary: Pilot had a history of coronary atherosclerosis with their finding during the years 1982 epileptic seizures. Toxicological thrombosis of bypass graft. through 1993:

Injuries Aircraft Accidents Fatal Acci- dents Fatal Serious Minor None

1982 ...... 10 10 8 11 1 0 42 1983 ...... 7 7 5 6 1 0 6 1984 ...... 15 15 10 21 6 2 21 1985 ...... 14 14 9 11 2 4 117 1986 ...... 12 12 7 9 1 1 307 1987 ...... 14 14 11 56 0 0 112 1988 ...... 13 13 7 7 6 3 104 1989 ...... 7 7 6 7 0 0 2 1990 ...... 7 7 6 8 0 1 0 1991 ...... 20 20 14 15 6 5 23 1992 ...... 13 13 10 19 4 1 69 1993 ...... 6 6 3 3 1 0 209

Totals ...... 132 132 96 170 28 17 1012 *This data does not differentiate between those pilots who held current, valid medical certificates at the time of the accident and those who al- lowed their medical certificates to lapse or never held medical certificates. Furthermore, this data did not filter out those accidents that were a re- sult of a medical incapacitation involving an injury sustained during the flight or alcohol or illegal drug incapacitation.

15. Required Pilot Possession of Pilot pilot’s residence or automobile. The their home in a desk drawer and still be and Medical Certificates general purpose of the regulation, in compliance with the term in the The FAA proposes to clarify the however, is to enable pilots or required ‘‘person’s physical possession or readily requirement in § 61.3 that a pilot, flight flight crewmembers to present their available.’’ instructor, ground instructor, or medical certificate to an authorized person upon request and at the time of that request. 16. Issuance of U.S. Pilot Certificates on certificate must be in the person’s the Basis of Foreign Pilot Licenses ‘‘personal possession’’ whenever that The FAA proposes to replace the person exercises the privileges of the reference ‘‘personal possession’’ with The FAA proposes several changes to certificate. The FAA’s intent is to have the requirement that a certificate be in § 61.75, regarding issuance of a U.S. pilots and instructors carry their the ‘‘person’s physical possession or pilot certificate on the basis of a foreign certificates on or near their person while readily available.’’ This way, a pilot pilot license. The FAA proposes to exercising the privileges of that certificate would be available when amend § 61.75 to require that when a certificate. requested by an authorized person. foreign pilot certificate is not in the A legal decision has demonstrated Additionally, a person who carries their English language, the person must that the current requirement can be pilot and medical certificates in their provide a signed English transcription interpreted in more than one manner. briefcase or in a purse aboard the of the license and its limitations from For example, ‘‘personal possession’’ was aircraft would still be in compliance the foreign government’s aviation interpreted to permit a pilot to exercise with the rule. However, this does not agency. An English-language the privileges of a pilot certificate while mean that person could state their pilot transcription would help avoid the certificate remained behind in the and medical certificates are located at incorrect issuance of a U.S. pilot 41172 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules certificate, letter of authorization, or license is required in order to exercise with the provisions contained in appropriate ratings through inaccurate the privileges of the U.S. private pilot proposed § 61.77. translations. This amendment would certificate. Finally, the proposal would Standardization of the ‘‘Age 60 also help to ensure that all requirements clarify that the pilot would not be Limitation’’ for Airmen Employed by of § 61.75 are met and there is no allowed to exercise the privileges on the Foreign Air Carriers in Scheduled endorsement on the certificate stating U.S. certificate if the foreign pilot International Air Services or Non- that the pilot has not met all of the license was revoked or suspended. Scheduled International Air Transport standards of the International Civil Under current § 61.75, FAA practice Operations Aviation Organization (ICAO) for that permits persons who cannot read, license. This proposal would require speak, write, and understand the The FAA proposes to clarify §§ 61.3 evidence of meeting medical standards English language to be issued a pilot and 61.77 relating to the ‘‘Age 60 on which foreign certificates are based certificate with certain limitations Limitation’’ with part 121. This and an English-language transcription of restricting operations in airspace proposal will cover all U.S. and foreign the foreign medical certificate. requiring the use of the English pilots, who are 60 years of age or older, The FAA also proposes to revise language. In accordance with this and who are employed by a foreign air § 61.75 to eliminate the issuance of proposal, the practice would be carrier that operates U.S.-registered civil commercial pilot certificates when discontinued and persons issued aircraft for compensation or hire in issuing U.S. pilot certificates on the certificates under this section would be scheduled international air services and non-scheduled international air basis of a foreign pilot license. Under required to be able to read, speak, write, transport operations. This proposal will the proposed amendment, the U.S. and understand the English language. make the rules of part 61 consistent would honor or accept a foreign-issued However, those persons who cannot with the standards contained in part pilot certificate for the issuance of a U.S. read, speak, write, and understand the 121. private pilot certificate only. This would English language and who have been replace the current practice of issuing a issued pilot certificates with limitations 17. Logging Flight Time private pilot certificate to the holder of that restrict operations in airspace a foreign private pilot license, and a The FAA proposes revisions in the requiring the use of the English logging of pilot flight time. The commercial pilot certificate to the language prior to the effective date of holder of a foreign commercial, senior proposals are contained in § 61.1a, this rule would be allowed to continue Clarification of terms, and in § 61.51, commercial, or ATP license. This to hold that certificate. If the person change would be mainly for clarification Pilot logbooks. seeks an additional rating or higher because current policy is to endorse the The FAA proposes these revisions level pilot certificate, then the certificate U.S. commercial pilot certificate as ‘‘not largely in response to public concern would not be issued unless the person valid for operations for compensation or regarding various aspects of the rules on is able to read, speak, write, and hire,’’ which effectively limits the logging flight time. Many of the understand the English language. certificate to private pilot privileges participants at the public hearings only. The proposed rule would delete The regulation currently requires encouraged the FAA to clarify the language specifically disallowing the evidence that the applicant meet the existing regulations. For example, some U.S. certificate to be used for medical standards for the foreign pilot recommended that the term ‘‘solo flight agricultural operations. However, license on which the application for a time’’ be deleted and that student pilots persons who have been issued U.S. certificate is based. This evidence be permitted to log ‘‘solo’’ time as PIC commercial pilot certificates on the may include a U.S. medical certificate. time. basis of their foreign pilot certificate The proposed rule would state Proposed § 61.1a would clarify that prior to the effective date of this rule specifically that the applicant must hold pilot time is any time a person operates would be allowed to continue to hold a current medical certificate, either as a required pilot, receives training that pilot certificate. However, if the issued under part 67, or issued by the from an authorized instructor, or gives person seeks an additional rating, then state that issued the foreign pilot training in an aircraft, flight simulator, the certificate would be reissued at the license. or flight training device. Flight time private pilot certificate level. Special Purpose Pilot Authorization would be clarified as pilot time that The FAA also proposes to revise commences when an aircraft moves § 61.75 to delete language that bases the The FAA proposes to revise the rules under its own power for the purpose of pilot privileges on those authorized by regarding the issuance of special flight and ends when the aircraft comes the foreign pilot license. Under the purpose pilot certificates for the to rest at the point of landing. The FAA proposal, the holder of a U.S. private operation of U.S.-registered civil proposes that in the case of a pilot certificate issued under § 61.75 airplanes leased by a person who is not nonpowered glider, flight time would would be permitted to act as a pilot of a U.S. citizen. The FAA proposes to begin when the nonpowered glider a U.S.-registered civil aircraft in replace the issuance of special purpose commences being towed for the purpose accordance with private pilot privileges pilot certificates with the issuance of of flight and would end when the authorized by part 61 that are placed on special purpose pilot authorizations that nonpowered glider comes to rest at the the U.S. certificate. This will clarify that will be issued by a Flight Standards destination. operating authority is derived from the District Office (FSDO). Persons who In § 61.1a, the FAA proposes to U.S. private pilot certificate issued, have been issued special purpose pilot describe cross-country time for three which contains the privileges and certificates, prior to effective date of this separate circumstances: For persons limitations. Any additional limitations rule, would continue to be allowed to who hold a private, commercial, or and restrictions (e.g., weight of aircraft) exercise the privileges of that certificate airline transport pilot certificate; for that are on the foreign pilot license are until the certificate expires. However, persons applying for a private or incorporated by reference onto the U.S. once the special purpose pilot certificate commercial pilot certificate or private pilot certificate. The proposed expires, the pilot would be required to instrument rating; and for military rule language would further clarify that surrender the certificate for a special pilots. For holders of private, personal possession of the foreign pilot purpose pilot authorization and comply commercial, or airline transport pilot Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41173 certificates, the criteria for cross-country and occupy a pilot station with for daytime operations. However, safety flight would include landing at a point functioning flight controls. To log PIC will be better served if the regulation other than the point of departure and time the certificated pilot receiving requires full-stop landings, at least for use of dead reckoning, pilotage, or flight training would have to be the purpose of meeting the requirements navigation aids to navigate. No qualified to conduct the flight in of proposed § 61.57, rather than minimum distance would be specified. accordance with the FAR; manipulate encouraging ‘‘touch-and-go’’ operations. However, for persons applying for a the controls of the aircraft; and be A landing is not completed until the private or commercial pilot certificate or undergoing a course of training for the airplane is stopped and off the runway. for an instrument rating, the point of issuance of a certificate or rating or As an example, crosswinds may cause a landing would be required to be more obtaining recency of experience wing to lift suddenly, or mistakes can be than 50 nautical miles from the point of requirements. In addition, the aircraft made during a hasty effort to ‘‘clean up’’ departure. For a military pilot who would have to have dual functioning the airplane (i.e., retract flaps, turn off holds or is qualified for a private or flight controls and engine controls that carburetor heat, etc.). commercial pilot certificate under could be reached from either pilot Additional language is proposed that § 61.73, cross-country time would be station. would require each takeoff and landing flight over a distance of more than 50 The proposal would not significantly to involve a flight in the traffic pattern nautical miles. However, the FAA alter the current requirements regarding at the recommended traffic pattern recognizes that military flight operations logging of instrument time. However, altitude for the airport. This language is may require pilots to navigate and fly the proposal would state that if a safety intended for pilots of helicopters and considerable distances without landing pilot is required, the name and pilot powered-lift aircraft, which could at a point other than the point of certificate number of the safety pilot takeoff and land in virtually one spot. departure. Therefore, proposed § 61.1a must be recorded and the location and However, the intent of the rule is that would not require that a landing occur kind of each completed instrument pilots perform a complete takeoff and at any point other than the departure approach. The current rule does not landing operation, including operating point. require the safety pilot’s certificate in the airport traffic pattern. Proposed § 61.51 would eliminate number. 19. Instrument Currency reference to ‘‘solo’’ time as a type of The proposal would specify the pilot experience or training equivalent information that should be recorded In addition, the FAA proposes to to PIC time. The proposal would permit regarding flight training toward a revise the requirements for instrument student pilot certificate holders to log certificate, rating, or flight review. This currency. Currently, § 61.57 sets the PIC time when they: are the sole would include a description of the minimum requirements for recent occupant of the aircraft; have a training given, the length of the lesson, instrument flight experience. For supervised PIC flight endorsement; and the instructor’s signature, certificate aircraft other than gliders, a pilot must are undergoing a course of training for number, and certificate expiration date. have logged at least 6 hours of a pilot certificate or rating or are logging The proposal would modify the instrument time under actual or PIC time toward a certificate or rating. current provision of § 61.51 that applies simulated IFR conditions, at least 3 of The description of solo flight time in to the requirement for presentation of which were in flight in the category of current § 61.51 would be eliminated the person’s logbook. The proposal aircraft involved, within the past 6 under the proposal. would list the other records a person calendar months. The pilot must also The proposal would specify that, must present, in addition to the logbook, have conducted at least six instrument except when a flight instructor gives upon the request of an authorized approaches in that time. A pilot who flight training, only one person at a time official. The other documents include does not meet the requirement of 6 may log PIC flight time. This provision the pilot certificate, medical certificate, hours and six approaches during the is intended to eliminate current or any other record required under part prescribed time or 6 months thereafter confusion, particularly regarding the 61. Both the current rule and proposed must pass an instrument proficiency current provision that permits any pilot rule refer to officials representing the test. to log PIC time when acting as PIC of an Administrator and the NTSB. However, The revision in instrument currency aircraft on which more than one pilot is the current rule also refers to a State or requirements proposed here for aircraft required under the regulations under local law enforcement officer; the other than gliders is based on a petition which the flight is conducted. proposal would expand this to include for rulemaking from Newton W. Miller, Instead, the proposal would state that any law enforcement officer. who advocates changing the the holder of a pilot certificate may log requirements to emphasize instrument PIC time only when that pilot: (1) Has 18. Recency of Experience Requirements approaches and reduce the number of the final authority and responsibility for The FAA proposes to modify a hours flown under simulated or actual the operation and safety of the flight; (2) number of the recency of experience instrument conditions to meet recency holds the appropriate ratings; (3) has requirements in § 61.57. of experience requirements. The been designated PIC before the flight; The current requirement for three petition, summarized in the Federal and (4) the PIC time occurred in actual takeoffs and three landings within the Register on October 25, 1984 (49 FR flight conditions and in an aircraft. preceding 90 days would be modified to 42943; Docket No. 24247), advocates Although the current regulation also allow night takeoffs and landings to also decreasing the required flight hours to 2 specifies that a flight instructor may log count for daytime currency. However, or 3 hours (including at least 1 hour in as PIC time all flight time during which the takeoffs and landings would have to the category of aircraft involved) and the person acts as a flight instructor, the be to a complete stop, whether increasing the number of required proposed rule would provide more accomplished during day or night or in approaches to 10 or 12. The petitioner detail regarding the conditions under an airplane with tailwheel landing gear argues that the 6 hours of simulated which this occurs. For example, the or tricycle landing gear. In retaining the instrument flight may be flown largely flight instructor would have to be current requirements, night operations in straight and level flight, which authorized to conduct the training; hold will involve knowledge, skill, and probably is relatively unchallenging to at least a third-class medical certificate; ability that are sufficient for currency most instrument-rated pilots and does 41174 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules not significantly contribute to privileges are sought, or in an approved 20. English Language Ability maintaining instrument proficiency. flight simulator or flight training device Requirements The petitioner also states that 6 hours is representative of the category of aircraft The FAA proposes to standardize an economic burden to many pilots and for which instrument privileges are English language fluency requirements encourages pilots ‘‘to fly while not sought. for all certificates and ratings and to legally current.’’ The petitioner states Instrument recency of experience in eliminate exceptions in certain rules that aircraft control combined with the gliders would change mainly in format that permit pilots to be certificated complex demands of following under the proposal. Pilots would be without meeting English language approach plates and communicating required to perform and log at least 3 fluency requirements, under certain with ATC are much more germane to hours of instrument time in actual restrictions. IFR proficiency. Therefore, the flight, of which at least one-half must The proposal to eliminate exceptions petitioner states, the number of required have been in a glider or single-engine to the English language requirements approaches should be increased. The airplane if the pilot does not carry would affect all pilot and flight petitioner states that 10 or 12 passengers. If the pilot does carry instructor applicants. This proposal approaches could be conducted in 2 passengers, the pilot must have would be addressed in each of the hours of flight time. performed and logged at least 3 hours of eligibility paragraphs of each pilot One comment was submitted in instrument time in a glider. certificate level and would require all response to that petition. In that The FAA also proposes to clarify the applicants to be able to read, speak, and comment, the Air Line Pilots requirements for an instrument Association (ALPA) stated that the understand the English language. Under proficiency test. Currently, the the proposal, the reference to operating present regulation does not ensure instrument proficiency test would be proficiency, because a pilot may take an limitations would be deleted, and all required for a person who has not met applicants would be required to meet instrument proficiency test and not fly the instrument recency requirements in instrument conditions for up to 6 the language requirements. A similar within the prescribed time or within 6 provision in current § 61.75, which months but still be legally current. calendar months after that time. The The petitioner raises an important provides for placement of limitations on FAA proposes to clarify this issue by issue in focusing on the quality of the a pilot certificate issued on the basis of amending § 61.57 to require that the test time spent in instrument flight, a foreign pilot license, also would be include a representative number of tasks especially simulated instrument flight, deleted. As with the pilot certificates required for original certification of an although the FAA disagrees that the and ratings, the applicant for a U.S. instrument rating. current regulation encourages pilots to pilot certificate, on the basis of a foreign disregard the FAR and fly illegally. The FAA issued an NPRM on April pilot license, would have to be able to Therefore, the FAA proposes to revise 11, 1994 (59 FR 17162) to waive the read, speak, write, and understand the the instrument recency of experience recency of experience requirements of English language. requirements. Under the proposal, to act § 61.57 for PICs of parts 121 and 135 The FAA has grown increasingly as PIC under IFR, or in weather operators. Specifically, that NPRM concerned that pilots’ inability to conditions less than the minimums proposed relief to PICs of parts 121 and sufficiently read, speak, and understand prescribed for VFR, within the 135 operators from having to comply English during radio communication preceding 6 calendar months for aircraft with the recency of experience and in dealing with air traffic control other than gliders, a pilot would be requirements, (i.e., general, night, and poses a serious safety hazard. The required to have performed and logged: instrument) of § 61.57. Parts 121 and exceptions referred to have not (1) At least six precision instrument 135 have recency of experience effectively kept such pilots out of approaches; (2) at least six nonprecision requirements that are at least equivalent airspace in which command of the instrument approaches, (3) holding to the recency of experience English language is essential, and for procedures; (4) intercepting and requirements of § 61.57, so duplication safety reasons, the FAA believes all tracking VOR radials and NDB bearings; of these requirements are unnecessary. pilots who operate in the National (5) recovery from unusual flight The final rule is scheduled for issuance Airspace System (NAS) should meet the attitudes; and (6) flight by reference to in 1994. English language requirements. Current instruments. However, these maneuvers The proposals in this NPRM would holders who cannot read, speak, write, and procedures would not be required extend the exception requirements for and understand the English language, to be performed in actual or simulated the general and night recency but have been issued pilot certificates instrument flight. No minimum number experience requirements of § 61.57 to with limitations that restrict operations of hours of simulated or actual PICs of part 125 operators, but not the in airspace requiring the use of the instrument flight time would be instrument recency experience English language prior to effective date specified. requirements. The FAA believes the of this rule would be allowed to Proposed § 61.1a would define an training programs and structured continue to hold that certificate. If the instrument approach as an approach operational controls placed on PICs in person seeks an additional rating or procedure defined in part 97 and part 125 operations are adequate in higher level pilot certificate, then the conducted to an established minimum ensuring that there will not be a certificate will not be issued unless the descent altitude (MDA) or decision degradation in safety. The FAA believes person is able to read, speak, write, and height (DH), or if necessary, to a higher that the redundant recency of understand the English language. altitude selected for safety reasons by experience requirements in part 125, in The proposal would eliminate, as ATC. Part 97 prescribes Standard addition to the structured training superfluous, current language in Instrument Approach Procedures (SIAP) programs and operational controls § 61.151 that requires applicants for the for instrument letdown to airports in the placed on PICs of part 125 operators ATP certificate to speak English without United States. more than adequately cover any safety accent or speech impediment that These proposed requirements could concerns provided by exempting these would interfere with two-way radio be met either in actual flight and in the PICs from the recency of experience conversation. The FAA believes that the category of aircraft for which instrument requirements of § 61.57. requirement to speak English means Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41175 speak well enough to participate clearly not and would not apply to pilots and flight proficiency, as set out in part and safely in radio communications. qualified as PIC or SIC under parts 121, 61 and the PTS. There is no requirement 125, or 135. In addition, pilots in part 61 for an applicant to complete 21. Flight Training Given by a Flight designated as SIC for the purpose of an FAA-approved ground and flight Instructor Not Certificated by the FAA receiving flight training required under training syllabus before obtaining a pilot Existing § 61.41, ‘‘Flight instruction § 61.55, where no passengers or cargo or instructor certificate or rating. received from flight instructors not are carried on the aircraft do not and Part 141 provides a specific method certificated by the FAA,’’ permits flight would not have to meet the training for meeting the part 61 requirements training received by a flight instructor requirements. Exceptions to the training through training programs conducted at who is not certificated by the FAA to be requirements would also continue to be approved schools that offer credited toward the requirements for a made for pilots holding a commercial standardized curricula and are U.S. pilot certificate or rating. However, pilot or ATP certificate in the case of monitored by the FAA to ensure quality the instructor is required to either be a: ferry flights, test flights, or evaluation training. Part 61 requires specific course (1) Member of an Armed Force of either flights, provided no persons or cargo structure and organization, detailed the United States or a foreign unnecessary for conducting the flight recordkeeping, increased contracting State to the Convention on are carried aboard the aircraft. standardization of training, and International Civil Aviation in a increased supervision of training. program for training military pilots; or 23. Knowledge Tests Testing standards are the same for pilots (2) flight instructor authorized to give As discussed in the section on trained at non-approved schools or by that flight training by the licensing Clarification of Terms, the FAA independent instructors. authority of a foreign contracting State proposes to use the term ‘‘knowledge Although many of the comments to the Convention on International Civil test’’ to replace the term ‘‘written test.’’ received in response to the Notice of Aviation and the flight training is given Knowledge tests will include tests Hearings and at the public hearings outside the United States. administered by computer, which supported consolidating parts 61 and Section 61.41 contradicts existing already are acceptable to the FAA; this 141, many commenters also wanted to § 61.3, which states that flight training term will update the FAR terminology maintain the current system of must be given by the holder of a flight to conform with the educational approving FAA pilot schools under part instructor certificate issued by the community. 141 and having schools and Administrator. The exceptions to this In addition, the FAA proposes to independent instructors operate under requirement do not include flight require that applicants for knowledge part 61 only. instructors who are not certificated by tests obtain a logbook endorsement from However, during the public hearings, the FAA. The absence of an exception an instructor in order to be eligible to many participants agreed that for these flight instructors has caused take a knowledge test. This will end the performing training under a standard confusion in relation to § 61.41. current practice in which applicants curriculum or syllabus may be Currently, the FAA permits flight request an FAA inspector from a FSDO beneficial. Nevertheless, they disagreed training received by a flight instructor to review and discuss their home study on whether the written training program who meets the requirements of § 61.41 materials as evidence that they have should be prepared by the FAA or to be credited toward the requirements completed a home study course. This developed by industry and approved by found in part 61. practice constitutes an unnecessary the FAA. Many recommended that The FAA proposes to revise § 61.3 to workload for the FAA and is a role more outlines be generated by the school and ensure that, under certain properly filled by ground or flight approved by the FAA. Some circumstances, the recipient of flight instructors. Home study would still be commenters noted that peculiarities of training from a flight instructor who is acceptable; the only change would be geographic area may not be included in not certificated by the FAA, may credit that an instructor’s endorsement would a syllabus generated by the FAA. that flight training toward the be required, but a review by the FAA Participants suggested that a general requirements in part 61. Such a would not. syllabus could be published in an privilege is granted in the existing The FAA proposes to continue advisory circular format as guidance. regulation but is subject to requiring an endorsement to take the Based on the public comments and its misinterpretation. knowledge test to dissuade applicants own study of the issue, the FAA from taking the test with inadequate believes that part 61 and part 141 22. Second-in-Command (SIC) Training preparation, again, to avoid undue should not be combined or and Recent Experience administrative burden. Many applicants consolidated. However, the FAA is The FAA proposes to clarify the taking and retaking the knowledge tests proposing that all training for pilot, familiarization review requirements might delay grading and response time, flight instructor, and ground instructor under § 61.55 for pilots serving as SIC which would be unfair to applicants certificates and ratings should be of an aircraft that requires more than who completed courses and prepared performed according to a written one pilot. Under the proposal, a person for the tests. syllabus. The intent of this proposal is serving as SIC would be required to to encourage all training to be have completed, within the previous 12 24. Standardized Syllabus conducted according to a more calendar months, a familiarization The Notice of Hearings (54 FR 22732; organized and standardized format. This review on specific subjects for the type May 25, 1989) invited public comment approach to training would give of aircraft in which privileges are on whether parts 61 and 141 should be students and trainees the benefit of requested. As with other issues in this consolidated into one regulation and more structured training programs, an proposal, the FAA seeks greater whether all training should be advantage that currently exists in structure and standardization. performed from a standardized training conducted under part 141 (or The proposed section would maintain curriculum. Under the current system, parts 121 and 135). The FAA believes current provisions providing exceptions pilot and flight instructor training is that many independent instructors and to the training requirements. For conducted to meet the criteria and pilot schools conducting training under example, the training requirements do requirements of aeronautical knowledge part 61 already understand this and use 41176 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules written syllabi although no regulatory training, windshear avoidance training, the FAA’s Small Airplane Directorate requirement exists. However, the FAA and special aircraft certification training and an action plan was developed. The would like to see this approach become for pilots. In addition, current plan included some possible the industry norm. endorsement requirements for complex airworthiness directives and The FAA proposes to establish a new and high performance airplanes would recommendations for improved pilot § 61.9 to require an instructor who be clarified under the proposal. training, policy revision, and provides training for an airman rulemaking. Both the review team and 26. Endorsement for Complex and High certificate or rating issued under part 61 Small Airplane Directorate concluded Performance Airplanes to use a written syllabus that includes there is a need to improve the education a summary of total training time; The FAA proposes to amend current and training of pilots in these high planned training time for each lesson; a § 61.31, which deals with high performance, complex airplanes. The detailed description of training to be performance and complex airplanes. FAA stated in the report that both the covered in each lesson; and the Under this proposed revision, complex aviation community and the FAA have aeronautical knowledge areas and and high performance airplane the responsibility for ensuring that approved areas of operation that apply endorsements would be discussed in pilots have the knowledge, skills, and to the airman certificate or rating. separate paragraphs of § 61.31. One abilities to operate these kinds of Because this requirement would apply endorsement would be required for a airplanes in normal, abnormal, and to training conducted under part 61, and pilot flying an airplane with retractable emergency situation. schools that conduct training under part landing gear, flaps, and a controllable In response to this Special 61 are not directly subject to FAA propeller (commonly referred to as a Certification Review of the Piper Malibu approval or certification, the instructor ‘‘complex airplane’’). A separate and Mirage, the FAA is proposing to would bear responsibility for ensuring endorsement would be required to amend § 61.31 by adding a new that all necessary areas of aeronautical operate a high performance airplane, paragraph that will require aircraft type knowledge and operation were covered which would be redefined from ‘‘more specific training and a flight instructor in the training program. The proposal than 200 hp’’ to ‘‘200 hp or more.’’ This endorsement for any aircraft that the also would require the instructor to give proposed requirement for separate Administrator has determined is a copy of the syllabus to the student at endorsements, one for complex necessary to ensure that pilots are the outset of the training and ensure that airplanes and one for high performance adequately trained in normal, abnormal, the student completed the syllabus airplanes, could be achieved and emergency situations on these kinds before the practical test. simultaneously in a complex airplane of of airplanes. The FAA believes that The FAA does not, at this time, 200 horsepower (hp) or more. pilots need this additional training to propose to require instructors to submit Before giving the endorsements possess the necessary knowledge, skills, the syllabi for FAA approval. This prescribed by § 61.31, the instructor and abilities to operate these kinds of would constitute a major administrative would be required to provide both high performance, complex airplanes. workload for the FAA and for ground and flight training in the The FAA proposes to require additional instructors. However, the instructor airplane to ensure the pilot is proficient training and a flight instructor would be required to maintain a copy of on the operation and systems of the endorsement for a person to serve as a the syllabus, make it available for FAA airplane. PIC of an aircraft that the Administrator inspection upon request, and provide In addition, § 61.31 currently requires has determined requires type specific each student with a record of the endorsements only for holders of private training. training accomplished. This proposal or commercial pilot certificates. The 28. Human Factors would revise § 61.189 to require each FAA proposes to extend this flight instructor to retain for 3 years a requirement to holders of ATP The FAA proposes to introduce copy of the syllabus for each person certificates because it is possible to earn human factor training requirements for trained by that instructor. Proposed the certificate in a low horsepower, non- all levels of pilot certification. The § 61.219 would include the same complex, single-engine airplane. training requirements would include aeronautical decision making (ADM) requirement for ground instructors. 27. Aircraft Type Specific Training The FAA does not intend for each and judgment training for pilots at all instructor to produce a personal In December 1991, the FAA issued a certificate levels. Although research on syllabus for each course of training, Special Certification Review Report on aeronautical human factors has been although there is nothing to preclude the Piper Malibu and Mirage airplanes. underway for many years, these such an effort should an instructor This review was a result of seven in- concepts represent relatively recent prefer to do that. Syllabi could be based flight structural breakups involving advances in training methodology. The on training courses published by Piper Malibu and Mirage airplanes. traditional approach to training is to manufacturers and training Although the review process did not focus on technical aspects of organizations. discover any major design deficiencies, aerodynamics, aircraft characteristics The FAA believes that the use of the special certification team that and systems, airspace, meteorology, and training syllabi would provide more reviewed the airplane did make regulations. The presumption is that the continuity in training conducted under approximately 60 recommendations flight crewmembers will integrate these part 61. This is particularly important concerning design improvements and subject areas to respond properly to the for students who change instructors in operational clarifications on the situations faced in actual flight the midst of a training program. airplane. conditions. The Special Certification Review team The intent of adding the benefits of 25. Training and Endorsements consisted of FAA engineers, inspectors, human factors training research to the The FAA proposes several initiatives and pilots who were tasked with pilot training regimen is to assist pilots to enhance pilot training and reviewing the certification process, in integrating available information and preparation. These efforts include service history, and operation of the arriving at correct decisions. Based on additional training and instructor Malibu and Mirage airplanes. The report this research, it is now feasible to endorsements that cover human factors issued on the airplanes was reviewed by systematically and explicitly study Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41177

ADM and judgment, rather than relying the target of such training is the non- stated that windshear is ‘‘an infrequent on pilots to adopt these practices instrument-rated private pilot who but highly significant hazard to aircraft intuitively or relying completely on either fails to obtain a complete weather landing or taking off,’’ 1 and their experience. Much of this research briefing or unexpectedly encounters recommended a series of measures to is based on accident investigations that poor weather but nevertheless is reduce windshear accidents. indicate that decision making processes inclined to continue a flight into As a result of the study and the contributed to or caused the accident. instrument meteorological conditions. Council’s recommendations, the FAA The FAA believes that pilots in the Aeronautical decision making and sponsored the development of a future will benefit from accident judgment training follow a three- comprehensive Windshear Training analysis and training methodologies pronged approach: Aid. Advisory Circular 00–54, ‘‘Pilot designed to overcome lapses in • Provide an analytical method for Windshear Guide,’’ constitutes one judgment. making decisions and evaluating risks. section of the two-volume Windshear • Address pilots’ hazardous attitudes 29. Aeronautical Decision Making and Training Aid and was issued on and substitute attitudes that promote November 25, 1988. In addition, the Judgment Training good judgment. • FAA has implemented and expanded The training manual ‘‘Aeronautical Address the need to overcome high ground and flight training requirements Decision Making for Student and Private stress, which reduces judgment and for flightcrew members employed in Pilots,’’ prepared by the AOPA Air decision-making abilities. parts 121 and 135 air carrier and Under the proposal, the requirement Safety Foundation for the FAA (Report commercial operations. In air carrier for ADM and judgment training would No. DOT/FAA/PM–86/41), divides pilot operations, the FAA pursues a ‘‘systems be placed under the knowledge activities into three basic categories. concept’’ that includes an improved requirements for all pilot certificate First are procedural activities, including low-altitude windshear weather levels and all instrument ratings in management of the powerplant, fuel, forecasting technique, ground-based proposed parts 61 and 141. The aviation navigation, communications, and other windshear detection equipment, community is directed to existing FAA- aspects of aircraft configuration. The airborne windshear detection sponsored guidance material as well as second category is perceptual and motor equipment, and improved pilot training. activities, including aircraft control, and additional educational materials The NRC report stressed, however, geographic orientation. The third available from other sources. that all classes of pilots should category is decision making activities. Furthermore, the FAA plans to issue an understand the windshear phenomenon, The training manual covers self advisory circular that will address the including general aviation pilots. The assessments of skill, knowledge, essential elements of ADM and report noted that general aviation pilots physical and psychological capabilities, judgment training that pertain to the usually are not as well trained as air hazard assessment, navigation planning, various certificate levels. transport pilots and that they rarely and flight priority assessment. The FAA 30. Windshear Avoidance have access to advanced training has determined that aeronautical simulators. According to the report, ‘‘the decision making is necessary, because The FAA believes that understanding windshear would enhance safety for most practical and immediate solution flying involves a continuous stream of appears to be an extensive education decisions about the crew, aircraft, general aviation pilots and, therefore, proposes to require ground training on program to warn general aviation pilots environment, and operation. These of the hazards associated with low- decisions include pre-flight, ‘‘go/no-go’’ windshear for all pilot certificate levels altitude windshear and to teach both decisions, and in-flight decisions, which and the instrument rating. This proposal avoidance and escape procedures.’’ 2 In are designed to neutralize (by is based on the increased information the report, NRC stated that the risk eliminating or reducing) risks in flight. available on windshear and industry Of the three pilot activity categories, expert opinion obtained through the posed by windshear can be reduced FAA Pilot and Flight Instructor JTA, in ‘‘very soon by an education campaign decision making accounted for 51.6 3 percent of fatal accidents in an analysis which windshear is listed as a critical directed at all classes of pilots.’’ The of data for a 5-year period, according to area of pilot knowledge. lack of awareness regarding the AOPA manual. The objective of the The proposal would add a knowledge windshear—including the origins, manual, and aeronautical decision requirement on windshear avoidance to nature, and potential hazards of making (ADM) and judgment training in the current requirements on recognition downbursts and wind variability—was general, is to teach pilots to avoid of critical weather situations and the found to be most acute within the situations that require luck or skill proposed aeronautical knowledge areas general aviation community because of beyond their capabilities, and to reduce for an instrument rating, a recreational, the diverse pilot skill and training the level of judgment-related accidents. private, commercial, and an ATP levels. The report also stressed the need With a solid base of conventional certificate. In the commercial pilot for standardized terminology for pilot- skills and knowledge, aeronautical requirements of § 61.125, ‘‘airplanes,’’ controller transmissions on windshear decision making and judgment training the windshear knowledge requirement conditions and reports. can provide a structured approach to would be added as part of a new NTSB statistics indicate that general pilot reaction to event changes in flight. meteorology knowledge requirement aviation has an average of 16 windshear- This training can be especially valuable because this paragraph, unlike the related accidents per year based on to pilots with less experience to help paragraphs relating to rotorcraft, gliders, figures for 1979 through 1988. Those 16 confront the unexpected. These ‘‘event airships, and balloons, currently does accidents, including 1.3 fatal accidents, changes,’’ in addition to preflight not mention meteorology or weather as have resulted in an average of 3.8 decisions, may include mechanical a knowledge requirement. The aviation fatalities and 4.4 serious injuries related problems, new instructions from Air industry’s awareness of the importance 1 United States. National Research Council. Low- Traffic Control, or unexpected weather. of the windshear phenomenon and its Altitude Wind Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation. These changes call for decisions in understanding of the problem has Washington: National Academy Press, 1983. Page 1. which poor judgment may entail a high increased markedly in recent years. A 2 Ibid., p. 1. degree of risk. A common example of National Research Council (NRC) study 3 Ibid., p. iii. 41178 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules to windshear per year. However, the avoiding severe weather and escaping instructor, and 5 hours of supervised NRC report noted that low-altitude severe weather, in case of inadvertent PIC flight time. The student pilot and windshear may have been a factor in encounters, including low-altitude flight instructor may need to tailor the additional accidents that were described windshear (§§ 121.404 and 121.419). training to require 35 hours of flight as weather-caused or weather-related. Flight training in windshear avoidance training time from an authorized flight According to the report, ‘‘The rarity and maneuvers and procedures also is instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC lack of a reliable statistical data base on required by §§ 121.424 and 121.427. flight time. windshear-related accidents, shear Pilots working in part 135 (air taxi and Under proposed § 61.113, ‘‘Airship encounters, or even the frequency of commercial operators) operations are rating: Aeronautical experience,’’ the occurrence of potentially hazardous required to receive sufficient ground requirement for 5 hours of PIC flight wind shears does not diminish the training in meteorology to ensure a training while under the supervision of importance or severity of the safety practical knowledge of weather an authorized flight instructor is not problem. The potentially catastrophic phenomena, including the principals of intended to mean the instructor must be consequences of an encounter during frontal systems, icing, fog, present in the aircraft. For example, if takeoff or approach and landing require thunderstorms, windshear, and, if the airship required a SIC, the SIC could that wind shear always be taken into appropriate, high altitude weather be a qualified pilot who was not account as a primary safety situations (§ 135.345). As previously necessarily an instructor, as long as the consideration when weather conditions mentioned, the prescribed knowledge in flight instructor provided flight are such that strong wind shears may be § 61.153 regarding weather for ATP supervision. present. The widespread lack of candidates does not specifically state Finally, the proposed aeronautical appreciation among pilots, traffic windshear avoidance training. experience requirements would place controllers, and aircraft operations Therefore, the FAA, to avoid any greater emphasis on experience in personnel of the seriousness of the misunderstanding, proposes to add a category and class of aircraft. possible safety hazards has exacerbated knowledge requirement on windshear 32. Instrument Rating the problem.’’ 4 avoidance to § 61.153. Currently, FAA written examination The FAA proposes several significant questions on windshear are primarily 31. Aeronautical Experience changes in the requirements to obtain an limited to weather theory questions Requirements instrument rating. The FAA proposes to focusing on the definition of windshear The FAA proposes to revise the eliminate the requirement for a and the effect of windshears on aircraft minimum flight training hours of minimum of 125 hours of total flight during final approach. This proposal aeronautical experience and minimum time experience before a person may would broaden windshear training to solo flight hours of aeronautical apply for an instrument rating. The FAA include at least the following elements: experience that are required for the believes that this requirement should be Windshear weather, particularly recreational and private pilot certificates eliminated to encourage more pilots to microbursts, and clues that indicate its and ratings under parts 61 and 141. seek an instrument rating. This parallels presence; effects of windshear on Additional flexibility, under certain current ICAO standards, which do not aircraft; windshear recognition from the conditions, is proposed for pilot schools prescribe minimum pilot flight cockpit and avoidance techniques; operating under part 141. experience as a prerequisite for an necessary precautions and standard Under parts 61 and 141, the FAA instrument rating. The FAA believes operating techniques when windshear is proposes to revise the amounts of that safety benefits were realized when suspected; and recovery techniques to required dual and solo hours for the the requirement was reduced to 125 be used in inadvertent windshear recreational and private pilot certificates hours and that allowing pilots to encounters. and ratings. In part, this is based on become eligible for the instrument Several sources of information are information from the Sierra Academy of rating as soon as possible will produce available for this proposed ground Aeronautics, a part 141 pilot school. In further benefits. The proposal would training requirement, and if the addition, the FAA believes that solo also delete the requirement for the proposal is adopted, the FAA plans to flight time is often not used minimum of 50 hours of cross-country issue a new advisory circular addressing constructively in training programs. flight time to more closely align the avoidance for general aviation. In Therefore, the FAA is proposing to instrument rating eligibility Advisory Circular 00–54, the FAA permit the instructor and student to requirements with ICAO standards. stresses the need to learn to recognize tailor the dual and solo training time In 1985, the FAA issued Amendment signs of windshear and avoid requirements toward the individual No. 61–75 (50 FR 19290: May 7, 1985) encountering the condition. Other student’s needs. For example, a student which reduced the total flight reference material, such as AC 61–23B, who is seeking a private pilot certificate, experience requirements for the ‘‘Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical and who has previous aviation issuance of an instrument rating. At that Knowledge,’’ and AC 00–6A, ‘‘Aviation experience and takes readily to the time, the FAA stated that the Weather,’’ have basic discussions of training may be able to complete amendment was in response to windshear. training for a private pilot certificate recognized current training technology Although part 61 currently does not with only the minimum 40 hours of and that the FAA supported the concept specifically require windshear flight time that includes at least 20 of training to prescribed standards for avoidance training for the ATP hours of flight training time from an an instrument rating. The FAA stated in certificate, part 121 contains windshear authorized flight instructor and 20 the amendment that it recognized many requirements for air carrier flight hours of supervised PIC flight time. pilots delay starting instrument training crewmembers. Beginning January 1, However, a student pilot who does not until they have accumulated 150 to 160 1991, part 121 air carrier flight have previous aviation experience or hours of flight time. The FAA estimated crewmembers were required to receive who trains infrequently may need more that it would take a pilot 3 to 4 years ground training in recognizing and time than the minimum 40 hours of to accumulate 150 to 160 hours of flight flight time, 20 hours of flight training time. During the development of 4 Ibid’s, p. 130. time from an authorized flight Amendment No. 61–75, the FAA Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41179 conducted a training experiment to flight simulator or flight training device (the practical test would vary between examine the relationship of pilot and 15 hours of instrument flight single-engine and multiengine), experience, as defined by total flight training in the aircraft for an instrument helicopter class, airship class, and time, to the acquisition of instrument rating. powered-lift category. skills. The results of that experiment Proposed § 61.65 also would state that Applicants for the instrument rating concluded that the: (1) Amount of prior a person who completes an instrument would be required to present flight time had no effect on the rating practical test for a multiengine endorsements for the knowledge and acquisitions and demonstration of airplane, while holding a single-engine practical tests as well as pass the instrument flight skills within the pre- airplane class rating would be required knowledge test. The required instrument flight experience ranges considered to have met the single- areas of aeronautical knowledge would examined in connection with the engine airplane instrument rating remain similar to the currently required experiment; and (2) reduction of the requirements. The currently required areas of ground instruction, including former required total flight experience, flight instruction and skill would be applicable FAR, the ‘‘Airman’s prior to the issuance of Amendment No. addressed under proposed areas of Information Manual,’’ the air traffic 61–75, for an instrument rating to a operation. A significant proposed control system, IFR navigation and lower total flight experience encouraged change for airplanes is that proposed approaches, IFR en route and approach pilots to obtain their instrument ratings. § 61.65 would add a requirement that procedure charts, aeronautical decision In light of the ever increasing complex the 250-nautical mile (nm) IFR cross- making and judgment, weather, and NAS that pilots are required to operate country flight contain one route greater windshear avoidance. than 100 nm between airports, and that in, it should encourage pilots to start 33. Recreational Pilot Certificate their instrument training as soon as this cross-country flight include an possible. instrument approach at each airport. The FAA proposes to revise the In Amendment No. 61–75, the FAA However, the proposal would delete the eligibility requirements for the cited a 1981 study conducted by Walton language in the current rule that recreational pilot certificate as follows: Graham, ‘‘A Study of General Aviation requires the cross-country flight to be in (1) must be able to read, speak, write, Safety,’’ part II, Volume 1, prepared for ‘‘simulated or actual IFR conditions.’’ and understand the English language, Trans Urban East Organization, New The FAA intends that the flight be with no provisions or limitations to the York, by Questek, Inc., November 1981. conducted under instrument flight rules contrary; and (2) would not be required In that study, the FAA noted the but not necessarily under actual or to hold a medical certificate. In following accident rates: simulated instrument conditions. An addition, an applicant would have to instrument approach would be required affix a signed and dated statement to the Fatal/Serious Accident Rates, IFR Rated at each airport, and approaches using application certifying they do not have Pilots Compared to Non-IFR Rated Pilots VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation any known medical limitations that Flight Under IFR aids would be required during the flight. prevent the person from operating the Conditions By: Similarly, for the instrument rating- aircraft for the aircraft category and Non-IFR Rated 1 Acc./1,449 hours helicopter, the cross-country class rating sought. Plt. requirement would be 100 nm under The FAA is proposing to allow IFR Rated Plt ..... 1 Acc./12,186 hours holders of recreational pilot certificates Flight Under VFR IFR but not necessarily simulated or Conditions By: actual instrument conditions. The and holders of a higher pilot certificate Non-IFR Rated 1 Acc./61,900 hours proposal would add the requirement who elect to only exercise the privileges Plt. that one of the routes be greater than 50 of a recreational pilot certificate to IFR Rated Plt ..... 1 Acc./94,819 hours nm between airports, and that an operate without holding medical The FAA stated the statistics in that instrument approach be conducted at certificates. This action is responsive to study supported the need for each airport on the route. the EAA petition and the interests of the Amendment No. 61–75. As in the case The requirements of the proposed general aviation community, as of Amendment No. 61–75, the FAA areas of operation would be very similar discussed earlier. The FAA is requesting believes this proposal will encourage to the current requirements, although in comments on this proposal and the non instrument-rated pilots to seek certain cases they would be more accompanying proposed changes to instrument training at an earlier stage in general. For example, the requirement § 61.53. For more details see the section- their aviation training, and will result that the applicant be endorsed as having by-section analysis for § 61.53. in: been trained and found competent in The FAA proposes to revise the (1) A higher level of safety and instrument approaches to published aeronautical experience requirements competency in coping with minimums using VOR, ADF, and ILS for a recreational pilot certificate by sophisticated aircraft equipment, systems would be replaced with a requiring an applicant to accomplish navigation aids, and communication requirement that the applicant receive and log at least 30 hours of flight time systems; and log training in instrument approach that includes at least 15 hours of flight (2) The restructuring of flying courses procedures. This would permit the PTS training time from an authorized flight under parts 61 and 141 to provide to specify, as required, other types of instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC supervised instrument flight rule approach procedures appropriate to the flight time. The purpose for this experience during the training IFR environment. proposal is to respond to comments curriculum; and The instrument rating areas of heard during the public hearings to (3) The encouragement of continued operation are listed separately by allow the student and the flight training to meet both the currency and aircraft. Although this causes some instructor to tailor the required training higher certification levels. redundancy, it is similar to the to individual student needs. The proposal would continue to organization of the current regulation, For example, a student who has require at least 40 hours of simulated or and is intended to assist users by previous aviation experience and takes actual instrument flight training, which eliminating or minimizing cross- readily to the training may be able to may include 20 hours in an approved referencing. The proposed rule contains complete training for a recreational pilot areas of operation for airplane category certificate with only the minimum 30 41180 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules hours of flight time that includes at least student’s logbook is ambiguous. night flying limitation. If the person 15 hours of flight training time from an Incidents have occurred where a student seeks an additional rating or higher pilot authorized flight instructor and 15 has departed on a cross-country flight certificate level, the person would be hours of supervised PIC flight time. without adhering to limitations in the required to comply with the night flying However, a student pilot who does not student’s logbook. Also, the dispatching requirements that are appropriate to the have previous aviation experience or flight instructor may not be the pilot certificate level. who trains infrequently may need more student’s principal instructor and may 37. Private Pilot Limitations time than the minimum 30 hours of not be familiar with the student’s flight time, 15 hours of flight training personal limitations. The proposal The FAA proposes several significant time from an authorized flight would permit the principal instructor to changes to the current § 61.118 instructor, and 3 hours of supervised list limitations considered necessary for [proposed § 61.113], ‘‘Private pilot PIC flight time. The student pilot and the safety of flight (e.g., weather privileges and limitations: Pilot in flight instructor may need to tailor the minimums, maximum crosswind command.’’ training to require 27 hours of flight components, time frames for departure Under the current regulation, a training time from an authorized flight and completion) that would have to be private pilot may serve the public in instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC met before a student could depart on a humanitarian-type missions, if the pilot flight time. cross-country flight. is not compensated. The FAA has The FAA proposes to revise the This proposal also would require a granted exemptions to public service privileges and limitation requirement revision of the language in § 61.195 on organizations to permit reasonable for a recreational pilot certificate by flight instructor authorizations to be reimbursement to volunteer private allowing a recreational pilot to act as compatible with language proposed in pilots for expenses incurred for serving PIC of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds § 61.93. the public in such flights. The FAA proposes to permit private pilots to be 50 nautical miles from the departure 36. Night Flight Training airport, without receiving training for a reimbursed for aircraft operating private pilot certificate. However, the The FAA proposes to clarify and expenses (i.e., fuel, oil, and airport pilot would be required to receive the modify night flight training expenditures) incurred while serving proposed training and an endorsement requirements for private pilot and the public in certain public to conduct a flight that exceeds 50 commercial pilot applicants. The FAA humanitarian missions (i.e., Civil Air nautical miles. proposes to require night operations as Patrol, Sheriff Department, etc.). These proposed revisions will an area of operation for airplanes, Under the proposal, search and improve interest in the recreational pilot powered-lift, and rotorcraft ratings. location activity would be permitted certificate and will encourage more An exception would be permitted for when the activity is under the direction people to seek pilot certification. pilots whose training and certification and control of local, state, and federal occurs in geographic latitudes where law enforcement agencies. The FAA 34. Preflight Planning there is no nighttime for extended believes that skilled private pilots are a The FAA proposes to revise the periods. In the United States, this only valuable resource to enforcement aeronautical knowledge areas for a applies to persons who receive their agencies conducting search and location recreational or private pilot certificate to training in Alaska. The proposed rule missions and that this resource should reflect the requirements for preflight would permit a 1-year exception for be available under controlled action found in § 91.103. these pilots. Within 1 year after conditions. The proposal is intended to The current aeronautical knowledge receiving their certificate with a night permit private pilots to conduct requirements for the private pilot flying limitation, pilots would be searches in conjunction with search and certificate applicant with an airplane or required to obtain the minimum 3 hours location operations. The FAA considers rotorcraft category rating include VFR of night flight training and have the a search and location operation as a navigation, using pilotage, dead restriction removed. flight or series of flights authorized by reckoning, and radio aids. These Another exception would be proposed and under the direction and control of requirements have been interpreted to for persons with medical restrictions local, state, or federal law enforcement include the preflight action items in against night flight, because of vision agencies for the purpose of searching for § 91.103. The proposal to add the items problems. Persons in this group would lost or injured persons and found in § 91.103 to the proposed be permitted to carry the night flight communicating the location of these aeronautical knowledge areas would limitation on their certificates persons to the appropriate authorities. avoid any misinterpretation of the indefinitely. The proposal is intended to include a applicant’s aeronautical knowledge This proposal would require more pilot and the minimum essential requirements. pilots to gain exposure to night flight. number of persons required to perform Experience shows that, even if pilots observation, map reading, and 35. Limitations on Cross-Country have no intention of flying at night, communication duties. For example, Endorsements situations arise in which they might under the proposal, a private pilot could The FAA proposes to revise § 61.93 to encounter delays and be tempted to act as PIC of an aircraft carrying fire clarify the cross-country flight complete a trip after dark. It is critical fighters searching for a fire. This requirements for students and for pilots to understand how different proposed paragraph would not permit a recreational pilots seeking a private night operations are from daytime private pilot to transport fire fighters pilot certificate. Under the proposal, the operations and to understand their from one location to another. In limitations placed in the student’s personal limitations. addition, the proposal is not intended to logbook for a supervised PIC cross- However, a person who has been involve private pilots in the country flight would have to be met at issued a pilot certificate without transportation of emergency response the time of the student’s departure. meeting the night flying requirements of personnel and victims. The existing rule, which requires that this proposal, prior to effective date of The FAA also proposes to clarify how each supervised PIC cross-country flight this rule, would be allowed to continue a private pilot may share expenses with be subject to conditions listed in the to hold that pilot certificate with the passengers. Under the current rules, a Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41181 private pilot may only share the the person to have made and logged at be allowed to continue to hold their operating expenses of a flight with least three flights as sole manipulator of certificates. However, if a person seeks passengers. The FAA proposes to the controls of an aircraft towing a an additional rating or higher level pilot specify that these operating expenses be glider while accompanied by a qualified certificate, then the certificate will not restricted to fuel, oil, and airport pilot. Under this proposal, the second be issued unless the person is able to parking expenditures only, and that alternative in § 61.69, would be read, speak, write, and understand the these expenses be shared equally removed. This alternative allows for the English language. between the pilot and the passengers. person to have made at least three 40. Use of Turbojet Airplanes for The FAA also proposes to clarify the flights as sole manipulator of the Commercial Pilot Certification provisions permitting private pilots to controls of an aircraft simulating glider conduct flight operations for charitable towing flight procedures and at least The FAA proposes to revise § 61.129, events. Under the proposal, the three flights as pilot or observer in a the aeronautical experience regulation would specify that, if a glider being towed by an aircraft. The requirements for a commercial pilot private pilot functioned as a PIC of an FAA believes that safety will be better certificate with an airplane category aircraft for a passenger-carrying airlift served if a person’s first experience rating, to permit the use of turbine sponsored by a charitable organization, actually towing a glider occurs while powered airplanes. The existing rule the sponsor of the airlift would have to that person is accompanied by a requires a minimum of 10 hours of flight provide a signed letter with information qualified pilot, rather than flying solo, training and practice given by an on the event, and a photocopy of the as may be the case currently. authorized instructor in operations in pilot’s pilot certificate, medical airplanes with retractable landing gear, certificate, and logbook entries showing 39. Eligibility for Commercial Pilot flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller. compliance with recency of experience Certificate However, some commercial pilot requirements and the 200-hour The FAA proposes changes to current applicants may wish to complete their minimum total experience requirement. § 61.123, ‘‘Eligibility requirements: training in turbine-powered airplanes, Other aspects of the provisions for General’’ and § 61.129, ‘‘Airplane rating: and some military pilots may not have private pilots’ operations in charitable Aeronautical experience.’’ Section demonstrated procedures pertaining to events would remain largely the same. 61.123 currently requires applicants for the use of a controllable pitch propeller. Aircraft maintenance would be required the commercial pilot certificate with an Because a turbine-powered airplane to be in accordance with subpart E of airplane category rating either to have a does not necessarily have a propeller, part 91, although the specific reference private pilot certificate or to have training and demonstration of flight in current rule to a required 100-hour passed the private pilot written and proficiency in such an airplane does not inspection and compliance with practical tests. Under this proposal, satisfy existing requirements. However, § 91.409 would be deleted. § 61.123 would list the private pilot a turbine-powered airplane clearly Nevertheless, those requirements are certificate as a prerequisite for meets the regulatory intent of requiring applicable and would continue under commercial pilot certificate applicants an applicant to demonstrate proficiency the proposal. In addition, reference to for all aircraft categories. This would, in in a relatively complex airplane. specific U.S. Department of Treasury effect, require applicants to take the As proposed, an applicant could documents would be replaced with a private and commercial practical tests perform the 10 hours of flight training more general requirement that the separately, so that applicants actually and practice given by an authorized charitable organization be identified as have a private pilot certificate when instructor in either a turbine powered such by the Department of the Treasury. they apply for the commercial pilot airplane or an airplane with retractable Under this proposal, specific certificate. landing gear, flaps, and a controllable reference to private pilots engaged in The proposed change is not intended pitch propeller. The 10 hours of flight aircraft sales would be deleted. The to require that the private pilot training and practice could also be met existing rule states that a private pilot, certificate necessarily be in the same with a combination of hours in the two who is an aircraft salesman and who has category and class of aircraft for which airplanes. logged at least 200 hours of flight time, the applicant seeks a commercial pilot Existing § 61.127, which requires is permitted to demonstrate an aircraft certificate. demonstration of flight proficiency in an in flight to a prospective buyer. This The other proposed changes to airplane equipped with a retractable proposed revision does not eliminate eligibility requirements for commercial landing gear, flaps, and controllable this private pilot privilege, however, pilot certificate applicants would affect propeller(s), would be revised to because it is covered in the proposed English language ability; applicants include turbine-powered airplanes. § 61.113(b). would be required to read, speak, write, Finally, a new provision would be and understand the English language, 41. Commercial Pilot Experience—Cross added to clarify that a private pilot who and no exceptions would be made. In Country Training Flight meets the requirements of § 61.69 may addition, a third-class medical The FAA proposes to establish two act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider certificate, rather than a second-class new cross-country flight training and log that flight time. This is medical certificate, would be required. requirements for commercial pilot consistent with current and proposed Proposed § 61.23 would require, as is certificate applicants for airplane, § 61.69. currently the case, that a person hold at helicopter, gyroplane, airship, and least a second-class medical certificate powered-lift ratings: a daytime VFR 38. Glider Towing to exercise the privileges of a cross-country flight and a nighttime Section 61.69, ‘‘Glider towing: commercial pilot certificate. VFR cross-country flight. Both flights Experience and instruction Current holders who cannot read, would have to be in the same category requirements,’’ currently provides two speak, write, and understand the and class of aircraft for which the means for a person to qualify as a PIC English language, but have been issued commercial pilot certificate was sought. of an aircraft towing a glider. The pilot certificates with limitations that The FAA proposes these additional proposed rule would retain the first restrict operations in airspace requiring cross-country requirements because alternative in § 61.69, which requires the use of the English language, would current training requirements appear 41182 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules inadequate and are outdated. The intent the age minimum) before taking the The areas of operation contained in of the proposals is to increase written, or knowledge, test. Thus, in this the rules are written in general terms to applicants’ exposure to the demands NPRM, it would not be necessary to align it with the standards for practical and pressures of cross-country meet any of the eligibility requirements tests. The FAA believes this will permit navigation under both day and night to take the knowledge test, but the flexibility in the test and reflect current conditions, in increasingly complex eligibility requirements would apply to needs of the NAS environment in which airspace conditions, and at commercial a person seeking to take the practical the holder of the ATP certificate would pilot level standards. The FAA believes test. However, an applicant would have operate. Applicants would prepare for that this additional experience under to be at least 23 years old to take the the test, in part, by referring to the flight instructor supervision will help practical test; the FAA proposes to appropriate practical test standards. As produce better trained commercial pilot delete the exception to this requirement an example, the areas of operation applicants. currently found in § 61.39. This revision include preflight preparation and procedures; inflight procedures; 42. ATP Requirements proposes that an applicant meet the 23 year old age requirement to be eligible instrument procedures; takeoff and The FAA proposes several changes in to take the practical test for an ATP departure; landings; normal, abnormal, the eligibility requirements for the ATP certificate. and emergency procedures; and certificate. The English language The FAA also proposes to clarify, postflight procedures. capability requirement would be reorganize, and update the aeronautical Under the proposal, aeronautical simplified and standardized with other knowledge areas covered under experience requirements would be certificate levels. The reference in § 61.153. Whereas airplane and reorganized for clarity and easier current § 61.151 to accent or speech rotorcraft aeronautical knowledge reference. The proposal would not impediment that would interfere with currently is covered under separate change the specific hour requirements. two-way radio conversation would be sections that are cross-referenced, the Powered-lift requirements would be deleted. At least a third-class medical proposal would list a single set of patterned on the airplane requirements. certificate, rather than a first-class required aeronautical knowledge areas. However, for powered-lift, no provision medical certificate, would be required The current reference to ‘‘air navigation is contained in the proposed rule for for the certificate (although a first-class facilities on Federal airways such as flight engineer time to be credited medical certificate still would be toward the required 1,500 hours of total rotating beacons, course lights, and required to exercise the privileges of the time as a pilot. The reasons that radio ranges’’ would be deleted. Other certificate). In addition, the current provisions for flight engineer time is not items, such as flight crew physiological requirement in § 61.151 for a high being allowed for the powered-lift rating factors and aeronautical decision school education or equivalent would is because to date, the existing powered- making, judgment, and windshear be deleted. The FAA believes that lifts under development are not avoidance would be added. because of the higher levels of education designed with a flight engineer station. typically attained by ATP certificate Aeronautical skill areas currently In proposed § 61.157, ‘‘Aeronautical applicants, this is now an obsolete addressed in §§ 61.157 (airplane rating) experience: Airplane category rating,’’ requirement. and 61.163 (rotorcraft) would be SIC time acquired in an airplane with a The provision in current § 61.157 addressed in proposed § 61.155, ‘‘Flight flight manual or type certificate that permitting ATP certificate applicants to proficiency.’’ This proposed section requires more than one pilot would still obtain an instrument rating in contains a single set of areas of count toward meeting the pilot time conjunction with the ATP certificate is operation for the single-engine airplane, experience requirements. All SIC time obsolete. Therefore, the FAA proposes multiengine airplane, helicopter, and in an airplane for a part 121 or 135 to require in § 61.151 that an applicant powered-lift ATP ratings. certificate holder for which a SIC was for an ATP certificate either must hold The practical test for the ATP required also would be counted. a commercial pilot certificate and certificate-airplane, rotorcraft, or The FAA proposes to delete the instrument rating that applies to the powered-lift—would be based on the provision that requires a pilot who seeks category and class of aircraft for which approved areas of operation listed in an airline transport pilot certificate in a the ATP certificate is sought or, if a U.S. proposed § 61.155. small helicopter to obtain a helicopter military pilot, meet the requirements of To apply for a practical test for an type rating. The FAA believes that small § 61.73 for a commercial pilot certificate ATP certificate, a person must meet the helicopters should not be treated and instrument rating. An applicant eligibility requirements for the differently than the other small aircraft. who holds a foreign pilot license would certificate, as well as meet the Historically, the FAA policy on be required, under the proposal, to hold aeronautical knowledge and experience requiring a pilot who seeks an airline either a foreign ATP certificate or requirements. transport pilot certificate in a small commercial pilot license and instrument An applicant who is seeking a type helicopter to obtain a helicopter type rating with the appropriate aircraft rating on an ATP certificate or adding a rating was based on the operating category and class rating. Currently, it is type rating to a ATP certificate would be requirements of part 127, ‘‘Certification rare for an ATP applicant to lack an required to receive and log ground and of Operations of Scheduled Air Carriers instrument rating, and in the current flight training on the approved areas of with Helicopters.’’ Specifically, NAS an instrument rating is, for operation and receive a logbook § 127.173(a) is the rule the FAA based practical purposes, a prerequisite for the endorsement that the training was its determination on requiring a pilot ATP certificate. completed, except in the case of an who seeks an airline transport pilot Under the proposal, applicants under employee of a part 121 or 135 certificate certificate in a small helicopter to obtain 23 years of age could continue to take holder. In that case, the employee a helicopter type rating. Upon a closer the knowledge test for the ATP would be permitted to present a training reading of existing § 61.5(b)(5)(iii), certificate. The proposal would record that shows satisfactory however, it is stated that ratings are eliminate the current provision in completion of the certificate holder’s issued under this part for, ‘‘Small § 61.153 that requires applicants to meet approved PIC training program for the helicopters for operations requiring an the eligibility requirements (other than aircraft type rating sought. airline transport pilot certificate.’’ Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41183

Currently, part 127 is not active, and months immediately preceding the date 45. Flight Instructor Renewal there are not any part 127 scheduled air the training is given to a flight instructor Requirements carriers with helicopters. The FAA has candidate. This current rule may be read determined that it is not necessary for to mean that a person who had been The FAA proposes to modify a person who seeks an airline transport active as a flight instructor for 2 years procedures for renewal of the flight pilot certificate in a small helicopter to or more, but then became inactive as a instructor certificate. Under the obtain a helicopter type rating. The flight instructor, might be excluded proposal, § 61.197 would be revised to continuation of this past policy places from giving flight training to flight clarify current requirements. an additional restriction on small instructor candidates upon resuming The current regulation requires flight helicopters that is not required of other flight training activity. instructors to pass the practical test for small aircraft and can no longer be The FAA does not interpret § 61.187 a flight instructor certificate and the in this manner, particularly when it is justified. Therefore, the FAA proposes rating involved, or portions of that test read in conjunction with § 61.19. To to treat the type rating requirements for as determined by the FAA, or to renew helicopters as it currently does for the clarify this issue, the proposed change their certificates through several other other aircraft, which only requires a would eliminate the words methods. Similarly, the proposal would type rating if the aircraft is a large ‘‘immediately preceding.’’ This proposal aircraft (other than lighter-than-air), would clarify that the 24 months of state that a person who holds an turbojet-powered airplanes, or other experience are cumulative time and unexpired flight instructor certificate aircraft type ratings specified by the need not be accumulated consecutively would be permitted to renew that Administrator through the aircraft type and immediately preceding the giving of certificate for an additional 24 calendar certification procedures. training to flight instructor candidates. months by passing a practical test for However, an instructor who otherwise renewal of that certificate. The proposal 43. Pilot in Command Hour meets the 24-month and 200-hour would add that passing a practical test Requirement for Initial Flight Instructor experience criteria would need to have for an additional flight instructor rating Applicants their flight instructor certificate also would be acceptable for renewal of The FAA proposes to require an reinstated before giving such flight the expiring flight instructor certificate. applicant for a flight instructor training. Current § 61.197 also states that flight certificate to have logged at least 15 A further proposed change to this rule instructors may renew their certificates hours as PIC in the category and class would apply to flight instructors serving without taking the practical test if their of aircraft for which the rating is sought. in an FAA-approved course. This record of instruction shows they are This is also required in existing § 61.191 provision would allow such flight for a flight instructor to apply for an instructors either to meet the 24-month competent flight instructors. The additional flight instructor rating. and 200-hour experience requirement, proposal would specify what the FAA However, such a requirement does not or to meet other prerequisites. The considers an acceptable record of exist for the application of an original alternative qualifications would be to training, for the 24-calendar month flight instructor certificate. The FAA have trained and endorsed at least 5 duration period of the instructor’s believes that an applicant for any flight persons for a pilot certificate or rating certificate, the instructor would have to instructor rating should have logged at practical test; have a record reflecting have endorsed at least 5 students for a least 15 hours as PIC in the category and that at least 80 percent of the persons practical test for a certificate or rating class of aircraft for the rating sought. whom the flight instructor has endorsed and at least 80 percent of the students This proposal will not impose any for a practical test passed that test on would have to have passed their tests on additional economic burden on flight their first attempt; and have given a the first attempt. instructor candidates, who normally minimum amount of flight training. In The proposal would modify one other obtain their original flight instructor the case of airplanes, the minimum possible method of renewing a flight certificate in an aircraft in which they amount of flight training given would be instructor certificate. Under the current have received most of their training. The 400 hours; in the case of gliders, the rule, a person may renew a flight proposal is intended to eliminate an minimum amount of flight training instructor certificate, without taking the area of inconsistency in the regulation. given would be 100 hours; and in the practical test, if the person has a case of lighter-than-air, the minimum satisfactory record as a company check 44. Experience Required for Training amount of flight training given would be pilot, chief flight instructor, PIC of an Flight Instructor Candidates 40 hours. In addition to adding the generalized The intent of this option is to permit aircraft operated under part 121, or areas of operation to the flight instructor a person who has held a flight instructor other activity involving the regular requirements of § 61.187, the FAA certificate for less than 24 months to evaluation of pilots. This would be proposes two amendments to the give training to flight instructor somewhat modified, a proposal that current § 61.187. The first is a candidates. For example, the FAA would include any person who has clarification of the requirement that believes that some full-time instructors served, during the preceding 24- persons giving flight training to flight may meet the 400-hour requirement calendar month duration period of the instructor candidates have 24 months before accumulating 24 months of person’s flight instructor certificate, as a experience. Second, an exception would training experience. Within the company check pilot, chief flight be specified for that 24-month structure of an approved training instructor, company check airman or requirement. program, the FAA believes that such flight instructor in a part 121 or 135 Section 61.187 currently requires that instructors should be permitted to train operation, or a comparable position persons who give flight training to flight flight instructor candidates. The FAA involving the regular evaluation of instructor candidates have a minimum has determined that the second option pilots. Similar to the current rule, the base of experience. They must have would provide at least an equivalent proposal would stipulate that the person given at least 200 hours of flight level of safety to the current minimum demonstrate to a FSDO of having training, and they must have held a of 24 months and 200 hours of satisfactory knowledge of current pilot flight instructor certificate during the 24 experience. training, certification, and standards. 41184 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

46. Flight Instructor Duty Time permitted for pilot schools with response to recommendations the Limitations provisional pilot school certificates or Administrator received on June 8, 1988, One issue discussed under this for courses in which pilot schools have from the Joint Government-Industry regulatory review was whether to limit examining authority. Task Force on flight crew performance. instructor flight and duty time by Pilot schools would be required to One of the recommendations was to limiting the hours of training given in specify planned ground and flight provide for the approval of training training time requirements for these simulators and ground trainers, as well programs based on course content and courses. These time requirements would as training given in flight. The FAA has training rather than using specific include cross-country flight time, night decided to propose one change in the program hours. flight time, and any additional ground current flight time limitation for flight This proposal also addresses a and flight training. Students would have instructors, but does not propose to petition for rulemaking submitted April to meet these planned time limit duty time involving training given 20, 1990, by the Sierra Academy of requirements to complete the course. in flight simulators and flight training Aeronautics, which was summarized in To apply for initial approval of a the Federal Register on June 12, 1990 devices. course that trains students to a standard, Section 61.195 currently states that a (55 FR 23749; Docket No. 26221). No the school would be required to meet flight instructor may not conduct more comments on the petition were the following requirements, which than 8 hours of flight instruction in any received. The petitioner requested to appear in proposed § 141.55: (1) Hold a adjust the ratio of dual flight training to 24-consecutive hour period. The FAA pilot school certificate and have held proposes to revise this section by solo training in its training course for a that certificate for at least the prior 24 commercial pilot certificate in proposing that a flight instructor may calendar months; and (2) have an FAA not conduct more than 8 hour of flight helicopters. The Sierra Academy stated inspector or a designated examiner who that it prefers to conduct all flight instruction, other commercial flying, or is not an employee of the school give training in helicopters, even though any combination of both in any 24- the practical or knowledge test. The appendix F permits 100 hours of the consecutive hour period. initial approval would be for 24 total 150 hours of flight training in 47. Flight Training From a Control Seat calendar months. Under proposed § 141.55, a course aircraft other than helicopters or Section 91.109 lists the requirements that received initial approval could gyroplanes. The Sierra Academy an aircraft must meet to be used in flight receive final approval by complying requested the decrease of the solo flight training. However, no regulation with the following: The school would be training requirement from 100 hours to requires a flight instructor to be in a required to demonstrate that, during the 70 hours and the increase of the dual control seat of the aircraft while giving time the course was conducted under flight training from 50 hours to 80 flight training. The FAA proposes to initial approval, the school trained at hours. The Sierra Academy stated that revise §§ 61.51 and 61.195 to require least 10 students for a pilot, flight the increase in the number of dual flight that all flight training be given from a instructor, or ground instructor training hours is necessary because control seat in the aircraft. certificate or rating and at least 80 many of the maneuvers and procedures Section 91.109 requires, with the percent of those students passed the required under the PTS necessitate that exception of a balloon, that the aircraft practical test on the first attempt. The an instructor be on board the aircraft for have fully functioning dual controls. practical test must have been conducted safety reasons. The petition stated that The regulation provides that instrument by an FAA inspector, or by a designated the change would make FAA-approved flight training be given in a single- examiner who is not an employee of the commercial pilot training conducted engine airplane equipped with a single, school. exclusively in helicopters economically functioning, throwover control wheel in The FAA’s experience indicates that viable, as well as safer. Under the place of fixed, dual controls of the most applicants require more than the proposed revision to § 141.55, the Sierra elevator and ailerons. Section 91.109 minimum number of hours required Academy would be able to apply for also requires a safety pilot to be in a under part 61 or part 141 to attain approval of courses to train students as control seat during simulated normal performance standards as described in its petition. instrument flight conditions. reflected in the practical test standard 2. Check Instructors In § 61.51, the FAA proposes to (PTS) and as practiced throughout the require a flight instructor to occupy a flight training industry. Nevertheless, a Currently, pilot or provisional pilot pilot station in the aircraft that has number of pilot schools have students schools are required to designate a chief functioning flight controls to log PIC who are ready to accomplish the instructor for each approved training flight time. The FAA also proposes to practical tests prior to reaching the course. In addition, pilot schools may amend § 61.195 to require that all flight minimum number of flight hours designate an assistant chief instructor training be given from a control seat of specified in the FAR. The FAA’s for an approved training course. The an aircraft that meets the requirements experience with pilot schools that have FAA proposes to establish a check of § 91.109. similar courses approved under instructor position that a pilot school C. Part 141 Issues exemption indicates that such flexibility could designate an instructor to perform presents no detriment to safety, under instructor proficiency checks, stage 1. Approval of Training Courses That the closely supervised training checks, and end-of-course tests—the Permit Pilot Schools To Train to a environment of these schools. check instructor position. Standard The proposal to permit pilot schools The FAA has determined that the The FAA proposes to permit pilot to train students to a standard follows proposed check instructor position schools certificated under part 141 to a precedent established with the would be necessary at larger schools. train students to a performance standard Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) Often the chief instructors at these without necessarily meeting the in Special Federal Aviation Regulation schools need to designate more minimum hours of training prescribed (SFAR) No. 58, which applies to responsibility to other instructors. in the appendices. However, these personnel trained under parts 121 and Under this proposal, a school would be proposed courses would not be 135. The AQP was created partially in required to have an enrollment of at Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41185 least 50 students at the time the check ‘‘designated assistant.’’ During the regulation on the number of students instructor is designated. public hearings, commenters noted that who are required to pass the practical or The check instructor would be the term is interpreted differently. knowledge test and to eliminate the required to meet certain minimum Under the proposed revisions to requirement for interim tests to be used criteria and be approved by the FAA §§ 141.79, 141.81, and 141.85, the chief to evaluate a school’s quality of training. FSDO that has jurisdiction over the instructor, assistant chief instructor, or The number of students who pass the school. For checks and tests that relate check instructor would give instructor practical test would apply to training to either flight or ground training proficiency checks, stage checks, and courses that require the applicant to courses, a check instructor would be end-of-course test. pass a practical test to obtain a required to have passed an oral test 3. Quality of Training Requirements certificate or rating. The number of given by the chief instructor on: (1) students who pass the knowledge test Teaching methods; (2) the applicable In response to comments provided at would apply to ground training courses. provisions of the ‘‘Airman’s Information the public hearings, the FAA proposes Proposed § 141.63 would require 90 Manual,’’ parts 61, 91, and 141; and (3) to clarify the existing requirements for percent of the graduates of a flight the objectives and course completion a pilot school to apply for and to course, in which the school desires to standards of the approved training maintain a pilot school certificate. obtain examining authority or retain Current § 141.63 requires a pilot course for the designation sought. examining authority, to pass a final test school that applies for examining A person who desires to become a given by an FAA inspector, or by a authority in a particular course to check instructor for tests and checks designated examiner who is not an demonstrate that 9 of the 10 most recent that relate to a flight training course employee of the school, on the first graduates of that particular course had would be required to: (1) Hold a attempt. Under this proposal if 40 passed an interim or final test on the commercial pilot certificate or an ATP students graduate from an approved certificate; (2) hold a current flight first attempt. Current § 141.83 requires that each course, but only 10 of those students instructor certificate with category and receive a final test given by an FAA class ratings appropriate to the holder of a provisional or pilot school inspector, or by a designated examiner designation sought; (3) hold the certificate provide a high enough quality who is not an employee of the school, appropriate instrument rating for the of training so that at least 8 out of the then 90 percent of those 10 students training course, if required; (4) hold at 10 of the school’s students or graduates would have had to have passed the test least a current second-class medical that were most recently tested, by an on the first attempt. The 90 percentage certificate, if the course is for a rating in FAA inspector or designated pilot would be applicable for the 24-calendar an aircraft other than a glider or balloon; examiner, passed an interim or a final months duration period of the school’s (5) present a signed and dated statement test on the first attempt. examining authority. If the school only by the person certifying that the person Commenters at the public hearings conducts ground school courses, then at has no known medical defects that make noted that the existing requirement for the person unable to pilot a glider or a specific number of students to pass an least 90 percent of the school’s students balloon, if the course is for a rating in interim or stage check may reduce a must have passed the required a glider or balloon; (6) meet the PIC school’s ability to monitor student and knowledge test given by the FAA, or by recent flight experience requirements of instructor performance. For example, a designated examiner who is not an § 61.57; and (7) pass a flight test, given the commenters noted that these interim employee of the school. by the chief instructor, on the flight or stage checks are used to: (1) Evaluate The FAA proposes similar revisions procedures and maneuvers of the a student’s performance; and (2) ensure to §§ 141.5, 141.27, 141.55 and 141.83. approved training course for the that instructors train students according These revisions would require that an designation sought. A person who to the school’s procedures and applicant seeking approval or renewal desires to become a check instructor for performance standards. The of a training course have at least 80 tests and checks that relate to ground commenters stated that the quality of percent of their graduates from the training courses would be required to training criteria should be based on course to have passed the practical test hold a current ground instructor experience with the students who have on the first attempt. The 80 percent is certificate with category and class completed a training course, not not required to be based on all students, ratings appropriate to the designation students who are enrolled in a training but only on those students who take the sought. course. Some commenters even noted practical test given by an FAA Commenters to NPRM No. 89–14, in that, under this requirement, pilot inspector, or by a designated examiner which the FAA proposed to reduce the schools would not be able to develop who is not an employee of the school. experience criteria for chief and tests that exceed the standards set in the 4. Temporary Chief Instructor assistant chief instructor candidates, PTS. Other commenters noted that the noted that such actions enhance the existing regulations have been The FAA proposes to revise § 141.87, status of instructors by permitting them interpreted to mean that the ‘‘Change of chief instructor,’’ to allow to apply for a supervisory position requirement for the 10 most recent the assistant chief instructor to act in earlier in their careers. The proposed students to pass any test on the first the capacity of the chief instructor for check instructor position would permit attempt must be met continuously. For 60 days and to permit the assistant chief instructors to apply for supervisory example, if two students in a row failed instructor or check instructor to perform positions and to be given increased a test, the school may risk losing its stage and end-of-course tests. responsibility. examining authority. The current rule requires that, The proposal to establish the check The FAA has determined that a pilot pending designation and approval of a instructor position would help the FAA school should be permitted to evaluate new chief instructor, each stage and clarify to whom a chief instructor can its own students and instructors end-of-course test be given by an FAA designate the authority to conduct throughout the training course without inspector or a designated pilot student stage checks, end-of-course jeopardizing the school’s certificate or examiner. Commenters at the public tests, and instructor proficiency checks. examining authority. Therefore, the hearings noted that this requirement The FAA would also eliminate the term FAA proposes to revise the current could be an administrative burden to 41186 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules the pilot school, its students, and the incidents. In one incident, an aircraft and instrument approaches be equipped FAA. engine that had been operated for 97 and maintained for operations under The FAA has determined that an hours beyond the manufacturer’s IFR operations; and (2) aircraft used for assistant chief instructor would be a safe recommended time between overhauls training in control and precision temporary substitute for a chief sustained internal failure, and the maneuvering by reference to instructor, because of their aircraft was forced to land. instruments be equipped as provided for familiarization with school operations The inspection of pilot schools during in the approved course of training. and they are already approved by the the National Aviation Safety Inspection FAA. This proposal would provide a Program (NASIP) found training aircraft 7. Ground School Instructor time frame for a new chief instructor to to be in a generally safe condition for Requirements be designated and would provide flight; however, some airworthiness The FAA proposes to eliminate: (1) stability to the pilot school’s students. problems were found. Examples The requirement in § 141.35 for a included pilot schools that have: (1) Not ground school instructor to have 1 year 5. Transfer Between Part 141 Schools complied with Airworthiness Directives of experience prior to serving as a The FAA proposes to revise § 141.67 (ADs), especially those required on a ground school’s chief instructor; and (2) to delete the current requirement for a recurring basis; (2) not recorded time in the requirement in § 141.36 for a ground student at a pilot school with examining service on aircraft engines or propellers; school instructor to have 6 months of authority to complete all of the training (3) exceeded inspection intervals; and experience prior to serving as a ground course at the same school. The proposal (4) performed modifications that were school’s assistant chief instructor. would permit up to one-half of a not approved. The FAA has granted exemptions to student’s credits to be transferred from The FAA proposes to revise § 141.39 this requirement in existing § 141.35 for another pilot school. The amount of by: (1) Clarifying that the rule would persons who have equivalent experience credits that could be transferred would apply to all pilot and provisional pilot to meet the level of safety required by be based on the student’s performance schools, as opposed to applicants; (2) part 141. The FAA has stated in those on a test given by the receiving pilot clarifying that aircraft would have to be grants of exemption that an applicant school. This test could include a flight maintained in accordance with subpart for a chief or assistant chief ground check, a review of the student’s E of part 91, which includes instructor who is approved by the aeronautical knowledge, or both. This requirements for maintenance, Administrator would not need to meet criteria, as well as the other criteria preventive maintenance, and these experience requirements. alterations; and (3) requiring aircraft to proposed for the transfer between part 8. Instructor Proficiency Requirements 141 schools, is similar to the current be maintained in accordance with an criteria in § 141.77 for the transfer inspection program for each airframe, The FAA proposes to revise the initial between pilot schools that do not have aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, and recurrent proficiency checks a flight examining authority. and component part. instructor is required to accomplish. This proposed inspection program, The current rule requires each flight 6. Maintenance Requirements which a pilot school may currently use instructor to accomplish a proficiency The FAA proposes to revise § 141.39 under § 91.409, could be: (1) A current check in each type of aircraft every 12 by expanding the maintenance inspection program recommended by months. requirements for aircraft used by a pilot the manufacturer; (2) an inspection The FAA proposes to revise § 141.79 school for flight training and solo program that is currently in use by the by: (1) Permitting the assistant chief flights. holder of a certificate issued under part instructor and the check instructor to Current § 141.39 requires applicants 121 or part 135; or (3) an inspection give these checks; (2) requiring the for a pilot or provisional pilot school program established by the applicant initial check for each course of training certificate to maintain and inspect all and approved by the Administrator. to be accomplished in the make and aircraft in accordance with the If an applicant desires to establish an model of aircraft used in that training requirements of part 91 that apply to inspection program, the program would course; and (3) requiring recurrent aircraft used to give flight training for be required to be in writing and would checks to be accomplished in any make hire. need to include at least: (1) Instructions and model of aircraft in which the Section 91.409 requires all aircraft and procedures for the conduct of instructor trains students. Under the used to give flight training for hire to inspections for the particular make and proposal, a flight instructor who trains receive an inspection every 12 calendar model of aircraft, including necessary students in a Cessna 172 and a Piper months or every 100 hours in service. A tests and checks; (2) instructions and Arrow, for example, would be required pilot school may inspect aircraft under procedures for inspecting the parts and to accomplish an initial check in each a progressive inspection program areas of each airframe, aircraft engine, airplane. However, the recurrent check approved by the FAA in lieu of the propeller, appliance, and component could be in either the Cessna 172 or the requirements in § 91.409. part required to be inspected, including Piper Arrow. Aircraft used by pilot schools often survival and emergency equipment; and This proposal also responds to a receive greater wear and deterioration (3) a schedule for performing the comment from Tar Heel Aviation to than other general aviation aircraft. For required program inspections, expressed DOT’s Regulatory Review, request for example, because of the high number of in terms of the time in service, calendar comments (57 FR 4744; February 7, takeoffs and landings, training aircraft time, number of system operations, or 1992), which was in response to the are subject to frequent and abrupt any combination of these. President’s request for comments on changes in engine power settings. This The FAA also proposes that all regulations that obstruct economic could cause rapid and extreme cylinder aircraft used for the demonstration of growth. The commenter suggested that head temperature fluctuations resulting instrument skills be equipped and each flight instructor accomplish: (1) in premature wear and possible maintained for operations under IFR. One annual standardization flight in any powerplant failure. Incidents of This revision would revise the current aircraft in which the instructor trains powerplant failure have been the cause rule, which requires that: (1) Aircraft for students; or (2) one annual of some pilot school accidents and use in en route operations under IFR standardization flight that alternates Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41187 between complex and non-complex The FAA proposes to eliminate the course is discussed later according to aircraft. current requirements and to require the title of the proposed appendix. pilot schools with examining authority The proposal to eliminate test courses 9. Renewal of Certificate to: (1) Maintain a record of all would delete existing appendix B, Currently, § 141.27 states that a pilot temporary airmen certificates it issues; ‘‘Private Test Course,’’ and appendix E, school that meets the requirements (2) submit each graduate’s application ‘‘Commercial Test Course.’’ FAA Order under part 141 for the issuance of the for airman certificate within 7 days after 8700.1 chapter 141 defines a test course pilot school certificate will have its the graduate passes the required as ‘‘a course of training for students who certificate renewed for 24 months. The knowledge or practical test; (3) make the have accomplished more than half of FAA proposes to clarify the proposed record of all temporary airman the required time under part 61.’’ The requirements a pilot school needs to certificates available to the FAA believes that criteria for such meet to have its certificate renewed. Administrator on request; and (4) courses would not be necessary. A pilot Under the proposal, the FAA would surrender the proposed record of all school that desires to offer a similar determine if: (1) The school’s personnel, temporary airman certificates to the course could apply for approval of a aircraft, facility, airport, approved Administrator on expiration of the course that would train students to a training courses, and training records school’s examining authority. performance standard. meet the requirements of part 141; (2) These proposed records of all The proposed kind of special within 24 months prior to the date temporary airmen certificates would preparation courses are: (1) Agricultural application is made for renewal of its have to be a chronological listing that aircraft operations; (2) rotorcraft pilot school certificate, the school includes: (1) The name of each student external-load operations; (3) pilot trained at least a total of 10 students in to whom a temporary airman certificate refresher; (4) flight instructor refresher; any of its approved training courses and was issued; (2) the date of issuance; (3) (5) ground instructor refresher; (6) recommended those students for a the student’s permanent mailing address special operations; and (7) test pilot. certificate, rating, or a qualification, and The private pilot and commercial and telephone number; (4) the title of those students completed a practical pilot certification courses would be the training course; (5) the name of the test, knowledge test, or end-of-course revised to apply to all aircraft categories, test; and (3) within 24 months prior to person who conducted the knowledge rather than only to the airplane the date application is made for renewal or practical test; (6) the type of category. This would eliminate of its pilot school certificate, at least 80 temporary airman certificate or rating appendix F, ‘‘Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter- percent of the school’s students passed issued; and (7) the date the graduate’s Than-Air Aircraft, and Aircraft Rating the required practical test for the pilot, airman application file was sent to the Courses.’’ The FAA also proposes to add flight instructor, or ground instructor FAA for processing of a permanent the following certification courses: (1) certificate or rating sought. The proposal airman certificate. Recreational pilot; (2) airline transport would permit a pilot school that does In addition the school would be pilot; (3) flight instructor; (4) flight not meet the renewal requirements required to maintain a photocopy record instructor instrument; and (5) ground listed in items (2) and (3) to apply for containing each student’s: (1) instructor. Unlike current certification a provisional pilot school certificate. Graduation certificate; (2) airman courses, the revised course would In addition, the FAA proposes to application; (3) temporary airman include minimum eligibility eliminate the requirement that a certificate; (4) superseded airman requirements, which are discussed later. provisional pilot school apply for a pilot certificate (if applicable); and (5) Revisions to the courses would school certificate not less than 30 days knowledge or practical test results. correspond to the proposals in part 61 prior to the expiration of the provisional 11. Reorganization of Requirements for to: (1) Establish a powered-lift category pilot school certificate. The purpose for Courses That Are Approved Under Part rating; (2) establish separate class this proposal is to encourage schools to 141 ratings for nonpowered gliders and apply for their pilot school certificate as powered gliders; (3) establish an soon as they meet the requirements and The FAA proposes to reorganize in instrument rating for airships; (4) thus will give FAA FSDO’s more time the part 141 appendixes the criteria for establish instrument ratings for single- to complete certification of the school in training courses a pilot school could engine and multiengine airplanes; (5) a timely manner. In the past, some offer. This proposal would eliminate establish a flight instructor certificate in schools have complained that they have some courses, expand other courses, the lighter-than-air category; (6) had to wait for their certificates, because and establish criteria for new courses. certificate ground instructors under part of the heavy workloads in their local The FAA proposes to give pilot schools 61; (7) revise ground instructor ratings; FAA FSDO. The FAA believes this and provisional pilot schools that (8) revise aeronautical knowledge areas; proposal will benefit the schools by request approval for a training course and (9) replace flight proficiency allowing the FAA to respond to school within the first year after the effective requirements with approved areas of applications in a more timely manner. date of this rule the option to request operation. approval of their current training The proposed appendixes would 10. Recordkeeping Requirements for courses or their proposed training require students who desire to enroll in Pilot Schools With Examining Authority courses. This option would give pilot the flight portion of the course to meet The FAA proposes to revise the schools and provisional pilot schools up specific eligibility requirements. They recordkeeping requirements in § 141.67 to 3 years to request approval for a would require an applicant to hold: (1) for pilot schools with examining training course based on this NPRM. The necessary pilot or flight instructor authority. The current rule requires a The FAA’s proposed reorganization certificate; (2) the necessary medical pilot school with examining authority to would: (1) Eliminate test courses; (2) certificate or present a signed and dated submit a copy of the appropriate replace test preparation courses with statement by the person certifying that training record for each person special preparation courses; (3) expand the person has no known medical recommended by the pilot school for a the proposed special preparation defects that make the person unable to pilot certificate or rating to the FAA courses to include additional subjects; pilot a glider or balloon, as required; FSDO. and (4) propose additional courses. Each and (3) any necessary ratings on the 41188 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules pilot or flight instructor certificate. For 12. Appendix A—Recreational Pilot flight training hours (30 hours) and the example, a person who desires to enroll Certification Course hours of training with an authorized in the flight portion of a private pilot The FAA proposes to establish criteria flight (15 hours) and supervised PIC certification course would be required for courses that provide a means for training (3 hours) is 12 hours, which to hold at least a student pilot certificate students to receive training and for pilot will allow the schools to develop their and a third-class medical certificate or schools to give training for a recreational pilot certification course the proposed medical requirements for recreational pilot certificate under part with the individual student in mind. a rating in a glider or balloon. The 141. For example, a student who has proposed requirements are similar to the To enroll in the flight portion of the previous aviation experience and takes eligibility requirements found in part 61 course, a person would be required to readily to the training may be able to for pilot, flight instructor, and ground hold a student pilot certificate. complete training for a recreational instructor applicants. The proposed The course would require a minimum private pilot certificate with only the eligibility requirements would not of 20 hours of ground training on the minimum 30 hours of flight time that impose on applicants new requirements same aeronautical knowledge areas that includes at least 15 hours of flight that are not found in part 61. Part 141 are proposed in part 61 for a training time from an authorized flight would still contain the certification recreational pilot certificate. The instructor and 15 hours of supervised requirements for pilot schools and part knowledge area would include ground PIC flight time. However, a student pilot 61 would still contain the certification training on: who does not have previous aviation requirements for pilot, flight instructor, (1) The applicable FAR for experience or who trains infrequently and ground instructor applicants. recreational pilot privileges, limitations, may need more time than the minimum 30 hours of flight time, 15 hours of flight The proposal for these eligibility and flight operations that apply to the training time from an authorized flight requirements would permit students aircraft rating sought; instructor, and 3 hours of supervised who do not meet the minimum (2) Accident reporting requirements of PIC flight time. The student pilot and eligibility requirements of part 61 or the NTSB; flight instructor may need to tailor the part 141 to enroll in the ground portion (3) Use of the applicable portions of the ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual’’ and training to require 27 hours of flight of a course. The FAA believes that any training time from an authorized flight person should be able to enroll in the FAA advisory circulars; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC ground portion of a course to enhance flight time, or some combination of aeronautical knowledge. navigation using pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass; those hours. In the past, there have been instances (5) The recognition of critical weather The FAA has elected to remain silent in which a student has desired to enroll situations from the ground and in flight, on the matter of the maximum time that in the ground portion of a course prior windshear avoidance, and the may be credited for stage and end-of- to meeting the minimum eligibility procurement and use of aeronautical course tests for the approved training requirements for the certificate. For weather reports and forecasts; course requirements. The FAA believes example, a student who desires to enroll (6) The safe and efficient operation of that the individual school and the local in the ground portion of the flight aircraft, including collision avoidance, FAA FSDO is the better place for instructor certification course may not and recognition and avoidance of wake deciding how much time should be hold a commercial pilot certificate. turbulence; permitted for stage checks and end-of- However, that student may be (7) The effects of density altitude on course tests for each syllabus. The scheduled to accomplish the practical takeoff and climb performance; school and the approving FAA FSDO test for the commercial pilot certificate, (8) Weight and balance computations; should evaluate each syllabus, and which would let the student meet the (9) Principles of aerodynamics, determine how much time a certain eligibility requirements. In another powerplants, and aircraft systems; stage check or end-of-course test may be example, a student may desire to enroll (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, credited toward the total approved in the ground portion of a flight and spin recovery techniques, if course requirement. After receiving instructor certification course to see if applying for an airplane-single engine course approval, the FAA and the flight training is a career alternative. rating; school must continue to monitor the Currently, the FAA has issued an (11) Aeronautical decision making average length of time that it takes to exemption to Cochise Community and judgment; and conduct a specific stage check or end- College in Douglas, Arizona, that (12) Preflight action that includes— of-course test, and be prepared to permits its students to enroll in the a. How to obtain information on modify the syllabus when needed. ground portion of the school’s flight runway lengths at airports of intended instructor certification course while the 13. Appendix B—Private Pilot use, data on takeoff and landing Certification Course student waits for scheduling of the distances, weather reports and forecasts, commercial pilot practical test. and fuel requirements; The FAA proposes to establish this The FAA proposes, throughout the b. How to plan for alternatives if the appendix, which would include appendixes, to replace the term ‘‘solo planned flight cannot be completed; and certification courses for a private pilot practice’’ with ‘‘supervised PIC c. Proper planning procedures for certificate with all category and class practice.’’ The FAA believes this possible traffic delays. ratings. It would include courses phraseology will more clearly define the The proposed course would consist of currently found in appendix A and flight instructor’s responsibilities when at least a minimum of 30 hours of flight sections C.II, D.II, E.II, and E.III of their students are performing solo flight. training (of which 15 hours must be appendix F. The proposed appendix The intent of this proposed phraseology with an authorized flight instructor and would reflect the proposals in part 61 to is to ensure that flight instructors more 3 hours must be supervised PIC establish a powered-lift category rating, closely monitor and direct their training), which is the same as in the and to establish separate class ratings students when they are performing solo proposed part 61 requirements. The for nonpowered gliders and powered flight. difference between the total minimum gliders. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41189

Persons who desire to enroll in the of operation and for students to perform required for an airplane-instrument flight portion of a course would be directed PIC practice that helps the rating. As a result of this reorganization required to hold: (1) A student pilot student develop proficiency, of the appendixes of part 141, this certificate; and (2) a third-class medical resourcefulness, self-confidence, and would, in effect, lower the minimum certificate, or in the case of course of self-reliance. required ground training requirements training for glider or balloon rating, The existing appendix contains from 35 hours to 30 hours for an initial have a signed and dated application that provisions that permit a school to credit instrument rating in a helicopter. A they have no known medical defects stage checks and end-of-course tests proposed 20 hours of ground training that makes them unable to pilot a glider toward the total hour course would be required if the course is for an or balloon. requirements. Currently, a maximum of additional instrument rating, which The proposed minimum ground 3 hours may be credited toward the total differs from the current requirement for training requirements would consist of ground portion of the approved private 15 hours in the test preparation course. the same aeronautical knowledge areas pilot course requirements. A maximum Because of the lowering of the pilot proposed in part 61 for a private pilot of 4 hours may be credited toward the experience requirements for applying certificate. total flight portion of the approved for an instrument rating, the different The proposed flight training would private pilot course requirements. knowledge, skills, and abilities required consist of the same approved areas of Under this proposal, the FAA has operation proposed in part 61 for a elected to remain silent on the for the different instrument ratings, and private pilot certificate. The FAA is maximum time that may be credited for the emphasis for more detailed ground proposing to permit each school to tailor a specific stage check and end-of-course training requirements, the FAA believes the course requirements around the test for the approved training course the increase is necessary. individual student’s needs. For requirements. The FAA believes that the The flight training would be on the example, a student who is seeking a individual school, after receiving same approved areas of operation as private pilot certificate, and who has approval from their FAA FSDO, is the proposed in part 61 for an instrument previous aviation experience and takes better place for deciding how much time rating. In addition, the revised appendix readily to the training may be able to should be permitted for a specific stage would clarify the existing requirement complete training for a private pilot check and end-of-course test of each for a cross-country flight by requiring a certificate with only the minimum 35 syllabus. The school and the approving minimum straight-line distance between hours of flight time that included 20 FAA FSDO should evaluate each airports for one of the legs; this is also hours of flight training time from an syllabus, and determine how much time proposed in part 61. authorized flight instructor and 15 a certain stage check or end-of-course A minimum of 35 hours of flight hours of supervised PIC flight time. test may be credited toward the total However, a student pilot who does not approved course requirement. After training would be required for all five have previous aviation experience or receiving course approval, the FAA and types of instrument ratings, which is the who trains infrequently may need more the school must continue to monitor the same amount currently required for an time than the minimum 35 hours of average length of time that it takes to instrument rating in an airplane or a flight time, 20 hours of flight training conduct a specific stage check or end- helicopter. A percentage of the time from an authorized flight of-course test, and be prepared to minimum hours in a course for a rating instructor, and 5 hours of supervised modify the syllabus when needed. in an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift PIC flight time. The student pilot and could be given in a flight training device flight instructor may need to tailor the 14. Appendix C—Instrument Rating by an authorized flight instructor. Course training to require 30 hours of flight The existing appendix contains training time from an authorized flight The FAA proposes to revise appendix provisions that permit stage checks and instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC C to include all instrument ratings, end-of-course tests to be credited toward flight time, or some combination of rather than the airplane only. It includes the total hour course requirements. those hours. courses currently found in appendixes Under this proposal, the FAA has Current appendix A requires an C, F, and H. elected to remain silent on the applicant for a private pilot certificate The proposed appendix would maximum time that may be credited for with an airplane category rating to include courses for the proposed a specific stage check and end-of-course perform five takeoffs and five landings instrument-powered-lift rating, test for the approved training course at night. The FAA proposes to require instrument-airship rating, instrument- requirements. The FAA believes that the an applicant for a private pilot airplane single-engine rating, and individual school, after receiving certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, instrument-airplane multiengine rating. or powered-lift category rating to receive To enroll in the flight portion of the approval from their FAA FSDO, should at least 3 hours and 10 takeoffs and 10 course, a student would be required to decide how much time should be landings night flight training. However, hold: (1) A private pilot certificate with permitted for a specific stage check and the FAA proposes to include the an aircraft category and class rating end-of-course test for each syllabus. The provision in § 61.110 of this chapter that appropriate to the instrument rating for school and the approving FAA FSDO will exempt certain applicants from the which the course applies; and (2) at should evaluate each syllabus, and night flying certification requirements. least third-class medical certificate. determine how much time a certain The proposed time with a flight The proposed ground training content stage check or end-of-course test may be instructor on the areas of operation or in would be the same as proposed in part credited toward the total approved supervised PIC practice differ from the 61 for an instrument rating, and course requirement. After receiving current requirements. The FAA includes windshear avoidance and course approval, the FAA and the proposes few minimum requirements or aeronautical decisionmaking and school must continue to monitor the no minimum requirements. However, judgment. The appendix would require average length of time that it takes to the training course would be required to the same amount of ground training that conduct a specific stage check or end- include hours or flights for students to currently exists for an initial instrument of-course test, and be prepared to receive training on the approved areas rating, which is the same as currently modify the syllabus when needed. 41190 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

15. Appendix D—Commercial Pilot certification in part 61. The training addressed in proposed appendix G. The Certification Course course would be required to include course in this appendix is currently The FAA proposes to establish this hours or flights for students to receive found in appendix H, sections 3 and 4. This proposed appendix would appendix, which includes certification training on the approved areas of include the proposals in part 61 to: (1) courses for a commercial pilot operation and for students to perform Establish a powered-lift category rating; certificate with all category and class supervised PIC practice that helps (2) establish separate class ratings for ratings. It would include courses develop proficiency, resourcefulness, nonpowered gliders and powered currently found in appendix D and in self-confidence, and self-reliance. The existing appendix contains gliders; and (3) establish a flight sections C.III, D.III, E.IV, and E.V of provisions that permit stage checks and instructor certificate for the lighter-than- appendix F. The proposed appendix end-of-course tests to be credited toward air category. would include the proposals in part 61 the total hour course requirements. The To enroll in the flight portion of the to establish a powered-lift category FAA has elected to remain silent on the course, a person would be required to rating and to establish separate class maximum time that may be credited for hold: (1) A commercial or an ATP ratings for nonpowered gliders and stage and end-of-course tests for the certificate with an aircraft category and powered gliders. same reasons stated in appendix A. class rating appropriate to the rating for To enroll in the flight portion of the which the course applies; (2) an course, a person would be required to: 16. Appendix E—Airline Transport Pilot instrument rating in an aircraft that is (1) Hold a private pilot certificate with Certification Course appropriate to the aircraft category and the category and class rating appropriate The FAA proposes to establish class for which the course applies (this to the ratings for which the course appendix E as a certification course for would be required for an airplane, applies; and (2) hold at least a third- an airline transport pilot certificate. It airship, or powered-lift rating); and (3) class medical certificate or present a includes information currently found in at least a third-class medical certificate signed and dated statement by the appendix H, section 6. The proposed or a signed and dated statement by the person certifying that the person has no appendix would include the proposal in person certifying that the person has no known medical defect that makes the part 61 to establish a powered-lift known medical defect that makes the person unable to pilot a glider or category rating. person unable to pilot a glider or balloon. To enroll in the flight portion of the balloon, as appropriate. In addition, if the course is for a rating course a person would be required to: The proposed ground training would in an aircraft other than a gyroplane, (1) Hold a commercial pilot certificate consist of the same aeronautical glider, or balloon, the student would be with the category and class ratings for knowledge areas as proposed in part 61 required to: (1) Hold an instrument which the course applies and hold no for a flight instructor certificate. The rating appropriate to the aircraft restrictions; (2) hold at least a third- course would continue to require a category and class rating for which the class medical certificate; and (3) upon minimum of 40 hours of ground training course applies; or (2) be concurrently completion of the course, meet the for an initial flight instructor certificate enrolled in an instrument rating course aeronautical requirements in part 61 for and 20 hours for an additional flight for which the course applies and an ATP certificate that is appropriate to instructor rating. satisfactorily accomplish the required the ratings for which the course applies. The proposed flight training would practical test prior to completing the The proposed ground training would consist of the same approved areas of commercial pilot practical test. consist of the same elements as those operation as proposed in part 61 for a The proposed ground training would proposed in part 61 for an ATP flight instructor certificate. The be the same aeronautical knowledge certificate, including windshear minimum hours of flight training areas as proposed in part 61 for a avoidance, aeronautical decisionmaking required would vary with the category commercial pilot certificate. The and judgment. The course would or class of aircraft. A course for a rating proposed ground training would also continue to require 40 hours of ground in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or an airship permit an applicant for an airplane training. would require a minimum of 25 hours category rating to complete ground The proposed flight training would of training. A course for a rating in a training on an airplane with flaps, consist of the same approved areas of nonpowered glider would require 10 retractable landing gear, and a operation as proposed in part 61 for an hours and 10 flights of training. A controllable propeller or an airplane ATP certificate. The course would course for a rating in a powered glider with a turbine-powered engine, which is continue to require 25 hours of flight would require 10 hours of training. A also proposed in part 61. The minimum training with at least 15 hours of course for a balloon class rating would hours of ground training are the same as instrument flight training. The FAA has require 8 flights of training. The FAA in current commercial pilot courses. A elected to remain silent on the has elected to remain silent on the minimum of 100 hours of training maximum time that may be credited for maximum time that may be credited for would be required for the powered-lift stage and end-of-course tests for the stage check and end-of-course tests for category rating, which is currently same reasons previously stated in the same reasons previously stated in required for an airplane category rating. appendix A. the earlier discussion. The proposed flight training would be the same as the approved areas of 17. Appendix F—Flight Instructor 18. Appendix G—Flight Instructor operation proposed in part 61 for a Certification Course Instrument (Aircraft Category and Class) commercial pilot certificate. In addition, The FAA proposes to establish a Certification Course the revised appendix would include the separate appendix for certification The FAA proposes to establish a proposed modifications to the cross- courses for an initial flight instructor separate appendix for certification country flight requirements in part 61. certificate with a category and class courses for a flight instructor certificate The proposed time with a flight rating and for an additional category or with an instrument rating. This instructor on the areas of operation or in class rating on a flight instructor proposed appendix would include the supervised PIC practice parallel the certificate. The course for an instrument proposals in part 61 to: (1) Establish a proposals for commercial pilot rating on a flight instructor certificate is powered-lift category and instrument Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41191 rating; (2) establish an instrument rating Reference the maximum time that may person who is concurrently enrolled in for airships; (3) establish instrument be credited for stage checks and end-of- a course for an instrument rating would ratings for single-engine and course tests, the FAA has elected to be required to satisfactorily accomplish multiengine airplanes; and (4) establish remain silent on this matter for the same the required practical test concurrently a flight instructor certificate for the reasons previously stated in appendix with the aircraft type rating practical lighter-than-air category. A. test. To enroll in the flight portion of the The minimum number of hours of course, a person would be required to 20. Appendix I—Aircraft Category or ground training proposed would hold: (1) A commercial or an ATP Class Rating Course include at least 15 hours of training. The certificate with an aircraft category and The FAA proposes to establish an minimum number of hours of flight class rating appropriate to the rating for appendix for certification courses for training proposed would include at least which the course applies; (2) a flight adding either a category or a class rating 25 hours of flight training of which at instructor certificate with an aircraft on a pilot certificate. The course in this least 15 hours must be instrument flight category and class rating that is appendix is currently found in sections training in the aircraft for which the appropriate to the instrument rating for F.II and F.III of appendix F. The course applies. which the course applies; and (3) at proposed appendix includes proposals 22. Appendix K—Special Preparation least a third-class medical certificate. in part 61 to establish a powered-lift The proposed course would require a category rating, and to establish separate Courses minimum of 15 hours of ground training class ratings for nonpowered gliders and The FAA proposes to establish special on the same aeronautical knowledge powered gliders. preparation courses within appendix K. areas as proposed in part 61 for a flight To enroll in the flight portion of the These courses are similar to the current instructor certificate. The proposed proposed course, a person would be test preparation courses, but would course would also require a minimum of required to hold: (1) The minimum level expand the concept of specialized 15 hours of flight training on same pilot certificate that is appropriate to the courses. The proposed appendix would approved areas of operation as proposed additional category or class aircraft include the proposals in part 61 to: (1) in part 61 for a flight instructor rating for which the course applies; and Certificate ground instructors under part certificate. The FAA has elected to (2) at least a third-class medical 61; (2) revise aeronautical knowledge remain silent on the maximum time that certificate for aircraft ratings that require areas; and (3) replace flight proficiency may be credited for stage check and a medical certificate for that pilot requirements with approved areas of end-of-course tests for the same reasons certificate level to obtain an additional operation. previously stated in the earlier rating at the recreational pilot certificate The proposed appendix would discussion. level or an additional glider or balloon establish: (1) Flight instructor refresher rating, persons must provide a signed courses; (2) ground instructor refresher 19. Appendix H—Ground Instructor and dated statement certifying that they courses; (3) special operations courses; Certification Course have no known medical defects that and (4) test pilot courses. The FAA proposes to establish this makes them unable to pilot the aircraft. To enroll in the flight portion of the appendix for the approval of a Each course approved under this proposed courses, a person would be certification course for a ground appendix would be required to consist required to hold: (1) A pilot certificate instructor certificate. An equivalent of the minimum requirements found that is appropriate to the operating course is not found in current part 141. under appendixes A, B, C, D, or E for privileges or authorizations that This proposed appendix would the category or class rating for which the graduation from the course covers; and include the proposals in part 61 to: (1) course is approved at the appropriate (2) at least a third-class medical Revise ground instructor ratings; (2) pilot certificate level. certificate, if a medical certificate is include ground instructors under part required in part 61 of this chapter; or a 61; (3) establish a powered-lift category 21. Appendix J—Aircraft Type Rating signed and dated statement by the rating; (4) establish separate class Course, Other Than Airline Transport person certifying that the person has no ratings for nonpowered gliders and Pilot known medical defect that makes the powered gliders; (5) establish an The FAA proposes to establish person unable to pilot a glider or instrument rating for airships; and (6) appendix J for certification courses for balloon. establish instrument ratings for single- adding a type rating on a pilot As noted above, a person who enrolls engine and multiengine airplanes. certificate. The course in this appendix in the flight portion of the proposed The proposed course would require is currently found in appendix F, courses would be required to hold a ground training on the same section F.IV. The proposed course pilot, flight instructor, or ground aeronautical knowledge areas as would include the proposal in part 61 instructor certificate that is appropriate proposed in part 61. A person who to establish a powered-lift category to the operating privileges or enrolls for an initial ground instructor rating. authorization that graduation from the certificate would be required to receive To enroll in the flight portion of the course covers. For example, if after a minimum of 20 hours of ground proposed course, a person would be graduation the person operates an training. A person who enrolls for an required to: (1) Hold at least a private aircraft under part 133—Rotorcraft additional ground instructor rating pilot certificate; (2) hold at least a third- External-Load Operations, that person would be required to receive a class medical certificate, if a medical would be required to hold at least a minimum of 10 hours of ground certificate is required for the type of commercial pilot certificate with a training. The current provision in aircraft rating sought; and (3) hold an rotorcraft-helicopter rating. Each appendix H, section 3, ‘‘Flight Instructor instrument rating or be concurrently student enrolled in these courses would Certification Course,’’ states that the enrolled in a course for an instrument be required to satisfactorily accomplish initial ground training can be lowered rating in the category and class that is stage checks and end-of-course tests to by one-half if the person has prior appropriate to the aircraft type rating for graduate. experience in education is proposed to which the course applies (if the aircraft The proposed agricultural aircraft apply also to ground instructors. does not hold a VFR limitation). A operations would continue to require a 41192 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules minimum of 25 hours of ground training specialized courses and improve In addition, the FAA proposes to and 15 hours of flight training as found business opportunities. establish criteria for ground instructor in appendix H, section 8. This proposal The FAA proposes to revise the pilot refresher courses. The proposed would eliminate the option in appendix refresher course in appendix H, section contents of this course would require H to include up to 5 hours of supervised 7. The course would continue to require ground training on the following: (1) PIC practice. The ground training 4 hours of ground training and 6 hours Aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 requirements would be clarified and of flight training. The proposed course that apply to student, recreational, expanded to include: (1) Agricultural would not specifically include the private, and commercial pilot aircraft operations; (2) safe operating current option for up to 2 hours of the certificates and instrument ratings; (2) procedures for handling and dispensing 6 hours to be directed solo practice, but aeronautical knowledge of areas that agricultural and industrial chemicals, would permit the school more flexibility apply to ground instructor certificates; including operating in and around in designing a syllabus that best fits the (3) safe pilot operating practices and congested areas; and (3) applicable student’s needs. The ground training procedures, including airport operations provisions of part 137. The flight requirements would include: (1) and operating in the NAS; and (4) training requirements would be clarified Aeronautical knowledge areas that are applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 to include training on maneuvers and applicable to the student’s pilot that apply to pilots and ground procedures applicable to agricultural certificate level, aircraft category and instructor certificates. aircraft operations. class rating, or instrument rating, as The proposed course on rotorcraft appropriate; (2) safe operating pilot 23. Appendix L—Pilot Ground School external-load operations would practices and procedures; and (3) Course continue to require a minimum of 10 applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 The FAA proposes to revise existing hours of ground training and 15 hours for pilots. The flight training appendix G, ‘‘Pilot Ground School of flight training, as found in current requirements would be clarified to Course,’’ and move it to proposed appendix H, section 9. The ground include flight training on the approved appendix L. The current provision to training requirements would be clarified areas of operation that are applicable to permit stage and end-of-course tests to to include: (1) Rotorcraft external-load level of the student’s pilot certificate, be credited toward the overall training operations; (2) safe operating procedures aircraft category and class rating, or course requirements would not be for external-load operation, including instrument rating, as appropriate, for specifically included in the revised operating in and around congested performing pilot-in-command duties appendix. However, the FAA has areas; and (3) applicable provisions of and responsibilities. elected to remain silent on the part 133. The flight training On April 6, 1994, the FAA issued maximum time that may be credited for requirements would be clarified to amendment No. 61–95, ‘‘Renewal of stage and end-of-course tests for the include training on maneuvers and Flight Instructor Certificates’’ (59 FR same reasons previously stated in the procedures applicable to external-load 17646). In that final rule, the FAA earlier discussions of appendixes A, B, operations. revised § 61.197(c) by deleting the C, and D. The FAA proposes to establish basic current 24-hour requirements for an criteria for a test pilot course. The approved flight instructor refresher D. Section by Section Discussion of Part proposed course requirements would course. In light of that final rule action, 1—Definitions and Abbreviations include ground training on the the FAA is proposing similar The FAA proposes to clarify and following: (1) Aircraft maintenance, rulemaking action in this notice to redefine certain definitions in part 1. quality assurance, and certification test parallel amendment No. 61–95. In this The intent of this proposal is to ensure flight operations; (2) safe operating appendix, the FAA proposes more consistent use of terms throughout practices and procedures for performing establishing a flight instructor refresher the text of parts 61 and 141. The terms aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, course that would require ground to be clarified include: and certification test flight operations; training, flight training, or any 1. Balloon means: (3) appropriate parts of the FAR that combination of ground and flight Balloon is an aircraft that is not pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality training similar amendment No. 61–95. engine driven, but sustains flight with assurance, and certification tests; and The ground training would include the: either gas buoyancy or with an airborne (4) test pilot duties and responsibilities. (1) Aeronautical knowledge areas of part heater. The minimum number of hours required 61 that apply to student, recreational, The term, ‘‘balloon’’ would replace for the ground training would be private, and commercial pilot the term ‘‘free balloon.’’ The term approved by the FAA Flight Standards certificates and instrument ratings; (2) ‘‘balloon’’ will include gas balloons and District Office (FSDO). The course aeronautical knowledge areas that apply balloons with an airborne heater. The would also require a minimum of 15 to flight instructors; (3) safe pilot FAA believes the term ‘‘balloon’’ is hours of flight training on test pilot operating practices and procedures, more descriptive in defining this class duties and responsibilities. However, in including airport operations and of aircraft. accordance with proposed § 141.55, a operating in the National Airspace This definition coincides with the school may submit a syllabus that is less System (NAS); and (4) applicable FAA proposal to delete references to the than the minimum hours. provisions of parts 61 and 91 that apply phrase ‘‘hot air balloon without airborne The FAA proposes to establish to holders of pilot and flight instructor heaters’’ throughout part 61, and minimum criteria for special operations certificates. The flight training course classify balloons as ‘‘gas balloons’’ and courses, including pipeline patrol, would include a review of: (1) The ‘‘balloons with airborne heaters.’’ The shoreline patrol, and aerial approved areas of operations that are phrase ‘‘hot air balloon without an photography. The criteria in appendix K applicable to student, recreational, airborne heater’’ is a balloon that was in would be general. The specifics of each private, and commercial pilot existence at one time, but is no longer course would be approved by the FAA certificates and instrument ratings; and available. Accordingly, the FAA would FSDO. The intent of the proposal is to (2) the necessary skills, competency, establish separate practical tests for ‘‘gas provide an incentive and flexibility for and proficiency for performing flight balloon’’ and tests in ‘‘balloons with part 141 pilot schools to develop instructor duties and responsibilities. airborne heaters.’’ Administratively, this Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41193 proposal will, in effect, permit a person Proposed § 61.1 would be revised by (2) Establishes an instrument rating who receives the required training and deleting the reference to § 61.71 and for airships; performs the practical test in a gas inserting a reference to ‘‘training courses (3) Establishes a flight instructor balloon to be limited to operating a gas specifically approved by the certificate for the lighter-than-air balloon. Accordingly, that person’s Administrator under other parts of this category; certificate would contain a limitation, chapter.’’ This would include training (4) Replaces the phrase ‘‘personal ‘‘Limited to gas balloons.’’ Vice versa, a programs under SFAR 58, proposed possession’’ with ‘‘physical possession, person who receives the required training centers, and part 141 pilot or readily accessible in the aircraft;’’ training and performs the practical test schools. (5) Clarifies the ‘‘age 60 limitation’’ that is applicable to persons who serve in a balloon with an airborne heater Section 61.1a Clarification of Terms would be limited to operating a balloon as pilot crewmembers for a foreign air with an airborne heater. Accordingly, Proposed § 61.1a would be carrier when that carrier is operating a that person’s certificate would contain a established to clarify terms used U.S.-registered civil aircraft with more limitation, ‘‘Limited to a balloon with throughout part 61. The clarified terms than 30 passenger seats, excluding any an airborne heater.’’ are: Aeronautical experience; airman required crewmember seat, and/or a 2. Flight time means: certificate; authorized ground instructor; 7500 pound payload capacity for a. Pilot time that commences when an authorized flight instructor; cross- compensation or hire in scheduled aircraft moves under its own power for country time; examiner; flight training; international air services or non- the purpose of flight and ends when the ground training; instrument approach; scheduled international air transport aircraft comes to rest after landing; or instrument training; knowledge test; operations; b. For a nonpowered glider, that time pilot time; training time; supervised PIC (6) Clarifies that a person who acts as when the glider commences being time; and practical test. a PIC or as a required flight towed for the purpose of flight and ends Section 61.2 Certification of Foreign crewmember of a civil aircraft of U.S. when the glider comes to rest after Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground registry would be required to hold either landing. Instructors an airman certificate or a special The term is being rewritten to apply purpose flight authorization; Proposed § 61.2 would include a (7) Addresses the pilot certificate to nonpowered aircraft as well as provision for ground instructor requirements for operating aircraft of powered aircraft. For powered aircraft, certificates under part 61. In addition, foreign registry within the United flight time would mean pilot time the significant revisions in proposed commencing when an aircraft moves States; § 61.2 would permit a person who is not (8) Clarifies the requirements for a under its own power for the purpose of a citizen of the United States or a flight and ending when the aircraft person to have their medical certificate resident alien of the United States to: (1) in their physical possession or readily comes to rest after landing. For a Complete a knowledge or practical test nonpowered glider, the term would accessible in the aircraft. Furthermore, outside the United States; (2) Be issued this proposal would specifically identify refer to the time when the glider an additional category, class, commences being towed for the purpose when it is permitted for a person not to instrument, or type rating, as applicable have their medical certificate in their of flight until the glider comes to rest on a U.S. pilot certificate; and (3) Be after landing. physical possession or readily issued an additional, renewal, or accessible in the aircraft; 3. Pilot in command means: reinstatement of a category, class, or a. A person who has final authority (9) Parallels the provisions of § 61.41 instrument rating for a U.S. flight and responsibility for the operation and for allowing training received from a instructor or ground instructor safety of the flight; flight instructor who is not certificated certificate. by the FAA; b. A person who holds the This proposal is a result of appropriate category, class, and type (10) Provides that a flight instructor FlightSafety International’s (FSI) certificate is not necessary, if the: rating, if appropriate; petition for exemption from § 61.2. FSI’s c. A person who has been designated a. Training is in accordance with a petition requested relief from § 61.2 to as pilot in command before or during part 121 or part 135 air carrier approved be allowed to issue type ratings to the flight; and training program; d. Involves a flight that occurs in foreign nationals who hold U.S. pilot b. Training is given by the holder of actual flight conditions in an aircraft. certificates at its training facility located an ATP certificate under § 61.169 of this This proposal would clarify the in Velizy, Villacoublay, France. On part; and definition to allow only one person at a February 22, 1989, the FAA granted c. Person receiving the training and time to log PIC time. FSI’s petition permitting additional the person giving the training are ratings to be added to foreign nationals’ E. Section by Section Discussion of Part employees of that air carrier. This U.S. pilot certificates while located proposal would provide that a flight 61—Certification: Pilots, Flight outside the United States. The current Instructors, and Ground Instructors instructor certificate is not necessary, if provisions of § 61.2 limit FSI and other the training was conducted in The FAA proposes to change the title U.S. training and airplane accordance with the provisions of of part 61 to ‘‘Certification: Pilots, Flight manufacturing companies from § 61.41. Instructors, and Ground Instructors.’’ expanding their business into the (11) Replaces the references to each The reason for this change is the international aviation market. instrument rating needed for each class proposed elimination of part 143 and Section 61.3 Requirement for of aircraft category with the phrase the relocation of the certification of Certificates, Ratings, and ‘‘appropriate aircraft category, class, ground instructors into part 61. Authorizations. type rating, if required, and instrument Subpart A—General The significant proposed changes in rating.’’ Because of the proposed § 61.3 are as follows: instrument rating for an airship, the Section 61.1 Applicability (1) Includes the certification of existing requirement for a pilot to hold Proposed § 61.1 would be revised by ground instructor certificates and a commercial certificate with a lighter- adding the term ‘‘authorization.’’ ratings in part 61; than-air category and airship class rating 41194 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules to operate an airship under instrument (9) Deletes the word ‘‘small’’ in the Section 61.7 Obsolete Certificates and flight rules (IFR) or instrument reference to turbojet airplanes in the Ratings meteorological conditions (IMC) would paragraph that applies to aircraft type be deleted. Pilots of gliders would still ratings. The word ‘‘small’’ is The FAA proposes to revise § 61.7 by be required to hold an instrument rating unnecessary because current adding a new paragraph that would list for a single-engine airplane; requirements require the PIC of all the category, class, and instrument (12) Aligns the ‘‘age 60’’ rules of part turbojet airplanes to have a type rating ratings that are proposed to be 121 to part 61. This proposal states that whether it is a large or small turbojet eliminated. In this section, the FAA also a pilot who is 60 years of age or older airplane; proposes to: may not act as a pilot crewmember (10) Eliminates the reference to (1) Revise ground instructor while engaging in any scheduled Advisory Circular 61–1, ‘‘Aircraft Type certificates and ratings; international air services, non- Ratings.’’ The reference is obsolete (2) Establish nonpowered and scheduled international air because the advisory circular has been powered class ratings under the glider transportation, or common carriage revised. The list of type ratings is category; and operation for compensation or hire in a incorporated into Advisory Circular No. (3) Establish separate instrument civil aircraft that has a passenger seating 61–89D, ‘‘Pilot Certificates: Aircraft ratings for single-engine and configuration of more than 30 seats, Type Ratings,’’ which also consists of multiengine airplanes. excluding any required crewmember type rating curricula; seat or payload capacity of more than (11) Deletes the provision that Section 61.9 Written Syllabus for 7500 pounds (3400 kg); requires a pilot who seeks an ATP Conducting Training (13) Requires a pilot that is required certificate in a small helicopter to obtain The FAA proposes to eliminate to hold a special purpose pilot a helicopter type rating. Small existing § 61.9, ‘‘Exchange of obsolete authorization, issued in accordance helicopters should not be treated certificates and ratings for current with § 61.77, to have that authorization differently than the other small aircraft. certificates and ratings.’’ This section, in their possession in the aircraft when Historically, the FAA policy on which lists the requirements for exercising the privileges of that requiring a pilot who seeks an ATP exchanging the certificates and ratings authorization; and certificate in a small helicopter to obtain that were adopted in 1973, is no longer (14) Permits the following exceptions a helicopter type rating was based on necessary. during the proposed 2-year transition the operating requirements of part 127, period of these rule changes: ‘‘Certification of Operations of The FAA proposes a new § 61.9 that a. A pilot with a commercial pilot Scheduled Air Carriers with would establish requirements for certificate with a lighter-than-air Helicopters.’’ Specifically, § 127.173(a) written training syllabus. This syllabus category rating, which was issued before requires a pilot who seeks an ATP would be required by an instructor who the effective date of this rule, would be certificate in a small helicopter to obtain gives flight or ground training to a pilot permitted to give training in an airship a helicopter type rating. However, a for an airman certificate or rating. or balloon, as appropriate; closer reading of existing § 61.5(b)(5)(iii) Section 61.11 Expired Pilot Certificates b. A pilot with a commercial pilot states, ‘‘small helicopters for operations and Reissuance certificate with a lighter-than-air requiring an ATP certificate.’’ Currently, category rating and airship class rating part 127 is not active, and there are not Minor editorial and format changes would be permitted to operate an any part 127 scheduled air carriers with are proposed. airship under IFR or IMC; and helicopters. The FAA has determined c. A pilot with a commercial or Section 61.13 Awarding of Airman that it is not necessary for a person who Certificates, Ratings, and Authorizations private pilot certificate with an seeks an ATP certificate in a small instrument-airplane rating would be helicopter to obtain a helicopter type The FAA proposes to replace the title permitted to operate an airplane under rating. Continuing this past policy of § 61.13, ‘‘Application and IFR or IMC. places an additional restriction on small qualification,’’ with the title ‘‘Awarding Section 61.5 Certificates and Ratings helicopters that is not required of other of airman certificates, ratings, and Issued Under This Part small aircraft and can no longer be authorizations’’ and to revise the format justified. Therefore, the FAA proposes of this section. The significant proposed changes in to treat the type rating requirements for The significant proposed changes in § 61.5 are as follows: helicopters as it currently does for the (1) Includes ground instructor this section are as follows: other aircraft, which would only require certificates and ratings in part 61; (1) Includes ground instructor (2) Revises ground instructor a type rating if the aircraft is a large certificates in part 61; aircraft other than lighter-than-air, certificates and ratings; (2) Replaces the phrase ‘‘flight turbojet-powered airplanes, or is (3) Establishes a powered-lift category proficiency requirements’’ with another aircraft type rating that is rating; ‘‘approved areas of operation’’; (4) Establishes an instrument rating specified by the Administrator through (3) Deletes the provision that permits for powered-lifts; the aircraft type certification (5) Establishes nonpowered and procedures; the use of aircraft for a practical test that powered class ratings under the glider (12) Includes a provision for allowing cannot perform all of the approved areas category; a pilot to exchange a current pilot of operation for that practical test (6) Establishes separate instrument certificate for a pilot certificate with the because of limitations listed in that ratings for single-engine and proposed instrument ratings and glider aircraft’s type certificate; and multiengine airplanes; class ratings; and (4) Clarifies that a limitation placed (7) Establishes an instrument rating (13) Allows a pilot with a flight or on a person’s airman certificate may be for airships; ground instructor certificate to exchange removed if the pilot demonstrates to an (8) Establishes a flight instructor that certificate for a flight or ground examiner satisfactory proficiency in the certificate for the lighter-than-air instructor certificate with the proposed area of operation for which the airman category; ratings in §§ 61.201 and 61.227. certificate level and rating are sought. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41195

Section 61.14 Refusal to Submit to a (5) Permit student pilots who are proposal will parallel helicopters with Drug Test seeking a recreational pilot certificate the other classes of aircraft that only No modifications are proposed. and certificated recreational pilots to require a type rating for: Large aircraft operate aircraft without a medical (except lighter-than-air), turbojet- Section 61.15 Offenses Involving certificate, provided they have an powered airplanes, and those aircraft Alcohol or Drugs application on file that certifies they do specified by the Administrator through No modifications are proposed. not have any known medical aircraft type certificate procedures; deficiencies that make them unable to (2) Establish an aircraft category rating Section 61.16 Refusal to Submit to an pilot the aircraft. This would also for the new powered-lift aircraft; Alcohol Test or to Furnish Test Results permit higher certificated pilots who are No modifications are proposed. only exercising the privileges of a (3) Replace the current requirement for a pilot to receive training and an Section 61.17 Temporary Certificate recreational pilot certificate to be afforded the same privileges. endorsement in an airplane with ‘‘more The FAA proposes to revise this than 200 horsepower’’ to ‘‘200 section to include the ground instructor Section 61.25 Change of Name horsepower or more’’; certificate in part 61. The existing 90- Format and minor editorial changes (4) Separate the current requirements day limit on temporary ground are proposed. for a pilot to receive training and an instructor certificates or ratings in existing § 143.5 would, in effect, be Section 61.27 Voluntary Surrender or endorsement to operate an airplane that increased to 120 days, which is the Exchange of Certificate has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable propeller and an current limit for the other temporary This section would be revised by endorsement to operate a high pilot and flight instructor certificates dividing the existing language into two performance airplane that has an engine and ratings. paragraphs. The purpose of this of 200 horsepower or more; Section 61.19 Duration of Pilot and proposal, as throughout this notice, is to (5) Establish a requirement for a pilot Instructor Certificates rewrite the rules in an outline format instead of the current narrative format. to receive aircraft type specific training. The significant proposed changes in The purpose of this proposal, as earlier this section are as follows: Section 61.29 Replacement of a Lost or discussed in the ‘‘General Discussion of (1) Include ground instructor Destroyed Airman or Medical Certificate Principal Issues’’ under the paragraph certificates under part 61; and or Knowledge Test Report title of this notice noted as ‘‘Aircraft (2) Change the title of proposed The proposed revisions to § 61.29 are Type Specific Training,’’ would require § 61.19, ‘‘Duration of pilot and flight as follows: a person to receive additional training instructor certificates’’ to read, (1) Change the title of the section to and a flight instructor endorsement for ‘‘Duration of pilot and instructor ‘‘Replacement of a lost or destroyed that person to serve as a PIC of an certificates.’’ airman or medical certificate or aircraft that the Administrator has Section 61.21 Duration of a Category II knowledge test report’’; determined requires type specific Pilot Authorization (2) Delete listing the cost of replacing training; a lost or destroyed airman or medical The FAA proposes editorial and certificate. This proposal would (6) Require pilots to receive additional format changes. establish the procedures for obtaining a training for operating ‘‘pressurized Section 61.23 Duration and lost or destroyed airman certificate, aircraft.’’ Current provisions only Requirement for a Medical Certificate medical certificate, or knowledge test require pilots to receive additional report. The cost for replacement of lost training in ‘‘pressurized airplanes.’’ This The significant proposed changes in proposal is to capture the possible this section are as follows: or destroyed airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report development of pressurized ‘‘powered- (1) Change the title of this section lift,’’ and any other pressurized aircraft from ‘‘Duration of medical certificates’’ would be in part 187, ‘‘Cost of Services that may be manufactured in the future; to ‘‘Duration and requirement for a and Transfer of Fees to part 187 from medical certificate’’; parts 47, 49, 61, 63, 65, and 143’’; and (7) Require a pilot seeking an aircraft (2) Redesignate the current paragraphs (3) Delete some unnecessary type rating to perform to ATP standards. of this section; explanations of the procedures for This proposal will codify the existing (3) Permit a pilot to apply for any replacing a lost or destroyed airman or policy for FAA pilot certification pilot or flight instructor certificate, for medical certificate. These existing standards; and which a medical certificate is required, provisions are merely explanatory and (8) Add an exception in proposed with a third-class medical certificate. A are not of a regulatory nature, so the paragraph (j), to include the powered- higher medical certificate level would FAA proposes to delete them. lift aircraft, because no class ratings are continue to be required for flight Section 61.31 Type Rating, Additional being established. In addition, the operations requiring an ATP certificate Training, and Authorization powered-lift would be added as an or a commercial pilot certificate; exception to the category and class (4) Clarify current requirements for a Requirements rating requirements of this section for person who is exercising the privileges The FAA proposes to change the title of their flight instructor certificate while of this section from ‘‘General aircraft not type certificated as serving as a PIC or as a required limitations’’ to ‘‘Type rating, additional airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, powered- crewmember, then that person would be training, and authorization lift, or lighter-than-air aircraft. required to hold a third-class medical requirements.’’ Section 61.33 Tests: General Procedure certificate. However, if the flight The significant proposed revisions to instructor is not serving as a PIC or as this section are as follows: This section would revise the format a required crewmember, then that (1) Delete the provision requiring a by replacing the phrase ‘‘persons, person would not be required to hold a type rating in helicopters for operations designated by the Administrator’’ with medical certificate; and requiring an ATP certificate. This the word ‘‘examiners.’’ 41196 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Section 61.35 Knowledge Test: Section 61.37 Knowledge Tests: military air transportation service Prerequisites and Passing Grades Cheating or Other Unauthorized operator and— Conduct (i) Be employed by such an operator Proposed § 61.35 would be retitled to The phrase ‘‘Except as authorized by at the time of the practical test; and read, ‘‘Knowledge test: Prerequisites and (ii) Have accomplished that operator’s the Administrator’’ is proposed to be passing grades,’’ instead of ‘‘Written test PIC aircraft qualification training deleted. prerequisites and passing grades.’’ program, which is appropriate to the The proposed revisions to § 61.35 are Section 61.39 Prerequisites for certificate and rating sought. as follows: Practical Tests Section 61.41 Flight Training Received (1) Replace the term ‘‘written test’’ The significant proposed changes to From Flight Instructors Not Certificated with ‘‘knowledge test’’; § 61.39 are as follows: by the FAA. (1) Replace the words ‘‘flight test’’ or (2) Require an applicant to receive an The FAA proposes to revise § 61.41 ‘‘oral test’’ with the word ‘‘practical endorsement that states the applicant for the purposes of simplifying this test’’; completed ground training or a home section. The proposal would replace the (2) Replace the words ‘‘written test’’ study course on the aeronautical word ‘‘instruction’’ with the word with ‘‘knowledge test’’; knowledge requirements for each ‘‘training,’’ and clarify that flight (3) Permit an applicant to hold at least certificate or rating and that the instructors not certificated by the FAA a third-class medical certificate to be applicant is prepared for the knowledge are not authorized to give any of the eligible for a practical test; test; endorsements required under part 61, (4) Clarify that applicants for an ATP (3) Include and clarify the current only the training. certificate be at least 23 years of age at requirements for the presentation of the time of the practical test; Section 61.43 Practical Tests: General personal identification found in FAA (5) Revise the existing provision for Procedures Order 8700.1. These identification applicants for ATP certificates and procedures were established in response The significant proposed changes to ratings to allow them to take a practical to the Drug Enforcement Assistance Act § 61.43 are as follows: test with an expired airman knowledge of 1988 (Pub. L. 100–690, November 18, (1) Replace the term ‘‘flight test’’ with test report; 1988). The proposal would require an ‘‘practical test’’ and ‘‘maneuvers and (6) Include the current prerequisites applicant’s identification to consist of: procedures’’ with ‘‘approved areas of for practical tests procedures found in a. The applicant’s photograph; operation.’’ FAA Order 8700.1. The proposal would (2) Include applicants for ATP b. The applicant’s signature; require an applicant to: certificates or ratings by replacing the c. The applicant’s date of birth, which a. Present the airman knowledge test phrase ‘‘an applicant for a private or shows the applicant meets or will meet report at the time the applicant applies commercial pilot certificate, or for an the age requirements for the certificate for the practical test; and aircraft or instrument rating on that sought before the expiration date of the b. Complete and sign the application certificate’’ with ‘‘an applicant for a knowledge test report; and form. certificate or rating, issued under this (7) Clarify the eligibility prerequisites d. The applicant’s actual residential part.’’ for a practical test, but the proposal does address, if different from the applicant’s (3) Modify the wording of this section not contain any additional requirements mailing address. for clarity and simplicity purposes. from the existing requirements; Proposed § 61.43 would be revised to Acceptable types of identification (8) Clarify the current provision for an state that an applicant would be include, but are not limited to, a driver’s applicant who is employed as a flight required to: license, a government identification crewmember under part 121, part 125, a. Perform the approved areas of card, a passport, or other forms of or part 135, or as a flight crewmember operation for the certificate or rating identification that meet the personal in military transportation service to take sought within the approved standards; identification criteria. The photograph a practical test with an expired airman b. Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft of the applicant would be reproduced knowledge test report. The proposal throughout the practical test with the on the airman identity card portion of would clarify that to be afforded the successful outcome of each task the airman certificate; and relief provided by proposed § 61.39, the performed never seriously in doubt; (4) Include applicants for ATP applicant would have to either: c. Demonstrate satisfactory certificates and ratings into proposed a. Be employed as a flight airmanship throughout the practical § 61.35. Currently, § 61.35 does not crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or test; apply to the written test for an ATP commercial operator under parts 121, d. Demonstrate sound judgment certificate or a rating associated with 125, or 135 of this chapter and be throughout the practical test; and that certificate. The passing employed by such a certificate holder at e. Demonstrate single-pilot requirements for a written test for an the time of the practical test and— competence if the aircraft is type ATP certificate or a rating associated (i) Have satisfactorily accomplished certificated for single-pilot operations. with that certificate are found in that operator’s approved PIC aircraft (4) Require an applicant, who wants existing § 61.167. Existing § 61.167 qualification training program, which is to accomplish a practical test in an states that an applicant for an ATP appropriate to the certificate and rating aircraft that is type certificated for certificate or rating must pass the sought; and single-pilot operations, to demonstrate knowledge test with a 70 percent (ii) Have satisfactorily accomplished single-pilot competence. The proposal minimum passing grade. Under § 61.35, that operator’s approved requalification would require an applicant for a the minimum passing grade is specified training requirements, which are certificate or rating to demonstrate by the Administrator. The FAA has appropriate to the certificate and rating single-pilot competence in the aircraft determined provisions in § 61.35 and sought; or in which the practical test is taken, if § 61.167 are similar, and therefore, b. Be employed as a flight that aircraft is type certificated for one duplication is not necessary. crewmember by a U.S. scheduled pilot. Most aircraft that are type Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41197 certificated for one pilot are currently (2) Exclude balloons from the current Section 61.47 Status of an Examiner operated by one pilot. However, some requirement for pilot seats in an aircraft Who is Authorized by the Administrator aircraft (e.g., the Cessna Citation 501 used for the practical test. Section 61.45 to Conduct Practical Tests and 551) are type certificated for one currently requires that the aircraft used The FAA proposes to change the title pilot, but are operated by either one- or for a flight test have ‘‘pilot seats with of the section from ‘‘Flight tests: Status two-pilot crews. The FAA realizes that adequate visibility for each pilot to of FAA inspectors and other authorized some pilots may desire to operate an operate the aircraft safely.’’ Most flight examiners’’ to ‘‘Status of an aircraft type certificated for one pilot balloons do not have seats and this examiner who is authorized by the with a two-pilot crew. In this situation, requirement is customarily waived for Administrator to conduct practical the applicant would have the option not balloon practical tests; tests.’’ Additionally, this section would to demonstrate single-pilot competence, (3) Require a lighter-than-air aircraft contain minor editorial and format but a limitation would be placed on the revisions. applicant’s airman certificate that states used for a practical test to have required a SIC is required. This limitation could controls easily reached and operable in Section 61.49 Retesting After Failure later be removed if the pilot a normal manner by both pilots. Permit The FAA proposes to reformat this demonstrates single-pilot competence. an examiner to waive the requirement section. In addition, the FAA proposes This proposal is consistent with FAA that states ‘‘controls easily reached and to delete the existing requirement for an Order 8700.1, ‘‘General Aviation operable in a normal manner’’. applicant to wait 30 days before Operations Inspector’s Handbook,’’ However, the examiner must determine reapplying for a practical test following regarding aircraft that are type that the lighter-than-air aircraft used for a second and subsequent disapprovals. certificated for one pilot, but are the practical test can be operated safely; In lieu of the 30-day waiting period, the operated with both one- and two-pilot and applicant would be required to receive crews. The proposal would not change an endorsement from an authorized regulations for applicants that apply for (4) Require applicants for any practical test to perform the test in a ground or flight instructor, as a certificate or rating in aircraft that are appropriate. usually operated by one pilot. These two-place aircraft. This would eliminate applicants already are required to the provision for an applicant for a Section 61.51 Pilot Logbooks demonstrate single-pilot competence on gyroplane class rating to accomplish the The significant proposed changes to the practical test; and practical test in a single place this section are as follows: (5) Codify the procedures, which are gyroplane. In the past, the FAA has (1) Clarifies the procedure in logging currently found in FAA Order 8700.1, permitted examiners to observe the PIC flight time; that address the issue of the examiner or practical test from the ground when the (2) Eliminates the term ‘‘solo flight the applicant may discontinue the aircraft was a single-place aircraft. time’’ and replaces it with the term practical test due to inclement weather Predominately, gyroplanes were single- ‘‘supervised PIC time’’; conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or place aircraft that required examiners to (3) Clarifies when a flight instructor other flight safety concerns. monitor the practical test from the and a certificated pilot who are on board Section 61.45 Practical Tests: Required ground. However, the FAA has an aircraft at the same time may each Aircraft and Equipment determined there are a significant log PIC flight time; (4) Permits student pilots who meet Proposed § 61.45 would be retitled to number of two-place gyroplanes that render the current provisions no longer certain provisions to log PIC flight time; read, ‘‘Practical tests: Required aircraft (5) Requires the pilot who logs SIC necessary. After discussions with many and equipment,’’ instead of ‘‘Flight flight time to meet the requirements of of the primary manufacturers of tests: Required aircraft and equipment.’’ § 61.55; The FAA proposes to revise this section gyroplanes, the FAA believes that there (6) Specifies the necessary by replacing the term, ‘‘flight test’’ with are an adequate number of two-place information when a pilot logs ‘‘practical test’’ and ‘‘flight proficiency gyroplanes that make the existing rule instrument time for the purpose of requirements’’ with ‘‘approved areas of unnecessary. The FAA believes the meeting the instrument currency operation.’’ importance of the practical test makes it requirements; The significant proposed changes to extremely necessary that examiners be (7) Specifies the necessary § 61.45 are as follows: able to observe applicants during the information when a pilot logs training (1) Exclude explicitly the use of practical test. time; and ultralights and hang gliders as (8) Specifies the requirements that a acceptable aircraft for use in practical (5) Permit the use of aircraft with a primary airworthiness certificate to be flight instructor would need to meet to tests. The use of ultralights and hang log PIC flight time. gliders are unacceptable aircraft for use used for a flight test. The purpose for in pilot certificate tests. Aircraft other this proposal is a result of an oversight Section 61.53 Operations During than ultralights, and the pilots who that occurred during the issuance of the Medical Deficiency operate them, are subject to extensive Primary Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR The FAA is proposing to make two Federal regulations found throughout 41360; September 9, 1992). In the significant changes to this section. First, the FAR. Ultralights are subject to SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section (in in response to the proposed changes separate standards in part 103, which the paragraphs entitled ‘‘Rental and that would permit pilots to exercise the provides that ultralights are not required Flight Instruction’’ and ‘‘Pilot privileges of a recreational pilot to meet the airworthiness certification, Certification’’) of that final rule, the certificate without holding a medical pilot certification, aircraft registration, FAA stated that the use of primary certificate, the FAA is proposing to or aircraft marking requirements of the aircraft are permitted to be used for divide § 61.53 into two paragraphs. other aircraft. Section 103.1 states, in rental, flight instruction, and pilot Paragraph (a) would apply to operations part, that ultralight vehicles ‘‘are used or certification. However, the FAA did not that require pilots to hold medical intended to be used for recreation or provide for this in that final rule. certificates issued under part 67. sport purposes only’’; Paragraph (b) would apply to operations 41198 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules in which pilots are not required to hold the 3rd class medical certificate. afforded PICs of part 121 and part 135 medical certificates. While paragraph (b) However, depending on the responses operators. was developed primarily in response to received from the public on this Section 61.58 Pilot-in-Command FAA’s petition that proposes to permit proposal, the FAA reserves the right to Proficiency Test: Operation of Aircraft a pilot without a medical certificate to establish a list of disqualifying medical Requiring More Than One Required exercise the privileges of a recreational conditions in the final rule if there is a Pilot pilot certificate, it also if adopted, need shown for it. The FAA recognizes would apply to glider and balloon that many of its regulations require This section has been addressed in a operations. pilots to exercise reasonable judgment separate NPRM that is entitled, ‘‘Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Under proposed paragraph (b), a pilot and is dependent on all pilots adhering Testing, and Checking at Training who chooses to exercise recreational to an unwritten ‘‘honor code.’’ Centers,’’ and was issued on July 15, pilot privileges or flight in a glider or Section 61.55 Second in Command 1992 (57 FR 35915; August 11, 1992). balloon would not be required to obtain Qualifications The existing section is republished a medical certificate. The pilot, The FAA proposes to revise this with minor editorial and format however, still would be required to self modifications. Those minor editorial evaluate themselves on their current section by being more specific about the SIC training requirements. modifications would include a proposal medical condition prior to exercising to revise existing § 61.58(b)(3), (c)(2), their pilot certificate privileges. As long Section 61.56 Flight Review and (e) by eliminating reference to part as the pilot had no reason to believe that 127, because there are no part 127 they were not medically fit for piloting, This section is being reprinted without changes. Amendment No. 61– operators and haven’t been for years. the pilot would be able to conduct these Furthermore, the FAA proposes to add limited operations. As a result, a pilot 93 ‘‘Amendment of the Annual and Biennial Flight Review Requirements’’, part 125 operators to existing who fails a medical exam given by an § 61.58(b)(3), (c)(2), and (e) in reference aviation medical examiner (AME) which became effective on August 31, 1993 (58 FR 40562; July 28, 1993), to persons conducting operations under would be able to exercise their pilot part 125. Part 125 operators were not certificate provided the pilot exercised revised this entire section. Amendment No. 61–93 amended this section by addressed in this section when the part recreational pilot privileges only or was was initially established on February 3, piloting a glider or balloon operations. deleting the requirement that recreational pilots and noninstrument- 1981, and therefore the FAA proposes to Pilots would be required to self evaluate include part 125 pilots. Section 61.59 themselves utilizing their judgment that rated private pilots with fewer than 400 hours of flight time (hereafter, the Falsification, reproduction, or alteration they are medically fit to fly. In addition, of applications, certificates, logbooks, pilots who hold special issuance ‘‘affected pilots’’) receive 1 hour of ground and 1 hour of flight instruction reports, or records. medical certificates, which require The only proposed change to this annually. The final rule amended the routine check-ups by an AME, may section involves § 61.59(a)(2) by revising biennial flight review by requiring all decide to give up their medical the word ‘‘or’’ to ‘‘of’’ in the phrase pilots to receive a minimum of 1 hour certificates and only fly in recreational ‘‘* * * exercise of the privileges, or any of ground instruction and 1 hour of pilot operations if they believe that they certificate * * *’’ to read ‘‘* ** flight instruction. Additionally, the final are medically fit to fly. Pilots exercise of the privileges of any rule provided that flight instructors who experiencing medical symptoms that certificate * * *’’ The purpose for this renew their flight instructor’s certificate would prevent them from safely change is to correct the mistake in the by means of an approved flight exercising the privileges of their rule that occurred when the rule was instructor refresher course need not certificate, or that raise a reasonable first issued. Other than for this minor accomplish the 1 hour of ground concern, would be on notice that they change, no further changes are instruction previously required in the cannot claim they have no known anticipated. medical deficiencies. As an example, a BFR. Section 61.60 Change of Address pilot who is under physician’s care for, Section 61.57 Recent Flight or is currently suffering from angina Experience: Pilot in Command This section would be revised to pectoris or a coronary heart disease include ground instructor certificates would not be able to exercise their pilot The proposed changes in this section under part 61. certificate as the pilot in command or as are as follows: Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and a required flight crewmember under the (1) Require each pilot to make at least Special Certificates provisions of this proposed rule. three takeoffs and three landings to a Another example would be a pilot who full stop within the preceding 90 days; Section 61.61 Applicability (2) Require the three takeoffs and is under a physician’s care for, or is Because the issuance of an additional three landings made to a full stop to currently suffering ‘‘blackouts’’ would rating for a flight instructor certificate is involve a flight in the traffic pattern at not be able to exercise their pilot contained in subpart H of part 61, the the recommended traffic pattern altitude certificate as the pilot in command or as FAA proposes to delete the words ‘‘or for the airport; a required flight crewmember under the instructor’’ from this section. Subpart B provisions of this proposed rule. The (3) Delete the clarification of night prescribes the requirements for proposed rule changes will require each (the definition already exists in § 1.1); additional aircraft ratings. pilot to self evaluate their current (4) Modify the requirements for recent medical condition and then exercise instrument experience; Section 61.63 Additional Aircraft reasonable judgment prior to exercising (5) Modify the requirements for the Ratings (Other Than Airline Transport their pilot certificate. The FAA has not instrument proficiency test; and Pilot) established a list of disqualifying (6) Extend the exception requirements The significant proposed changes in medical conditions because the intent of for the general and night recency this section are as follows: this proposal is not to establish another experience requirements of § 61.57 to (1) Change the title of paragraph (c) of class of medical certification to replace PICs of part 125 operators as that this proposed section to read Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41199

‘‘Additional type rating, or an addition airplane category and single engine land must have received and logged the of an aircraft type rating associated with class rating, who seeks to add an following training: an additional aircraft class rating,’’ and airplane category and multiengine land a. At least 40 hours of instrument rewrite the provisions for an additional class rating to the pilot’s certificate training from an authorized flight aircraft type rating. would be required (in addition to the instructor-instrument or ground (2) Revise the required aeronautical eligibility and endorsement instructor-instrument on the approved experience and training for persons requirements of § 61.103) to comply areas of operation of this section; seeking an additional aircraft category with the following aeronautical b. At least 20 hours of the instrument and class rating. Regarding the required experience and training of subpart E: training may be met by training received aeronautical experience and training for a. Receive training on the aeronautical from an authorized flight instructor- an additional category rating, a person knowledge areas listed in § 61.105(b) instrument or ground instructor- would not be required to perform the that apply to the aircraft rating sought; instrument in an approved flight supervised PIC time, but would be b. Receive training in a multiengine simulator or training device; required to meet the specified airplane on the approved areas of c. At least 5 hours of instrument flight aeronautical experience and training operation listed in § 61.107(c); and training from an authorized flight time required for the category and class c. Satisfactorily accomplish a instructor-instrument in the category rating sought and pilot certificate level practical test in a multiengine airplane and class aircraft for the instrument held. As an example, a person who on the approved areas of operation rating sought; holds a private pilot certificate with an listed in § 61.107(c). d. Instrument training specific to airplane single engine land rating, and (4) Clarify when an applicant would airplanes on cross-country flight seeks to add a rotorcraft category with be required to accomplish a knowledge procedures that includes at least one a helicopter class rating to that person’s test. The proposal would specify that an cross-country IFR flight in the class pilot certificate, would be required (in applicant who already holds an airplane for the instrument rating sought addition to the eligibility and airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or and consists of— endorsement requirements of § 61.103) airship rating, and is only seeking an (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical to comply with the following additional aircraft category, class, and miles along airways or ATC-directed aeronautical experience and training of type rating, would not be required to routing with one of the routes being at subpart E: accomplish another knowledge test. least a straight-line distance of 100 a. Receive training on the aeronautical However, an applicant would still be nautical miles between airports; (ii) An instrument approach at each knowledge areas listed in § 61.105(b), required to have an endorsement in the airport; and that apply to the helicopter rating applicant’s logbook or training record (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and sought; from an authorized flight instructor or ILS radio navigation aids. b. Receive training in a helicopter on ground instructor, and that endorsement the approved areas of operation listed in e. Instrument training specific to must attest that the person is competent helicopters on cross-country flight § 61.107(d); on the aeronautical knowledge areas, c. Accomplish the following procedures that includes at least one that relate to the pilot certificate for the training— cross-country IFR flight in a helicopter aircraft category/class rating sought. (i) Three hours of cross-country flight and consists of— training in a helicopter; (5) Restrict the issuance of ‘‘VFR (i) A distance of at least 100 nautical (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 only’’ limitation for an aircraft type miles along airways or ATC-directed hours of night flight training in a rating to only those aircraft that cannot routing, with one of the routes being at helicopter that includes— be used to accomplish the practical test least a straight-line distance of 50 (A) One cross country flight of at least under IFR, because its type certificate nautical miles between airports; more than 50 nautical miles duration; makes the aircraft incapable of operating (ii) An instrument approach at each and under IFR. airport; and (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a (6) Reformat the section for clarity. (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and full stop (with each landing involving a Section 61.65 Instrument Rating ILS radio navigation aids. flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. Requirements f. Instrument training specific to (iii) Three hours of flight training in airships on cross-country flight preparation for the practical test in a The significant proposed changes in procedures that includes at least one helicopter, which must have been this section are as follows: cross-country IFR flight in an airship performed within the 60-day period (1) Includes revised aeronautical and consists of— preceding the date of the test; and knowledge areas and areas of operation (i) A distance of at least 50 nautical d. Satisfactorily accomplish a for an instrument rating for the airplane miles along airways or ATC-directed practical test in a helicopter on the category-single engine class rating, routing, with one of the routes being at approved areas of operation listed in airplane category-multiengine class least a straight-line distance of 25 § 61.107(d). rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter nautical miles between airports; (3) Eliminate the provision that class rating, lighter-than-air category- (ii) An instrument approach at each requires a person to meet the specified airship class rating, and powered-lift airport; and aeronautical experience and training category rating. (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and time required for the class rating sought. (2) Includes revised instrument ILS radio navigation aids. The person would be required to receive training for an instrument rating for the g. Instrument training specific to the required training, but no specified airplane category-single engine class powered-lift on cross-country flight amount of training would be required. rating, airplane category-multiengine procedures that includes at least one The person would be trained to the class rating, rotorcraft category- cross-country IFR flight in a powered- standards established for the aircraft helicopter class rating, lighter-than-air lift and consists of— rating sought and the pilot certificate category-airship class rating, and (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical level held. As an example, a person who powered-lift category rating. A person miles along airways or ATC-directed holds a private pilot certificate with an who applies for an instrument rating routing, with one of the routes being at 41200 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules least a straight-line distance of 100 which do not require a minimum accompanied by a pilot who meets the nautical miles between airports; amount of total flight time. The FAA requirements of this proposed section. (ii) An instrument approach at each also proposes to eliminate the Section 61.71 Graduate of an airport; and requirement for an applicant to have (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and Approved Training Program, Other logged at least 50 hours of cross-country Than Under This Part: Special Rules. ILS radio navigation aids. flight as a rated pilot. (3) Requires applicants to be able to (11) Specifies that an applicant who The title of this section is proposed to write in the English language. completes an instrument practical test be changed from ‘‘Graduates of (4) Includes training in windshear in a multiengine airplane and who certificated flying schools: Special avoidance, aeronautical decision holds an airplane category and single- rules’’ to ‘‘Graduate of an approved making and judgment in the engine class rating is considered to have training program, other than under this aeronautical knowledge requirements, met the requirements for an instrument part: Special rules.’’ and flight deck resource management, to rating in a single-engine airplane. The significant proposed changes in include crew communications and this section are as follows: coordination. Section 61.67 Category II Pilot (1) Permits the crediting of training (5) Replaces the term ‘‘flight Authorization Requirements conducted under parts 141- or 142- proficiency requirements’’ with approved training programs. This section has been addressed in a ‘‘approved areas of operation.’’ (2) Permits the issuance of an ATP separate NPRM that is entitled, ‘‘Aircraft (6) Requires an applicant to receive certificate, type rating, or both, to a Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, training or complete a home study person who has satisfactorily Testing, and Checking at Training program, and receive an endorsement accomplished an approved training Centers,’’ and was issued on July 15, from a ground or flight instructor on the program and a PIC proficiency check for 1992 (57 FR 35918; August 11, 1992). required aeronautical knowledge areas that aircraft type, in accordance with the The existing section is republished of this section that are appropriate to the PIC requirements of subparts N and O without change. instrument rating sought. of part 121 of this chapter. The person (7) Specifies that an applicant is not Section 61.69 Glider Towing: must apply for that ATP certificate/type required to accomplish another Experience and Training Requirements rating within 60 calendar days from the knowledge test, when that person is date the person satisfactorily completed seeking an additional instrument rating. The FAA proposes to revise the title the training program and PIC However, the applicant would still be of this section to read, ‘‘Glider towing: proficiency check in that airplane type. required to have received and logged Experience and training requirements.’’ The FAA believes the training, ground training from an authorized The title of existing § 61.69 reads checking, and qualification for a PIC, flight instructor-instrument or ground ‘‘Glider towing: Experience and under subparts N and O of part 121, instructor-instrument, or have instruction requirements.’’ The meet the requirements of part 61 for the accomplished a home study course of significant proposed changes in this ATP certificate/type rating. training on the approved aeronautical section are as follows: For pilots of certain part 135 air knowledge areas that apply to the (1) Clarifies the requirements for a carriers, on May 8, 1992, the FAA instrument rating sought. In addition, pilot who desires to act as a PIC of an issued Exemption No. 5450 (57 FR the applicant would still be required to aircraft towing a glider and the 23253; June 2, 1992) to Regional Airline have received a logbook or training requirements for a pilot who Association member airlines and record endorsement, from the accompanies that person. The proposal similarly situated commuter air carriers authorized instructor, who gave that clarifies that the accompanying pilot is that operate under part 135. That person training or reviewed their home required to have at least 10 flight hours exemption permits a person who is an study course, certifying the person is as a PIC of an aircraft towing a flight, employee of a part 135 air carrier that prepared to satisfactorily accomplish not the applicant. The present wording operates airplane types requiring two the required knowledge test. is confusing and has been pilots and having a passenger seating (8) Specifies that an applicant for a misunderstood to mean that a pilot configuration of 10 seats or more practical test must receive an cannot be a PIC until the pilot has made (excluding any pilot seat) to train, endorsement from the flight instructor and logged 10 flights as a PIC. check, and qualify under subparts N and who gave the applicant training and that (2) Deletes the current alternative O of part 121. This proposal will endorsement must state the applicant is provision in paragraph (c) of this section provide for pilots of part 135 air carriers prepared for the practical test. The FAA that permits a pilot, who desires to act in the same way that Exemption No. believes this step-by-step listing of as a PIC of an aircraft towing gliders, to 5450 now provides for pilots who are eligibility requirements would help the log three flights as the sole manipulator employees of Regional Airline applicant and the examiner to of the controls of an aircraft simulating Association’s member airlines and determine readily which requirements glider towing flight procedures and similarly qualified commuter air carriers are to be met. three flights as a pilot or observer in a to be issued ATP certificates and type (9) Specifies the minimum distance glider being towed by another aircraft. ratings. requirement for cross-country flight Merely logging three flights as sole (3) Deletes the existing requirement training should be measured from one manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for an applicant seeking instrument airport to another. This proposal is in while simulating glider towing flight rating, who graduates from a pilot agreement with the current FAA procedures, or as a pilot or observer in school certificated under part 141, to interpretation on this issue. a glider being towed by another aircraft, hold a commercial pilot certificate and (10) Deletes the requirement that the does not adequately maintain a pilot’s a second-class medical certificate. This applicant for an instrument rating must proficiency for serving as a PIC towing proposal would be in alignment with have logged at least 125 hours of total a glider. The FAA proposes to require a the proposed revision to § 61.65, and the flight time. This proposal would pilot to make at least three flights as the current rules of ICAO Annex I. Under correspond with the current ICAO sole manipulator of the controls of an § 61.65 and ICAO Annex I, an applicant requirements for an instrument rating, aircraft towing a glider, while for an instrument rating will only be Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41201 required to hold a private pilot Tactical (Pink) Instrument cards were issued under this section, is limited to certificate. This proposal will keep the last issued by the Army in 1971. the privileges placed on that certificate requirements for an instrument rating (4) Moves the content of § 61.73(d)(2) by the Administrator. the same whether the applicant is to proposed § 61.73(d)(5) and deletes the (7) Adds a provision that states that a trained under part 61 or part 141. The phrase ‘‘or his certificate is endorsed holder of a private pilot certificate, FAA also hopes to encourage more with the following limitation: VFR issued under this section, is subject to private pilots to seek instrument ratings. only.’’ Since 1972, all U.S. military pilot the limitations and restrictions on the In 1975, the FAA lowered the minimum training requires instrument person’s U.S. certificate and foreign flight time requirement for an qualification training, and so this phrase pilot license. instrument rating from 200 hours to 125 is no longer needed. Current and former (8) Adds a provision that states that hours with the stated goal of military pilots who currently hold pilot the U.S. private pilot certificate, issued encouraging private pilots to seek certificates with the ‘‘VFR only’’ under this section, is valid only when instrument ratings. Because a limitation would continue to remain that person has their foreign pilot commercial pilot certificate or a second- valid. After demonstrating instrument license in their personal possession or class medical certificate is not required competency in the type of airplane for readily accessible in the aircraft. to exercise private pilot privileges, the which the type rating is sought, the requirement for the applicant to hold limitation would be removed. Section 61.77 Special Purpose Flight these certificates conflicts with the (5) Includes an administrative Authorization: Operation of U.S.- FAA’s goal. clarification for elevating type ratings on Registered Civil Aircraft Leased by a (4) Deletes the requirement that the superseded pilot certificate to the Person Who Is Not a U.S. Citizen graduates of pilot schools with ATP certificate level. The title of proposed § 61.77 would be examining authority must apply for a (6) Modifies the format, deletes changed from ‘‘Special purpose pilot certificate or rating within 90 days. obsolete phraseology, and clarifies the certificate: Operation of U.S.-registered These graduates would have 60 days to wording of this section. civil aircraft leased by a person not a apply, the same as graduates from pilots U.S. citizen’’ to read ‘‘Special purpose schools without examining authority. Section 61.75 Private Pilot Certificate Issued on Basis of a Foreign Pilot flight authorization: Operation of U.S.- Section 61.73 Military Pilots or Former License registered civil aircraft leased by a Military Pilots: Special Rules person who is not a U.S. citizen.’’ The title of proposed § 61.75 would be The significant proposed changes in The significant proposed changes in changed from ‘‘Pilot certificate issued this section are as follows: this section are as follows: on basis of a foreign pilot license’’ to The proposal replaces the issuance of (1) Clarifies the existing requirements ‘‘Private pilot certificate issued on basis special purpose pilot certificates with for military or former military pilots of a foreign pilot license.’’ who apply for a commercial pilot The significant proposed changes in special purpose pilot authorizations and certificate or an aircraft category, class, this section are as follows: expands the use of a special purpose instrument, or type rating. This proposal (1) Deletes the existing provision that flight authorization to all aircraft. The clarifies that military and former permits a pilot with a foreign proposal would also revise the military pilots are required to have commercial, senior commercial, or ATP eligibility requirements for a special graduated from a military pilot training license to apply for a U.S. commercial purpose flight authorization and the course or military pilot flight school and pilot certificate. The proposal would related privileges. received official military aeronautical permit those pilots to apply only for a The significant proposed changes in orders, before applying for their FAA U.S. private pilot certificate when the this section are as follows: pilot certificate. This, in effect, requires issuance is based on their foreign pilot (1) Permits a pilot who holds an military pilots to have graduated from certificate. airman certificate or license, issued by the course and have aeronautical orders (2) Adds a provision that would another ICAO-member state, to operate in their possession, prior to applying for require pilots with a foreign pilot a U.S.-registered civil aircraft in foreign the required knowledge test or rating, as license to submit a transcription of their air transportation operations with a appropriate. foreign pilot license and medical special purpose pilot authorization, (2) Deletes the provision in existing certificate in the English language, issued for 60 calendar months by the § 61.73(a) that permits military pilots to unless the licenses and limitations are Administrator, in lieu of the current apply for a private pilot certificate. in the English language. requirement of issuing special purpose Historically, military pilots have not (3) Deletes the existing provision that pilot certificates. This proposal would chosen a private pilot certificate, permits an applicant to receive a U.S. eliminate the need to issue special because a commercial pilot certificate pilot certificate when the applicant purpose pilot certificates. The FAA can be issued without any further cannot read, speak, write, and believes this proposal will reduce requirements. Therefore, the provision understand the English language. administrative burdens and provide the allowing military pilots to be issued a (4) Adds a provision that restricts relief that has been routinely granted private pilot certificate would be foreign pilot license holders from through the exemption process. Persons deleted, and only a commercial pilot exercising their U.S. pilot certificate who have been issued a special purpose certificate would be issued. A military while under an order of revocation or pilot certificate, prior to the effective pilot, who in the past elected a private suspension. date of this rule, would continue to be pilot certificate instead of a commercial (5) Adds a provision that would allowed to exercise the privileges of that pilot certificate, would be permitted to permit applicants to use their medical certificate until the certificate expires. retain that private pilot certificate. certificate issued by the country that However, once the special purpose pilot (3) Deletes the last sentence in issued the foreign pilot license in lieu certificate expires, the pilot would be existing § 61.73(g)(6), ‘‘However, a of a medical certificate issued under required to surrender the certificate for Tactical (Pink) instrument card issued part 67. a special purpose pilot authorization by the U.S. Army is not acceptable.’’ (6) Adds a provision that states that a and comply with the provisions This sentence is obsolete because holder of a private pilot certificate, contained in proposed § 61.77. 41202 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

ICAO’s Annex 1—‘‘Personnel crewmember seat, of more than 30 seats e. Require the applicant to present a Licensing, Chapter 1—General Rules or a maximum payload capacity (as logbook or flight record showing that and Definitions Concerning Licenses,’’ defined in § 135.2 of this chapter) of the applicant meets the part 61 recency contains in part, standards and more than 7,500 pounds. The current of experience requirements; and recommendations pertaining to the rules do not permit the issuance of f. Clarify that the documentation used required licenses for flight special purpose pilot certificates for the to show the applicant has not reached crewmembers. Section 1.2.1 (authority operation of aircraft having 30 or less the age of 60 should be ‘‘a birth to act as a flight crewmember) states passenger seats, excluding any required certificate or other official that: crewmember seat, and/or a payload documentation’’; and clarify that an A person shall not act as a flight capacity of 7,500 pounds (3400 kg) or authorization granted to an applicant crewmember of an aircraft unless a valid less. who will reach the age of 60 years license is held showing compliance The FAA has received a number of before the authorization’s usual with the specifications of this Annex petitions for exemption to § 61.77. The expiration date would expire the day and appropriate to the duties to be FAA has granted several exemptions to before the applicant’s 60th birthday. performed by that person. The license permit persons who are not citizens of g. Present documentation that shows shall have been issued by the state of the United States, to carry persons or the pilot is employed by the lessee and registry of that aircraft or by any other property for compensation or hire in is qualified in the aircraft to be contracting State and rendered valid by aircraft having 30 or less passenger operated. the State of the registry. seats, excluding any required (5) Permits the use of the special Section 1.2.2 (Method of rendering a crewmember seat, and/or a payload license valid) states that: When a purpose pilot authorization in lieu of a capacity of 7500 pounds (3400 kg) or certificate; contracting state renders valid a license less. issued by another contracting State, as (6) Establishes limitations for the use Section 305 of the FAA Act mandates of a special purpose pilot authorization, an alternative to the issuance of its own that the FAA encourage and foster the license, it shall establish validity by which would: development of civil aeronautics and air a. Increase the current length of a suitable authorization to be carried with commerce in the U.S. and abroad. The the former license accepting it as the special purpose pilot certificate from 24 FAA believes it is in the public interest equivalent of the latter the validity of months to special purpose pilot to promote the use of U.S.-registered the authorization shall not extend authorization to 60 calendar months; aircraft in foreign air transportation. beyond the period of validity of the b. Permit a pilot to only hold one Also, the FAA believes this proposal license. special purpose pilot authorization; The FAA’s data shows that will encourage the leasing of these aircraft and may provide an important c. Clarify that an authorization is for approximately 14,100 special purpose one flight or a series of flights for the pilot certificates have been issued in stimulus to the economy of the U.S. aviation industry. time period stated on the authorization; accordance with § 61.77 and d. Require the carriage of the special approximately 5,300 have been issued Therefore, the proposal establishes general provisions for issuance of the purpose pilot authorization when in accordance with § 63.23. The FAA exercising the privileges of the believes the process for issuing special purpose pilot authorization and would not include the existing final authorization; and certificates and the requirement for e. Align the ‘‘age 60’’ rule for pilots continued surveillance of these sentence, which refers to airplanes with more than 30 passenger seats or a with the requirements of part 121 for all certificates involves considerable U.S. and foreign pilots, who are 60 years expenditure of human and budgetary maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds. The FAA believes of age or older, and who are employed resources at the FSDO. by a foreign air carriers that operate (2) Permits a special purpose pilot this restriction is no longer necessary U.S.-registered civil aircraft for authorization to be issued to persons to and frequently grants exemptions. compensation or hire in scheduled operate any size aircraft instead of the (3) Validates the foreign airman’s international air services and non- current requirement which limits the certificate by having a FSDO issue scheduled international air transport eligibility to pilots which operate special purpose pilot authorizations for operations. aircraft with more than 30 passenger 60 calendar months. The FAA believes seats, excluding any required the current process of issuing special (7) Establishes that a special purpose crewmember seat, and/or 7,500 pounds purpose pilot certificates, in accordance pilot authorization will expire: of payload capacity. with § 61.77, should be eliminated. The a. With 60 calendar months after The current § 61.77 states, in part, that special purpose pilot authorization issuance, unless it is sooner superseded, the holder of a foreign pilot certificate would be in a letter format and would revoked, or rescinded; or license issued by a foreign be required to be in the possession of b. When the lease agreement for the contracting State to the Convention on the airman while operating the aircraft. aircraft expires or lessee terminates the International Civil Aviation, who meets (4) Revises the eligibility employment of the person; the requirements of this section, may requirements of § 61.77 to read as c. Whenever the person’s pilot or hold a special purpose pilot certificate follows: medical certificate has been suspended, authorizing the holder to perform pilot a. Hold a current foreign pilot revoked, or is no longer valid; and duties on a civil aircraft of U.S. registry, certificate; d. Whenever the pilot reaches the age leased to a person not a citizen of the b. Hold a foreign pilot certificate that of 60. United States, carrying persons or shows the appropriate category, class, Subpart C—Student Pilots property for compensation or hire. instrument rating, and type rating, if Currently, special purpose pilot appropriate; The FAA proposes to establish certificates are issued under this section c. Hold a medical certificate; separate subparts for student and only for aircraft types that can have a d. Surrender a special purpose flight recreational pilots. The title of subpart maximum passenger seating authorization before being issued C would be revised from ‘‘Student and configuration, excluding any flight another authorization; Recreational Pilots’’ to ‘‘Student Pilots.’’ Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41203

Section 61.81 Applicability (2) Establishes student pilot training emergency. This provision already exist for the proposed powered-lift category in § 91.3, ‘‘Responsibility and authority This section is revised to delete the rating; of the pilot in command’’; reference to recreational pilot (3) Establishes student pilot training (3) Clarifies the language of the certificates and ratings, which would be for the proposed nonpowered and provision for performing supervised PIC incorporated into proposed subpart D. powered class ratings under the glider flights to and from an airport within 25 Section 61.83 Eligibility Requirements category; nautical miles of the airport from which for Student Pilots (4) Replaces the term ‘‘written the flight originated; examination’’ with the term ‘‘test,’’ (4) Clarifies the provision for The significant proposed changes in when testing a student pilot on performing repeated supervised PIC this section are as follows: aeronautical knowledge areas prior to a cross-country flights that are no more (1) Requires applicants to be able to student pilot being authorized to than 50 nautical miles; write in the English language; perform a supervised PIC flight. This (5) Clarifies existing requirements for (2) Rewords the medical requirements would permit a school to perform the endorsements on the student pilot’s for applicants who desire a rating in a required test in a format other than on certificate and in the student pilot’s glider or balloon; and paper, e.g., computer response; logbook. The requirement for an (3) Requires all applicants to meet the (5) Establishes standardization and endorsement on the student pilot English language requirements, which clarification for student pilots being certificate would not apply to a pilot would eliminate the current provision authorized to conduct supervised PIC with a pilot certificate who seeks that permits applicants who cannot flight at night; and privileges in another aircraft category, read, speak, and understand the English (6) Includes separate supervised PIC because a certificated pilot would not language to receive a certificate with an maneuvers and procedures for the— hold a student pilot certificate; operating limitation as deemed airplane category-single engine class (6) Adds provisions for the use of necessary by the Administrator. rating, airplane category-multiengine radios for VFR navigation and two-way class rating, rotorcraft category- communications, procedures for Section 61.85 Application helicopter class rating, rotorcraft diverting to alternate airports, and category-gyroplane class rating, glider windshear avoidance; and No significant modifications are (7) Establishes separate supervised proposed. category-nonpowered class rating, glider category-powered class rating, lighter- PIC cross country maneuvers and Section 61.87 Supervised PIC than-air category-airship class rating, procedures for the—airplane category- single engine class rating, airplane Requirements for Student Pilots lighter-than-air category-balloon class category-multiengine class rating, rating, and powered-lift category rating. The title of § 61.87 would be changed rotorcraft category-helicopter class from ‘‘Solo flight requirements for Section 61.89 General Limitations rating, rotorcraft category-gyroplane student pilots’’ to ‘‘Supervised PIC class rating, glider category-nonpowered requirements for student pilots.’’ No modifications are proposed for this section. class rating, glider category-powered The significant proposed changes in class rating, lighter-than-air category- this section are as follows: Section 61.91 [Reserved] airship class rating, lighter-than-air (1) Replaces the term ‘‘solo’’ with The FAA proposes to delete ‘‘§ 61.91 category-balloon class rating, and ‘‘supervised PIC.’’ The purpose of Aircraft limitations: Pilot in command,’’ powered-lift category rating. proposing to replace the term ‘‘solo’’ which permits student pilots to act as Section 61.95 Operations in a Class B with ‘‘supervised PIC’’ is to reflect the the PIC in airships requiring more than Airspace Area and at Airports Located intention of the FAA to permit student one flight crewmember. This section Within a Class B Airspace Area pilots to log PIC time while under the duplicates the requirements in proposed No substantive modifications are supervision of an authorized flight § 61.87 which covers all aircraft. instructor. The FAA has reconsidered proposed. Minor editorial and its position on this matter, and has Section 61.93 Supervised PIC Cross- standardization of terms are contained concluded that if a student pilot is the Country Flight Requirements for Student in this proposal. Pilots sole occupant of an aircraft and is Subpart D—Recreational Pilots operating the controls of the aircraft, The FAA proposes to change the title The FAA proposes to establish this as then that student pilot should be of § 61.93 from ‘‘Cross-country flight allowed to log PIC time. Throughout the a separate subpart for recreational pilot requirements (for student and certificates and ratings. public hearings on this rulemaking recreational pilots seeking private pilot review, the public voiced the belief that certification)’’ to ‘‘Supervised PIC cross- Section 61.96 Applicability student pilots should be allowed to log country requirements for student Proposed § 61.96 would describe PIC time when they are the sole pilots.’’ provisions that are applicable for the occupant of an aircraft and operating the The significant proposed changes in recreational pilot certificates and controls of the aircraft. This proposal, in this section are as follows: ratings. effect, would permit student pilots to (1) Changes the term ‘‘solo cross log PIC time for the furtherance of a country flight’’ to read ‘‘supervised PIC Section 61.96a Eligibility pilot certificate or rating. As example, country country flight.’’ (This matter of Requirements: General the existing rules for a commercial pilot student pilots logging PIC time was The FAA proposes to add a new certificate-airplane category and class previously discussed in proposed section entitled ‘‘Eligibility rating requires 100 hours of PIC time. § 61.89, and the FAA proposes to revise requirements: General.’’ The proposed Under the provisions of this proposal, this section to reflect the conclusion § 61.96a would: PIC time logged as a student pilot would discussed in that section); (1) Requires applicants to be able to count toward the total PIC time for a (2) Deletes the provision that a write in the English language; commercial pilot certificate-airplane student pilot may land at an airport (2) Requires all applicants to meet the category and class rating; other than the airport of takeoff in an English language requirements, which 41204 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules would eliminate the current provision accomplish and log at least 30 hours of more than 50 nautical miles from an that applicants who cannot read, speak, flight time that includes at least 15 airport where training was received. and understand the English language hours of flight training time from an This proposal along with the proposal to may receive a certificate with the authorized flight instructor and 3 hours delete the requirements for a medical operating limitation deemed necessary of supervised PIC flight time, on the certificate for recreational pilots, is by the Administrator; approved areas of operation in § 61.98. intended to increase interest in the (3) Deletes the requirement for This proposal responds to comments recreational pilot certificate. The FAA recreational pilots to hold a medical made during the public hearings to believes this proposal will not have an certificate. Persons who apply for a allow the student and the flight adverse effect on safety, considering that recreational pilot certificate would be instructor to tailor the required training most of the aeronautical experience will required to affix a signed and dated to individual student needs. be performed with an authorized flight statement to their application certifying For example, a student who has instructor on board the aircraft. they do not have any known medical previous aviation experience and takes This proposal would permit a defects that makes them unable to pilot readily to the training may be able to recreational pilot to operate on a flight the aircraft for the aircraft category and complete training for a recreational pilot that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the class rating sought; and certificate with only the minimum 30 departure airport, provided the pilot: (4) Establishes eligibility requirements hours of flight time that includes at least a. Has received ground and flight for the recreational pilot certificate and 15 hours of flight training time from an training from an authorized flight ratings. The eligibility requirements authorized flight instructor and 15 instructor on the cross country training would require an applicant to: hours of supervised PIC flight time on requirements of subpart E of this part a. Receive an endorsement from the the approved areas of operation in that apply to the aircraft rating held; ground or flight instructor who gave the § 61.98. b. Has been found proficient in cross applicant training or reviewed the However, a student pilot who does country flying, and has received a applicant’s home study course, and that not have previous aviation experience logbook endorsement from the endorsement must state that the or who trains infrequently may need authorized flight instructor, who gave applicant is prepared for the knowledge more time than the minimum 30 hours the person the cross country training test; of flight time, 15 hours of flight training prescribed by subpart E of this part that b. Receive an endorsement from the time from an authorized flight apply to the aircraft rating held; and flight instructor who gave the applicant instructor, and 3 hours of supervised c. Has received a logbook training, and that endorsement must PIC flight time. The student pilot and endorsement that certifies the person state the applicant is prepared for the flight instructor may need to tailor the has received and been found proficient practical test; and training to require 27 hours of flight on the cross training requirements of c. Meet the aeronautical experience training time from an authorized flight subpart E of this part that apply to the requirements in § 61.99. (The applicant instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC aircraft rating held, which must be would be required to pass the required flight time, on the approved areas of carried in their physical possession in knowledge test and practical test.) operation in § 61.98 of this part. the aircraft. Section 61.97 Aeronautical Knowledge Section 61.100 Pilots Based on Small Subpart E—Private Pilots Proposed § 61.97 addresses added Islands The proposed establishment of aeronautical knowledge requirements, The FAA proposes to replace the separate subparts for student and which include ground training on: (1) current title of this section from, recreational pilot certificates will windshear avoidance; (2) aeronautical ‘‘Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical require the regulations pertaining to decisionmaking and judgment; and (3) experience,’’ to read ‘‘Pilots based on private pilot certificates and ratings to preflight actions found in § 91.103. small islands.’’ The proposed be relocated from subpart D to subpart Section 61.98 Flight Proficiency aeronautical experience requirements E. for a rotorcraft category rating would be Section 61.102 Applicability This proposed section would found in proposed § 61.99. establish the approved areas of Proposed § 61.100 would contain the No substantive changes are proposed operation for all aircraft that are provisions for pilots based on small for this section. permitted to be operated by recreational islands that are currently found in pilot applicants. Section 61.103 Eligibility § 61.99. Requirements: General Section 61.99 Aeronautical Experience Section 61.101 Recreational Pilot The significant proposed changes in The FAA proposes to change the Privileges and Limitations this section are as follows: current title, ‘‘Airplane rating: The proposed revisions for this (1) Rewords the medical requirements Aeronautical experience,’’ to section are as follows: for applicants who desire a rating in a ‘‘Aeronautical experience.’’ Proposed (1) Restructures and edits some of the glider or balloon. 61.99 includes the aeronautical current paragraphs of this section. (2) Requires all applicants to meet the experience requirements for single (2) Rewords some portions of this English language requirements, engine airplanes, helicopters, and section for clarity purposes. including the ability to write, which gyroplanes that are permitted to be (3) Rewords and relocates existing would eliminate the current provision operated by recreational pilot § 61.101(f) to proposed paragraph (h). that applicants who cannot read, speak, applicants. Proposed § 61.99 would This proposal would basically maintain and understand the English language revise the minimum aeronautical the same provisions that are now may receive a certificate with the experience required for a person to be currently in existing § 61.101(f), but operating limitation, as deemed eligible for a recreational pilot would contain some rewording and necessary by the Administrator. certificate. reformatting for clarity purposes. (3) Requires an applicant to receive an The FAA proposes that an applicant (4) Deletes the current restriction that endorsement from a ground or flight for a recreational pilot certificate must prevents recreational pilots from flying instructor who gave the applicant Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41205 training or reviewed the applicant’s for the airplane category-single engine (iii) Three hours of instrument flight home study course, and that class rating; airplane category- training in a single engine airplane; endorsement must state that the multiengine class rating, rotorcraft (iv) Three hours of flight training in applicant is prepared for the knowledge category-helicopter class rating, preparation for the practical test in a test. rotorcraft category-gyroplane class single engine airplane, which must have (4) Requires an applicant to receive an rating, glider category-nonpowered class been performed within the 60-day endorsement from a flight instructor rating, glider category-powered class period preceding the date of the test; who gave the applicant training, and rating, lighter-than-air category-airship and that endorsement must state that the class rating, lighter-than-air category- (v) Supervised PIC flying in a single applicant is prepared for the practical balloon class rating, and powered-lift engine airplane, consisting of— test. category rating. (5) Requires an applicant to meet the (2) Revises the aeronautical A. One supervised PIC cross-country aeronautical experience requirements experience requirements for a private flight of at least 100 nautical miles for the category and class rating sought, pilot certificate with an airplane, duration, landings at a minimum of before applying for the practical test. rotorcraft, or powered-lift category three points, and one route of the flight The applicant would be required to pass rating by requiring applicants to have being a straight line distance of at least the required knowledge test and accomplished and logged at least 40 50 nautical miles between the takeoff practical test. The FAA believes this hours of flight time, which includes at and landing locations; and step-by-step listing of eligibility least 20 hours of flight training time B. Three takeoffs and three landings requirements would be beneficial to the from an authorized flight instructor and to a full stop (with each landing applicant and the examiner. 5 hours of supervised PIC flight time on involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control Section 61.105 Aeronautical the approved areas of operation in tower. Knowledge § 61.107. This proposal responds to comments made during the public b. An airplane multiengine rating,— Proposed § 61.105 lists the revised hearings requesting that the student and (i) Three hours of cross-country flight aeronautical knowledge requirements the flight instructor be allowed to tailor training in a multiengine airplane; for the private pilot certificate. The the required training to the student following aeronautical knowledge areas (ii) Three hours of night flight training needs. in a multiengine airplane that would be added as a requirement for the For example, a student who has includes— private pilot certification: (1) Windshear previous aviation experience and takes avoidance; (2) Aeronautical decision readily to the training may be able to A. One cross country flight of at least making and judgment; and (3) preflight complete training for a private pilot 100 nautical miles duration; and actions found in § 91.103. certificate with only the minimum 40 B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a Section 61.107 Flight Proficiency hours of flight time, which includes at least 20 hours of flight training time flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. The proposed changes to this section from an authorized flight instructor and (iii) Three hours of instrument flight are as follows: (1) Includes separate and 20 hours of supervised PIC flight time, training in a multiengine airplane; revised areas of operation for the on the approved areas of operation in (iv) Three hours of flight training in airplane category-single engine class § 61.107. preparation for the practical test in a rating, airplane category-multiengine However, a student pilot who does multiengine airplane, and must have class rating, rotorcraft category- not have previous aviation experience been performed within the 60-day helicopter class rating, rotorcraft or who trains infrequently may need period preceding the date of the test; category-gyroplane class rating, glider more time than the minimum 40 hours and category-nonpowered class rating, glider of flight time, 20 hours of flight training (v) Supervised PIC flying in a category-powered class rating, lighter- time from an authorized flight multiengine airplane, consisting of— than-air category-airship class rating, instructor, and 5 hours of supervised lighter-than-air category-balloon class PIC flight time. The student pilot and A. One supervised PIC cross-country rating, and powered-lift category rating. flight instructor may need to tailor the flight of at least 100 nautical miles (2) Replaces the term ‘‘flight training to require 35 hours of flight duration, landings at a minimum of proficiency requirements’’ with the term training time from an authorized flight three points, and one route of the flight ‘‘approved areas of operation.’’ instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC being a straight line distance of at least (3) Requires applicants for a glider flight time, on the approved areas of 50 nautical miles between the takeoff category rating to receive training on the operation in § 61.107. and landing locations; and approved areas of operation, included in (3) Includes revised aeronautical B. Three takeoffs and three landings proposed § 61.107, on: Launches, experience for: to a full stop (with each landing approaches, and landings, if applying a. An airplane single engine rating,— involving a flight in the traffic pattern) for a nonpowered class rating; or (i) Three hours of cross-country flight at an airport with an operating control Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds, if training in a single engine airplane; tower. applying for a powered class rating. (ii) Three hours of night flight training c. A rotorcraft-helicopter rating— in a single engine airplane that (i) Three hours of cross-country flight Section 61.109 Aeronautical includes— Experience A. A cross country flight of at least training in a helicopter; The proposed revisions to this section 100 nautical miles duration; and (ii) Three hours of night flight training are as follows: B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a in a helicopter that includes— (1) Includes separate and revised full stop (with each landing involving a A. One cross country flight of at least aeronautical experience requirements flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. 50 nautical miles duration; and 41206 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight training sessions on the approved full stop (with each landing involving a flight of at least 100 nautical miles areas of operation listed in proposed flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. duration, landings at a minimum of § 61.107(j), that includes— (iii) Three hours of flight training in three points, and one route of the flight (i) If the training is being performed preparation for the practical test in a being a straight line distance of at least in a gas balloon, the training must helicopter, and must have been 50 nautical miles between the takeoff include at least two flights of two hours performed within the 60-day period and landing locations; and each that consists of— preceding the date of the test; and B. Three takeoffs and three landings A. At least one flight that covers the (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a to a full stop (with each landing approved areas of operation appropriate helicopter, consisting of— involving a flight in the traffic pattern) to a gas balloon within 60 days prior to A. One supervised PIC cross-country at an airport with an operating control application for the rating; and flight of at least 50 nautical miles tower. B. At least one supervised PIC flight duration, landings at a minimum of f. A glider rating— in a gas balloon. three points, and one route of the flight (i) At least 10 hours of flight training (ii) If the training is being performed being a straight line distance of at least and 20 flights, on the approved areas of in a balloon with an airborne heater, the 25 nautical miles between the takeoff operation listed in proposed § 61.107, training must include at least— and landing locations; and that apply to the glider class rating A. Two flights of one hour each that B. Three takeoffs and three landings sought; or at least 5 hours of flight covers the approved areas of operation to a full stop (with each landing training and 10 flights on the approved appropriate to a balloon with an involving a flight in the traffic pattern) areas of operation listed in § 61.107 that airborne heater within 60 days prior to at an airport with an operating control apply to the glider class rating sought. application for the rating; and tower. If a person has logged 40 hours of flight B. One supervised PIC flight in a d. A rotorcraft-gyroplane rating— time in heavier-than-air aircraft or holds balloon with an airborne heater. (i) Three hours of cross-country flight a category and class rating in a glider; (4) Deletes the exception for training in a gyroplane; (ii) At least two supervised PIC flights applicants not seeking night flying (ii) Three hours of night flight training on the approved areas of operation privileges. However, some exceptions in a gyroplane that includes— listed in § 61.107 that apply to the glider from the required night training would A. One cross country flight of at least class rating sought; still remain and are listed proposed 50 nautical miles duration; and (iii) At least 3 flights of flight training § 61.110. B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a in preparation for the practical test (5) Adds night cross country training full stop (with each landing involving a within the 60-day period preceding the to the aeronautical experience flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. test and in the class of glider for the requirements for the private pilot (iii) Three hours of flight training in certificate for the airplane, rotorcraft, preparation for the practical test in a rating sought; and (iv) At least 5 training flight sessions airship, and powered-lift category gyroplane, which must have been ratings. § 61.110 Night flying exceptions performed within the 60-day period and 2 supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider using a winch or for the private pilot certification. preceding the date of the test; and Proposed § 61.110 would establish the (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a auto tow on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in proposed night flying exceptions for private pilot gyroplane, and consisting of— certification. The allowable exceptions A. One supervised PIC cross-country § 61.107(g). If a person who is applying for the night training requirement are flight of at least 50 nautical miles for a glider category rating with a the following: duration, landings at a minimum of nonpowered class rating seeks (1) An applicant with a medical three points, and one route of the flight privileges for ground launch restriction from operating an aircraft at being a straight line distance of at least procedures. night would not be required to meet the 25 nautical miles between the takeoff g. An airship rating, at least 25 hours night flight training requirements and and landing locations; and of flight training in airships on the would be issued a certificate with a B. Three takeoffs and three landings approved areas of operation listed in limitation prohibiting night flying; and to a full stop (with each landing proposed § 61.107 (i), which consists of (2) An applicant who accomplishes involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at least— flight training in Alaska would have 12 at an airport with an operating control (i) Three hours of cross-country flight months after the issuance of the tower. training in an airship; e. A powered-lift rating— (ii) Except as provided in proposed applicant’s temporary airman certificate (i) Three hours of cross-country flight § 61.110, 3 hours of night flight training to comply with the night flight training training in a powered-lift; in an airship that includes— requirements. Alaska is unique in that 6 (ii) Three hours of night flight training A. One cross country flight of at least months out of the year there is no in a powered-lift that includes— more than 25 nautical miles duration; nighttime. However, an applicant who A. One cross country flight of at least B. Five takeoffs and 5 landings to a receives flight training in Alaska and is 100 nautical miles duration; and full stop (with each landing involving a unable to accomplish the night flying B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport; training required by proposed § 61.109, full stop (with each landing involving a C. Three hours of instrument flight would be— flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. training in an airship; a. Issued a temporary pilot certificate (iii) Three hours of instrument flight D. Three hours of flight training in an for only 12 calendar months, with a training in a powered-lift; airship in preparation for the practical limitation ‘‘Night flying prohibited;’’ (iv) Three hours of flight training in test within the 60-day period preceding and preparation for the practical test in a the date of the test; and b. Required to comply with the powered-lift, which must have been E. Five hours of supervised PIC flight requirements of proposed § 61.110(c) performed within the 60-day period training in an airship and with an within the 12 calendar month period preceding the date of the test; and authorized flight instructor. after issuance of the temporary private (v) Supervised PIC flying in a h. A balloon rating, at least 10 hours pilot certificate, or the certificate will be powered-lift, consisting of— of flight training that includes at least 6 suspended until the person complies Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41207 with the requirements of proposed (5) Eliminates specific reference endorsement from an authorized § 61.110(c). regarding a salesman who has logged at instructor who attests to the person’s (3) Explain that the night flying least 200 hours to demonstrate an accomplishment of the required prohibited limitation may be removed aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer. aeronautical experience and ability to when persons— Even though specific reference to this satisfactorily operate that balloon. a. Accomplish the night flight training provision will be eliminated, the However, accomplishment of an requirements of proposed § 61.109 in privilege will still be provided in additional practical test would not be the class of aircraft for which night proposed § 61.113(b)(1). A private pilot required provided the person is not flying privileges are sought; who is an aircraft salesperson will still seeking a higher level of pilot certificate b. Present to an examiner, a logbook be allowed to demonstrate aircraft to (i.e., a private pilot seeking to obtain a or training record endorsement from an prospective buyers, but the requirement commercial pilot certificate). authorized flight instructor that verifies for the person to have logged at least Section 61.117 Private Pilot Privileges accomplishment of the night flying 200 hours will be eliminated. and Limitations: Second in Command of requirements of proposed § 61.109 in Throughout this regulatory review, the Aircraft Requiring More Than One Pilot the class of aircraft for which night FAA has attempted to delete and revise flying privileges are sought; and obsolete, unnecessary rules without Proposed § 61.117 will be a re- c. Accomplish the night operations compromising safety. On this issue, the designation of existing § 61.120 and portion of the practical test for the class FAA has determined that eliminating § 61.120 will be placed in reserve. of aircraft for which night flying is the requirement for private pilots to The existing § 61.118 ‘‘Private pilot sought. have logged at least 200 hours prior to privileges and limitations: Pilot in As previously stated, the FAA does demonstrating aircraft to prospective command’’ will be redesignated as not intend to have persons who have buyers is unnecessary and no data could § 61.113, and § 61.118 will be placed in been issued a pilot certificate without be found to justify continuance of the reserve. meeting the night flying requirements of rule. In effect, the proposed elimination The existing § 61.119, ‘‘Free balloon this proposal, prior to effective date of of this requirement will enable private rating: Limitations’’ will be redesignated this rule, to comply with this proposal. pilots increased use of their private pilot as § 61.115 and be retitled as ‘‘Balloon Those persons would be allowed to certificates. rating: Limitations’’ and § 61.119 will be continue to hold that pilot certificate placed in reserve. with the night flying limitation. Section 61.115 Balloon Rating: The existing § 61.120, ‘‘Private pilot However, if the person seeks an Limitations privileges and limitations: Second in additional rating or higher pilot Proposed § 61.115 will be a re- command of aircraft requiring more certificate level, the person would be designation of existing § 61.119. than one pilot’’ will be redesignated as required to comply with night flying The FAA proposes to eliminate the § 61.117, and § 61.120 will be reserved. requirements that are appropriate to the existing § 61.115 ‘‘Glider rating: Subpart F—Commercial Pilots pilot certificate level. Aeronautical experience.’’ The revised aeronautical experience requirements The proposal to establish separate Section 61.111 Cross-Country Flights: subparts for student and recreational Pilots Based on Small Islands for a glider category rating will be incorporated in proposed § 61.109. pilot certificates would require the The proposed changes to § 61.111 are The proposed changes to this section regulations for commercial pilot minor editorial changes only. are as follows: certificates and ratings to be relocated from subpart E to subpart F. Section 61.113 Private Pilot Privileges (1) Deletes references to the phrase and Limitations: Pilot in Command ‘‘hot air balloon without airborne Section 61.121 Applicability heaters,’’ and classifies balloons as Proposed § 61.113 will be a re- either ‘‘gas balloons’’ or ‘‘balloons with No substantive changes are proposed designation of existing § 61.118. airborne heaters.’’ The phrase ‘‘hot air for this section. The FAA proposes to eliminate the balloon without an airborne heater’’ Section 61.123 Eligibility existing § 61.113, ‘‘Rotorcraft rating: described a balloon that was in Requirements: General Aeronautical experience.’’ The revised existence at one time, but is no longer aeronautical experience requirements The significant proposed changes in available. A ‘‘hot air balloon without an for a rotorcraft category rating will be this section are: airborne heater’’ is a balloon that incorporated in proposed § 61.109. (1) Requires applicants to be able to The proposed changes to this section involves heating the air inside the write in the English language. are as follows: balloon’s envelope from a ground-based (2) Rewords the medical requirements (1) Permits private pilots to be fire. The balloon and its occupant then for applicants who desire a rating in a reimbursed for their aircraft operating ascend until the balloon deflates, and glider or balloon. expenses for search and location the occupant exits the balloon by (3) Requires all applicants to meet the operations that are sanctioned and parachute. English language requirements, which under the direction and control of a (2) Incorporates the current operating would eliminate the current provision local, State, or Federal law enforcement limitations for private pilots who under which applicants who cannot agency, or an organization involved in perform their practical test in a gas read, speak, and understand the English search and location operations. balloon as opposed to those who language may receive a certificate with (2) Permits a private pilot who acts as perform the test in a balloon with an the operating limitation as deemed PIC when towing gliders to log the flight airborne heater. The wording of the necessary by the Administrator. time. operating limitations specified in this (4) Permits applicants to only hold a (3) Specifies what are the flight section would clarify that persons third-class medical certificate at the operating expenses that a private pilot requesting removal of the operating time of the practical test. However as may share with passengers. limitations off their certificate would be currently required, the commercial pilot (4) Modifies the requirements for required to obtain the required would still be required to hold a second- participation in an airlift sponsored by aeronautical experience in that kind of class medical certificate for operations a charitable organization. balloon and receives a logbook requiring a commercial pilot certificate. 41208 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(5) Requires an applicant to hold a airship class rating, lighter-than-air (i) One cross-country flight, if the private pilot certificate, before applying category-balloon class rating, and training is being performed in the state for a commercial pilot certificate. powered-lift category rating. of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must (6) Revises the eligibility (2) Replace flight proficiency involve landings at a minimum of three requirements for the commercial pilot requirements with approved areas of points and one of the routes must have certificate and ratings by specifying that operation. a straight-line distance of at least 150 an applicant would be required to: (3) Require an applicant for a glider nautical miles; a. Receive from the ground or flight category rating to receive training on: (ii) One cross-country flight, if the instructor who gave the applicant a. Launches, approaches, and training is being performed in a State training or reviewed the applicant’s landings, if applying for a nonpowered other than Hawaii, then that cross- home study course, an endorsement that class rating; or country flight must involve landings at states the applicant is prepared for the b. Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds a minimum of three points and one of knowledge test; if applying for a powered class rating. the routes having a straight-line distance b. Receive an endorsement from the Section 61.129 Aeronautical of at least 250 nautical miles; and flight instructor who gave the applicant Experience (iii) Five hours in night-VFR training that states the applicant is conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 prepared for the practical test; and Proposed § 61.129 would be retitled, landings (with each landing involving a c. Meet the aeronautical experience ‘‘Aeronautical experience.’’ Proposed flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport requirements for the category and class § 61.129 would be reformatted by class with an operating control tower. rating sought before applying for the of aircraft, and would contain separate (3) Revises the aeronautical practical test. This is in addition to the and revised aeronautical experience for experience requirements for the current requirements for the applicant each class of aircraft. multiengine airplane to: to pass the required knowledge test and The significant proposed changes in a. Twenty hours of training on the practical test. The FAA is of the opinion this section are as follows: approved areas of operation in proposed that this step-by-step listing of eligibility (1) Includes revised and separate § 61.127(c), which includes at least— requirements would be beneficial to the aeronautical experience requirements (i) Five hours of instrument training applicant and the examiner. for the airplane category-single engine in a multiengine airplane; class rating, airplane category- (ii) Ten hours of training in a Section 61.125 Aeronautical multiengine class rating, rotorcraft multiengine airplane that has a Knowledge category-helicopter class rating, retractable landing gear, flaps, and a The significant proposed changes in rotorcraft category-gyroplane class controllable pitch propeller, or is this section will: rating, glider category-nonpowered class turbine-powered; (1) Include separate and revised rating, glider category-powered class (iii) One cross-country flight in a aeronautical knowledge areas for the rating, lighter-than-air category-airship multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours airplane category-single engine class class rating, lighter-than-air category- in duration, a total straight-line distance rating, airplane category-multiengine balloon class rating, and powered-lift of more than 100 nautical miles from class rating, rotorcraft category- category rating. the original point of departure, and helicopter class rating, rotorcraft (2) Revises the aeronautical occurring in day-VFR conditions; category-gyroplane class rating, glider experience requirements for the single (iv) One cross-country flight in a category-nonpowered class rating, glider engine airplane to: multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours category-powered class rating, lighter- a. Twenty hours of training on the in duration, a total straight-line distance than-air category-airship class rating, approved areas of operation in proposed of more than 100 nautical miles from lighter-than-air category-balloon class § 61.127(b), which includes at least: the original point of departure, and rating, and powered-lift category rating. (i) Five hours of instrument training occurring in night-VFR conditions; and (2) Modify the aeronautical in a single engine airplane; (v) Three hours in a multiengine knowledge requirements to include (ii) Ten hours of training in a single airplane, in preparation for the practical windshear avoidance, aeronautical engine airplane that has a retractable test within 60 days preceding the date decision making and judgment. landing gear, flaps, and a controllable of the test. (3) Delete the existing aeronautical pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered; b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying knowledge requirement of instrument (iii) One cross-country flight in a in a multiengine airplane on the procedures and the requirement for single engine airplane of at least 2 hours approved areas of operation in proposed instrument flight training for an airship in duration, a total straight-line distance § 61.127(c), which includes at least— rating. This proposed deletion is a result of more than 100 nautical miles from (i) One cross-country flight, if the of the proposal for the instrument- the original point of departure, and training is being performed in the state airship rating and the proposed flight occurring in day-VFR conditions; of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must instructor-airship rating. (iv) One cross-country flight in a involve landings at a minimum of three single engine airplane of at least 2 hours points and one of the routes having a Section 61.127 Flight Proficiency in duration, a total straight-line distance straight-line distance of at least 150 The significant proposed changes in of more than 100 nautical miles from nautical miles; this section will: the original point of departure, and (ii) One cross-country flight, if the (1) Include separate and revised areas occurring in night-VFR conditions; and training is being performed in a State of operation for the airplane category- (v) Three hours in a single engine other than Hawaii, that cross-country single engine class rating, airplane airplane, in preparation for the practical flight must involve landings at a category-multiengine class rating, test within 60 days preceding the date minimum of three points and one of the rotorcraft category-helicopter class of the test. routes must have a straight-line distance rating, rotorcraft category-gyroplane b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying of at least 250 nautical miles; and class rating, glider category-nonpowered in a single engine airplane on the (iii) Five hours in night-VFR class rating, glider category-powered approved areas of operation in proposed conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 class rating, lighter-than-air category- § 61.127(b), which includes at least— landings (with each landing involving a Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41209 flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport (iv) Three hours in a helicopter, in total straight-line distance of more than with an operating control tower. preparation for the practical test within 25 nautical miles from the original point (4) Adds aeronautical experience 60 days preceding the date of the test. of departure, and occurring in day-VFR requirements for the new powered-lift b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying conditions; and category rating to: in a helicopter on the approved areas of (iv) One cross-country flight in an a. Twenty hours of training on the operation in proposed § 61.127(d), airship of at least 1 hour in duration, a approved areas of operation in proposed which includes at least— total straight-line distance of more than § 61.127(f), which includes at least— (i) One cross-country flight with 25 nautical miles from the original point (i) Five hours of instrument training landings at a minimum of three points, of departure, and occurring in night- in a powered-lift; and one of the routes having a straight- VFR conditions. (ii) One cross-country flight in a line distance of at least 50 nautical b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flight powered-lift of at least 2 hours in miles from the original point of training with an authorized flight duration, a total straight-line distance of departure; and instructor in airships, on the approved more than 100 nautical miles from the (ii) Five hours in night-VFR areas of operation in proposed original point of departure, and conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 § 61.127(i), which includes at least— occurring in day-VFR conditions; landings (with each landing involving a (i) One cross-country flight with (iii) One cross-country flight in a flight with a traffic pattern). landings at a minimum of three points, powered-lift of at least 2 hours in (6) Revises the proposed aeronautical and one of the routes having a straight- duration, a total straight-line distance of experience requirements for the line distance of at least 25 nautical more than 100 nautical miles from the gyroplane to: miles from the original point of original point of departure, and a. Twenty hours of training on the departure; and occurring in night-VFR conditions; and approved areas of operation in proposed (ii) Five hours in night-VFR (iv) Three hours in a powered-lift, in § 61.127(e), which includes at least— conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 preparation for the practical test within (i) Five hours of instrument training landings (with each landing involving a 60 days preceding the date of the test. in a gyroplane; flight with a traffic pattern). (ii) One cross-country flight in a b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying (8) Revises the proposed aeronautical gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, in a powered-lift on the approved areas experience requirements for the a total straight-line distance of more of operation in proposed § 61.127(f), nonpowered glider to— than 50 nautical miles from the original which includes at least— a. Five hours of flight training or 10 point of departure, and occurring in (i) One cross-country flight, if the flights on the approved areas of day-VFR conditions; training is being performed in the state operation of proposed § 61.127(g) that (iii) One cross-country flight in a of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must must include 3 flights in preparation for gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, involve landings at a minimum of three the practical test within 60-day period a total straight-line distance of more points and one of the routes must have preceding the date of the test. than 50 nautical miles from the original a straight-line distance of at least 150 b. Five supervised PIC flights in a point of departure, and occurring in nautical miles; nonpowered glider on the approved night-VFR conditions; and (ii) One cross-country flight, if the (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane, in areas of operation of proposed training is being performed in a State preparation for the practical test within § 61.127(g). other than Hawaii, that cross-country 60 days preceding the date of the test. c. If an applicant with a glider flight must involve landings at a b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying category rating and a nonpowered class minimum of three points and one of the in a gyroplane on the approved areas of rating seeks privileges for ground routes must have a straight-line distance operation in proposed § 61.127(e), launch procedures, that person must of at least 250 nautical miles; and which includes at least— accomplish and log at least five flights (iii) Five hours in night-VFR (i) One cross-country flight with of flight training and two supervised PIC conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings at a minimum of three points, flights in a nonpowered glider using a landings (with each landing involving a and one of the routes must have a winch or auto tow on the approved flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport straight-line distance of at least 50 areas of operations in proposed with an operating control tower. nautical miles from the original point of § 61.127(g). (5) Revises the aeronautical departure; and (9) Adds aeronautical experience experience requirements for the (ii) Five hours in night-VFR requirements for the powered glider to: helicopter to: conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 a. Twenty-five hours and 100 flights a. Twenty hours of training on the landings (with each landing involving a in gliders as PIC, which includes at least approved areas of operation in proposed flight with a traffic pattern). 10 flights in a powered glider; § 61.127(d), which includes at least— (7) Revises the proposed aeronautical b. Two hundred hours in heavier- (i) Five hours of instrument training experience requirements for the airship than-air aircraft, and 20 flights in gliders in a helicopter; to: as PIC, which includes at least 10 flights (ii) One cross-country flight in a a. Twenty hours of training in airships in a powered glider; or helicopter of at least 2 hours in on the approved areas of operation in c. The flight time requirements in duration, a total straight-line distance of proposed § 61.127(i), which includes at proposed § 61.129(f) (1) or (2) must more than 50 nautical miles from the least— consist of at least the following flight original point of departure, and (i) Three hours of flight training in an training in a powered glider— occurring in day-VFR conditions; airship, in preparation for the practical (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 (iii) One cross-country flight in a test within the 60-day period preceding flights on the approved areas of helicopter of at least 2 hours in the date of the test; operation of proposed § 61.127(h), duration, a total straight-line distance of (ii) Five hours of instrument training which includes 3 flights in preparation more than 50 nautical miles from the in airships; for the practical test within the 60-day original point of departure, and (iii) One cross-country flight in an period preceding the date of the test; occurring in night-VFR conditions; and airship of at least 1 hour in duration, a and 41210 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(ii) Five supervised PIC flights in a fire, then the balloon and its occupant proposed for commercial pilots with a powered glider on the approved areas of ascend until the balloon deflates, and lighter-than-air category and an airship operation of proposed § 61.127(h). then the occupant exits the balloon by class rating but without an instrument— (10) Revises the aeronautical parachute. airship rating, and commercial pilots experience requirements for the balloon with a powered-lift category rating but Section 61.131 Exceptions to the Night to: without a instrument—powered-lift Flying Requirements for the Commercial a. Accomplish and log at least 35 rating. Pilot Certificate hours of flight time as a pilot, which (4) Revises ‘‘hot air balloon without Proposed § 61.131 would be a new includes at least the following airborne heaters,’’ in existing § 61.139, section and entitled, ‘‘Exceptions to the requirements— to ‘‘gas balloons’’ and ‘‘balloons with (i) Twenty hours in balloons; night flying requirements for the airborne heaters.’’ The purpose for this (ii) Ten flights in balloons; and commercial pilot certificate.’’ This proposal is to align the phraseology in (iii) Two flights in balloons as the PIC. proposal would delete the exception for this section with the other references to b. Ten hours of flight training that applicants not seeking night flying balloons throughout this notice. includes 10 flights of flight training in privileges; however, an applicant with a balloons on the approved areas of medical restriction from operating an (5) Revises the wording for the operation of proposed § 61.127(j), which aircraft at night would not be required operating limitations that restrict the consist of at least— to meet the night flight training pilot privileges for the kind of balloon (i) If the training is received in a gas requirements and would be issued a in which the person accomplishes the balloon, the training must include at certificate with a limitation. In addition, practical test. The person may remove least— an applicant who accomplishes flight the limitation by completing the A. Two flights of 1 hour each in a gas training in Alaska would have 12 required aeronautical experience in a balloon; months after the issuance of the gas balloon or a balloon with an B. One flight in a gas balloon applicant’s temporary airman certificate airborne heater, as appropriate, and involving a controlled ascent to 10,000 to comply with the night flight training receives a logbook endorsement from an feet above the surface; requirements. authorized instructor who attests to the C. Two flights in a gas balloon, in The current provisions of § 61.131 person’s accomplishment of the preparation for the practical test within ‘‘Rotorcraft ratings: Aeronautical required aeronautical experience and the 60-day period preceding the date of experience’’ would be moved to ability to satisfactorily operate the the test; and proposed § 61.129. specific kind of balloon. D. Two supervised PIC flights in a gas balloon on the approved areas of Section 61.133 Commercial Pilot Section 61.135 [Reserved] Privileges and Limitations: General operation in proposed § 61.127(j). The current provisions of § 61.135 (ii) If the training is received in a Proposed § 61.133 ‘‘Commercial pilot ‘‘Airship rating: Aeronautical balloon with an airborne heater, the privileges and limitations: General’’ experience’’ would be moved to training must include at least— would be a redesignation of existing proposed § 61.129. A. Two flights of 30 minutes each in § 61.139. The current provisions of a balloon with an airborne heater; § 61.133 ‘‘Glider rating: Aeronautical Section 61.137 [Reserved] B. One flight involving a controlled experience’’ would be moved to ascent to 5,000 feet above the surface in proposed § 61.129. The current provisions of § 61.137 a balloon with an airborne heater; and The significant proposed changes in ‘‘Free balloon rating: Aeronautical C. Two flights in a balloon with an this section are as follows: experience’’ would be moved to airborne heater, in preparation for the (1) Clarifies the privileges for persons proposed § 61.129. practical test within the 60-day period who hold a commercial pilot certificate Section 61.139 [Reserved] preceding the date of the test; and regarding the compensation or hire D. Two supervised PIC flights in a issue. This revision is in response to a The current provisions of § 61.139 balloon with an airborne heater on the petition for rulemaking from Beverly J. ‘‘Commercial pilot privileges and approved areas of operation in proposed Cameron, who on June 20, 1992, limitations: General’’ would be moved § 61.127(j). petitioned the FAA to revise the rule. to proposed § 61.133. (11) Permits the use of a turbine Ms. Cameron stated that the current powered airplane in lieu of the current wording of § 61.139 was misleading. Section 61.141 [Reserved] provision for receiving training in an The FAA agrees, and thus has proposed The current provisions of § 61.141 airplane that has flaps, retractable to revise § 61.139. ‘‘Airship and free balloon ratings: landing gear, and controllable (2) Eliminates the privilege in existing Limitation’’ would be moved to propellers. § 61.139 for commercial pilots with a proposed § 61.133. (12) Replaces the terms ‘‘free balloon’’ lighter-than-air category and associated and ‘‘hot air balloon’’ with ‘‘balloon’’ class rating to give training in an airship Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots only. or a free balloon, because of the (13) Deletes references to the phrase proposed flight instructor certificate for The proposal to establish separate ‘‘hot air balloon without airborne the lighter-than-air category. subparts for student and recreational heaters,’’ and classifies balloons as ‘‘gas (3) Adds the limitation that is in pilot certificates would require the balloons’’ and ‘‘balloons with airborne existing § 61.129, which prohibits regulations for ATP certificates to be heaters.’’ The phrase ‘‘hot air balloon commercial pilots with an airplane relocated from subpart F to subpart G. without an airborne heaters’’ describes a category rating, but without an Section 61.151 Applicability balloon that is no longer available. A instrument-airplane rating, from ‘‘hot air balloon without an airborne carrying passengers for hire in airplanes In order to align this subpart with the heater’’ describes a balloon that on cross-country flights of more than 50 other subparts, the FAA proposes to involved heating the air inside the nautical miles or at night, would appear establish an applicability section in balloon’s envelope from a ground-based in this section. The same limitation is subpart G. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41211

Section 61.153 Eligibility military pilots and applicants who hold Section 61.159 Aeronautical Requirements: General a pilot license issued by a member State Experience: Airplane Category Rating In order to accommodate proposed of ICAO. The FAA proposes to revise and ‘‘§ 61.151 Applicability,’’ existing Section 61.155 Aeronautical redesignate § 61.157, ‘‘Airplane rating: ‘‘§ 61.151 Eligibility requirements: Knowledge Aeronautical skill,’’ to read § 61.159 General’’ would be renumbered ‘‘Aeronautical experience: Airplane § 61.153. In order to accommodate proposed category rating.’’ The significant proposed changes in ‘‘§ 61.151 Applicability,’’ existing Proposed § 61.159 would include the this section are as follows: ‘‘§ 61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical existing aeronautical experience (1) Eliminates the existing knowledge’’ would be renumbered requirements for an airplane category requirement for an applicant to be able § 61.155, and retitled to read rating with no substantive changes. to ‘‘speak [the English language] without ‘‘Aeronautical knowledge.’’ Proposed Section 61.161 Aeronautical accent or impediment of speech that § 61.155 would combine the Experience: Rotorcraft Category and would interfere with two-way radio aeronautical knowledge requirements Helicopter Class Rating With a Type conversation.’’ However, applicants for applicants of airplane, helicopter, Rating would be required to read, speak, write, and powered-lift ratings. Existing ‘‘§ 61.159 Rotorcraft rating: and understand the English language to The proposed revisions to this section Aeronautical knowledge’’ would be be eligible to apply for the ATP are as follows: certificate. moved to proposed § 61.155. The FAA (2) Permits applicants to only hold a (1) Establishes all of the required proposes to revise and redesignate third-class medical certificate at the aeronautical knowledge areas in this § 61.161, ‘‘Rotorcraft rating: time of the practical test. However as section. Currently, the aeronautical Aeronautical experience,’’ to read currently required, an ATP would be knowledge areas are located in separate § 61.161, ‘‘Aeronautical experience: required to hold a first class medical sections of subpart F. Rotorcraft category and helicopter class certificate for operations requiring an (2) Adds aeronautical knowledge rating with a type rating.’’ Proposed ATP certificate. requirements on windshear avoidance § 61.161 will include the existing (3) Requires an applicant to hold a and aeronautical decision making and aeronautical experience requirements commercial pilot certificate and an judgment. for a rotorcraft category rating with no instrument rating, before applying for (3) Clarifies that an applicant for a substantive changes. the ATP certificate. type rating would not be required to Section 61.163 Aeronautical (4) Eliminates the requirement that an take an additional knowledge test, if the applicant be a ‘‘high school graduate or Experience: Powered-Lift Category applicant already holds an ATP Rating its equivalent in the Administrator’s certificate with the appropriate category opinion, based on the applicant’s ratings. The FAA proposes to redesignate this general experience and aeronautical section as § 61.163 ‘‘Aeronautical experience, knowledge, and skill.’’ Section 61.157 Flight Proficiency experience: Powered-lift category (5) Includes a proposal to revise the rating.’’ Proposed § 61.163 will list the eligibility requirements for all The FAA proposes to change the title aeronautical experience requirements certificates and ratings by specifying of existing § 61.155 ‘‘Airplane rating: for an ATP certificate with a powered- that an applicant would be required to: Aeronautical experience’’ to read lift category rating. Existing § 61.161, a. Meet the aeronautical experience § 61.157 ‘‘Flight proficiency.’’ The ‘‘Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill,’’ requirements for the category and class aeronautical experience requirements would be eliminated. The provisions of rating sought before applying for the for an airplane rating would appear in existing § 61.161 would be adequately flight portion of the practical test; proposed § 61.159. Proposed § 61.157 covered by proposed §§ 61.43 and b. Pass the required knowledge test; would combine the flight proficiency 61.153. and requirements for applicants of airplane, c. Pass the required practical test. helicopter, and powered-lift ratings. Section 61.165 Additional Aircraft (6) Clarify that an applicant need not The significant proposed revisions in Category Ratings possess the aeronautical experience this section are as follows: Proposed § 61.165 ‘‘Additional requirements for an ATP certificate (1) Includes separate and revised aircraft category ratings’’ would be a before taking the knowledge test. areas of operation for the airplane redesignation of existing § 61.165, Applicants for other certificates and category-single engine class rating, ‘‘Additional category ratings.’’ ratings currently are not required to airplane category-multiengine class The FAA proposes to add a powered- obtain aeronautical experience rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter lift category rating to this section. requirements before taking the class rating, and powered-lift category Section 61.167 General Privileges and appropriate knowledge test. However, rating. current § 61.153 requires an applicant Limitations for an ATP certificate with an airplane (2) Replaces the term, ‘‘flight Proposed § 61.167 would be a rating to meet the experience proficiency requirements’’ with the redesignation of existing § 61.171. requirements in § 61.155 before term, ‘‘approved areas of operation,’’ so Proposed § 61.167 would contain the applying to take the ATP knowledge the terminology in this section is the current limitation found in existing test. In keeping with procedures for same as the other rules of part 61. § 61.155(d). That limitation applies to other knowledge tests, proposed (3) Includes an administrative applicants who credit SIC or flight § 61.153 would permit applicants to clarification that the type ratings on the engineer time in meeting the total time take the ATP knowledge test before superseded pilot certificate for the requirement for an ATP certificate. obtaining the hours necessary to become category and class of aircraft that the Existing § 61.167, ‘‘Tests,’’ would be an ATP. person satisfactorily accomplished the eliminated. The rules for the knowledge (7) Includes requirements found in ATP practical test in will be elevated to and practical test are found in proposed existing § 61.155 for applicants who are the ATP certificate level. §§ 61.35 and 61.43. 41212 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Section 61.169 [Reserved] current requirements for the applicant Section 61.189 Flight Instructor The FAA proposes to eliminate this to pass the required knowledge test and Records section and place it in reserve. The FAA practical test. The proposed revision to this section has determined the provisions of (5) Expands the current requirement is the requirement for a flight instructor § 61.169, ‘‘Instruction in air for an applicant for a flight instructor to retain a copy of each syllabus they transportation service,’’ are already certificate with an airplane or use to train students. addressed in §§ 121.411 and 135.337 of instrument rating to hold an instrument Section 61.191 Additional Flight this chapter. Therefore, this section rating that is appropriate to the airplane Instructor Ratings would no longer be necessary. class. Proposed § 61.183 would require applicants for an airship, helicopter, or No substantive changes to this section Section 61.171 [Reserved] a powered-lift rating to also hold an are proposed. The requirement in The provisions of existing § 61.171 instrument rating that is appropriate to existing § 61.191(a) that a flight would be moved to proposed § 61.167. those aircraft ratings. instructor applicant for additional rating This section would be placed in reserve. Section 61.185 Aeronautical must hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the flight Subpart H—Flight Instructors Knowledge instructor rating sought would be The proposal to establish separate Proposed § 61.185 contains the moved to proposed § 61.183. The subparts for student and recreational required aeronautical knowledge areas requirement in existing § 61.191(b) that pilot certificates would require moving for a flight instructor certificate. The a flight instructor applicant for an the regulations for flight instructor proposed revisions to this section are as additional rating must have at least 15 certificates and ratings from subpart G follows: hours of PIC time in the category and (1) Requires flight instructor to subpart H. class of aircraft that is appropriate to the applicants to receive and log ground flight instructor sought would be moved Section 61.181 Applicability training on the aeronautical knowledge to proposed § 61.183. No substantive changes are proposed areas in which ground training is in this section. required for a recreational pilot Section 61.193 Flight Instructor certificate. This is an addition to the Endorsements and Authorizations Section 61.183 Eligibility current requirements which only Requirements The FAA proposes to revise the title require aeronautical knowledge areas for of this section from ‘‘Flight instructor The significant proposed changes in a private and commercial pilot authorizations’’ to read ‘‘Flight this section are as follows: certificate. instructor endorsements and (1) Requires applicants for a flight (2) Requires flight instructor authorizations.’’ instructor certificate with an airplane applicants to receive and log ground The proposed revisions to this section rating or with a glider rating, to have training on the aeronautical knowledge are as follows: demonstrated instructional proficiency areas in which ground training is (1) Deletes the detailed listing of in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and required for an instrument rating, if that instructor endorsements. The listing spin recovery procedures prior to person is applying for a flight would be replaced by more general applying for the practical test. instructor—airplane category and language. (2) Permits applicants for a flight single-engine class rating; flight (2) Eliminates the amendment to instructor certificate, who satisfactorily instructor—airplane category with an existing § 61.193 that replaces ‘‘terminal accomplish a flight instructor- multiengine class rating; flight control area’’ with ‘‘Class B airspace instrument practical test in a instructor—lighter-than-air category area.’’ multiengine airplane, and who also hold with an airship class rating; flight an airplane category and single-engine instructor—powered-lift category rating; Section 61.195 Flight Instructor class rating on their flight instructor flight instructor instrument—with the Limitations and Qualifications certificate will also be awarded a flight appropriate aircraft category and class The FAA proposes to revise the title instructor instrument-airplane single rating. from ‘‘Flight instructor limitations’’ to engine rating. read ‘‘Flight instructor limitations and Section 61.187 Flight Proficiency (3) Requires applicants for flight qualifications.’’ instructor certificates to have logged at The significant revisions being The significant changes in this section least 15 hours of PIC time in the proposed for this section are as follows: are as follows: category and class of aircraft that is (1) Moves the requirement for the (1) Revises the minimum experience appropriate to the flight instructor rating minimum experience requirements for a requirements for a flight instructor who sought. flight instructor who can train first-time can train first-time flight instructor (4) Rewords the eligibility flight instructor candidates to proposed candidates. requirements for flight instructor § 61.195. (2) Makes editorial restructuring and certificates and ratings by specifying (2) Establishes separate and revised rewording this section. that an applicant would be required to: areas of operation for the flight (3) Includes a revision to the current a. Receive from the ground or flight instructor: -airplane category-single limitation that a flight instructor may instructor who gave the applicant engine class rating, -airplane category- not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training or reviewed the applicant’s multiengine class rating, -rotorcraft training in 24 hours. The FAA proposes home study course, an endorsement that category-helicopter class rating, to limit a flight instructor to a total of states the applicant is prepared for the -rotorcraft category-gyroplane class 8 hours of commercial flying in a 24- knowledge test; and rating, -glider category-nonpowered hour period, and flight training would b. Receive from the flight instructor class rating, -glider category-powered be considered commercial flying. who gave the applicant training, an class rating, -lighter-than-air category- (4) Clarifies the current requirement endorsement that states the applicant is airship class rating, -lighter-than-air that to give training in an aircraft that prepared for the practical test. These category-balloon class rating, and requires a type rating, the flight requirements are in addition to the -powered-lift category rating. instructor must hold a type rating in Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41213 that aircraft. The existing rule implies (10) Clarifies that the aircraft in which b. A satisfactory record that shows that the flight instructor is required to training is given should have at least during the preceding 24 calendar hold a type rating on the instructor’s two pilot seats and be of the same months, the person has served as a pilot and flight instructor certificates. category and class for which the rating company check pilot, chief flight The proposal would specify that flight is sought. The proposal would require a instructor, company check airman or instructors are required to hold a type flight instructor who trains a person flight instructor in a part 121 or part 135 rating on their pilot certificate and not who desires to fly a single-place aircraft operation, or a comparable position their instructor certificate. to perform the pre-solo training in an involving the regular evaluation of (5) Clarifies that a flight instructor, aircraft that has 2 pilot seats, is of the pilots, and provided the FAA FSDO is who gives instrument flight training for same category and class as the single- acquainted with that person’s duties the issuance of an instrument rating or place aircraft, and has similar flight and responsibilities and has determined a type rating that is not limited to VFR, characteristics to that of the single-place the person has satisfactory knowledge of is required to hold the instrument aircraft; and current pilot training, certification, and rating, for the category and class of (11) Clarifies that a flight instructor standards. An example of a person who may not make any self-endorsment for aircraft for which the instrument would hold a comparable position the furtherance of a certificate, rating, training is being given, on both the involving the regular evaluation of proficiency test, flight review, instructor’s pilot certificate and flight pilots would be a designated pilot authorization, operating privilege, instructor certificate. examiner, pilot proficiency examiner, practical test, or knowledge test. (6) Revises the current flight FAA Flight Standards Inspector, or FAA Although this has not been a problem in instructor endorsements. The Aviation Standards Specialist involved the past, periodically the FAA receives requirement for a flight instructor to with developing pilot training and questions concerning this matter. endorse a student pilot’s certificate and testing standards. logbook for supervised PIC cross- Because of ambiguities in the rules, the country flight would be clarified. Under current rules do not specifically prohibit c. A graduation certificate showing this proposal, the flight instructor flight instructors from self-endorsing the person satisfactorily accomplished would be required to determine that the their own logbook to meet the an approved flight instructor refresher flight could be performed within any requirements for a flight review, course, provided the course was limitations in the student’s logbook that instrument proficiency test, or taking a satisfactorily accomplished before the the instructor considers necessary for written or practical test. expiration date on the person’s flight the safety of flight. The intent of the (12) Revises the current amendment instructor certificate. proposal is to ensure that the in this section, by changing the term (3) Permits a person who satisfactorily dispatching flight instructor is aware of ‘‘terminal control area’’ to read ‘‘Class B accomplishes the flight instructor any special limitations pertaining to an airspace area.’’ renewal requirements within 90 days individual student. Section 61.197 Renewal of Flight before the expiration date of their (7) Clarifies that the flight instructor Instructor Certificates certificate, to be considered to have who endorses a pilot’s logbook for a On April 13, 1994, the FAA issued accomplished the requirements in the flight review or an instrument Amendment Nos. 61.95 and 141–5 (59 month due, and the certificate will be proficiency test must have conducted FR 17646) that amends current § 61.197. renewed for an additional 24 calendar that flight review or instrument That amendment deletes the 24 hour months beyond the expiration date. proficiency test. training that holders of flight instructor Section 61.199 Expired Flight (8) Requires a flight instructor to give certificates are required to receive in an Instructor Certificates and Ratings all training from a control seat that approved flight instructor refresher meets the requirements of § 91.109. clinic. That amendment is contained in No substantive modifications are Section 91.109 requires, with the this Notice with minor word changes. proposed in this section. exception of a balloon, that the aircraft The proposed revision to this section have fully functioning dual controls. are as follows: Section 61.201 Conversion to the The regulation provides for instrument (1) Permits applicants for renewal to Current Flight Instructor Ratings flight training to be given in a single- hold at least a third-class medical engine airplane equipped with a single, The FAA proposes to revise the certificate at the time of the renewal or existing § 61.201 and replace it with functioning, throwover control wheel in meet the proposed medical place of fixed, dual elevator and aileron provisions for earning the following requirements in the case of an applicant flight instructor certificates and rating controls. Section 91.109 also requires a for a glider or balloon rating renewal; safety pilot to be in a control seat during that are being proposed: (1) glider and category and powered class rating; (2) simulated instrument flight conditions. (2) Revises the requirements for a glider category and nonpowered class (9) Expands the current rule that person to renew a flight instructor rating; (3) lighter-than-air category and requires a flight instructor to have at certificate. This revision for renewing a airship class rating; (4) instrument- least 5 flight hours of operating flight instructor certificate proposes to airship rating; (5) lighter-than-air experience as a PIC in the specific make state that a person may renew their and model of multiengine airplane or flight instructor certificate without category and balloon class rating; (6) helicopter to include powered-lift accomplishing a practical test by instrument-airplane single-engine; and aircraft. The complexity and flight presenting to an FAA FSDO: (7) instrument-airplane multiengine. characteristics of these aircraft require a. A record of training students that Subpart I—Ground Instructors that a flight instructor be proficient in shows during the preceding 24 calendar the aircraft and requires that the flight months, the person has endorsed at least The FAA proposes to include ground instructor requirements for the 5 students for a practical test for a instructor certificates in part 61. This powered-lift parallel those requirements certificate or rating, and at least 80 subpart would incorporate the for the multiengine airplane and percent of those students passed that regulations that are currently in part helicopter. test on the first attempt. 143, which would be deleted. 41214 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Section 61.211 Applicability Section 61.219 Ground Instructor of practical tests for the ATP certificate Records with the airplane class and type ratings. This section would describe the applicability of proposed subpart I. This proposed section would require Appendix B to Part 61—Practical Test a ground instructor to sign the records Requirements for Rotorcraft Airline Section 61.213 Eligibility of students to whom ground training is Transport Pilot Certificates With a Requirements given and retain a record of the training Helicopter Class Rating and Associated This proposed section would: given. Type Ratings (1) include ground instructor Section 61.221 Additional Ground On August 11, 1992, the FAA certificates and ratings in part 61; Instructor Ratings proposed deleting appendix B from part (2) revise ground instructor 61 in the NPRM No. 92–10, ‘‘Aircraft certificates and ratings; This section proposes that the holder Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, (3) require all applicants for a of a ground instructor certificate who Testing, and Checking at Training certificate or rating to read, write, speak, applies for an additional rating on that Centers’’ (57 FR 35888–35938). and understand the English language; certificate be required to pass a Therefore, appendix B of part 61 has not knowledge test on the subjects that (4) clarify that all applicants for a been reprinted in this rulemaking pertain to the rating. Such a requirement certificate or rating need to pass a project. (the requirement can be found in FAA knowledge test; and Order 8700.1) is not expressed in F. Section by Section Discussion of Part (5) require applicants for a ground existing part 143 but currently must be 141—Pilot Schools instructor certificate or rating to pass a met when adding a rating on a ground Subpart A—General practical test. instructor certificate. The eligibility requirements would Section 141.1 Applicability continue to waive the ‘‘fundamentals of Section 61.223 Ground Instructor This proposed section contains format instruction’’ portion of the knowledge Endorsements and Authorizations revisions only. test for certain applicants. (This This proposed section would list the Section 141.3 Certificate required provision is currently found in FAA endorsements and authorizations that a Order 8700.1). The reference in existing ground instructor could give. A similar No modifications are proposed for § 143.11 for a ground instructor section does not appear in part 143. this section. applicant to be of good moral character Section 141.5 Requirements for a Pilot would be eliminated. Section 61.225 Recency of Experience School Certificate Under this section an applicant would for a Holder of a Ground Instructor not be eligible for a ground instructor Certificate The proposed changes for this section certificate if the applicant holds a This proposed section would are as follows: (1) Replaces the title ‘‘Pilot school current flight instructor certificate for establish the recency of experience certificate’’ with ‘‘Requirements for a the same category and class of aircraft. requirements for a person who holds a A flight instructor is permitted to give pilot school certificate;’’ ground instructor certificate. The (2) Includes the proposed ground training on the aircraft for which proposal would establish recency of the person holds flight instructor modification of a pilot school’s quality experience requirements that would of training requirements; ratings. Therefore, the FAA believes require a ground instructor to: (3) Revises the current requirements issuing a flight instructor certificate that 1. Give a person training and has for a pilot school certificate by has identical ground instructing endorsed that person for a knowledge or specifying that the application is to be privileges as a ground instructor practical test within the preceding 12 completed in a manner prescribed by certificate is unnecessary. A flight calendar months; or the Administrator; instructor would not receive any 2. Receive an endorsement from an (4) Clarifies that an applicant for a additional privileges by obtaining a authorized flight or ground instructor, pilot school certificate must hold a ground instructor certificate in the same which states that the person has provisional pilot school certificate for at category and class. demonstrated satisfactory competence least 24 calendar months prior to Section 61.215 Aeronautical in the knowledge and proficiency applying for a pilot school certificate; Knowledge requirements listed in proposed (5) Revises the current provisions that §§ 61.215 and 61.217, that apply to the require in order for an applicant to be The requirements in existing § 143.11 ground instructor ratings held. issued a pilot school certificate, that would be clarified to include the applicant must have trained at least 10 Section 61.227 Conversion to the minimum knowledge requirements on students for a certificate or rating and at Current System of Ground Instructor the fundamentals of instruction and the least 8 of the 10 most recent graduates Ratings appropriate aeronautical knowledge tested, by an FAA Inspector or areas for the aircraft category rating This proposed section would include examiner, passed that test the first time. sought. the procedures for obtaining the The revision in the proposed § 141.5, This section would require a person proposed ground instructor ratings. would require an applicant to have who trains a ground instructor applicant trained and recommended at least 10 Appendix A to Part 61—Practical Test to meet minimum experience students for: requirements. Requirements for Airplane Airline a. A practical or knowledge test for a Transport Pilot Certificates and pilot, flight instructor, or ground Section 61.217 Ground Instructor Associated Class and Type Ratings instructor certificate or rating, and at Proficiency The FAA proposes to delete appendix least a 80 percent passed the test on the This section would include the A from part 61. The proposal is a result first attempt, and the tests must have proposed proficiency requirements that of establishing areas of operation in part been conducted by an FAA inspector or an applicant would be required to meet 61 to parallel the Practical Test an examiner who is not an employee of to pass the proposed practical test. Standards that cover the administering the school; or Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41215

b. An end-of-course test for a training 8 students would have had to pass on (i) Pilot refresher course. course in appendix K. the first attempt in order for a school (ii) Flight instructor refresher course. This proposed school certificate certificate to be issued. (iii) Ground instructor refresher issuance requirement deletes the Another example is a provisional course. requirement for 8 out of every 10 most school that has part 141 course approval (iv) Agricultural aircraft operations recent graduates to have passed the for a Private Pilot Certification Course course. practical or knowledge test on the first under appendix A and also a Test Pilot (v) Rotorcraft external-load operations attempt. Using this percentage before a Course under appendix K. The course. school is issued a certificate will ensure provisional school graduates 5 students (vi) Special operations course. more quality of training than the current from its Private Pilot Certification (vii) Test pilot course. requirements which pressure schools Course and 5 from its Test Pilot Course (3) Pilot ground school courses. into ensuring that every 8 out of its most within the 24-calendar month period Section 141.13 Application for recent 10 graduates passed on the first prior to the date application is made for Issuance, Amendment, or Renewal attempt. During the public hearings, issuance of a pilot school certificate. Proposed § 141.13 would revise the some schools stated that the current Out of those 5 private pilot graduates, existing requirement that requires a requirements place a school in a there were 5 knowledge tests attempted pilot school to submit three copies of a dilemma by forcing them to pass 8 out and 5 practical tests attempted for a training course outline for the issuance of every 10 graduates or loose their total of 10 attempts. There were 5 end- or amendment of a pilot school school certificate. Under the current of-course tests accomplished by certificate or rating. Two copies of the requirement, it is conceivable for a students enrolled the school’s Test Pilot training course outline are sufficient. provisional pilot school to have Course. In order for a pilot school graduated over 100 applicants for a certificate to be issued, the provisional Section 141.15 Location of Facilities practical or knowledge, and have 97 of pilot school would have to show an 80 No substantive changes are planned. those applicants pass the required percent pass rate on the first attempt for knowledge or practical tests without one However, the wording of proposed its private pilot applicants. Therefore, 4 § 141.15 has been changed to a more failure and then have the next 3 private pilot graduates would have to applicants fail the test. Under this permissive language to parallel the pass the knowledge test on the first proposed changes in § 61.2. scenario, the school would not be attempt, and 4 private pilot graduates qualified to have their certificate issued. would have had to have passed the Section 141.17 Duration of Certificates Under this proposed revision, the FAA practical test on the first attempt. and Examining Authority believes quality of training would be Otherwise, the students enrolled in the The FAA proposes to replace the title maintained, but the schools would not Test Pilot Course or the other courses of be forced to pass 8 of every 10 graduates ‘‘Duration of certificates’’ to read appendix K only count for the recent ‘‘Duration of certificates and examining in order for a school to be issued. For activity of training requirements. example, this issuance method would authority.’’ The FAA also proposes to work as follows: Section 141.7 Provisional Pilot School add the provision stating that a pilot A provisional school graduates 100 Certificate school or provisional pilot school students from its part 141-approved certificate expires whenever ‘‘the No substantive changes are proposed Administrator has determined a school courses within the 24 calendar-month for this section. period prior to the date application is has not acted in good faith with a made for the issuance of a pilot school Section 141.9 Examining Authority student to whom it has a contractual agreement to provide training.’’ The certificate. Out of those 100 graduates, No modifications are proposed for proposal is a result of past events where there were 50 knowledge tests this section. attempted and 100 practical tests some unscrupulous school operators attempted for a total of 150 attempts. Section 141.11 Pilot School Ratings have made contractual agreements with Out of those 150 practical and The FAA proposes to revise this students and then have failed to meet knowledge tests attempted, the school section by revising the aeronautical those agreements. As an example, in the would be required to have at least an 80 knowledge areas, reorganizing the 1980’s a part 141 school continued to percent pass rate on the first attempt, or current certificate courses and advertise its services when the school in this case, at least 120 students would eliminating the test courses, and was not financially capable. Students have had to pass on the first attempt in replacing the term, ‘‘flight proficiency were fraudulently required to make order for a pilot school certificate to be requirement’’ with ‘‘approved areas of payments for the entire course prior to issued. operations.’’ beginning the course. The school Another example is a provisional The proposed changes for this section requested payment under false school provides only part 141-approved would establish the following courses: pretenses as covering the entire cost of ground school training for an (1) Certification and rating courses: training, room, and board. When the instrument rating course. It graduates (i) Recreational pilot course. students arrived to begin their training, only 10 students from its part 141 (ii) Private pilot course. they were informed the school was approved instrument rating ground (iii) Commercial pilot course. bankrupt, and they could only get their school course within a 24 calendar (iv) Instrument rating course. training if they would agree to pay for month period prior to the date (v) Airline transport pilot course. the fuel for the aircraft and pay their application is made for issuance of a (vi) Flight instructor course. own room and board. The FAA was pilot school certificate. Out of those 10 (vii) Flight instructor instrument unable to stop this school operator from graduates, there were 10 knowledge course. continuing this unscrupulous practice, tests attempted for a total of 10 attempts. (viii) Ground instructor course. because the current rules do not prevent Out of those 10 attempts, that (ix) Additional aircraft category or it. Further investigation of this school provisional school would be required to class rating course. operator showed that this was not the have at least an 80 percent pass rate on (x) Aircraft type rating course. only time this operator had done this to the first attempt, or in this case, at least (2) Special preparation courses: students. This particular operator would 41216 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules close up business in one area of the the tests must have been conducted by shoreline lighting is available for night United States after defrauding students, an FAA inspector or an examiner who seaplane takeoff and landing operations. and then begin business in another is not an employee of the school, or an Section 141.39 Aircraft location. Although the majority of part end-of-course test for a training course 141 school operators provide in appendix K. As an example, see The proposed changes for this section professional flight training and are § 141.5. are as follows: honorable, unscrupulous operators (1) Requires aircraft used by a pilot Section 141.29 [Reserved] should not be allowed to continue in school or a provisional pilot school business. The FAA believes this This section would continue to be certificate holder be maintained in proposal will permit it to close down reserved. accordance with subpart E of part 91. unscrupulous operators in a more Subpart B—Personnel, Aircraft, and (2) Requires the school’s aircraft to be expeditious manner. Facilities Requirements under an inspection program for each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, Section 141.18 Carriage of Narcotic Section 141.31 Applicability Drugs, Marihuana, and Depressant or appliance, and component part be Stimulant Drugs or Substances No substantive changes are proposed maintained. for this section. (3) Requires that the school’s aircraft No modifications are proposed for used for the demonstration of this section. Section 141.33 Personnel instrument skills to be equipped and Section 141.19 Display of Certificate The proposed changes for this section maintained for IFR operations. are as follows: (4) Revises the existing provisions Format revisions are proposed for this that requires aircraft used for ‘‘flight section. (1) Permits a pilot school to designate check instructors to conduct student instruction and solo flights in a course Section 141.21 Inspections stage checks, end-of-course tests, and of training for agricultural aircraft Format revisions are proposed for this instructor proficiency checks. operations and similar aerial work section. (2) Clarifies that the assistant chief operations’’ do not have to hold a instructor would be required to meet the standard airworthiness certificate. The Section 141.23 Advertising Limitations requirements of proposed § 141.36. revised language would be more general This section would be revised by and would permit each aircraft to hold Section 141.35 Chief Instructor a standard airworthiness certificate clarifying that courses are approved Qualifications under part 141. unless the Administrator determines Proposed § 141.35 would delete the that, because of the nature of the Section 141.25 Business Office and current requirement for a person who approved course, an aircraft not having Operations Base applies as a chief ground instructor to a standard airworthiness certificate may Format revisions are proposed for this have 1 year of experience as a ground be used. section. instructor at a certificated pilot school. (5) Permit the use of aircraft with a primary airworthiness certificate to be Section 141.27 Renewal of Certificates Section 141.36 Assistant Chief used by schools. The purpose for this and Ratings Instructor Qualifications proposal is a result of an oversight that The proposed changes for this section Proposed § 141.36 would delete the occurred during the issuance of the are as follows: current requirement for a person who Primary Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR (1) Modifies a pilot school’s quality of applies as an assistant chief ground 41360; September 9, 1992). training requirements. As a result of instructor to have 6 months of In the ‘‘Supplementary Information’’ information obtained during the public experience as a ground instructor at a section (in the paragraphs entitled hearings and comments received in the certificated pilot school. ‘‘Rental and Flight Instruction’’ and docket on this matter, the FAA proposes ‘‘Pilot Certification’’) of that final rule, Section 141.37 Check Instructor to revise the quality of training the FAA stated that the use of primary Qualifications requirements from 8 out of 10 of the aircraft are permitted to be used for most recent graduates pass rate to an 80 The FAA proposes to redesignate rental, flight instruction, and pilot percent requirement; current § 141.37, ‘‘Airports’’ to § 141.38. certification. However, the FAA did not (2) Eliminates the current requirement Proposed § 141.37, ‘‘Check instructor provide for this in that final rule. that the renewal of a certificate must be qualifications’’ would establish the obtained no less than 30 days prior to proposed qualifications for a person to Section 141.41 Flight Training Devices the expiration of the provisional pilot be designated as a check instructor. and Training Aids school certificate; This proposal would replace the title Section 141.38 Airports (3) Clarifies the requirements for a of the existing § 141.41 ‘‘Ground trainers school that does not meet the proposed The FAA proposes to redesignate and training aids’’ with ‘‘Flight training renewal requirements may apply for a current § 141.37 to § 141.38. Proposed devices and training aids.’’ Otherwise, provisional pilot school certificate; and § 141.38 would permit pilot schools at the section would include no (4) Revises the requirements for seadromes to use adequate non- substantive changes. renewing a pilot school requirement and permanent lighting or shoreline lighting, rating. A pilot school would be required approved by the Administrator, for Section 141.43 Pilot Briefing Areas to have trained and recommended at night training flights in seaplanes. Few Format modifications are proposed for least 10 students for a practical or permanently lighted seadromes are in this section. knowledge test for a pilot, flight use. The FAA believes that the existing Section 141.45 Ground Training instructor, or ground instructor regulation for permanent lighting at all Facilities certificate or rating, and at least 80 airports used by a pilot school for night percent of the students must have training is not necessary at seadromes. Format modifications are proposed for passed the test on the first attempt, and Adequate non-permanent lighting or this section. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41217

Subpart C—Training Course Outline recent 10 graduates passed on the first ‘‘Rental and Flight Instruction’’ and and Curriculum attempt. ‘‘Pilot Certification’’) of that final rule, (3) Specifies that pilot schools would the FAA stated that the use of primary Section 141.51 Applicability not receive examining authority for aircraft are permitted to be used for No modifications are proposed for training courses that train to a rental, flight instruction, and pilot this section. performance standard. certification. However, the FAA did not Section 141.53 Approval Procedures Section 141.65 Privileges provide for this in that final rule. for a Training Course: General Proposed § 141.65 would permit a Section 141.77 Limitations The FAA proposes to replace the title pilot school with examining authority to This section would be revised by ‘‘Training course outline: General’’ with recommend graduates for all pilot, flight dividing the current section into two ‘‘Approval procedures for a training instructor, and ground instructor paragraphs. The current reference to course: General.’’ The proposed section certificates. This would eliminate the ‘‘flight check or written test, or both’’ would require two copies of each existing restriction on examiners from would be replaced with a ‘‘proficiency training course outline to be submitted performing practical tests for the flight test or knowledge test or both.’’ The to the FAA. The existing rule requires instructor certificate, ATP certificate, tests could include a flight check, a an application for approval of an initial and turbojet type ratings. This issue was review of the student’s aeronautical or amended training course outline to be raised by Harrison Hamer, who knowledge, or both. in triplicate to the FAA. Two copies of submitted a comment to the FAA in the training course outline are sufficient response to the DOT’s request for Section 141.79 Flight Training and the FAA proposes that only two comments (57 FR 4744; February 7, On April 13, 1994, the FAA issued copies be submitted. Making three 1992). In addition, the FAA has issued Amendment Nos. 61.95 and 141–5 (59 copies also causes more paper to be numerous exemptions to this rule FR 17646) that amends current § 61.197. generated for any slight variance in a without any degradation in safety. That amendment deletes the 24 hour training course. training that holders of flight instructor Section 141.67 Limitations and Commencing in 1 year after the certificates are required to receive in an Reports effective date of this rule, proposed approved flight instructor refresher § 141.53 would require pilot schools or The proposed changes for this section clinic. That amendment is contained in provisional pilot schools to only request are as follows: this Notice with minor word changes. approval for the new training courses. (1) Deletes the current provision that The proposed changes for this section requires a student at a pilot school with are as follows: Section 141.55 Training Course: examining authority to accomplish all of Contents (1) Replaces the term ‘‘designated the training courses at that school. chief instructor or his assistant’’ with The FAA proposed to replace the title (2) Expands the existing requirement ‘‘chief instructor,’’ ‘‘assistant chief ‘‘Training course outline: Contents’’ for a pilot school with examining instructor,’’ or ‘‘check instructor.’’ with ‘‘Training course: Contents.’’ The authority to submit the training record (2) Permits the assistant chief proposal would permit pilot schools to of each graduate who is recommended instructor or check instructor to seek approval of training courses that for a certificate or rating to a FAA administer proficiency checks to a train to a performance standard and FSDO. school’s instructors. would modify a pilot school’s quality of Subpart E—Operating Rules (3) Revises the flight and proficiency training requirements. checks accomplished by flight Section 141.71 Applicability Section 141.57 Special Curricula instructors. No modifications are proposed for (4) Requires chief and assistant chief No substantive changes are proposed this section. instructors to complete at least once for this section. every 12 calendar months an approved Section 141.73 Privileges Subpart D—Examining Authority syllabus of training consisting of ground Proposed § 141.73 would be or flight training, or both, or an Section 141.61 Applicability reformatted. Proposed § 141.73 would approved flight instructor refresher Format modifications are proposed for specify that pilot schools who hold course. examining authority would not be this section. Section 141.81 Ground Training permitted to seek approval of training Section 141.63 Examining Authority courses that train to a performance This section would be revised to Qualification Requirements standard. replace ‘‘designated chief instructor or The FAA proposes to replace the title his assistant’’ with ‘‘chief instructor,’’ ‘‘Application and qualification’’ with Section 141.75 Aircraft Requirements ‘‘assistant chief instructor,’’ or ‘‘check ‘‘Examining authority qualification and (1) The FAA proposes to add the instructor.’’ requirements.’’ proposed test pilot and special Section 141.83 Quality of Training The proposed changes for this section operations courses to courses for which are as follows: an aircraft certificated in the restricted The proposed revisions to this section (1) Modifies the quality of training category may be used. are as follows: requirements for a pilot school to (2) Permit the use of aircraft with a (1) Reformats and rewords this section maintain examining authority. primary airworthiness certificate to be for clarity. (2) Deletes the requirement for a used by schools. The purpose for this (2) Modifies the quality of training specific number of graduates to pass proposal is a result of an oversight that requirements. This proposal would interim tests to retain examining occurred during the issuance of the require a school to provide training of authority. The FAA believes it is more Primary Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR such quality that at least 80 percent of important for students to receive quality 41360; September 9, 1992). their students for a practical or training than to pressure schools into In the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION knowledge test were successful on the ensuring that every 9 out of its most section (in the paragraphs entitled first attempt within the period of 24 41218 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules calendar months prior to the date of would be moved to proposed appendix Appendix I—Additional Aircraft application for the school certificate. B. Category or Class Rating Course Section 141.85 Chief Instructor Appendix B—Private Pilot Certification The FAA proposes to establish criteria Responsibilities Course for an additional aircraft category or The section would be revised by The FAA proposes to establish criteria class rating courses for a person who clarifying that the chief instructor serves for a certification course for a private desires to add an additional category or a supervisory role at a pilot school. The pilot certificate in all categories of an additional class rating on their pilot current requirements for the chief aircraft. The course in existing appendix certificate. instructor to ‘‘conduct’’ checks and tests B, ‘‘Private Test Course (Airplanes),’’ Appendix J—Aircraft Type Rating would be revised for the chief instructor would be eliminated. Course, for Other Than Airline to ‘‘ensure’’ these checks and tests are Transport Pilot accomplished. A new paragraph is Appendix C—Instrument Rating Course The FAA proposes to establish criteria proposed for this section that would The FAA proposes to establish criteria for an aircraft type rating course, for permit the chief instructor to either for an instrument rating course. The other than ATP, for a person who conduct the check or delegate authority course in existing appendix C, desires to add a type rating on their for conducting stage checks, end-of- ‘‘Instrument Rating Course (Airplanes),’’ pilot certificate. course tests, and flight instructor would be included in this proposed proficiency checks to the assistant chief course. Appendix K—Special Preparation instructor or a check instructor. Appendix D—Commercial Pilot Courses Section 141.87 Change of Chief Certification Course The FAA proposes to establish criteria Instructor The FAA proposes to establish criteria for special preparation courses, which Proposed § 141.87 would permit a for a certification course for a would be similar to the current pilot school or provisional pilot school commercial pilot certificate. The course appendix H, ‘‘Test Preparation to replace its chief instructor with an in the existing appendix D, Courses.’’ assistant chief instructor or a check ‘‘Commercial Pilot Certificate Course Appendix L—Pilot Ground School instructor, and would permit the (Airplanes),’’ is included in this Course assistant chief instructor or check proposed certification course. instructor to give stage and end-of- This proposed appendix would be Appendix E—Airline Transport Pilot course tests for a maximum of 60 days similar to current appendix G, ‘‘Pilot Certificate Course until a new chief instructor is Ground School Courses.’’ designated. The FAA proposes to establish criteria International Civil Aviation for a certification course for an ATP Section 141.89 Maintenance of Organization and Joint Aviation certificate with an airplane, helicopter, Regulations Personnel, Facilities, and Equipment or powered-lift rating. The course in Editorial modifications are proposed existing appendix E, ‘‘Commercial Test During this regulatory review of parts for this section. Course (Airplanes),’’ would be 1, 61, 141, and 143, the FAA conducted eliminated. a study that compares Federal Aviation Section 141.91 Satellite Bases Regulations and International Civil Editorial modifications are proposed Appendix F—Flight Instructor Aviation Organization Regulations. A for this section. Certification Course copy of that comparison study is located at the Federal Aviation Administration, Section 141.93 Enrollment The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a course for a flight instructor Office of the Chief Counsel, Rules The proposed revisions to this section certification course. The courses in Docket, Room 915G, under Docket No. would eliminate the requirement for a existing appendix F, ‘‘Rotorcraft, 25910, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., pilot school to send a copy of each Gliders, Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft and Washington, DC 20591. Throughout this enrollment certificate to its FAA FSDO. Aircraft Rating Courses,’’ would be regulatory review, the FAA has The school would be required to moved to proposed appendixes B, C, D, attempted to propose rules that are in maintain a monthly listing of persons I, and J. harmony with the international enrolled in each course at the school. community. Where differences will This proposal would provide paperwork Appendix G—Flight Instructor occur, the FAA will comply with FAA reduction. Instrument (Aircraft Category and Class) Order 2100.13A, The FAA Regulatory Certification Course Handbook. This Order directs the FAA Section 141.95 Graduation Certificate The FAA proposes to establish criteria to identify differences between the Minor editorial modifications are for a course for a flight instructor- International Civil Aviation proposed for this section. instrument certification course. The Organization Regulations and the Subpart F—Records course in existing appendix G, ‘‘Pilot Federal Aviation Regulations. Ground School Courses,’’ would be The Joint Aviation Regulations (JAR) Section 141.101 Training Records moved to proposed appendix L. pilot licensing rulemaking action, which This section would be reformatted. was issued over one year ago and Appendix H—Ground Instructor withdrawn, is on hold. To date, no Appendix A—Recreational Pilot Certificate Course harmonization comparison has been Certification Course The FAA proposes to establish criteria made with the JAR rulemaking action. The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a course for a ground instructor However, when that rulemaking action for a new certification course for certification. The courses found in is reissued, the FAA intends to conduct recreational pilot certificates. The existing appendix H, ‘‘Test Preparation a comparison study and will attempt to course in existing appendix A, ‘‘Private Courses,’’ would be moved to proposed negotiate conformity for those rules Pilot Certificate Course (Airplanes),’’ appendixes C, E, F, and G. where there are significant differences. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41219

Regulatory Evaluation Summary rules that may have ‘‘a significant cost None; Average Burden Hours per impact on a substantial number of small Respondent: Cost-Benefit Analysis entities.’’ For Further Information Contact: The The FAA has considered the impact All of the major changes in the rules Information Requirements Division, M– of this rulemaking action under E.O. discussed in this NPRM affect pilots, 34, Office of the Secretary of 12866 and the Department of flight instructors, and ground Transportation, 400 Seventh Street, Transportation’s regulatory policies and instructors, who are individuals rather SW., Washington, DC 20590; (202) 366– procedures. This rulemaking document than business or government entities. 4735. was reviewed under E.O. 12866, The revisions that impact pilot schools ‘‘Regulatory Planning and Review.’’ do not exceed the cost-threshold level, Comments on these information This section has been determined to be as found in the RFA. In fact, as this collection requirements should be ‘‘significant’’ under the Department of report shows, the proposed rule would submitted to the Office of Information Transportation’s regulatory policies and result in net overall annual cost savings and Regulatory Affairs OMB, procedures. The FAA prepared a of about $3,000 per pilot school. The Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk preliminary Economic Assessment for FAA has determined that the proposed Officer for FAA. Comments submitted to the NPRM. The FAA has evaluated the revisions would not have a significant OMB should also be submitted to the anticipated costs and benefits, which economic impact on a substantial FAA docket. are summarized below. For more number of small entities. Specific Time and Hour Requirements detailed economic information, see the International Trade Impact Analysis full regulatory evaluation contained in The FAA has proposed specific time the docket. The Office of Management and Budget and hour requirements in various (OMB) requires Federal agencies to Costs sections of this NPRM. These specific determine whether any proposed rule or time and hour requirements may be The FAA estimates that the present regulation would have an impact on modified in light of the comments value of the costs of this proposed rule international trade. The revisions received to the docket, thus modifying discounted 7 percent over the next 10 discussed in this NPRM primarily affect the scope of the NPRM. years is $6.6 million. Proposed § 61.212 the domestic operations of individual on increased recordkeeping pilots, flight instructors and ground Conclusion requirements is the most costly instructors, not of business entities. In For the reasons discussed in the provision at $437,000 annually the case of pilot schools or aircraft preamble, and based on the findings in representing 46 percent of the total operators, it is not likely that the the Initial Regulatory Flexibility annual cost of almost $950,000. services produced by these entities Determination and the International Proposed § 61.217 on the practical test would involve the international trade Trade Impact Analysis, the FAA has for instructor applicants is the second flows of aviation products or services determined that this proposed most costly provision at $435,000 and thus do not impact trade regulation is a significant regulatory annually, representing 43.9 percent of opportunities for U.S. firms doing action under Executive Order 12866. In the total annual cost. business overseas and foreign firms doing business in the United States. addition, it is certified that this Benefits Thus, the FAA believes the proposed proposal, if adopted, will not have a The FAA also estimates that the changes would have no impact on trade significant economic impact, positive or present value of the benefits of this opportunities for both U.S. firms doing negative, on a substantial number of proposed rule discounted 7 percent over business overseas and foreign firms small entities under the criteria of the the next 10 years is $368.7 million. doing business in the United States. The Regulatory Flexibility Act. This Proposed § 61.65 reducing the amount FAA welcomes any comments on this proposal is considered significant under of flight time needed before applying for issue. Order DOT 2100.5, Policies and an instrument rating provides the Procedures for Simplification, Analysis, greatest benefit in cost savings at $18.7 Federalism Implications and Review of Regulations. A draft million annually representing 36 The regulations proposed in this regulatory evaluation of the proposal, percent of the total annual benefits notice would not have substantial direct including an initial Regulatory ($52.5 million annually). Various effects on the States, on the relationship Flexibility Determination and provisions that together provide between the National Government and International Trade Impact Analysis, numerous safety benefits result in the States, or on the distribution of has been placed in the docket. A copy annual benefits of $21.1 million or 40 power and responsibilities among the may be obtained by contacting the percent of the total. various levels of Government. person identified under FOR FURTHER Therefore, in accordance with Executive INFORMATION CONTACT. Economic Conclusions Order 12612, it is determined that this List of Subjects Based upon the low compliance cost amendment would not have federalism coupled with the large cost savings and implications requiring the preparation 14 CFR Part 1 the safety benefits, the FAA concludes of a Federalism Assessment. that the proposed rule is cost beneficial. General definitions, Abbreviations Paperwork Reduction Act Approval and symbols, Rules of construction. Initial Regulatory Flexibility The reporting and recordkeeping 14 CFR Part 61 Determination requirements associated with this rule The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 are being submitted to the Office of Air safety, Aircraft, Aircraft pilots, (RFA) was enacted by Congress to Management and Budget (OMB) for Airmen, Airplanes, Aviation safety, ensure that small entities are not approval in accordance with 44 U.S.C. Compensation, Education, Foreign unnecessarily and disproportionately 35 under OMB No: ; Title: Pilot, persons, Helicopters, Pilots, Rotorcraft, burdened by government regulations. Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Safety, Students, Teachers, The RFA requires agencies to review Pilot School Certification Rules; Form(s) Transportation. 41220 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

14 CFR Part 141 44707, 44709–44711, 45102–45103, 45106, Subpart BÐÐAircraft Ratings and Special Certificates Air safety, Air transportation, Aircraft and 45301–45302. pilots, Airmen, Airplanes, Aviation 3. Part 61 is revised to read as follows: 61.61 Applicability. safety, Balloons, Education, Educational 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than PART 61ÐCERTIFICATION: PILOTS, airline transport pilot). facilities, Helicopters, Pilots, Rotorcraft, 61.65 Instrument rating requirements. Safety, Schools, Students, Teachers, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTORS 61.67 Category II pilot authorization Transportation. requirements. 14 CFR Part 143 Subpart AÐGeneral 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and training requirements. Air safety, Air transportation, Airmen, Sec. 61.71 Graduates of an approved training Airplanes, Aviation safety, Education, 61.1 Applicability. program other than under this part: Educational Facilities, Safety, Students, 61.1a Clarification of terms. Special rules. Teachers, Transportation. 61.2 Certification of foreign pilots, flight 61.73 Military pilots or former military instructors, and ground instructors. pilots: Special rules. The Proposed Amendments 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on In consideration of the foregoing, and authorizations. basis of a foreign pilot license. 61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: under the authority at 49 U.S.C. 40113, 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part. Operation of U.S.-registered civil aircraft the Federal Aviation Administration 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings. leased by a person who is not a U.S. proposes to amend parts 1, 61, 141, and 61.9 Written syllabus for conducting citizen. 143 of the Federal Aviation Regulations training. Subpart CÐÐStudent Pilots (14 CFR Parts 1, 61, 141, and 143) as 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and follows: reissuance. 61.81 Applicability. 61.13 Awarding of airman certificates, 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student PART 1ÐDEFINITIONS AND ratings, and authorizations. pilots. 61.85 Application. ABBREVIATIONS 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug test. 61.87 Supervised pilot in command 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs. 1. The authority citation for part 1 requirements for student pilots. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or 61.89 General limitations. continues to read as follows: to furnish test results. 61.91 [Reserved.] Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g); 49 U.S.C. 61.17 Temporary certificate. 61.93 Supervised pilot in command cross- 40101–40104, 40109, 40113, and 44701. 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor country flight requirements. 2. Section 1.1 is amended by revising certificates. 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at the definitions of ‘‘balloon’’, ‘‘flight 61.21 Duration of a Category II pilot airports located within Class B airspace. authorization. time’’, and ‘‘pilot in command’’ to read 61.23 Duration and requirement for a Subpart DÐÐRecreational Pilots as follows: medical certificate. 61.96 Applicability § 1.1 General Definitions. 61.25 Change of name. 61.96a Eligibility requirements: General. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. * * * * * certificate. 61.98 Flight proficiency. Balloon is an aircraft that is not 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed 61.99 Aeronautical experience. engine driven, but sustains flight with airman or medical certificate or 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. either gas buoyancy or with an airborne knowledge test report. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and heater. 61.31 Type rating, additional training, and limitations. authorization requirements. * * * * * Subpart EÐÐPrivate Pilots Flight time means: 61.33 Tests: General procedure. (1) Pilot time that commences when 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and 61.102 Applicability. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General. an aircraft moves under its own power passing grades. 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. for the purpose of flight and ends when 61.107 Flight proficiency. the aircraft comes to rest after landing; unauthorized conduct. 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests. 61.109 Aeronautical experience. or 61.41 Flight training received from flight 61.110 Night flying exceptions for private (2) For a nonpowered glider, that time instructors not certificated by the FAA. pilot certification. when the glider commences being 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based towed for the purpose of flight and ends 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and on small islands. when the glider comes to rest after equipment. 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command. landing. 61.47 Status of an examiner who is 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. authorized by the Administrator to * * * * * 61.117 Private pilot privileges and conduct practical tests. Pilot in command means: limitations: Second in command of 61.49 Retesting after failure. (1) A person who has final authority aircraft requiring more than one pilot. and responsibility for the operation and 61.51 Pilot logbooks. 61.118 through 61.120 [Reserved] safety of the flight; 61.53 Operations during medical (2) A person who holds the deficiency. Subpart FÐÐCommercial Pilots appropriate category, class, and type 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications. 61.121 Applicability. rating, if appropriate; 61.56 Flight review. 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General. (3) A person who has been designated 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. command. as pilot in command before or during 61.127 Flight proficiency. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: 61.129 Aeronautical experience. the flight; and Operation of aircraft requiring more than 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying (4) Involves a flight that occurs in one required pilot. requirements for the commercial pilot actual flight conditions in an aircraft. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or certificate. * * * * * alteration of applications, certificates, 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g); 49 U.S.C. logbooks, reports, or records. limitations: General. 40101–40104, 40109, 40113, 44701–44703, 61.60 Change of address. 61.135 through 61.141 [Reserved.] Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41221

Subpart GÐÐAirline Transport Pilots simulator, or flight training device for (i) In actual flight in a military 61.151 Applicability. meeting the appropriate training and aircraft; and 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General. flight time for an airman certificate, (ii) On a flight that is at least a 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. rating, flight review, or recency of flight straight-line distance of more than 50 61.157 Flight proficiency. experience, of this part. nautical miles from the point of 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane (b) Airman certificate means all pilot departure, and dead reckoning, pilotage, category rating. 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft certificates (other than a student pilot electronic navigation aids, or radio aids category and helicopter class rating with certificate), flight instructor certificates, were used for navigation. a type rating. and ground instructor certificates issued (f) Examiner means any person who is 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered- under this part. authorized by the Administrator to lift category. (c) Authorized ground instructor conduct a practical test for an airman 61.165 Additional aircraft category and means— certificate or rating issued under this class ratings. (1) A person who holds a current part, or a person who is authorized to 61.167 General privileges and limitations. ground instructor certificate issued conduct a knowledge test under this 61.169 [Reserved]. under this part with ratings that apply part. 61.171 [Reserved]. to the training being given, and that (g) Flight training means that training, Subpart HÐFlight Instructors person is authorized by the other than ground training, received 61.181 Applicability. Administrator to give the training; or from an authorized flight instructor in 61.183 Eligibility requirements. (2) Any other person authorized by actual flight in an aircraft. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. the Administrator to give ground (h) Ground training means that 61.187 Flight proficiency. training under this part in accordance training, other than flight training, 61.189 Flight instructor records. with privileges and limitations specified received from an authorized ground or 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings. by the Administrator. flight instructor. 61.193 Flight instructor endorsements and authorizations. (d) Authorized flight instructor (i) Instrument approach means an 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and means— approach procedure, defined in part 97 qualifications. (1) A person who holds a current of this chapter, that is conducted to an 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor flight instructor certificate issued under established minimum descent altitude certificates. this chapter with ratings that apply to (MDA) or decision height (DH), or if 61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates the training being given, and that person necessary, to a higher altitude selected and ratings. is authorized by the Administrator to by the air traffic control (ATC) facility 61.201 Conversion to the current flight give the training; or with jurisdiction over that airspace for instructor ratings. (2) Any other person authorized by safety reasons. Subpart IÐGround Instructors the Administrator to give flight training (j) Instrument Training means that 61.211 Applicability. under this part in accordance with time in which instrument training is 61.213 Eligibility requirements. privileges and limitations specified by received from an authorized flight 61.215 Aeronautical knowledge. the Administrator. instructor under actual or simulated 61.217 Ground instructor proficiency. (e) Cross-country time means that instrument flight conditions. 61.219 Ground instructor records. time obtained in actual flight and, (k) Knowledge Test means a test on 61.221 Additional ground instructor except as provided in paragraph (f)(3) of the aeronautical knowledge areas ratings. this section, each flight must include a required for an airman certificate or 61.223 Ground instructor endorsements and authorizations. landing at a point other than the point rating that can be administered in a 61.225 Recency of experience for a holder of departure, and— written form or by computer. of a ground instructor certificate. (1) The person must— (l) Pilot Time means that time in 61.227 Conversion to current ground (i) Hold a private, commercial pilot, which a person operates as a required instructor ratings. or airline transport certificate issued pilot, receives training from an under this part; and authorized instructor, gives training as Subpart AÐGeneral (ii) Have used dead reckoning, an authorized flight instructor in an pilotage, electronic navigation aids, or § 61.1 Applicability. aircraft, or gives training as an radio aids to navigate to the landing authorized flight or ground instructor in (a) This part prescribes the point. an approved flight simulator, or requirements for issuing pilot, flight (2) For the purpose of meeting the approved flight training device. instructor, and ground instructor cross-country time eligibility (m) Practical test means a test on the certificates and ratings, the conditions requirements for a private or approved areas of operations for an under which those certificates and commercial pilot certificate or an airman certificate, a rating, or an ratings are necessary, and the instrument rating, the person must have authorization that is conducted by authorizations, privileges, and obtained the time in actual flight, and— having the applicant respond to limitations of those certificates and (i) The point of landing must be at questions and demonstrate maneuvers ratings. least a straight-line distance of more in actual flight, an approved flight (b) This part prescribes the than 50 nautical miles from the point of simulator, or approved flight training requirements for issuing pilot, flight departure; and device. instructor, and ground instructor (ii) Dead reckoning, pilotage, (n) Supervised PIC time is flight time certificates and ratings for persons who electronic navigation aids, or radio aids in an aircraft that applies to either a have taken courses approved by the were used to navigate to the landing student pilot or pilot who is not rated Administrator under other parts of this point. in the aircraft flown, but is under the chapter. (3) For a military pilot, who holds or supervision and authorization of an § 61.1a Clarification of terms. is qualified for a private or commercial authorized flight instructor to conduct For the purposes of this part: pilot certificate under § 61.73 of this the flight. Depending on the crew (a) Aeronautical experience means part, cross-country time is that time compliment specifications set forth in pilot time obtained in an aircraft, flight obtained— the aircraft’s flight manual, the flight 41222 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules instructor may be onboard the aircraft in Persons may not act as pilot in appropriate rating on that certificate or an assigned crewmember position. In command or in any other capacity as a a person authorized by the those cases, the flight instructor shall required pilot of a civil aircraft of Administrator may: act in the capacity of an assigned crew foreign registry within the United (i) Give training required to qualify a member and evaluate the person’s States, unless their airman certificate: person for supervised PIC flight and ability to act as a pilot in command. (1) Is valid and in their physical supervised PIC cross-country flight; (o) Training time means training possession, or readily accessible in the (ii) Endorse on a pilot, flight received in actual flight from an aircraft when exercising the privileges instructor, or ground instructor authorized flight instructor, on the of their airman certificate; and certificate or rating issued under this ground from an authorized ground or (2) Has been issued under this part or part; flight instructor, or in a flight simulator by the country in which the aircraft is (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show or flight training device from an registered. training given; or authorized ground or flight instructor. (c) Medical certificate. (iv) Endorse a student pilot certificate (1) Except as provided for in or logbook for supervised PIC operating § 61.2 Certification of foreign pilots, flight paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a person privileges. instructors, and ground instructors. who is serving as a required (3) A flight instructor certificate is not (a) Except as provided for in crewmember under any part of this necessary if: paragraph (b) of this section, an airman chapter must have a: (i) The training is in accordance with certificate may not be issued to a person (i) Current and appropriate medical a part 121 or part 135 air carrier who is not a citizen of the United States certificate that has been issued under approved training program; or a resident alien of the United States part 67 of this chapter; and (ii) The training is given by the holder unless that person satisfactorily (ii) Medical certificate in the person’s of an airline transport pilot certificate accomplishes the appropriate physical possession or readily under part 121 or 135 of this chapter; knowledge or practical test within the accessible in the aircraft when and United States. exercising the privileges of that airman (iii) The person receiving the training (b) A person who is not a citizen of certificate. and the person giving the training are the United States or a resident alien of (2) A person is not required to meet employees of that air carrier. the United States may be issued an the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of (4) A flight instructor certificate is not airman certificate, and the knowledge this section, if that person: necessary if the training is given by an and practical test for that certificate may (i) Is holding a pilot or flight instructor as prescribed in § 61.41 of be administered outside the United instructor certificate with a balloon or a this part. States when: glider rating and is piloting or training (e) Instrument rating. Except as (1) The Administrator determines the in a balloon or a glider as appropriate; provided for in paragraph (k)(4) of this person needs a pilot certificate to (ii) Is a student pilot who is seeking section, no person may act as pilot in operate as a required pilot crewmember a recreational pilot certificate, or who is command of a civil aircraft under IFR or of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry; in weather conditions less than the (2) The Administrator determines the seeking a pilot certificate with a glider minimums prescribed for VFR flight person needs a flight instructor or category rating or balloon class rating; (iii) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor certificate to train unless that person holds: recreational pilot certificate; (1) The appropriate aircraft category, persons who are citizens or resident (iv) Is exercising the privileges of a class, type, if required, and instrument aliens of the United States; (3) The certificate is for an addition of flight instructor certificate, provided the rating on that person’s pilot certificate a category, class, instrument, or type person is not serving as a required for the aircraft being flown; rating onto an existing U.S. pilot crewmember or as the pilot-in- (2) An airline transport pilot certificate, and provided the certificate command; certificate with the appropriate aircraft is not one that was issued on the basis (v) Is exercising the privileges of a category, class, and type rating, if of a foreign pilot license; ground instructor certificate; required, for the aircraft being flown; or (4) The certificate is for an addition, (vi) Is operating an aircraft within a (3) For a glider, the appropriate glider renewal, or reinstatement of a category, foreign country with a pilot certificate class rating on that person’s pilot class, or instrument rating onto an issued by that country and is using that certificate and: existing U.S. flight instructor certificate; foreign-issued pilot license and medical (i) An airplane single-engine class or certificate; or rating with an instrument-airplane (5) The certificate is for an addition, (vii) Is operating an aircraft with a single-engine rating; or renewal, or reinstatement of a category U.S. pilot certificate issued on the basis (ii) An airline transport pilot rating onto an existing U.S. ground of a foreign pilot license, issued under certificate with an airplane single- instructor certificate. § 61.75 of this part, and holds a current engine class rating. medical certificate issued by the foreign (f) Category II pilot authorization. § 61.3 Requirement for certificates, country that issued the foreign pilot Except as provided in paragraph (f)(3) of ratings, and authorizations. license. this section, no person may act as a (a) Pilot certificate. Persons may not (d) Flight instructor certificate. required pilot flight crewmember of a act as pilot in command or in any other (1) Persons who hold a flight civil aircraft in a Category II operation capacity as a required pilot of a civil instructor certificate must have that unless that person meets the following aircraft of U.S. registry, unless they have certificate in their physical possession requirements of this paragraph: a valid airman certificate in their or readily accessible in the aircraft when (1) The pilot in command must hold physical possession or readily exercising the privileges of that flight a current Category II pilot authorization accessible in the aircraft when instructor certificate. for that type aircraft, and— exercising the privileges of their airman (2) Except as provided in paragraphs (i) Hold a private pilot or commercial certificate. (d) (3) and (4) of this section, no person pilot certificate with an instrument (b) Required pilot certificate for other than the holder of a flight rating or an airline transport pilot operating a foreign registered aircraft. instructor certificate with the certificate, appropriate to the category Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41223 and class of aircraft to be flown, and (1) Passenger seating configuration of (1) Aircraft category ratings— hold a current Category II pilot more than 30 seats, excluding any (i) Airplane. authorization for that type aircraft; or required crewmember seat; or (ii) Rotorcraft. (ii) For a civil aircraft of foreign (2) Payload capacity of more than (iii) Glider. registry, be authorized by the country 7500 pounds (3400 kg). (iv) Lighter-than-air. where the aircraft is registered to (j) Special purpose pilot (v) Powered lift. conduct Category II operations. authorization. Persons that are required (2) Airplane class ratings— (2) The second in command must— to hold a special purpose pilot (i) Single-engine land. (i) Hold a private pilot or commercial authorization, issued in accordance (ii) Multiengine land. pilot certificate with an instrument with § 61.77 of this part, must have that (iii) Single-engine sea. rating, or an airline transport pilot authorization and their foreign pilot (iv) Multiengine sea. certificate, appropriate to the category license in their physical possession or (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— and class of aircraft to be flown. have it readily accessible in the aircraft, (i) Helicopter. (ii) Gyroplane. (ii) For a civil aircraft of foreign when exercising the privileges of that (4) Glider class ratings— registry, be authorized by the country authorization. (i) Powered. where the aircraft is registered to (k) Until [insert date 2 years after the (ii) Nonpowered. conduct Category II operations as a effective date of the final rule], a person second in command. (5) Lighter-than-air class ratings— with a commercial pilot certificate with (i) Airship. (3) paragraphs (f)(1) and (f)(2) of this a lighter-than-air category rating, which section do not apply to pilots (ii) Balloon. was issued prior to [insert effective date (6) Aircraft type ratings include the conducting Category II operations under of the final rule], may: part 121 or part 135 of this chapter. following— (1) Give training in an airship or a (i) Large aircraft other than lighter- (g) Category A aircraft authorization. balloon for the issuance of a certificate The Administrator may issue a than-air. or rating; (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes. certificate of authorization for a (2) Give an endorsement on a pilot, (iii) Other aircraft type ratings Category II operation to the pilot of a flight instructor, or ground instructor specified by the Administrator through small aircraft that is a Category A certificate for an airship or balloon; the aircraft type certification aircraft, as identified in § 97.3(b)(1) of (3) Endorse a student pilot certificate procedures. this chapter if: or logbook for supervised PIC operating (7) Instrument ratings (on private and (1) The Administrator determines the privileges in an airship or balloon; and commercial pilot certificates only) Category II operation can be performed (4) Act as pilot in command of an include the following— safely by that pilot under the terms of airship under IFR or in weather (i) Instrument—airplane single- the certificate of authorization; and conditions less than the minimum (2) The Category II operation does not engine. prescribed for VFR flight, if the person (ii) Instrument—airplane multiengine. involve the carriage of persons or holds an airship class rating. (iii) Instrument—helicopter. property for compensation or hire. (l) Inspection of certificate. Each (iv) Instrument—airship. (h) Ground instructor certificate. person who holds an airman certificate, (v) Instrument—powered-lift. (1) Each person who holds a ground medical certificate, authorization, or (c) The following ratings are placed instructor certificate must have that license required by this part must on a flight instructor certificate when an certificate in their physical possession present it for inspection upon a request applicant satisfactorily accomplishes and immediately accessible when from: the training and certification exercising the privileges of that (1) The Administrator; requirements for the rating sought: certificate. (2) An authorized representative of (1) Aircraft category ratings— (2) Except as provided in paragraph the National Transportation Safety (i) Airplane. (d) of this section, no person other than Board; or (ii) Rotorcraft. the holder of a ground instructor (3) Any Federal, State, or local law (iii) Glider. certificate with the appropriate rating on enforcement officer. (iv) Lighter-than-air. that certificate or a person authorized by (v) Powered-lift. the Administrator may: § 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part. (2) Airplane class ratings— (i) Give ground training required to (i) Single-engine. qualify a person for supervised PIC (a) The following certificates are (ii) Multiengine. flight and supervised PIC cross-country issued under this part to an applicant (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— flight; who satisfactorily accomplishes the (i) Helicopter. (ii) Give an endorsement on a pilot, training and certification requirements (ii) Gyroplane. flight instructor, or ground instructor for the certificate sought: (4) Glider class ratings— certificate or rating, issued under this (1) Pilot certificates— (i) Powered. part; or (i) Student pilot. (ii) Nonpowered. (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show (ii) Recreational pilot. (5) Lighter-than-air class ratings— training given. (iii) Private pilot. (i) Airship. (i) Age limitation. A person who is 60 (iv) Commercial pilot. (ii) Balloon. years of age or older and who holds an (v) Airline transport pilot. (6) Instrument ratings— airmen certificate, issued in accordance (2) Flight instructor certificates. (i) Instrument—airplane single- with this part, may not act as a required (3) Ground instructor certificates. engine. pilot crewmember while engaging in (b) The following ratings are placed (ii) Instrument—airplane multiengine. any scheduled international air services, on a pilot certificate (other than student (iii) Instrument—helicopter. non-scheduled international air pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily (iv) Instrument—airship. transportation, or common carriage accomplishes the training and (v) Instrument—powered lift. operation for compensation or hire in a certification requirements for the rating (d) The following ratings are placed civil aircraft having a: sought: on a ground instructor certificate when 41224 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes category rating may exchange that certificate and rating sought and the training and certification certificate for one with the current required by this part; requirements for the rating sought: nonpowered glider class rating and (c) Furnish a copy of the written (1) Aircraft category ratings— without a further showing of syllabus to the student before that (i) Airplane. proficiency, provided that person: student commences the training (ii) Rotorcraft. (1) Holds a glider category rating; and program; (iii) Glider. (2) Has passed a practical test in a (d) Ensure that the student has (iv) Lighter-than-air. nonpowered glider. accomplished all lessons of the written (v) Powered lift. (h) A person who holds a commercial syllabus before endorsing that student (2) Instrument rating. for the appropriate knowledge or (e) Until [insert date 2 years from or private pilot certificate may exchange that certificate for one with the current practical test for a certificate or rating; effective date of the final rule]: (e) Maintain a copy of the written (1) A person who holds a pilot powered glider class rating and without syllabus and make it available for certificate that does not bear the current a further showing of proficiency, inspection by the Administrator upon ratings found in paragraphs (b)(4), provided that person: request; and (b)(7)(i), (b)(7)(ii), or (b)(7)(iv) of this (1) Holds a glider category rating; and (f) Provide the student with an section, may exchange that pilot (2) Has passed a practical test in a itemized written record of the training certificate for a certificate with the new powered glider. accomplished when that student rating added by meeting the § 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings. accomplishes the training syllabus or requirements of this paragraph. (2) A person who holds a commercial (a) The holder of a free balloon pilot decides to terminate training. pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air certificate issued before November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of § 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and category and an airship class rating may reissuance. exchange that certificate for a certificate that certificate. (b) The holder of a pilot certificate (a) No person who holds an expired with an instrument—airship rating, pilot certificate or rating may act as a provided that person has— that bears any of the following category ratings without an associated class pilot and/or exercise the privileges of (i) Received an endorsement from an that pilot certificate and rating. authorized flight instructor who holds rating, may not exercise the privileges of that category rating: (b) The following pilot certificates and an instrument—airship rating on the ratings have expired and may not be flight instructor certificate, and that (1) Rotorcraft. (2) Lighter-than-air. reissued: flight instructor has observed that (1) An airline transport pilot (3) Helicopter. person perform 10 hours of pilot-in- certificate issued before May 1, 1949, or (4) Autogiro. command time in an airship under IFR; an airline transport pilot certificate that (c) After [insert date 2 years from or contains a horsepower limitation; (ii) Passed an instrument proficiency effective date of the final rule], the (2) A private or commercial pilot test in an airship given by an examiner holder of the following certificates or certificate issued before July 1, 1945; or and required by § 61.57(e) of this part. ratings may not exercise the privileges (3) A pilot certificate with a lighter- (f) Until [insert date 2 years from of those certificates and ratings: than-air or free balloon rating issued effective date of the final rule], a person (1) Airplane—instrument rating. before July 1, 1945. who holds a private or commercial pilot (2) Glider category without a class (c) A pilot certificate, issued on the certificate with an airplane category rating. basis of a foreign pilot license will rating and an instrument rating that (3) Basic ground instructor. expire on the date the foreign license does not bear the airplane instrument (4) Advanced ground instructor. expires. ratings of paragraph (b)(7)(i) or (b)(7)(ii) (5) Instrument ground instructor. (d) An airline transport pilot of this section may exchange that § 61.9 Written syllabus for conducting certificate issued after April 30, 1949, certificate for a private or commercial training. that bears an expiration date but does pilot certificate, as appropriate, with an: An authorized ground or flight not contain a horsepower limitation (1) Instrument-airplane single engine may be reissued without an expiration rating, provided that person has an instructor, as appropriate, who provides training for an airman certificate or date. airplane single-engine class rating and (e) A private or commercial pilot rating issued under this part must: has satisfactorily accomplished the certificate issued after June 30, 1945, (a) Use a written syllabus for practical test for an instrument rating in that bears an expiration date may be conducting that training, and that a single-engine or multiengine airplane; reissued without an expiration date. and syllabus must contain the following (f) A pilot certificate with a lighter- (2) Instrument-airplane multiengine information— than-air or free balloon rating issued rating, provided that person has an (1) A summary of the total training after June 30, 1945, that bears an airplane multiengine class rating and time in the syllabus; expiration date may be reissued without has satisfactorily accomplished the (2) A planned training time schedule an expiration date. practical test for an instrument rating in for each lesson; (g) A U.S. pilot certificate, issued on a— (3) A detailed description of the the basis of a foreign pilot license that (i) Multiengine airplane; or training to be covered in each lesson; does not have an expiration date, may (ii) Single-engine airplane and also and be issued without an expiration date. demonstrated instrument proficiency (4) The aeronautical knowledge areas during the practical test for the and approved areas of operation that are § 61.13 Awarding of airman certificates, multiengine class rating such that the appropriate to the airman certificate and ratings, and authorizations. person’s certificate does not bear the rating sought and required by this part. (a) An applicant for an airman limitation ‘‘Airplane Multiengine VFR (b) Ensure that the written syllabus certificate or rating under this part must Only.’’ contains all of the aeronautical make that application on a form and in (g) A person who holds a commercial knowledge areas and approved areas of a manner acceptable to the or private pilot certificate with a glider operation that apply to the airman Administrator. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41225

(b) An applicant who is neither a (f) Unless otherwise authorized by the part for up to 1 year after the date of that United States citizen nor a resident Administrator, a person whose airman act; or alien of the United States: certificate has been suspended may not (2) Suspension or revocation of any (1) Must show evidence that the apply for any airman certificate or rating certificate or rating issued under this appropriate fee prescribed by part 187 of during the period of suspension. part. this chapter has been paid when that (g) Unless otherwise authorized by the (c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d) person applies for a— Administrator, a person whose pilot, and (e) of this section, a motor vehicle (i) Student pilot certificate that is flight instructor, or ground instructor action means: issued outside the United States; or certificate has been revoked may not (1) A conviction after November 29, (ii) Knowledge or practical test for a apply for any airman certificate or rating 1990, for the violation of any Federal or U.S. airman certificate or rating issued for 1 year after the date of revocation. state statute relating to the operation of under this part, if the test is a motor vehicle while intoxicated by administered outside the United States. § 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug test. alcohol or a drug, while impaired by (2) May be refused issuance of any (a) This section applies to: alcohol or a drug, or while under the U.S. airman certificate and rating by the (1) An employee who performs a influence of alcohol or a drug; Administrator. function listed in appendix I to part 121 (2) The cancellation, suspension, or (c) Except for the provisions listed in of this chapter for a part 119 certificate revocation of a license to operate a paragraph (b) of this section, an holder operating under part 121 or part motor vehicle by a state after November applicant who satisfactorily 135; and 29, 1990, for a cause related to the accomplishes the training and (2) An employee who performs a operation of a motor vehicle while certification requirements for the function listed in appendix I to part 121 intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while certificate and rating sought is entitled of this chapter for an operator as defined impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while in § 135.1(c) of this chapter. An to receive that airman certificate and under the influence of alcohol or a drug; employee of a person conducting rating. or (d) Limitations. operations of foreign civil aircraft (3) The denial after November 29, (1) An applicant who cannot comply navigated within the United States 1990, of an application for a license to with certain approved areas of operation pursuant to part 375 or emergency mail operate a motor vehicle by a state for a required on the practical test because of service operations pursuant to section cause related to the operation of a motor physical limitations may be issued an 405(h) of the Federal Aviation Act of vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or airman certificate and rating with the 1958 is excluded from the requirements a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a appropriate limitation placed on the of this section. drug, or while under the influence of applicant’s airman certificate provided (b) Refusal by the holder of a alcohol or a drug. the: certificate issued under this part to take (d) Except for a motor vehicle action (i) Applicant is able to meet all the a test for a drug specified in appendix that results from the same incident or other certification requirements for the I of part 121 of this chapter, when arises out of the same factual airman certificate or rating sought; requested by an employer as defined in (ii) Physical limitation has been that appendix or an operator as defined circumstances, a motor vehicle action recorded with the Federal Aviation in § 135.1(c) of this chapter, and under occurring within 3 years of a previous Administration on the applicant’s the circumstances specified in that motor vehicle action is grounds for: (1) Denial of an application for any medical records; and appendix is grounds for: (iii) Administrator determines the (1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued under this applicant’s inability to perform the certificate or rating issued under this part for up to 1 year after the date of the particular area of operation will not part for a period of up to 1 year after the last motor vehicle action; or (2) Suspension or revocation of any adversely affect safety. date of that refusal; and (2) A limitation placed on a person’s (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued under this airman certificate may be removed, certificate or rating issued under this part. provided that person demonstrates part. (e) Each person holding a certificate satisfactory proficiency: issued under this part shall provide a (i) In the area of operation appropriate § 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or written report of each motor vehicle to the airman certificate level and rating drugs. action to the FAA, Civil Aviation sought; and (a) A conviction for the violation of Security Division (AAC–700), P.O. Box (ii) To an examiner. any Federal or state statute relating to 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not (e) Category II pilot authorization. the growing, processing, manufacture, later that 60 days after the motor vehicle (1) A Category II pilot authorization sale, disposition, possession, action. The report must include: is: transportation, or importation of (1) The person’s name, address, date (i) Issued as a part of a pilot’s narcotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant of birth, and airman certificate number; instrument rating or airline transport or stimulant drugs or substances is (2) The type of violation that resulted pilot certificate; and grounds for: in the conviction or the administrative (ii) Issued originally with a limitation (1) Denial of an application for any action; of 1600 feet runway visual readout and certificate or rating issued under this (3) The date of the conviction or a 150-foot decision height. part for up to 1 year after the date of administrative action; (2) The limitation in paragraph final conviction; or (4) The state that holds the record of (e)(1)(ii) of this section may be removed (2) Suspension or revocation of any conviction or administrative action; and when the person has, within the certificate or rating issued under this (5) A statement of whether the motor previous 6 calendar months from the part. vehicle action resulted from the same month Category II pilot authorization is (b) Committing an act prohibited by incident or arose out of the same factual issued, performed and logged 3 Category § 91.17(a) or § 91.19(a) of this chapter is circumstances related to a previously II approaches to a landing under actual grounds for: reported motor vehicle action. or simulated instrument conditions with (1) Denial of an application for a (f) Failure to comply with paragraph a 150-foot decision height. certificate or rating issued under this (e) of this section is grounds for: 41226 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(1) Denial of an application for any (2) Expires 24-calendar months from (2) Must hold at least a second-class certificate or rating issued under this the month in which it was issued or medical certificate for flight operations part for up to 1 year after the date of the renewed. requiring a commercial pilot certificate; motor vehicle action; or (e) Ground instructor certificate. A (3) Must hold at least a third-class (2) Suspension of revocation of any ground instructor certificate, issued medical certificate— certificate or rating issued under this under this part, is issued without a (i) For flight operations requiring a part. specific expiration date. private pilot certificate or a person who (f) Surrender, suspension, or holds a student pilot certificate who is § 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol revocation. Any certificate issued under seeking a private pilot certificate or test or to furnish test results. this part ceases to be effective if it is rating; A refusal to submit to a test to surrendered, suspended, revoked, or (ii) To be eligible for a student pilot indicate the percentage by weight of otherwise terminated. certificate and that person is seeking a alcohol in the blood, when requested by (g) Return of certificates. The holder private pilot certificate, or a person who a law enforcement officer in accordance of any certificate, issued under this part, holds a private pilot certificate issued with § 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a that has been suspended, revoked, or under this part; or otherwise terminated must return that refusal to furnish or authorize the (iii) When exercising the privileges of certificate to the FAA when requested to release of the test results requested by a flight instructor certificate and the do so by the Administrator. the Administrator in accordance with person is serving as a required § 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is § 61.21 Duration of a Category II pilot crewmember or as the pilot-in- grounds for: authorization. command. (a) Denial of an application for any (a) A Category II pilot authorization (4) Does not need to hold a medical certificate or rating issued under this expires 6-calendar months from the certificate— part for up to 1 year after the date of that month in which it was issued or (i) For a student pilot who is seeking refusal; or renewed. a recreational pilot certificate, or who is (b) Suspension or revocation of any (b) Upon passing a practical test for a seeking a pilot certificate with glider certificate or rating issued under this Category II pilot authorization, the category rating or balloon class rating, part. authorization may be renewed for each but the person may not exercise the § 61.17 Temporary certificate. type aircraft for the authorization held. privileges of that student pilot (c) A Category II pilot authorization certificate if the person has any known (a) A temporary pilot or flight for a specific type aircraft for which an medical condition or deficiency that instructor certificate, or rating, is issued authorization is held will not be makes the person unable to pilot the for up to 120 days, at which time a renewed beyond 12-calendar months aircraft; permanent certificate will be issued to from the month the practical test was (ii) When exercising the privileges of a person whom the Administrator finds accomplished in that type aircraft. a recreational pilot certificate, but the qualified under this part. (d) If the holder of a Category II pilot person may not exercise the privileges (b) A temporary pilot or flight authorization satisfactorily of that pilot certificate if the person has instructor certificate, or rating, expires: accomplishes the practical test for a any known medical condition or (1) On the expiration date shown on renewal in the month before the deficiency that makes the person unable the certificate; authorization expires, the holder is to pilot the aircraft; (2) Upon receipt of the permanent considered to have accomplished it (iii) When exercising the privileges of certificate; or during the month the authorization a pilot certificate or flight instructor (3) Upon receipt of a notice that the expired. certificate with a glider category rating certificate or rating sought is denied or § 61.23 Duration and requirement for a or balloon class rating, but the person revoked. medical certificate. may not exercise the privileges of that pilot certificate if the person has any § 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor (a) Duration of a medical certificate. certificates. (1) A first-class medical certificate known medical condition or deficiency expires at the end of the last day of the that makes the person unable to pilot (a) General. The holder of a certificate the aircraft; with an expiration date may not, after 6th calendar month from the month of issuance shown on the medical (iv) When exercising the privileges of that date, exercise the privileges of that a flight instructor certificate, provided certificate. certificate. (2) A second-class medical certificate the person is not serving as a required (b) Student pilot certificate. A student expires at the end of the last day of the crewmember or as the pilot-in- pilot certificate expires 24-calendar 12th calendar month from the month of command; or months from the month in which it is issuance shown on the medical (v) When exercising the privileges of issued. certificate. a ground instructor certificate. (c) Other pilot certificates. A pilot (3) A third-class medical certificate § 61.25 Change of name. certificate (other than a student pilot expires on the last day of the 24th certificate), issued under this part, is calendar month from the month of (a) An application to change the name issued without a specific expiration issuance shown on the medical on a certificate issued under this part date. The holder of a pilot certificate certificate. must be accompanied by the (issued on the basis of a foreign pilot (b) Requirement for a medical applicant’s: license) may exercise the privileges of certificate. Except as provided in (1) Current pilot certificate; and that certificate only while that person’s paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a (2) Copy of the marriage license, court foreign pilot license is effective. person: order, or other document verifying the (d) Flight instructor certificate. A (1) Must hold at least a first-class name change. flight instructor certificate: medical certificate for flight operations (b) The documents in paragraph (a) of (1) Is effective only while the holder requiring an airline transport pilot this section will be returned to the has a current pilot certificate; and certificate; applicant after inspection. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41227

§ 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange (iii) Date the knowledge test was additional period of up to 60 days to of certificate. taken. accomplish the flight or series of flights. (a) The holder of a certificate issued (e) A person who has lost an airman (c) Aircraft category, class, and type under this part may voluntarily certificate, medical certificate, or ratings: Limitations on the carriage of surrender it for: knowledge test report may obtain a persons or operating for compensation (1) Cancellation; facsimile from the FAA confirming that or hire. Unless a person holds a (2) Issuance of a lower grade it was issued, and the: category, class rating, and type rating (if certificate; or (1) Facsimile may be carried as an a class and type rating is required) that (3) Another certificate with specific airman certificate, medical certificate, or applies to the aircraft, that person may ratings deleted. knowledge test report, as appropriate, not act as pilot in command of an (b) Any request made under for up to 60 days pending the person’s aircraft that is: paragraph (a) of this section must receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (1) Carrying another person; or include the following signed statement (a), (b), or (c) of this section, unless the (2) Being operated for compensation or its equivalent: person has been notified that the or hire. This request is made for my own reasons, certificate has been suspended or (d) Aircraft category, class, and type with full knowledge that my (insert name of revoked. ratings: Limitations on operating an certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not (2) Request for such a facsimile must aircraft as the pilot in command. To be reissued to me unless I again pass the tests include the date on which a duplicate serve as the pilot in command of an prescribed for its issuance. certificate or knowledge test report was aircraft a person must hold the § 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed previously requested, and a check or appropriate category, class, and type airman or medical certificate or knowledge money order payable to the Federal rating (if a class rating and type rating test report. Aviation Administration, for the cost of is required) for the aircraft to be flown, (a) A request for the replacement of a the duplicate. or that person must: lost or destroyed airman certificate (1) Be enrolled in a course of training § 61.31 Type rating requirements, issued under this part shall be made by for the purpose of obtaining an additional training, and authorization additional pilot certificate and rating letter to the Department of requirements. Transportation, Federal Aviation that are appropriate to that aircraft, and (a) Type ratings required. A person Administration, Airman Certification is under the supervision of an who acts as a pilot in command of any Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, authorized flight instructor; of the following aircraft must hold a OK 73125, and shall be accompanied by (2) Have received the required type rating for that aircraft: a check or money order for the training of this part that are appropriate (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than- appropriate fee and payable to the to the aircraft category, class, and type air). rating (if a class or type rating is Federal Aviation Administration. (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (b) A request for the replacement of a required) for the aircraft to be flown; (3) Other aircraft specified by the lost or destroyed medical certificate and Administrator through aircraft type shall be made by letter to the (3) Have received the required certificate procedures. Department of Transportation, Federal endorsement from an authorized flight (b) Authorization in lieu of a type Aviation Administration, Aeromedical instructor for supervised PIC flight in rating. A person may be authorized to Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, that aircraft. operate an aircraft requiring a type Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and shall be (e) Exceptions. rating without a type rating for up to 60 accompanied by a check or money order (1) This section does not require a days, provided: for the appropriate fee and payable to class rating for a powered-lift aircraft. (1) The Administrator has authorized (2) This section does not require a the Federal Aviation Administration. the flight or series of flights; (c) A request for the replacement of a category and class rating for aircraft not (2) The Administrator has determined lost or destroyed knowledge test report type certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, that an equivalent level of safety can be shall be made by letter to the gliders, powered-lift, or lighter-than-air achieved through the operating Department of Transportation, Federal aircraft. limitations on the authorization; Aviation Administration, Airman (3) The rating limitations of this (3) The person shows that compliance Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, section do not apply to an applicant with paragraph (a) of this section is Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and shall be when taking a practical test given by an impracticable for the flight or series of accompanied by a check or money order examiner; or flights; and for the appropriate fee and payable to (4) The rating limitations of this (4) The flight— section do not apply to the holder of a: the Federal Aviation Administration. (i) Involves only a ferry flight, training (d) The letter requesting replacement (i) Student pilot certificate; flight, test flight, or practical test for a of a lost or destroyed airman certificate, (ii) Pilot certificate under the pilot certificate or rating; medical certificate, or knowledge test supervision of an authorized flight (ii) Is within the United States; report must state the: instructor when operating an aircraft for (1) Name of the person; (iii) Does not involve operations for the purpose of obtaining an additional (2) Permanent mailing address compensation or hire unless the certificate or rating; (including zip code); compensation or hire involves payment (iii) Pilot certificate when operating (3) Social security number; for the use of the aircraft for training or an aircraft under the authority of an (4) Date and place of birth of the taking a practical test; and experimental or provisional aircraft type certificate holder; (iv) Involves only the carriage of flight certificate; (5) State any available information crewmembers considered essential for (iv) Pilot certificate with a lighter- regarding the— the flight. than-air category rating when operating (i) Grade, number, date of issuance of (5) If the flight or series of flights a balloon. the certificate, and the ratings; cannot be accomplished within the time (f) Additional training required for (ii) Date of the medical examination; limit of the authorization, the operating complex airplanes. Except as or Administrator may authorize an provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this 41228 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules section, no person may act as pilot in whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet (1) Type specific training in the command of a complex airplane (an MSL), unless that person has received aircraft, or in a flight simulator or a airplane that has a retractable landing and logged ground training from an flight training device that is gear, flaps, and controllable propeller), authorized flight or ground instructor in representative of that type of aircraft, unless the person has met the at least the following subjects: and has been found proficient on the requirements of this paragraph. (i) High altitude aerodynamics and operation and systems of the aircraft; (1) The person must have— meteorology; and (i) Received and logged ground and (ii) Respiration, effects, symptoms, (2) A logbook endorsement from an flight training from an authorized flight and causes of hypoxia and any other authorized flight instructor or ground instructor in a complex airplane, or in high altitude sickness; instructor, as appropriate, who gave that a flight simulator or flight training (iii) Duration of consciousness person the training. device that is representative of a without supplemental oxygen; (j) Additional training required for (iv) Effects of prolonged usage of complex airplane, and has been found operating tailwheel airplanes. Except as supplemental oxygen; proficient on the operation and systems provided in paragraph (j)(4), no person of the airplane; and (v) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation; may act as pilot in command of a (ii) Received a one-time endorsement tailwheel airplane unless that person in the pilot’s logbook from an (vi) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble has: authorized flight instructor who certifies (1) Received and logged flight training the person is proficient to operate a formation, and high altitude sickness; and from an authorized flight instructor in a complex airplane. tailwheel airplane on the maneuvers (2) The training and endorsement (vii) Physical phenomena and and procedures listed in this paragraph. required by paragraph (f)(1) of this incidents of decompression; (2) Except as provided in paragraph (2) Received an endorsement in the section is not required if the person has (h)(3) of this section, no person may act person’s logbook from an authorized logged flight time as pilot in command as pilot in command of a pressurized flight instructor who gave the training of a complex airplane, or in a flight aircraft (an aircraft that has a service and found the person proficient in a simulator or flight training device that is ceiling or maximum operating altitude, tailwheel airplane. representative of a complex airplane whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet prior to [insert effective date of the final (3) Received an endorsement in the MSL), unless that person has received: rule]. person’s logbook from an authorized (i) Training in a pressurized aircraft, flight instructor who gave the training (g) Additional training required for or in a flight simulator or flight training operating high performance airplanes. and found the person proficient in at device that is representative of a least normal and crosswind takeoffs and Except as provided in paragraph (g)(2) pressurized aircraft, and the training of this section, no person may act as landings, wheel landings (unless the must include flight at normal cruise manufacturer has recommended against pilot in command of a high performance while operating above 25,000 feet MSL, airplane (an airplane with an engine of such landings), and go-arounds. proper emergency procedures for (4) The training and endorsement 200 horsepower or more), unless the simulated emergency rapid person has met the requirements of this required by this paragraph is not decompression and descent procedures; required if the person logged pilot in paragraph. and (1) The person must have— command time of a tailwheel airplane (ii) An endorsement in the person’s before April 15, 1991. (i) Received and logged ground and logbook or training record from the flight training from an authorized flight instructor who gave the training and § 61.33 Tests: General procedure. instructor in an high performance found the person proficient in a airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight The Administrator shall designate the pressurized aircraft. time, location, and examiner for training device that is representative of (3) The training and endorsement a high performance airplane, and has conducting the tests prescribed by and required by this paragraph is not under this part. been found proficient on the operation required if a person can document and systems of the airplane; and satisfactory accomplishment of any of § 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and (ii) Received a one-time endorsement the following in a pressurized aircraft, passing grades. in the pilot’s logbook from an or in a flight simulator or a flight (a) An applicant for a knowledge test authorized flight instructor who certifies training device that is representative of must have: the person is proficient to operate a high a pressurized aircraft: (1) Received an endorsement from an performance airplane. (i) Serving as pilot in command before (2) The training and endorsement authorized flight or ground instructor April 15, 1991; certifying that the applicant required by paragraph (g)(1) of this (ii) Completing a practical test or accomplished a ground training or a section is not required if the person has rating before April 15, 1991; home study course required by this part logged flight time as pilot in command (iii) Completing an official pilot-in- of a high performance airplane, or a command check conducted by the for the certificate or rating sought and is flight simulator or flight training device military services of the United States; or prepared for the knowledge test; and that is representative of a high (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command (2) Proper identification at the time of performance airplane prior to [insert proficiency check under parts 121, 125, application that contains the effective date of the final rule]. or 135 of this chapter conducted by the applicant’s— (h) Additional training required for Administrator or by an approved check (i) Photograph; operating pressurized aircraft capable of pilot. (ii) Signature; operating at high altitudes. (i) Additional training required by the (iii) Date of birth, which shows the (1) Except as provided in paragraph aircraft’s type certificate. No person may applicant meets or will meet the age (h)(3) of this section, no person may act serve as pilot in command of an aircraft requirements of this part for the as pilot in command of a pressurized that the Administrator has determined certificate sought before the expiration aircraft (an aircraft that has a service requires aircraft type specific training date of the airman knowledge test ceiling or maximum operating altitude, unless that person has received: report; and Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41229

(iv) Actual residential address, if (5) Meet the prescribed age (1) A flight instructor of an Armed different from the applicant’s mailing requirement of this part for the issuance Force of either— address. of the certificate or rating sought; (i) The United States; or (b) The Administrator shall specify (6) Except as provided in paragraph (ii) A foreign member State to the the minimum passing grade for the (c) of this section, an applicant must International Civil Aviation knowledge test. have an endorsement in the applicant’s Organization in a program for training logbook or training record that has been military pilots. § 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or signed by the applicant’s authorized (2) A flight instructor who is other unauthorized conduct. flight instructor who certifies that the authorized to give such training by the (a) An applicant for a knowledge test applicant— licensing authority of a member State of may not: (i) Has received and logged training International Civil Aviation (1) Copy or intentionally remove any time within 60 days preceding the date Organization, and the flight training is knowledge test; of application in preparation for the given outside the United States. (2) Give to another applicant or practical test; (b) A flight instructor described in receive from another applicant any part (ii) Is prepared for the required paragraph (a) of this section is not or copy of a knowledge test; practical test; and authorized to give any of the (3) Give assistance on, or receive (iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory endorsements required by this part. assistance on, a knowledge test during knowledge of the subject areas in which § 61.43 Practical tests: General the period that test is being given; the applicant was deficient on the procedures. airman knowledge test. (4) Be represented by, or represent, (a) Except as provided in paragraph (7) Have a completed and signed another person for a knowledge test; (b) of this section, the ability of an application form. (5) Use any material or aid during the applicant for a certificate or rating to period that test is being given, unless (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, perform the required tasks on the specifically authorized to do so by the practical test is based on that applicant’s Administrator; and an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional rating ability to safely: (6) Intentionally cause, assist, or (1) Perform the approved areas of to an airline transport certificate may participate in any act prohibited by this operation for the certificate or rating take the practical test for that certificate paragraph. sought within the approved standards; (b) An applicant who the or rating with an expired knowledge test (2) Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft Administrator finds has committed an report, provided that applicant: with the successful outcome of each act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this (1) Is employed as a flight task performed never seriously in doubt; section is prohibited, for 1 year after the crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or (3) Demonstrate satisfactory date of committing that prohibited act, commercial operator under parts 121, proficiency and competency within the from: 125, or 135 of this chapter and is approved standards; (1) Applying for any certificate or employed by such a certificate holder at (4) Demonstrate sound judgment; and rating under this chapter; and the time of the practical test and has (5) Demonstrate single-pilot satisfactorily accomplished that (2) Applying for and taking any test competence if the aircraft is type operator’s approved— under this chapter. certificated for single-pilot operations. (i) pilot-in-command aircraft (c) Any certificate or rating held by an (b) If an applicant does not qualification training program that is applicant who the Administrator finds demonstrate single pilot proficiency, as appropriate to the certificate and rating has committed an act prohibited by required in paragraph (a)(5) of this sought; and section, the following limitation will paragraph (a) of this section may be (ii) requalification training suspended or revoked. apply: requirements that is appropriate to the (1) A limitation of ‘‘Second in § 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests. certificate and rating sought. Command Required’’ will be placed on (2) Is employed as a flight (a) Except as provided in paragraphs the applicant’s airman certificate. crewmember by a U.S. scheduled (b) and (c) of this section, to be eligible (2) The limitation may be removed if military air transportation service for a practical test for a certificate or the applicant satisfactorily operator at the time of the practical test, rating issued under this part, an accomplishes the appropriate practical and has accomplished that operator’s applicant must: test by demonstrating single-pilot pilot-in-command aircraft qualification (1) Have satisfactorily accomplished competence in the aircraft in which training program that is appropriate to the required knowledge test within the single-pilot privileges are sought. the certificate and rating sought. (c) If an applicant fails any of the 24-calendar month period preceding the (c) An applicant for an airline approved areas of operation, that month the applicant accomplishes the transport pilot certificate or an applicant fails the practical test. practical test, if a knowledge test is additional rating to an airline transport (d) An applicant is not eligible for a required; pilot certificate in an aircraft that does certificate or rating sought until all the (2) Present the knowledge test report not involve an aircraft type rating approved areas of operation are at the time of application for the practical test need not comply with the satisfactorily accomplished. practical test, if a knowledge test is provisions of paragraph (a)(6) of this (e) The examiner or the applicant may required; section. discontinue a practical test at any time: (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished (1) When the applicant fails one or the required training and attained the § 61.41 Flight training received from flight more of the approved areas of operation; aeronautical experience prescribed by instructors not certificated by the FAA. or this part for the certificate or rating (a) A person may credit flight training (2) Due to inclement weather sought; toward the requirements of a pilot conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or (4) Hold at least a current third-class certificate or rating issued under this any other safety of flight concern. medical certificate, if a medical part, if that person received the training (f) If a practical test is discontinued, certificate is required; from: the applicant is entitled to credit those 41230 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules approved areas of operation that were (2) May be used even if the engine as appropriate, who has determined that satisfactorily accomplished, but only if power controls and flight controls are the applicant is now proficient to pass the applicant: not easily reached and operable in a the test; and (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes the normal manner by both pilots, provided (2) An endorsement from an remainder of the practical test within the examiner determines the flight can authorized flight or ground instructor, the 60-day period after the date the be conducted safely. as appropriate, who gave the applicant practical test was discontinued; (3) Must have flight controls that are the additional training. (2) Presents to the examiner for the easily reached and operable in a normal (b) An applicant for a flight instructor retest the original notice of disapproval manner by both pilots, for a rating in certificate with an airplane category form or the letter of discontinuance lighter-than-air aircraft, unless the rating, or for a flight instructor form, as appropriate; examiner determines that the practical certificate with a glider category rating, (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any test can be conducted safely without who has failed the practical test due to additional training needed and obtains them. deficiencies in instructional proficiency the appropriate instructor (d) Simulated instrument flight on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, endorsements, if additional training is equipment. An applicant for a practical and spin recovery must: required; and test that involves maneuvering an (1) Comply with the requirements of (4) Presents to the examiner for the aircraft solely by reference to paragraph (a) of this section before being retest a properly completed and signed instruments must furnish: retested; application. (1) Equipment aboard the aircraft that (2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that permits the applicant to accomplish the § 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft is of the appropriate aircraft category for and equipment. approved areas of operation that apply the rating sought and is certificated for to the rating sought; and spins; and (a) General. An applicant for a (2) A device that prevents the certificate or rating under this part must (3) Demonstrate satisfactory applicant from having visual reference instructional proficiency on stall furnish: outside the aircraft, but does not prevent (1) An aircraft for the practical test awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin the examiner from having visual that is of U.S. registry with a current recovery to an examiner during the reference outside the aircraft. standard, limited, or primary retest. (e) Aircraft with single controls. A airworthiness certificate; § 61.51 Pilot logbooks. (2) An aircraft of U.S. registry with a practical test may be conducted in an current airworthiness certificate, other aircraft having a single set of controls, (a) Training time and aeronautical than standard, limited, or primary, provided the: experience. Each person must document (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the provided the examiner conducting the and record the following time in a test; manner acceptable to the Administrator: test agrees; (2) Test does not involve a (3) An aircraft of foreign registry that (1) Training and aeronautical demonstration of instrument skills; and experience used to meet the is properly certificated by the country of (3) Proficiency of the applicant can be registry, provided the examiner requirements for a certificate, rating, or observed by an examiner, who is in a flight review of this part. conducting the test agrees; or position to observe the applicant. (4) A military aircraft that is in a safe (2) The aeronautical experience operational status and is approved for § 61.47 Status of an examiner who is required for meeting the recency of use on the practical test by the authorized by the Administrator to conduct flight experience requirements of this appropriate military authority, provided practical tests. part. the examiner conducting the test agrees. (a) An examiner represents the (b) Logbook entries. For the purposes (b) Required equipment (other than Administrator for the purpose of of meeting the requirements of controls). Except for a practical test in conducting practical tests for certificates paragraph (a) of this section, each a balloon and, as provided in paragraph and ratings issued under this part and person must enter the following (e) of this section, an aircraft used for a to observe an applicant’s ability to information for each flight or lesson practical test must have: perform the approved areas of operation logged: (1) The equipment for each area of on the practical test. (1) General: operation required for the practical test; (b) The student is the pilot in (i) Date. (2) No prescribed operating command of the aircraft during the (ii) Total time of flight. limitations that prohibit its use in any practical test unless the examiner or (iii) Locations where the aircraft of the approved areas of operation another person has been so designated departed and arrived. required for the practical test; before the flight. (iv) Type and identification of aircraft. (3) At least two pilot seats with (c) Notwithstanding the type of (v) The name and certificate number adequate visibility for each person to aircraft used during the practical test, of a safety pilot, if required by operate the aircraft safely; and the applicant and the examiner (and any § 91.109(b) of this chapter. (4) Cockpit and outside visibility other occupants authorized to be on (2) Type of pilot experience or adequate to evaluate the performance of board by the examiner) are not subject training: the applicant, where an additional jump to the requirements or limitations on the (i) Pilot in command. seat is provided for the examiner. carriage of passengers that are specified (ii) Second in command. (c) Required controls. An aircraft used in this chapter. (iii) Flight and ground training for a practical test: received from an authorized flight (1) Must have engine power controls § 61.49 Retesting after failure. instructor. and flight controls that are easily (a) An applicant for a knowledge or (iv) Training received in an approved reached and operable in a normal practical test who fails that test may flight training device or flight simulator manner by both pilots, unless the only reapply for the test after the from authorized flight or ground examiner determines that the practical applicant has received: instructor. test can be conducted safely without (1) The necessary training from an (3) Conditions of flight: them. authorized flight or ground instructor, (i) Day or night. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41231

(ii) Actual instrument. logging pilot-in-command flight time to (j) Presentation of logbook. (iii) Simulated instrument. obtain the pilot-in-command flight (1) Persons must present their pilot (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot experience requirements for a pilot certificate, medical certificate, logbook, time described in this section may be certificate or aircraft rating. or any other record required by this part used to: (g) Logging second-in-command flight for inspection upon a request by: (1) Apply for a certificate or rating time. A person may log second-in- (i) The Administrator; issued under this part; or command flight time, provided the (ii) An authorized representative from (2) Satisfy the recent flight experience person: the National Transportation Safety requirements of this part. (1) Is qualified in accordance with the Board; or (d) Logging of pilot-in-command flight second-in-command requirements of time. Except as provided in paragraph § 61.55 of this part, and occupies a (iii) Any Federal, State, or local law (e) of this section, only one person may crewmember seat in an aircraft that enforcement officer. log pilot-in-command flight time, requires more than one pilot by the (2) Student pilots must carry the provided the: aircraft’s type certificate; or following items in the aircraft when (1) Person has final authority and (2) The person holds the appropriate exercising the privileges of their student responsibility for the operation and category, class, and instrument rating (if pilot certificate: safety of the flight; an instrument rating is required for the (i) Pilot logbook; and (2) Person holds the appropriate flight) for the aircraft being flown, and (ii) Student pilot certificate. category, class, and type rating, if the regulations under which the flight is (3) Recreational pilots must carry appropriate; being conducted requires a second-in- (3) Person has been designated as their logbook with the required command pilot. instructor endorsements on all flights pilot in command before or during the (h) Logging instrument flight time. flight; and when serving as pilot-in-command or as (1) A person may log instrument flight a required flight crewmember for flights: (4) Flight time occurs in actual flight time when the person operates the conditions in an aircraft. aircraft solely by reference to (i) Of more than 50 nautical miles (e) Two people logging pilot-in- instruments under actual or simulated from an airport where training was command flight time. If a certificated instrument flight conditions. received; pilot and an authorized flight instructor (2) A person may log instrument flight (ii) In airspace in which are on board an aircraft at the same time when the person is appropriately communication with air traffic control time, and each holds the appropriate qualified for and is serving as an is required; category, class, and type rating (if a type instrument flight instructor under actual (iii) Between sunset and sunrise; and rating is required) for that aircraft, then instrument flight conditions. (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot both the pilot and the flight instructor (3) For the purposes of logging is not rated. may log pilot-in-command time instrument flight time, to meet the provided: instrument currency requirements of § 61.53 Operations during medical (1) The flight instructor— deficiency. (i) Is authorized by this chapter to § 61.57(e) of this part, the following (a) Operations that require a medical conduct the training and is conducting information must be recorded in the certificate. Except as provided for in training during the flight; person’s logbook— (ii) Holds at least a third-class medical (i) The location, number, and kind of paragraph (b) of this section, a person certificate issued under part 67 of this instrument approaches accomplished; who holds a current medical certificate chapter; and and issued under part 67 of this chapter (iii) Occupies a pilot station in the (ii) The name and pilot certificate shall not act as pilot in command, or in aircraft that has functioning flight number of the safety pilot, if required. any other capacity as a required pilot controls. (i) Logging training time. flight crewmember, while that person: (2) The pilot— (1) A person may log training time (1) Knows or has reason to know of (i) Is receiving training from the flight when the person receives training from any medical condition that would make instructor in a course of training for the an authorized flight instructor in an the person unable to meet the issuance of a certificate or rating or to aircraft, flight simulator, or flight requirements for the medical certificate obtain the recency of experience training device for the purpose of held; or requirements of this part; obtaining a certificate, rating, or recency (2) Is taking medication or receiving (ii) Is qualified to conduct the flight of experience requirements of this part. other treatment for a medical condition (2) A person may log training time in accordance with the operating rule that results in the person being unable when the person receives training from under which the flight is being to meet the requirements for the medical an authorized ground instructor in a conducted; and certificate held. (iii) Is manipulating the controls of flight simulator or flight training device for the purpose of obtaining a certificate, (b) Operations that do not require a the aircraft. medical certificate. For operations (3) The aircraft has dual functioning rating, or recency of experience provided for in § 61.23(b)(4) of this part flight controls and the engine controls requirements, of this part. without a medical certificate, a person can be reached from either pilot station. (3) The training time must be logged shall not act as pilot in command while (f) Student pilots logging pilot-in- in a logbook or training record, and that person: command flight time. The holder of a must: student pilot certificate may log pilot in (i) Be certified in a legible manner by (1) Knows or has reason to know of command time when the student pilot: the authorized flight or ground any medical condition that would make (1) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft; instructor, as appropriate; and them unable to operate the aircraft in a (2) Has a current pilot-in-command (ii) Include a description of the safe manner; or flight endorsement as required under training given, the length of the training (2) Is taking medication or receiving § 61.87 of this part; and lesson, and the instructor’s signature, other treatment for a medical condition (3) Is undergoing a course of training certificate number, and certificate that would make them unable to operate for a pilot certificate or rating or is expiration date. the aircraft in a safe manner. 41232 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

§ 61.55 Second-in-command (3) Designated as the second in section, satisfactorily completed a pilot qualifications. command in that specific type of aircraft proficiency check conducted by the (a) Except as provided in paragraph for the purpose of receiving flight FAA, an approved pilot check airman, (d) of this section, no person may serve training required by this section and no or a U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot as a second in command of an aircraft passengers or cargo are carried on the certificate, rating, or operating privilege, type certificated for more than one aircraft. need not accomplish the flight review required pilot flight crewmember or in (e) A person who holds a commercial required by this section. operations requiring a second in or airline transport pilot certificate with (e) A person who has, within the command unless that person holds: the appropriate category and class rating period specified in paragraph (c) of this (1) At least a current private pilot need not meet the requirements of section, satisfactorily completed one or certificate with the appropriate category paragraph (b)(2) of this section, more phases of an FAA-sponsored pilot and class rating; and provided that pilot: proficiency award program need not (2) An instrument rating that applies (1) Is conducting ferry flights, aircraft accomplish the flight review required by to the aircraft being flown if the flight flight tests, or evaluation flights of an this section. is under IFR. aircraft’s equipment; and (f) A person who holds a current flight (b) No person may serve as a second (2) Does not carry any person or cargo instructor certificate who has, within in command of an aircraft type aboard the aircraft, unless the person or the period specified in paragraph (c) of certificated for more than one required cargo is considered necessary for the this section, satisfactorily completed a pilot flight crewmember or in operations flight. renewal of a flight instructor certificate requiring a second in command unless (f) To meet the requirements of under the provisions on 61.197(c), need that person has within the previous 12 paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a person not accomplish the 1 hour of ground calendar months: may serve as a second in command in instruction specified in subparagraph (1) Reviewed on the specific type that specific type of aircraft, if: (a)(1) of this section. aircraft, for which second-in-command (1) The flight occurs under day VFR (g) The requirements of this section privileges are requested, and that review or day IFR; and may be accomplished in combination must include becoming familiar with (2) No person or cargo are carried with the requirements of § 61.57 and the aircraft’s— aboard the aircraft, unless the person or other applicable recency requirements (i) Operational procedures on the cargo is considered necessary for the at the discretion of the instructor. powerplant, equipment, and systems; flight. (ii) Performance specifications and § 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot-in- limitations; § 61.56 Flight review. command. (iii) Normal, abnormal, and (a) A flight review consists of a (a) General experience. emergency operating procedures; minimum of 1 hour of flight instruction (1) Except as provided by paragraph (iv) Flight manual; and and 1 hour of ground instruction. The (e) of this section, no person may act as (v) Placards and markings. (2) Performed and logged practice in review must include— a pilot in command of an aircraft the type aircraft or in an approved flight (1) A review of the current general carrying passengers or as required pilot simulator or approved flight training operating and flight rules of part 91 of aboard an aircraft that requires more device that represents the type of this chapter; and than one pilot crewmember unless that aircraft for which second-in-command (2) A review of those maneuvers and person has made at least three takeoffs privileges are requested, and the procedures which, at the discretion of and three landings to a full stop within practice must include at least— the person giving the review, are the preceding 90 days, and: (i) Three takeoffs and landings to a necessary for the pilot to demonstrate (i) The person acted as sole full stop as the sole manipulator of the the safe exercise of the privileges of the manipulator of the flight controls; flight controls; pilot certificate. (ii) The required takeoffs and landings (ii) Engine-out procedures and (b) Glider pilots may substitute a were performed in an aircraft of the maneuvering with an engine out while minimum of three instructional flights same category, class, and type (if a type executing the duties of a pilot in in a glider, each of which includes a 360 rating is required), and if the aircraft to command; and degree turn, in lieu of the 1 hour of be flown is an airplane with a tailwheel (iii) Flight deck resource management flight instruction required in paragraph landing gear, the takeoffs and landings training. (a). must have been in a tailwheel airplane; (c) If a person complies with the (c) Except as provided in paragraphs and requirements in paragraph (b) of this (d) and (e) of this section, no person (iii) Each required takeoff and landing section in the calendar month before or may act as pilot in command of an involved a flight in the traffic pattern at the calendar month after the month in aircraft unless, since the beginning of the recommended traffic pattern altitude which compliance with this section is the 24th calendar month before the for the airport. required, then that person is considered month in which that pilot acts as pilot (2) A person may act as a pilot in to have accomplished the training and in command, that person has— command or as required pilot and sole practice requirements of paragraph (b) (1) Accomplished a flight review manipulator of the controls for an of this section in the month it is due. given in an aircraft for which that pilot aircraft that requires more than one pilot (d) This section does not apply to a is rated by an appropriately rated under day VFR or day IFR, provided no person who is: instructor certificated under this part or persons or property, other than that (1) Designated and qualified as a pilot other person designated by the necessary for compliance with in command, under part 121, 125, or Administrator; and paragraph (a) of this section, are carried. 135 of this chapter in that specific type (2) A logbook endorsed by the person (b) Night experience. Except as of aircraft; who gave the review certifying that the provided by paragraph (e) of this (2) Designated as the second in person has satisfactorily completed the section, no person may act as pilot in command, under part 121, 125, or 135 review. command of an aircraft carrying of this chapter in that specific type of (d) A person who has, within the passengers at night, nor as a required aircraft; or period specified in paragraph (c) of this pilot aboard an aircraft requiring more Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41233 than one pilot crewmember at night, (iii) For a glider, in a single-engine (i) In that aircraft type, or in a flight unless that person has complied with airplane or a glider. simulator or flight training device that is the requirements of paragraph (a) of this (2) Given by one of the following representative of that type of aircraft; section at night. persons— (ii) Given to that person by an (c) Recent instrument experience. (i) An examiner; examiner; and Except as provided in paragraph (e) of (ii) A person authorized by the U.S. (iii) Consisting of those areas of this section, no person may act as pilot Armed Forces to conduct instrument operations that are appropriate to the in command under IFR or in weather flight tests, provided the person being standards required of an airline conditions less than the minimums tested is a member of the U.S. Armed transport pilot certificate for that aircraft prescribed for VFR, unless that person Forces; category and class rating. has met the following requirements (iii) A company check pilot who is (3) A pilot in command proficiency within the preceding 6 calendar months: authorized to conduct instrument flight check given to that person in (1) To obtain instrument experience tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this accordance with part 121, 123, 125, or in an aircraft (other than a glider), that chapter, and provided that both the 135 of this chapter. person has performed and logged— check pilot and the pilot being tested (4) A practical test required for an (i) At least six instrument approaches; are employees of that operator; aircraft type rating. (5) An initial or periodic proficiency (ii) Holding procedures; (iv) An instrument flight instructor (iii) Intercepting and tracking VOR check for the issuance of an examiner or who holds the appropriate instrument radials and NDB bearings; check airman designation. instructor rating for the class of aircraft (iv) Recovery from unusual flight (6) A military proficiency check in which the check is being conducted; altitudes; and required for pilot in command and or (v) Flight by reference to instruments. instrument privileges in an aircraft (v) A person approved by the (2) The instrument experience which the military requires to be Administrator to conduct instrument requirements of paragraph (d)(1) of this operated by more than one pilot. section must have been logged in an practical tests. (c) Except as provided in paragraph aircraft that is not a glider, and (e) Exceptions. (d) of this section, within 24-calendar performed in— (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this months preceding the month the person (i) Actual flight, appropriate to the section do not apply to a pilot in acts as pilot in command of an aircraft category of aircraft for the instrument command that is employed by a part that is type certificated for more than privileges sought; or 125 operator and is engaged in a flight one required pilot crewmember, that (ii) An approved flight simulator or operation for that certificate holder. person must have accomplished one of flight training device that is (2) This section does not apply to a the following proficiency checks in the representative of the aircraft category for pilot in command that is employed by particular type of aircraft in which the the instrument privileges sought. a part 121 or part 135 operator and is person is to serve as pilot in command: (3) If the person does not carry engaged in a flight operation for that (1) A proficiency check— passengers and if the instrument certificate holder. (i) In that aircraft type, or in a flight recency experience is in a glider, that § 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency simulator or flight training device that is person must have performed and logged check: Operation of aircraft requiring more representative of that type of aircraft; at least— than one required pilot. (ii) Given to that person by an (i) Three hours of instrument time in examiner; and actual flight of which 1.5 hours may be (a) Except as provided in paragraph (iii) Consisting of those areas of acquired in a single-engine airplane or (e) of this section, no person may act as operations that are appropriate to the a glider; or pilot in command of an aircraft that is standards required of an airline (ii) Three hours of instrument time type certificated for more than one transport pilot certificate for that aircraft must have been in a glider. required pilot crewmember unless the category and class rating. (d) Instrument proficiency check. proficiency checks prescribed in (2) A pilot in command proficiency Except as provided by paragraph (e) of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section are check given to that person in this section, a person who does not meet satisfactorily accomplished. accordance with part 121, 123, 125, or the recent instrument requirements of (b) Within 12-calendar months 135 of this chapter; paragraph (d) of this section within the preceding the month the person acts as (3) A practical test required for an prescribed time or within 6 calendar pilot in command of an aircraft that is aircraft type rating; months after the prescribed time, may type certificated for more than one (4) An initial or periodic proficiency not serve as pilot in command under required pilot crewmember that person check for the issuance of a pilot IFR or in weather conditions less than must have accomplished one of the examiner or check airman designation; the minimums prescribed for VFR until following: or that person satisfactorily accomplishes (1) For an airplane, a proficiency (5) A military proficiency check an instrument proficiency check: check— required for pilot in command and (1) Consisting of a representative (i) In that airplane type, or in a flight instrument privileges in an aircraft number of tasks required by the simulator or flight training device that is which the military requires to be instrument rating practical test, and the representative of that type of airplane; operated by more than one pilot. check must be— (ii) Given to that person by an (d) For airplanes, the maneuvers and (i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to examiner; and procedures required for the checks and the aircraft category and instrument (iii) Consisting of those areas of test prescribed in paragraphs (c) (1), (2), privileges sought; operations that are appropriate to the (4), and (5) of this section, and (ii) In an approved flight simulator or standards required of an airline paragraph (c)(3) of this section for type flight training device that is transport pilot certificate for that ratings obtained in conjunction with representative of the aircraft category airplane class rating. part 121 of this chapter, training (other than a glider) for which (2) For other aircraft, a proficiency programs may be performed in a flight instrument privileges sought; or checks— simulator or flight training device if the: 41234 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(1) Maneuver or procedure can be Subpart BÐAircraft Ratings and endorsement must attest they have been performed in a flight simulator or flight Special Certificates found proficient on the areas of training device as set forth in appendix operation that are appropriate to the F to part 121 of this chapter; and § 61.61 Applicability. pilot certificate for the aircraft class (2) Flight simulator or flight training This subpart prescribes the rating sought; device is one that is approved for the requirements for the issuance of (3) Must have satisfactorily particular maneuver or procedure. additional aircraft ratings after a pilot accomplished the required practical test certificate is issued, and the that is appropriate to the pilot certificate (e) This section does not apply to requirements and limitations for special for the aircraft class rating sought; persons conducting operations subject purpose pilot authorizations issued by (4) Need not meet the specified to parts 121, 123, 125, 133, 135, and 137 the Administrator. training time and aeronautical of this chapter. experience time prescribed by this part (f) For the purpose of meeting the § 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than airline transport pilot). that applies to the pilot certificate for proficiency check requirements of the aircraft class rating sought; and (a) Additional category rating. Persons paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a (5) Need not accomplish another who apply for an additional aircraft person may act as pilot in command of knowledge test, provided they hold an category rating to be added to their a flight under day VFR or day IFR if no airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or persons or property, other than as current pilot certificate: (1) Must have received the required airship rating at that pilot certificate necessary for compliance thereunder, level. are carried. training and aeronautical experience time prescribed by this part that applies (c) Additional type rating or an (g) If a person takes the proficiency to the pilot certificate for the aircraft addition of an aircraft type rating that check required by paragraph (a) of this category and class rating sought; is accomplished concurrently with an section in the calendar month before, or (2) Must have an endorsement in their additional aircraft category or class the calendar month after the month in logbook or training record from an rating. Persons who apply for an which it is due, that person is authorized flight instructor or ground additional aircraft type rating to be considered to have taken it in the month instructor, and that endorsement must added on their pilot certificate, or an it is due. attest that they have been found addition of aircraft type rating that is accomplished concurrently with an § 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or competent on the aeronautical alteration of applications, certificates, knowledge areas that are appropriate to additional aircraft category or class logbooks, reports, or records. the pilot certificate for the aircraft rating: category or class rating sought; (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain (a) No person may make or cause to (3) Must have an endorsement in their an instrument rating that is appropriate be made: logbook or training record from an to the aircraft’s category, class, or type (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally authorized flight instructor, and that rating sought; false statement on any application for a endorsement must attest that they have (2) Must have an endorsement in their certificate, rating, or duplicate thereof, been found proficient on the areas of logbook or training record from an issued under this part; operation that are appropriate to the authorized flight instructor, and that (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally pilot certificate for the aircraft category endorsement must attest that they have false entry in any logbook, record, or or class rating sought; been found competent on the report that is required to be kept, made, (4) Must have satisfactorily aeronautical knowledge areas that are or used, to show compliance with any accomplished the required practical test appropriate to the pilot certificate for requirement for the issuance, or exercise that is appropriate to the pilot certificate the aircraft category, class, or type rating of the privileges of any certificate or for the aircraft category or class rating sought; rating under this part; sought; (3) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record from an (3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent (5) Need not accomplish the authorized flight instructor, and that purpose, of any certificate or rating supervised pilot in command time endorsement must attest that they have under this part; or prescribed by this part that applies to the pilot certificate for the aircraft been found proficient on the areas of (4) Any alteration of any certificate or category or class rating sought; and operation that are appropriate to the rating under this part. (6) Need not accomplish another standards of an airline transport pilot (b) The commission of an act knowledge test, provided they hold an certificate for the aircraft category, class, prohibited under paragraph (a) of this airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or or type rating sought; section is a basis for suspending or airship rating at that pilot certificate (4) Must have satisfactorily revoking any airman or ground level. accomplished the required practical test instructor certificate or rating held by (b) Additional class rating. Persons that is appropriate to the airline that person. who apply for an additional class rating transport pilot certificate for the aircraft to be added on their pilot certificate: category, class, or type rating sought; § 61.60 Change of address. (1) Must have an endorsement in their (5) Need not meet the specified Persons who hold an airman logbook or training record from an training time and aeronautical certificate, and who have a change in authorized flight instructor, and that experience time prescribed by this part their permanent mailing address, may endorsement must attest they have been that applies to the pilot certificate for not exercise the privileges of their found competent on the aeronautical the aircraft category or class rating certificate unless they notify the Federal knowledge areas that are appropriate to sought; Aviation Administration, Airman the pilot certificate for the aircraft class (6) Must perform the practical test Certification Branch, Box 25082, rating sought; under instrument flight rules, unless the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125, in (2) Must have an endorsement in their practical test cannot be accomplished writing of the new address within 30 logbook or training record from an under instrument flight rules because days from the date the person moved. authorized flight instructor, and that the aircraft’s type certificate makes the Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41235 aircraft incapable of operating under areas of operation of paragraph (c) of (5) Navigation aids; instrument flight rules, then— this section; (6) Instrument approach procedures; (i) The person may obtain a type (7) Satisfactorily accomplish an (7) Emergency operations; and rating limited to ‘‘VFR only;’’ and instrument rating practical test in a (8) Postflight procedures. (ii) The ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation may be multiengine airplane, and who holds an (d) Aeronautical experience. A person removed for that aircraft type when the airplane category and single-engine who applies for an instrument rating person satisfactorily accomplishes the class rating on the person’s pilot must have received and logged the practical test under instrument flight certificate will also have met the following training: rules. requirements for issuance of an (1) At least 40 hours of instrument (7) When an instrument rating is instrument rating-airplane single training from an authorized flight issued to persons who hold one or more engine; instructor-instrument or ground type ratings, the type ratings on the (8) Is not required to accomplish instructor-instrument on the approved amended pilot certificate shall bear the another knowledge test, when that areas of operation of this section; ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation for each aircraft person already holds an instrument (2) Not more than 20 hours of the type rating for which they have not rating on the person’s pilot certificate; instrument training prescribed in shown the instrument competency; and and paragraph (d)(1) of this section may be (8) Need not accomplish another (9) Comply with the applicable met by training received from an knowledge test, provided they hold an requirements of this section. authorized flight instructor-instrument airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person or ground instructor-instrument in a airship rating on their pilot certificate. who applies for an instrument rating flight simulator or flight training device; must have received and logged ground (3) At least 5 hours of instrument § 61.65 Instrument rating requirements. training from authorized instructor, or flight training from an authorized (a) General. A person who applies for accomplished a home study course on instrument flight instructor in the an instrument rating must: the following aeronautical knowledge category and class aircraft for the (1) Hold at least a private pilot areas that apply to the instrument rating instrument rating sought; certificate with an aircraft category and sought: (4) At least 3 hours of instrument class rating that applies to the (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations training that is appropriate to the instrument rating sought; of this chapter that apply to flight instrument-aircraft class rating sought (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and operations under IFR; and from an authorized instructor in understand the English language; (2) The appropriate information that preparation for the practical test within (3) Hold at least a current third-class apply to flight operations under IFR in the 60-days preceding the date of the medical certificate issued under part 67 the ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual;’’ test; of this chapter; (3) The air traffic control system and (5) For an instrument-airplane rating, (4) Present documentation of having— procedures for instrument flight instrument training specific to airplanes (i) Received and logged ground operations; on cross-country flight procedures that training from an authorized instructor, (4) IFR navigation and approaches by includes at least one cross-country flight or accomplished a home study course of use of radio aids; in the class airplane for the instrument training on the approved aeronautical (5) The use of IFR enroute and rating sought, is performed under IFR, knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this instrument approach procedure charts; and consists of— section that apply to the instrument (6) The procurement and use of (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical rating sought; aviation weather reports and forecasts miles along airways or ATC-directed (ii) Received a logbook or training and the elements of forecasting weather routing with one of the routes being at record endorsement from the authorized trends based on that information and least a straight-line distance of 100 instructor, who gave that person personal observation of weather nautical miles between airports; training or reviewed that person’s home conditions; (ii) An instrument approach at each study course, certifying that the person (7) The safe and efficient operation of airport; and is prepared to satisfactorily accomplish aircraft under IFR and conditions that (iii) Three different kinds of the required knowledge test; apply to the instrument rating sought; approaches with the use of navigation (iii) Received and logged training (8) The recognition of critical weather aids. from an authorized flight instructor in situations and windshear avoidance; (6) For an instrument-helicopter the aircraft, or from an authorized (9) Aeronautical decision making and rating, instrument training specific to instructor in a flight simulator or judgment; and helicopters on cross-country flight training device that represents that class (10) Flight deck resource procedures that includes at least one of aircraft for the instrument rating management, including crew cross-country flight in a helicopter, is sought on the approved areas of communications and coordination. performed under IFR, and consists of— operation of paragraph (c) of this (c) Areas of operation. A person who (i) A distance of at least 100 nautical section; and applies for an instrument rating must miles along airways or ATC-directed (iv) Received a logbook or training receive and log training from an routing with one of the routes being at record endorsement from the authorized authorized flight instructor in an least a straight-line distance of 50 instructor who gave that person the aircraft, or from an authorized instructor nautical miles between airports; training and certified that the person is in an approved flight simulator or (ii) An instrument approach at each prepared to satisfactorily accomplish training device (or any combination airport; and the required practical test. thereof) that includes the following (iii) Three different kinds of (5) Satisfactorily accomplish the approved areas of operation: approaches with the use of navigation required knowledge test on the (1) Preflight preparation; aids. approved aeronautical knowledge areas (2) Preflight procedures; (7) For an instrument-airship rating, of paragraph (b) of this section; (3) Air traffic control clearances and instrument training specific to airships (6) Satisfactorily accomplish the procedures; on cross-country flight procedures that required practical test on the approved (4) Flight by reference to instruments; includes at least one cross-country flight 41236 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules in an airship, is performed under IFR, (ii) The addition of another type (i) Be taken in an aircraft that meets and consists of— aircraft to the applicant’s Category II the requirements of part 91 of this (i) A distance of at least 50 nautical authorization. chapter for Category II operations; miles along airways or ATC-directed (2) To be eligible for the practical test (ii) Consist of at least two ILS routing with one of the routes being at for an authorization under this section, approaches to 100 feet including at least least a straight-line distance of 25 the person must meet the requirements one landing and one missed approach; nautical miles between airports; of paragraph (a) of this section and, if (iii) Be performed with all approaches (ii) An instrument approach at each the practical test has not been made with the use of an approved flight airport; and accomplished during the 12-calendar control guidance system; (iii) Three different kinds of months preceding the month of the test, (iv) Include at least one manual approaches with the use of navigation then that person must meet the approach if an approved automatic aids. following recent experience approach coupler is installed; (8) For an instrument-powered-lift requirements: (v) Include a missed approach that is rating, instrument training specific to (i) The requirements of § 61.57(e); executed with one engine set in idle or (ii) At least six ILS approaches during powered-lift on cross-country flight zero thrust position before reaching the the 6-calendar months preceding the procedures that includes at least one middle marker for a multiengine aircraft month of the test of which at least three cross-country flight in a powered-lift, is that has performance capability to of the approaches must have been performed under IFR, and consists of— execute a missed approach with an conducted without the use of an (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical engine out; and approach coupler, and these (vi) Include flight maneuvers miles along airways or ATC-directed approaches— routing with one of the routes being at performed solely by reference to (A) Must be under actual or simulated instruments and in coordination with a least a straight-line distance of 100 instrument flight conditions to the nautical miles between airports; second in command who holds a class decision height of the approach, and in rating and, in the case of a large aircraft (ii) An instrument approach at each the type aircraft in which the practical airport; and or a small turbojet aircraft, a type rating test is to be performed; and for that aircraft. (iii) Three different kinds of (B) Need not be conducted down to approaches with the use of navigation the decision heights authorized for § 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and aids. Category II operations. training requirements. (iii) The flight time acquired in § 61.67 Category II pilot authorization (a) No person may act as pilot in requirements. meeting the requirements of paragraph command for towing a glider unless that (c)(2)(ii) of this section may be used to (a) General. A person who applies for person: meet the requirements of paragraph (1) Holds at least a private pilot a Category II pilot authorization must (c)(2)(i) of this section. hold: certificate with an airplane category and (d) Practical test procedures. The a single engine class rating; (1) At least a private or commercial practical test consists of two phases: (2) Has logged at least 100 hours of pilot certificate with an instrument (1) Phase I-knowledge test. The person pilot-in-command time in single engine rating or an airline transport pilot must demonstrate knowledge of the airplanes; certificate; and following— (3) Has a logbook endorsement from (2) A type rating for the aircraft type (i) Required landing distance; an authorized glider flight instructor if the authorization is requested for a (ii) Recognition of the decision height; who certifies that the person has (iii) Missed approach procedures and large aircraft or a small turbojet aircraft. received ground and flight training in techniques utilizing computed or fixed (b) Experience requirements. Except gliders and is proficient in— attitude guidance displays; for a person who holds an airline (i) The techniques and procedures transport pilot certificate, a person who (iv) RVR, its use and limitations; (v) Use of visual clues, their essential to the safe towing of gliders, applies for a Category II authorization including airspeed limitations; must have at least: availability or limitations, and altitude at which they are normally discernible (ii) Emergency procedures; (1) Fifty hours of night flight time (iii) Signals used; and under VFR conditions as pilot in at reduced RVR readings; (vi) Procedures and techniques related (iv) Maximum angles of bank. command. (4) Has made at least three flights as (2) Seventy-five hours of instrument to transition from nonvisual to visual flight during a final approach under the sole manipulator of the controls of time under actual or simulated an aircraft towing a glider while conditions that may include 25 hours in reduced RVR; (vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal accompanied by a pilot who meets the an approved flight simulator or training windshear; requirements of this section; and device. (viii) Characteristics and limitations (5) Has received a logbook (3) Two hundred-fifty hours of cross- of the ILS and runway lighting system; endorsement from the pilot described in country flight time as pilot in command. (ix) Characteristics and limitations of paragraph (a)(4) of this section, and that (4) The night flight and instrument the flight director system, auto approach endorsement must certify that the flight time used to meet the coupler (including split axis type if person has accomplished at least 3 requirements of paragraphs (b) (1) and equipped), auto throttle system (if flights in a single engine airplane while (2) of this section may also be used to equipped), and other required Category towing a glider. meet the requirements of paragraph II equipment; (b) The pilot, described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (x) Assigned duties of the second in (a)(4) of this section, who accompanies (c) Practical test requirements. command during Category II and endorses the logbook of persons (1) A practical test must be approaches; and seeking glider towing privileges: satisfactorily accomplished by a person (xi) Instrument and equipment failure (1) Must have met the requirements of who applies for: warning systems. this section prior to accompanying or (i) Issuance or renewal of an (2) Phase II-proficiency test. The test endorsing the logbook of persons authorization; and must— seeking glider towing privileges; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41237

(2) Must have logged at least 10 flights (1) A commercial pilot certificate. type rating is issued that rating at the as pilot in command of a single engine (2) An aircraft rating in the category commercial pilot certificate level if the airplane while towing a glider; and and class of aircraft for which that pilot presents documentary evidence (3) Holds only a private pilot military pilot is qualified. that shows satisfactory accomplishment certificate, then that pilot— (3) An instrument rating with the of: (i) Must also have logged at least 100 appropriate aircraft rating for which that (1) An official U.S. military checkout hours of pilot-in-command time in military pilot is qualified. and instrument proficiency checkout in airplanes, or 200 hours of pilot-in- (4) A type rating, if appropriate. the aircraft as pilot in command during command time in a combination of (5) This section does not apply to a the 12 calendar months before the powered and other than powered military pilot or a former military pilot month of application; aircraft; and who has been removed from flying (2) At least 10 hours of pilot in (ii) Must have performed and logged status for lack of proficiency or because command time in the aircraft during the at least three flights within the 12- of disciplinary action. 12 calendar months before the month of calendar months preceding the month (b) Military pilots on active flying application; that pilot accompanies or endorses the status within the past 12 months. A (3) An FAA practical test in that logbook of persons seeking glider rated military pilot or former rated aircraft after first— towing privileges— military pilot who has been on active (i) Meeting the requirements of (A) In a single-engine airplane while flying status within the 12 months paragraph (b)(1) and (2) of this section; towing a glider and be accompanied by before applying must: and another pilot who meets the (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes a requirements of this section; or (ii) Having received an endorsment knowledge test on the appropriate parts from an authorized flight instructor who (B) As pilot in command of a glider of this chapter that apply to pilot being towed by a single-engine airplane. certifies that the pilot is proficient to privileges and limitations, air traffic and accomplish the required practical test, § 61.71 Graduates of an approved training general operating rules, and accident and that endorsement is dated within program, other than under this part: Special reporting rules; the 60-day period preceding the date of (2) Present documents showing that rules. the practical test. the requirements of paragraph (d) of this (a) A person who graduates from an (e) Instrument rating. Military pilots section are met for at least one aircraft approved training program under parts who apply for an airplane instrument 141 or 142 of this chapter, is considered rating; and (3) Present documents showing that rating, a helicopter instrument rating, or to have met the applicable aeronautical a powered-lift instrument rating to be experience, aeronautical knowledge, the military pilot, is or was, at any time during the 12-calendar months before added on their commercial pilot and approved areas of operation certificate, are entitled to that requirements of this part, if that person the month of application— (i) A rated military pilot on active instrument rating if the pilots have, presents the graduation certificate and within the 12 calendar months satisfactorily accomplishes the required flying status in an armed force of the United States; or preceding the month of application: practical test within the 60-day period (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an after the date of graduation. (ii) A rated military pilot of an armed force of a member State to the instrument proficiency checkout of a (b) A person may apply for an airline U.S. Armed Force in the aircraft transport pilot certificate, type rating, or International Civil Aviation Organization, assigned to pilot duties category and class for the instrument both under this part, and will be rating sought; and considered to have met the applicable (other than flight training) with an armed force of the United States who (2) Is authorized by the U.S. Armed requirements of § 61.157 of this part for Force to conduct IFR flights on Federal that certificate and rating, if that person holds, at the time of application, a current civil pilot license issued by that airways in that aircraft category and has— class for the instrument rating sought. (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an member State authorizing at least the (f) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft approved training program and the privileges of the pilot certificate sought. type rating is issued only for aircraft pilot-in-command proficiency check for (c) Military pilots not on active flying types that the Administrator has that airplane type, in accordance with status during the 12 calendar months certificated for civil operations. the pilot in command requirements of before the month of application. A rated (g) Aircraft type rating placed on an subparts N and O of part 121 of this military pilot or former military pilot airline transport pilot certificate. A chapter; and who has not been on active flying status (2) Made application for that airline during the 12 calendar months before military pilot who holds an airline transport pilot certificate, type rating, or the month of application must: transport pilot certificate and who both within the 60-day period from the (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes the requests an aircraft type rating to be date the person satisfactorily appropriate knowledge and practical placed on their airline transport pilot accomplished the approved training tests prescribed in this part for the certificate may be issued that aircraft program and pilot-in-command certificate or rating sought; type rating at the airline transport pilot proficiency check for that airplane type. (2) Hold at least a third class medical certificate level, provided that person— certificate issued under part 67 of this (1) Holds a category and class rating § 61.73 Military pilots or former military chapter; and for that type of aircraft at the airline pilots: Special rules. (3) Present documents showing that transport pilot certificate level; and (a) General. Military pilots or former the applicant, was or is, during the 12 (2) Satisfactorily accomplishes an military pilots who have graduated from calendar months before the month of official U.S. military checkout and a U.S. military pilot training course, application, a rated military pilot as instrument proficiency checkout in that have received official military prescribed by paragraph (b)(3) of this type of aircraft as pilot in command aeronautical orders, and meet the section. during the 12 calendar months before applicable requirements of this section (d) Aircraft category, class, and type the month of application. may apply, on the basis of their military ratings. A military pilot who applies for (h) Evidentiary documents. The training, for: additional aircraft category, class, or following documents are satisfactory 41238 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules evidence for meeting the requirements (ii) Does not contain an endorsement (g) Limitation placed on U.S. private of this section to show: stating that the person has not met all pilot certificate. The U.S. private pilot (1) Membership of the armed forces, of the standards of ICAO; certificate issued under this section is an official identification card issued to (3) Does not currently hold a U.S. valid only when that person has their the pilot by an armed force may be used. pilot certificate; foreign pilot license in their personal (2) The military pilot’s discharge or (4) Holds a current medical certificate possession or readily accessible in the release from an armed force or former issued under part 67 of this chapter or aircraft. membership of an armed force, an a current medical certificate issued by original or a copy of a certificate of the country that issued the person’s § 61.77 Special purpose pilot discharge or release may be used. foreign pilot license; and authorization: Operation of U.S.-registered (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and civil aircraft leased by a person who is not (3) Current or previous status as a a U.S. citizen. rated military pilot with a U.S. Armed understand the English language. Force, for which one of the following (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft (a) General. After meeting the may be used, as appropriate: ratings listed on a person’s foreign pilot requirements of this section, a holder of (i) An official U.S. Armed Force order license, in addition to any issued after a foreign pilot certificate or license to flight duty as a military pilot; testing under the provisions of this part, issued by a member State of the (ii) An official U.S. Armed Force form may be placed on that person’s U.S. International Civil Aviation or logbook showing military pilot status; pilot certificate. Organization (ICAO) may be issued a or (d) Instrument ratings issued. A special purpose pilot authorization by (iii) An official order showing that the person who holds an instrument rating the Administrator for the purpose of military pilot graduated from a U.S. on the foreign pilot license, issued by a performing pilot duties: military pilot school and is rated as a member State to ICAO, may be issued (1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry military pilot. an instrument rating on the U.S. private that is leased to a person who is not a (4) Flight time in military aircraft as pilot certificate provided: citizen of the United States; and a member of a U.S. Armed Force, an (1) The person’s foreign pilot license (2) For carrying persons or property appropriate official U.S. Armed Force authorizes instrument privileges; for compensation or hire on that aircraft. form or summary, or a certified U.S. (2) Upon application for the (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the Armed Force logbook may be used. instrument rating privileges, the person issuance or renewal of a special purpose (5) Pilot-in-command status, an satisfactorily accomplishes the pilot authorization, a person must meet official U.S. armed force record of a appropriate knowledge test; and the following eligibility prerequisites: military checkout as pilot in command (3) The person is able to read, speak, (1) Hold a current foreign pilot may be used. write, and understand the English certificate that has been issued by the (6) Instrument pilot qualification, a language. aeronautical authority of a member State current instrument grade slip that is (e) Operating privileges and to ICAO from where the person holds issued by a U.S. Armed Force, or an limitations. A person who receives a citizenship or resident status; official record of satisfactorily U.S. private pilot certificate that has (2) The person’s foreign pilot accomplishment of an instrument been issued under the provisions of this certificate must contain the appropriate proficiency check during the 12 section: aircraft category, class, instrument calendar months preceding the month of (1) May act as a pilot of a civil aircraft rating, and type rating, if appropriate, the application may be used. of U.S. registry in accordance with the for the aircraft to be flown; private pilot privileges authorized by (3) Hold a medical certificate from the § 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on this part; aeronautical authority of a member State basis of a foreign pilot license. (2) Is limited to the privileges placed to ICAO from where the person holds (a) General. A person who holds a on the certificate by the Administrator; citizenship or resident status; current foreign pilot license, issued by (3) Is subject to the limitations and (4) Must not already hold a special a member State to the International Civil restrictions on the person’s U.S. purpose pilot authorization, but if the Aviation Organization (ICAO), may certificate and foreign pilot certificate person already holds a special purpose apply for and may be issued only a when exercising the privileges of that pilot authorization, then that special private pilot certificate with the U.S. pilot certificate in an aircraft of purpose pilot authorization must either appropriate ratings when the U.S. registry operating within or outside be surrendered to the FAA Flight application is based on the foreign pilot the United States; and Standards District Office that issued it, license and meets the requirements of (4) Shall not exercise the privileges of or to the FAA Flight Standards District this section. that U.S. private pilot certificate when Office processing the application for the (b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private the person’s foreign pilot license has authorization prior to being issued pilot certificate that is issued under this been revoked or suspended. another special purpose pilot section shall specify the person’s foreign (f) Limitation on licenses used as authorization; license number and country of issuance. basis for U.S. certificate. Only one (5) Meet the currency requirements of A person who holds a current pilot foreign pilot license may be used as a this part and must present a logbook/ license, issued by a member State to basis for issuing a U.S. private pilot flight record showing compliance with ICAO, may be issued a private pilot certificate. The foreign pilot license and the currency requirements of this part; certificate based on the foreign pilot medical certificate used as a basis for (6) Show that the person will not license without any further showing of issuing a U.S. private pilot certificate reach the age of 60 years prior to the proficiency, and provided that person: under this section must be in the expiration date of the special purpose (1) Meets the requirements of this English language or accompanied by an pilot authorization a birth certificate or section; English language transcription that has some other official documentation; and (2) Holds a foreign pilot license that— been signed by an official or (7) Present a copy of the person’s (i) Is not under an order of revocation representative of the foreign aviation foreign pilot certificate and a letter to an or suspension by the foreign country authority that issued the foreign pilot FAA Flight Standards District Office that issued the foreign pilot license; and license. from the lessee of the aircraft that— Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41239

(i) Acknowledges the person is crewmember seat, or 7500 pounds § 61.87 Supervised pilot-in-command employed by the lessee; payload capacity. requirements for student pilots. (ii) Specifies the aircraft type in (e) Expiration date. Each special (a) General. A student pilot may not which the person will be performing purpose pilot authorization, issued operate an aircraft in supervised pilot- pilot duties; and under this section, expires— in-command (PIC) flight unless that (iii) States that the person is currently (1) Sixty-calendar months from the student has met the requirements of this qualified to exercise the privileges listed month it was issued, unless sooner section. on that person’s pilot certificate or suspended or revoked; (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A license for the aircraft to be flown and (2) When the lease agreement for the student pilot must demonstrate that the person has satisfactorily aircraft expires or the lessee terminates satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a accomplished the applicable ground the employment of the person who test that meets the requirements of this and flight training in the aircraft type in holds the special purpose pilot paragraph: which the person will be performing authorization; (1) The test must address the student pilot duties. (3) Whenever the person’s pilot or pilot’s knowledge of— (c) Privileges. A person who meets the medical certificate has been suspended, (i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and general and eligibility requirements of, revoked, or is no longer valid; or 91 of this chapter; and is issued a special purpose pilot (4) Whenever the person reaches the (ii) Airspace rules and procedures for authorization under, this section: age of 60. the airport where the supervised PIC (1) May exercise the privileges flight will be performed; and prescribed on the special purpose pilot Subpart CÐStudent Pilots (iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make and authorization; and § 61.81 Applicability. (2) Must comply with the limitations model of aircraft to be flown. This subpart prescribes the specified in this section and any (2) The student’s flight instructor requirements for the issuance of student additional limitations specified on the must— pilot certificates, the conditions under special purpose pilot authorization. (i) Administer the test; and (d) Limitations. Anytime persons are which those certificates are necessary, (ii) At the conclusion of the test, exercising the privileges of a special and the general operating rules and review all incorrect answers with the purpose pilot authorization those limitations for the holders of those student before authorizing that student persons are subject to the following certificates. to conduct a supervised PIC flight. (c) Supervised PIC flight training. In limitations: § 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student order to perform supervised PIC flight (1) May apply for 60-calendar months pilots. extension of their authorization, training, a student pilot must have: To be eligible for a student pilot (1) Received and logged flight training provided they— certificate, an applicant must: on the maneuvers and procedures of (i) Continue to meet the eligibility (a) Be at least 16 years of age for other this section that are appropriate to the prerequisites and other requirements of than a rating in a glider or balloon. make and model of aircraft to be flown; this section; and (b) Be at least 14 years of age for a (ii) Surrender the expired special and rating in a glider or balloon. (2) Demonstrated satisfactory purpose pilot authorization upon (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and proficiency and safety, as judged by an receipt of the new authorization. understand the English language. authorized flight instructor, on the (2) May only hold one special purpose (d) Hold at least a current third-class maneuvers and procedures required by pilot authorization; medical certificate issued under part 67 this section in the make and model of (3) May only conduct a flight or series of this chapter for other than a rating in of flights between foreign countries in aircraft to be flown. glider or balloon, or a student pilot who (d) Maneuvers and procedures for foreign air commerce within the time is seeking a recreational pilot certificate. supervised PIC flight training in a single period allotted on the authorization; (e) Affix a signed and dated statement (4) Must carry their foreign pilot engine airplane. A student pilot who is to the application certifying that no receiving training in a single engine license, medical certificate, and special known medical defect exists that would purpose pilot authorizationin in their airplane rating must receive and log make the applicant unable to pilot the supervised PIC flight training on the physical possession or immediately aircraft for training for a rating in a available in the aircraft, while following maneuvers and procedures: glider or balloon, or a student pilot who (1) Proper flight preparation exercising the privileges of that special is seeking a recreational pilot certificate. procedures, including preflight purpose pilot authorization; and planning and preparation, powerplant (5) Persons, who are 60 years of age § 61.85 Application. operation, and aircraft systems; or older, may not request nor may they An application for a student pilot (2) Taxiing or surface operations be issued a special purpose pilot certificate is made on a form and in a including runups; authorization, when the purpose of that manner provided by the Administrator (3) Takeoffs and landings including authorization is for those persons to and is submitted to: normal and crosswind; serve as a required pilot crewmember (a) A designated aviation medical (4) Straight and level flight and turns for a foreign air carrier in— examiner when applying for an FAA in both directions; (i) Scheduled international air medical certificate in the United States; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; services in a U.S.-registered civil aircraft or (6) Airport traffic patterns including with more than 30 passenger seats, (b) An examiner, accompanied by a entry and departure procedures; excluding any required crewmember current FAA medical certificate, or in (7) Collision avoidance, windshear seat, or 7500 pounds payload capacity; the case of an application for a pilot avoidance, and wake turbulence or certificate with a glider or balloon avoidance; (ii) Non-scheduled international air rating, it may be accompanied by the (8) Descents with and without turns transport operationsin a U.S.-registered applicant’s certification that no known using high and low drag configurations; civil aircraft with more than 30 medical defect makes the applicant (9) Flight at various airspeeds from passenger seats, excluding any required unable to pilot a glider or balloon. cruise to slow flight; 41240 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(10) Emergency procedures and (12) Approaches to the landing area; (7) Collision avoidance, windshear equipment malfunctions; (13) Hovering and hovering turns; avoidance, and wake turbulence (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (14) Go-arounds; avoidance; (12) Approaches to a landing area (15) Simulated emergency procedures, (8) Descents with and without turns; with simulated engine malfunctions; including autorotational descents with a (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (13) Slips to a landing; and power recovery and power recovery to cruise to slow flight; (14) Go-arounds. a hover; (10) Emergency procedures and (e) Maneuvers and procedures for (16) Rapid decelerations; and equipment malfunctions; supervised PIC flight training in a (17) Simulated one engine inoperative (11) Ground reference maneuvers; multiengine airplane. A student pilot approaches and landings for (12) Approaches to a landing with who is receiving training in a multiengine helicopters. simulated engine malfunctions; multiengine airplane, must receive and (g) Maneuvers and procedures for (13) Go-arounds; log supervised PIC flight training on the supervised PIC flight training in a (14) Approaches to the landing area; following maneuvers and procedures: gyroplane. A student pilot who is (15) Hovering and hovering turns; and (1) Proper flight preparation receiving training in a gyroplane must (16) For multiengine powered-lifts, procedures including preflight planning receive and log supervised PIC flight simulated one engine inoperative and preparation, powerplant operation, training on the following maneuvers approaches and landings. and aircraft systems; and procedures: (i) Maneuvers and procedures for (2) Taxiing or surface operations (1) Proper flight preparation supervised PIC flight training in a including runups; procedures including preflight planning nonpowered glider. A student pilot who (3) Takeoffs and landings including and preparation, powerplant operation, is receiving training in a nonpowered normal and crosswind; and aircraft systems; glider must receive and log supervised (4) Straight and level flight and turns (2) Taxiing or surface operations PIC flight training on the following in both directions; including runups; maneuvers and procedures: (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (3) Takeoffs and landings including (1) Proper flight preparation (6) Airport traffic patterns including normal and crosswind; procedures, including preflight entry and departure procedures; (4) Straight and level flight and turns planning, preparation, and aircraft (7) Collision avoidance, windshear in both directions; systems; avoidance, and wake turbulence (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (2) Launches, including normal and avoidance; (6) Airport traffic patterns including crosswind; (8) Descents with and without turns entry and departure procedures; (3) Straight and level flight and turns using high and low drag configurations; (7) Collision avoidance, windshear in both directions; (4) Airport traffic patterns including (9) Flight at various airspeeds from avoidance, and wake turbulence entry procedures; cruise to slow flight; avoidance; (5) Collision avoidance, windshear (10) Emergency procedures and (8) Descents with and without turns; avoidance, and wake turbulence equipment malfunctions; (9) Flight at various airspeeds; (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (10) Emergency procedures and avoidance; (6) Descents with and without turns (12) Approaches to a landing area equipment malfunctions; using high and low drag configurations; with simulated engine malfunctions; (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (7) Flight at various airspeeds; (12) Approaches to the landing area; and (8) Emergency procedures and (13) Go-arounds. (13) High rates of descents with power equipment malfunctions; (f) Maneuvers and procedures for on and with simulated power-off and (9) Ground reference maneuvers; supervised PIC flight training in a recovery from those flight (10) Inspection of towline rigging and helicopter. A student pilot who is configurations; the review of signals and release receiving training in a helicopter must (14) Go-arounds; and procedures; receive and log supervised PIC flight (15) Simulated emergency procedures, (11) Aerotows or ground tows; training on the following maneuvers including simulated power-off landings (12) Procedures for disassembly and and procedures: and simulated power failure during assembly of the glider; (1) Proper flight preparation departures. (13) Stall entry, stall, and stall procedures including preflight planning (h) Maneuvers and procedures for recovery; and preparation, powerplant operation, supervised PIC flight training in a (14) Straight glides, turns, and spirals; and aircraft systems; powered-lift. A student pilot who is (15) Landings, including normal and (2) Taxiing or surface operations receiving training in a powered-lift must crosswind; including runups; receive and log supervised PIC flight (16) Slips to a landing; (3) Takeoffs and landings including training on the following maneuvers (17) Procedures and techniques for normal and crosswind; and procedures: thermalling; and (4) Straight and level flight and turns (1) Proper flight preparation (18) Emergency operations including in both directions; procedures, including preflight towline break procedures. (5) Climbs and climbing turns; planning and preparation, powerplant (j) Maneuvers and procedures for (6) Airport traffic patterns including operation, and aircraft systems; supervised PIC flight training in a entry and departure procedures; (2) Taxiing or surface operations powered glider. A student pilot who is (7) Collision avoidance, windshear including runups; receiving training in a powered glider avoidance, and wake turbulence (3) Takeoffs and landings including must receive and log supervised PIC avoidance; normal and crosswind; flight training on the following (8) Descents with and without turns; (4) Straight and level flight and turns maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds; in both directions; (1) Proper flight preparation (10) Emergency procedures and (5) Climbs and climbing turns; procedures including preflight planning equipment malfunctions; (6) Airport traffic patterns including and preparation, powerplant operation, (11) Ground reference maneuvers; entry and departure procedures; and aircraft systems; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41241

(2) Taxiing or surface operations receive and log supervised PIC flight (ii) Determined the student pilot is including runups; training on the following maneuvers proficient on the maneuvers and (3) Takeoffs and landings including and procedures: procedures prescribed in this section; normal and crosswind; (1) Layout and assembly procedures; (iii) Determined the student pilot is (4) Straight and level flight and turns (2) Proper flight preparation proficient in the make and model of in both directions; procedures including preflight planning aircraft to be flown; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; and preparation and aircraft systems; (iv) Endorsed the student pilot’s (6) Airport traffic patterns including (3) Ascents and descents; certificate for the specific make and entry and departure procedures; (4) Landing and recovery procedures; model aircraft to be flown; and (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (5) Emergency procedures and (iv) Endorsed the student pilot’s avoidance, and wake turbulence equipment malfunctions; logbook for the specific make and model avoidance; (6) Operation of hot air or gas source, aircraft to be flown, and that (8) Descents with and without turns ballast, valves, and rip panels, as endorsement remains current for using high and low drag configurations; appropriate; supervised PIC flight privileges, (9) Flight at various airspeeds; (7) Use of rip panel for simulating an provided the flight instructor updates (10) Emergency procedures and emergency; the student’s logbook every 90 days equipment malfunctions; (8) The effects of wind on climb and thereafter. (11) Ground reference maneuvers; approach angles; and (2) The flight training required by this (12) Inspection of towline rigging and (9) Obstruction detection and section must be given by an authorized the review of signals and release avoidance techniques. flight instructor who is appropriately procedures; (m) Limitations on student pilots rated and current. (13) Aerotows or ground tows; operating an aircraft in supervised PIC (14) Procedures for disassembly and flight at night. A student pilot may not § 61.89 General limitations. assembly of the glider; operate an aircraft in supervised PIC (a) A student pilot may not act as pilot (15) Stall entry, stall, and stall flight at night unless that student pilot in command of an aircraft: recovery; has received: (1) That is carrying a passenger; (16) Straight glides, turns, and spirals; (1) Flight training at night on night (2) That is carrying property for (17) Slips to a landing; flying procedures that includes takeoffs, compensation or hire; (18) Procedures and techniques for approaches, landings, and go-arounds at (3) For compensation or hire; thermalling; and night at the airport where the (4) In furtherance of a business; (19) Emergency operations including supervised PIC flight will be conducted; (5) On an international flight, except towline break procedures. (2) Navigation training at night in the a student pilot may make supervised (k) Maneuvers and procedures for vicinity of the airport where the PIC training flights from Haines, supervised PIC flight training in an supervised PIC flight will be conducted; Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska to White airship. A student pilot who is receiving (3) An endorsement in the student’s Horse, Yukon, Canada and return, over training in an airship must receive and logbook for the specific make and model the province of British Columbia; log supervised PIC flight training on the aircraft to be flown for night supervised (6) With a flight or surface visibility following maneuvers and procedures: PIC flight, by the flight instructor who of less than 3 statute miles during (1) Proper flight preparation gave the training; and daylight hours or 5 statute miles at procedures including preflight planning (4) An endorsement in the student’s night; and preparation, powerplant operation, logbook, for the specific make and (7) When the flight cannot be made and aircraft systems; model aircraft to be flown for night with visual reference to the surface; and (2) Taxiing or surface operations supervised PIC flight, by the flight (8) In a manner contrary to any including runups; instructor who gave the training within limitations placed in the pilot’s logbook (3) Takeoffs and landings including the 90-day period preceding the date of by the instructor. normal and crosswind; the flight. (b) A student pilot may not act as a (4) Straight and level flight and turns (n) Limitations on student pilots required pilot flight crewmember on any in both directions; operating an aircraft in supervised PIC aircraft for which more than one pilot is (5) Climbs and climbing turns; flight. Student pilots may not operate an required by the type certificate of the (6) Airport traffic patterns including aircraft in supervised PIC flight unless aircraft or regulations under which the entry and departure procedures; they have: flight is conducted, except when (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (1) Had their student pilot certificate receiving flight training from an avoidance, and wake turbulence endorsed, for the specific make and authorized flight instructor on board an avoidance; model aircraft to be flown, by the flight airship and no person other than a (8) Descents with and without turns; instructor who gave the training; and required flight crewmember is carried (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (2) Received a logbook endorsement, on the aircraft. cruise to slow flight; for the specific make and model aircraft § 61.91 [Reserved.] (10) Emergency procedures and to be flown, by the flight instructor who equipment malfunctions; gave the training within the 90 days § 61.93 Supervised pilot in command (11) Ground reference maneuvers; preceding the date of the flight had. cross-country flight requirements. (12) Rigging, ballasting, controlling (o) Limitations on flight instructors (a) General. pressure in the ballonets, and authorizing supervised PIC flight. (1) Except as provided in paragraph superheating; and (1) No flight instructor may authorize (b) of this section, a student pilot must (13) Landings with positive and with a student pilot to perform a supervised meet the requirements of this section negative static trim. PIC flight unless that flight instructor before: (l) Maneuvers and procedures for has: (i) Conducting a supervised PIC cross- supervised PIC flight training in a (i) Given that student pilot training in country flight, or any flight, greater than balloon. A student pilot who is the aircraft in which the supervised PIC 25 nautical miles from the airport from receiving training in a balloon, must flight is to be flown; where the flight originated. 41242 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(ii) Making a supervised PIC flight (iii) The student pilot has a current (B) State that the student’s preflight and landing at any location other than supervised PIC flight endorsement in planning and preparation is correct and the airport of origination. accordance with § 61.87 of this part; that the student is prepared to make the (2) Except as provided in paragraph (iv) The flight instructor has flight safely under the known (b) of this section, a student pilot who determined that the student pilot is circumstances; and seeks supervised PIC cross-country proficient to make the flight; and (C) State that any limitations required flight privileges must: (v) The purpose of the flight is to by the student’s instructor are met. (i) Have received flight training from practice takeoffs and landings at that (d) Maneuvers and procedures for an authorized flight instructor on the other airport. supervised PIC cross-country flight maneuvers and procedures of this (2) Repeated specific supervised PIC training in a single engine airplane. A section that are appropriate to the make cross-country flights may be made to student pilot, who is receiving training and model aircraft for which supervised another airport that is within 50 for supervised PIC cross country flight PIC cross-country privileges are sought; nautical miles of the airport from which training in a single engine airplane, (ii) Have demonstrated cross country the flight originated, provided— must receive and log supervised PIC proficiency on the appropriate (i) The flight instructor has given the cross country flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of this student flight training in both directions following maneuvers and procedures: section and to an authorized flight over the route, including entry and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR instructor; exiting the traffic patterns, takeoffs, and navigation using pilotage and dead (iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished landings at the airports to be used; reckoning with the aid of a magnetic the supervised PIC flight maneuvers and (ii) The flight instructor who gave the compass; procedures, required by § 61.87 of this training has endorsed the student’s (2) Use of aircraft performance charts part, in the make and model aircraft for logbook certifying that the student is pertaining to cross-country flight; which supervised PIC cross-country proficient to make such flights; (3) Procurement and analysis of privileges are sought; and (iii) The student has a current aeronautical weather reports and supervised PIC endorsement in (iv) Comply with any limitations forecasts, including recognition of accordance with § 61.87 of this part; and included in the flight instructor’s critical weather situations and (iv) The student has a current endorsement that is required by estimating visibility while in flight; supervised PIC cross country flight paragraph (c) of this section. (4) Emergency procedures; endorsement in accordance with § 61.93 (5) Traffic pattern procedures that (3) A student pilot who seeks of this part. include area departure, area arrival, supervised PIC cross-country flight (c) Endorsements for supervised PIC entry into the traffic pattern, and privileges must have received ground cross country flights. A student pilot approach; training from an authorized ground or must have the endorsements prescribed (6) Procedures and operating practices flight instructor and flight training from in this paragraph for each cross-country for collision avoidance, wake turbulence an authorized flight instructor on the flight: precautions, and windshear avoidance; cross-country maneuvers and (1) Student pilot certificate (7) Recognition, avoidance, and procedures listed in this section that are endorsement. A student pilot must have operational restrictions of hazardous appropriate to the aircraft to be flown. a supervised PIC cross-country terrain features in the geographical area (4) A student pilot who seeks endorsement from the flight instructor where the cross-country flight will be supervised PIC cross-country flight who conducted the training, and that flown; privileges must have demonstrated the endorsement must be placed on that (8) Procedures for operating the cross-country maneuvers and person’s student pilot certificate for the instruments and equipment installed in procedures of this section to an specific make and model of aircraft to be the aircraft to be flown, including acceptable level of proficiency to an flown. recognition and use of the proper authorized flight instructor. (2) Logbook endorsement. operational procedures and indications; (b) Authorization to perform certain (i) A student pilot must have a (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation supervised PIC flights and cross-country supervised PIC cross-country and two-way communications; flights. A student pilot may receive an endorsement from the flight instructor, (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing endorsement from an authorized flight who conducted the training, and that procedures, including short field, soft instructor to make supervised PIC endorsement must be placed in that field, and crosswind takeoffs, flights from the airport where the person’s logbook for the specific make approaches, and landings; student pilot normally receives training and model of aircraft to be flown. (11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; to another location, if that student pilot (ii) A certificated pilot who is and complies with this paragraph. receiving training for an additional (12) Control and maneuvering solely (1) Supervised PIC flights may be aircraft category and class rating must by reference to flight instruments, made to another airport that is within 25 have an endorsement from the flight including straight and level flight, turns, nautical miles from the airport where instructor who conducted the training, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and the student pilot normally receives and that endorsement must be placed in ATC directives. training, provided— that person’s logbook for the specific (e) Maneuvers and procedures for (i) An authorized flight instructor has make and model of aircraft to be flown. supervised PIC cross-country flight given the student pilot flight training at (iii) For each cross-country flight, the training in a multiengine airplane. A the other airport, and that training flight instructor who reviews the cross- student pilot who is receiving training includes flight in both directions over country planning must make an for supervised PIC cross country flight the route, entering and exiting the traffic endorsement in the person’s logbook training in a multiengine airplane must pattern, and takeoffs and landings at the after reviewing that person’s cross- receive and log supervised PIC cross other airport; country planning. The endorsement country flight training on the following (ii) The flight instructor endorses that must— maneuvers and procedures: student pilot’s logbook authorizing the (A) Specify the make and model of (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR flight; aircraft to be flown; navigation using pilotage and dead Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41243 reckoning with the aid of a magnetic terrain features in the geographical area (2) Use of aircraft performance charts compass; where the cross-country flight will be pertaining to cross-country flight; (2) Use of aircraft performance charts flown; (3) Procurement and analysis of pertaining to cross-country flight; (8) Procedures for operating the aeronautical weather reports and (3) Procurement and analysis of instruments and equipment installed in forecasts, including recognition of aeronautical weather reports and the aircraft to be flown, including critical weather situations and forecasts, including recognition of recognition and use of the proper estimating visibility while in flight; critical weather situations and operational procedures and indications; (4) Emergency procedures; estimating visibility while in flight; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (5) Traffic pattern procedures that (4) Emergency procedures; and two-way communications; and include area departure, area arrival, (5) Traffic pattern procedures that (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing entry into the traffic pattern, and include area departure, area arrival, procedures. approach; entry into the traffic pattern, and (g) Maneuvers and procedures for (6) Procedures and operating practices approach; supervised PIC cross-country flight for collision avoidance, wake turbulence (6) Procedures and operating practices training in a gyroplane. A student pilot precautions, and windshear avoidance; for collision avoidance, wake turbulence who is receiving training for supervised (7) Recognition, avoidance, and precautions, and windshear avoidance; PIC cross country flight training in a operational restrictions of hazardous (7) Recognition, avoidance, and gyroplane must receive and log terrain features in the geographical area operational restrictions of hazardous supervised PIC cross country flight where the cross-country flight will be terrain features in the geographical area training on the following maneuvers flown; where the cross-country flight will be and procedures: (8) Procedures for operating the flown; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR instruments and equipment installed in (8) Procedures for operating the navigation using pilotage and dead the aircraft to be flown, including instruments and equipment installed in reckoning with the aid of a magnetic recognition and use of the proper the aircraft to be flown, including compass; operational procedures and indications; recognition and use of the proper (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; operational procedures and indications; pertaining to cross-country flight; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing (3) Procurement and analysis of and two-way communications; procedures that include high altitude, aeronautical weather reports and (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing steep, and shallow takeoffs, high forecasts, including recognition of procedures, including short field, soft altitude, steep, and shallow approaches critical weather situations and field, and crosswind takeoffs, and landings; and approaches, and landings; estimating visibility while in flight; (11) Control and maneuvering solely (11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; (4) Emergency procedures; by reference to flight instruments, (5) Traffic pattern procedures that and including straight and level flight, turns, include area departure, area arrival, (12) Control and maneuvering solely descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and entry into the traffic pattern, and by reference to flight instruments, radar directives. including straight and level flight, turns, approach; (i) Maneuvers and procedures for descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and (6) Procedures and operating practices supervised PIC cross-country flight ATC directives. for collision avoidance, wake turbulence training in a nonpowered glider. A (f) Maneuvers and procedures for precautions, and windshear avoidance; student pilot who is receiving training supervised PIC cross-country flight (7) Recognition, avoidance, and for supervised PIC cross country flight training in a helicopter. A student pilot operational restrictions of hazardous training in a nonpowered glider must who is receiving training for supervised terrain features in the geographical area receive and log supervised PIC cross PIC cross country flight training in a where the cross-country flight will be country flight training on the following helicopter must receive and log flown; maneuvers and procedures: supervised PIC cross country flight (8) Procedures for operating the (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR training on the following maneuvers instruments and equipment installed in navigation using pilotage and dead and procedures: the aircraft to be flown, including reckoning with the aid of a magnetic (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR recognition and use of the proper compass; navigation using pilotage and dead operational procedures and indications; (2) Use of aircraft performance charts reckoning with the aid of a magnetic (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation pertaining to cross-country flight; compass; and two-way communications; and (3) Procurement and analysis of (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing aeronautical weather reports and pertaining to cross-country flight; procedures, including short field and forecasts, including recognition of (3) Procurement and analysis of soft field takeoffs, approaches, and critical weather situations and aeronautical weather reports and landings. estimating visibility while in flight; forecasts, including recognition of (h) Maneuvers and procedures for (4) Emergency situations procedures; critical weather situations and supervised PIC cross-country flight (5) Traffic pattern procedures that estimating visibility while in flight; training in a powered-lift. A student include area departure, area arrival, (4) Emergency procedures; pilot who is receiving training for entry into the traffic pattern, and (5) Traffic pattern procedures that supervised PIC cross country flight approach; include area departure, area arrival, training in a powered-lift must receive (6) Procedures and operating practices entry into the traffic pattern, and and log supervised PIC cross country for collision avoidance, wake turbulence approach; flight training on the following precautions, and windshear avoidance; (6) Procedures and operating practices maneuvers and procedures: (7) Recognition, avoidance, and for collision avoidance, wake turbulence (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR operational restrictions of hazardous precautions, and windshear avoidance; navigation using pilotage and dead terrain features in the geographical area (7) Recognition, avoidance, and reckoning with the aid of a magnetic where the cross-country flight will be operational restrictions of hazardous compass; flown; 41244 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(8) Procedures for operating the (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (8) Recognition of weather and upper instruments and equipment installed in pertaining to cross-country flight; air conditions conducive for the the aircraft to be flown, including (3) Procurement and analysis of direction of cross-country flight. recognition and use of the proper aeronautical weather reports and (m) Limitations on flight instructors operational procedures and indications; forecasts, including recognition of authorizing supervised PIC cross- (9) Landings accomplished without critical weather situations and country flights. A flight instructor may the use of the altimeter from at least estimating visibility while in flight; not authorize a student pilot to conduct 2,000 feet above the surface; and (4) Emergency procedures; a supervised PIC cross-country flight (10) Recognition of weather and upper (5) Traffic pattern procedures that unless that instructor has: air conditions favorable for cross- include area departure, area arrival, (1) Determined that the student’s country soaring, ascending and entry into the traffic pattern, and cross country planning is correct for the descending flight, and altitude control. approach; flight; (j) Maneuvers and procedures for (6) Procedures and operating practices (2) Reviewed the current and forecast supervised PIC cross-country flight for collision avoidance, wake turbulence weather conditions and has determined training in a powered glider. A student precautions, and windshear avoidance; that the flight can be completed under pilot who is receiving training for (7) Recognition, avoidance, and VFR; supervised PIC cross country flight operational restrictions of hazardous (3) Determined that the student is training in a powered glider must terrain features in the geographical area proficient to conduct the flight safely; receive and log supervised PIC cross where the cross-country flight will be (4) Determined that the student has country flight training on the following flown; the appropriate supervised PIC cross- maneuvers and procedures: (8) Procedures for operating the country endorsement for the make and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR instruments and equipment installed in model of aircraft to be flown; and navigation using pilotage and dead the aircraft to be flown, including (5) Determined that the student’s reckoning with the aid of a magnetic recognition and use of the proper supervised PIC flight endorsement is compass; operational procedures and indications; current for the make and model aircraft (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation to be flown. pertaining to cross-country flight; and two-way communications; (3) Procurement and analysis of (10) Control of air pressure with § 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and aeronautical weather reports and regard to ascending and descending at airports located within Class B airspace. forecasts, including recognition of flight and altitude control; (a) A student pilot may not operate an critical weather situations and (11) Control of airship solely by aircraft on a supervised PIC flight in estimating visibility while in flight; reference to flight instruments; and Class B airspace unless the: (4) Emergency procedures; (12) Recognition of weather and upper (1) Student pilot has received both (5) Traffic pattern procedures that air conditions conducive for the ground and flight training from an include area departure, area arrival, direction of cross-country flight. authorized instructor on that Class B entry into the traffic pattern, and (l) Maneuvers and procedures for airspace area and the flight training was approach; supervised PIC cross-country flight received in the specific Class B airspace (6) Procedures and operating practices training in a balloon. A student pilot area for which supervised PIC flight is for collision avoidance, wake turbulence who is receiving training for supervised authorized; precautions, and windshear avoidance; PIC-cross country flight training in a (2) Logbook of that student pilot has (7) Recognition, avoidance, and balloon must receive and log supervised been endorsed by the flight instructor operational restrictions of hazardous PIC cross-country flight training on the who gave the student pilot flight terrain features in the geographical area following maneuvers and procedures: training, and the endorsement must be where the cross-country flight will be (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR dated within the 90-day period flown; navigation using pilotage and dead preceding the date of the flight in that (8) Procedures for operating the reckoning with the aid of a magnetic Class B airspace area; and instruments and equipment installed in compass; (3) Logbook endorsement specifies the aircraft to be flown, including (2) Use of aircraft performance charts that the student pilot has received the recognition and use of the proper pertaining to cross-country flight; required ground and flight training and operational procedures and indications; (3) Procurement and analysis of has been found proficient to conduct (9) Landings accomplished without aeronautical weather reports and supervised PIC flight in that specific the use of the altimeter from at least forecasts, including recognition of Class B airspace area. 2,000 feet above the surface; and critical weather situations and (b) A student pilot may not operate an (10) Recognition of weather and upper estimating visibility while in flight; aircraft on a supervised PIC flight to, air conditions favorable for cross- (4) Emergency procedures; from, or at an airport located within country soaring, ascending and (5) Recognition, avoidance, and Class B airspace listed in § 91.131(b) of descending flight, and altitude control. operational restrictions of hazardous this chapter unless the: (k) Maneuvers and procedures for terrain features in the geographical area (1) Student pilot has received both supervised PIC cross-country flight where the cross-country flight will be ground and flight training from an training in an airship. A student pilot flown; authorized instructor to operate at that who is receiving training for supervised (6) Procedures for operating the airport and the flight and ground PIC cross country flight training in an instruments and equipment installed in training has been received at the airship must receive and log supervised the aircraft to be flown, including specific airport for which the supervised PIC cross country flight training on the recognition and use of the proper PIC flight is authorized; following maneuvers and procedures: operational procedures and indications; (2) Logbook of that student pilot has (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR (7) Control of gas pressure or burner, been endorsed by the flight instructor navigation using pilotage and dead as appropriate, in relation to ascending who gave the student pilot flight reckoning with the aid of a magnetic and descending flight and altitude training, and the endorsement must be compass; control; and dated within the 90-day period Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41245 preceding the date of the flight at that (i) Comply with the sections of this (b) For an single engine airplane airport; and part that apply to the aircraft category rating. Areas of operation for an (3) Logbook endorsement specifies and class rating sought. airplane category rating with a single that the student pilot has received the engine class rating are the following: required ground and flight training and § 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. (1) Preflight preparation; has been found proficient to conduct (a) General. A person who applies for (2) Preflight procedures; supervised PIC flight operations at that a recreational pilot certificate must (3) Airport operations; specific airport. receive and log ground training from an (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- authorized flight or ground instructor, arounds; Subpart DÐRecreational Pilots or complete a home study course on the (5) Performance maneuvers; aeronautical knowledge areas of (6) Ground reference maneuvers; § 61.96 Applicability. paragraph (b) of this section that apply (7) Navigation; This subpart prescribes the to the aircraft category and class rating (8) Stalls and slow flight; requirement for the issuance of sought. (9) Emergency operations; and recreational pilot certificates and (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (10) Postflight procedures. ratings, the conditions under which (1) The applicable Federal Aviation (c) For a helicopter rating. Areas of those certificates and ratings are Regulations for recreational pilot operation for a rotorcraft category rating necessary, and the general operating privileges, limitations, and flight with a helicopter class rating are the rules for persons who hold those operations that apply to the aircraft following: certificates and ratings. rating sought; (1) Preflight preparation; (2) Accident reporting requirements of § 61.96a Eligibility requirements: General. (2) Preflight procedures; the National Transportation Safety (3) Airport and heliport operations; To be eligible for a recreational pilot Board; (4) Hovering maneuvers; certificate, a person who applies for that (3) Use of the applicable portions of (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go- certificate must: the ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual’’ and arounds; (a) Be at least 17 years of age; FAA advisory circulars; (6) Performance maneuvers; (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and (4) The use of aeronautical charts for (7) Ground reference maneuvers; understand the English language; VFR navigation using pilotage with the (8) Navigation; (c) Affix a signed and dated statement aid of a magnetic compass; (9) Emergency operations; and to the application certifying the person (5) The recognition of critical weather (10) Postflight procedures. does not have any known medical situations from the ground and in flight, (d) For a gyroplane rating. Areas of limitations that prevents the person windshear avoidance, and the operation for a rotorcraft category rating from operating the aircraft, for the procurement and use of aeronautical with a gyroplane class rating are the aircraft category and class rating sought; weather reports and forecasts; following: (d) Receive a logbook endorsement (6) The safe and efficient operation of (1) Preflight preparation; from an authorized flight or ground aircraft, including collision avoidance, (2) Preflight procedures; instructor who— and recognition and avoidance of wake (3) Airport operations; (1) Conducted the training or turbulence; (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- reviewed the applicant’s home study on (7) The effects of density altitude on arounds; the aeronautical knowledge areas listed takeoff and climb performance; (5) Performance maneuvers; (8) Weight and balance computations; in § 61.97(b) of this part that apply to (6) Ground reference maneuvers; the aircraft category and class rating (9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems; (7) Navigation; sought; and (8) Flight at slow airspeeds; (2) Certified that the applicant is (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques, if (9) Emergency operations; and prepared for the required knowledge (10) Postflight procedures. test. applying for an airplane-single engine (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the rating; § 61.99 Aeronautical experience. (11) Aeronautical decision making required knowledge test on the A person who applies for a and judgment; and aeronautical knowledge areas listed in (12) Preflight action that includes: recreational pilot certificate must § 61.97(b) of this part; (i) How to obtain information on accomplish and log at least 30 hours of (f) Receive flight training and a runway lengths at airports of intended flight training time that includes at logbook endorsement from the use, data on takeoff and landing least: authorized flight instructor who— distances, weather reports and forecasts, (a) Fifteen hours of flight training (1) Conducted the training on the and fuel requirements; from an authorized flight instructor on approved areas of operation listed in (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the the approved areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of this part that apply to the planned flight cannot be completed; and § 61.98 of this part that consists of at aircraft category and class rating sought; (iii) Proper planning procedures for least— and possible traffic delays. (1) Except as provided in § 61.100 of (2) Certified that the applicant is this part, 2 hours of flight training to prepared for the required practical test. § 61.98 Flight proficiency. and at an airport that is located more (g) Meet the aeronautical experience (a) General. A person who applies for than 25 nautical miles from the airport requirements of § 61.99 of this part that a recreational pilot certificate must have where the applicant normally trains, apply to the aircraft category and class received and logged ground training which includes at least 3 takeoffs and 3 rating sought; from authorized ground or flight landings; and (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the instructor, and flight training from an (2) Three hours of flight training in required practical test on the approved authorized flight instructor on the the aircraft for the rating sought in areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of approved areas of operation of this preparation for the practical test within this part that apply to the aircraft section that apply to the aircraft class the 60 days preceding the date of the category and class rating sought; and rating sought. practical test. 41246 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(b) Three hours of supervised PIC instructor on the cross country training shall not act as pilot in command of an flying in the aircraft for the rating requirements of subpart E of this part aircraft: sought, on the approved areas of that apply to the aircraft rating held; (1) Until the pilot received flight operation listed in § 61.98 of this part (2) Has been found proficient in cross training and a logbook endorsement that apply to the aircraft category and country flying, and has received a from an authorized flight instructor who class rating sought. logbook endorsement from the gave that person the flight training, and authorized flight instructor, who gave the instructor certified that the person is § 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. the person the cross country training proficient to act as pilot in command of A person who applies for a prescribed by subpart E of this part that the aircraft; or recreational pilot certificate, is based apply to the aircraft rating held; and (2) Unless the pilot has satisfactorily and receives training on a small island (3) Received a logbook endorsement, accomplished a combination of the that has only one airport, and who which is carried in the person’s requirements of §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of cannot comply with the distance possession in the aircraft, that certifies this part, which meet the requirements requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this part the person has received and been found of this paragraph. without flying over water for more than proficient on the cross training (g) The recreational pilot certificate 10 nautical miles from the nearest requirements of subpart E of this part issued under this part will carry the shoreline is subject to the following that apply to the aircraft rating held. notation on the person’s pilot certificate, limitations and conditions: (d) Except as provided in paragraph ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO (a) The applicant’s pilot certificate (h) of this section, a recreational pilot requirements.’’ will be issued with the limitation, may not act as pilot in command of an (h) A recreational pilot may operate ‘‘Passenger carrying prohibited in flights aircraft: an aircraft as the sole occupant in the more than 10 nautical miles from the (1) That is certificated for more than conditions and in an aircraft described (appropriate island).’’ four occupants, with more than one in paragraph (d) of this section, (b) Upon meeting the distance powerplant, with a powerplant of more provided the pilot: requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, than 180 horsepower, or with retractable (1) Is under the supervision of an the applicant may have the limitation in landing gear. authorized flight instructor for the paragraph (a) of this section removed. (2) That is classified as a multiengine purpose of obtaining an additional § 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, or certificate or rating; limitations. balloon; (2) Has received, within the 90-day (a) A person who holds a recreational (3) That is carrying a passenger or period preceding the date of the flight, pilot certificate may: property for compensation or hire; a logbook endorsement from an (1) Carry no more than one passenger; (4) For compensation or hire; authorized flight instructor and that and (5) In furtherance of a business; endorsement must certify the pilot has (2) Share equally the operating (6) Between sunset and sunrise; met the appropriate aeronautical expenses of a flight with a passenger, (7) In airspace in which knowledge and flight training provided the expenses involve only communication with air traffic control requirements listed in § 61.87 of this fuel, oil, and airport expenses. is required; part for the aircraft to be flown; (b) A person who holds a recreational (8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (3) Received within the 90 days pilot certificate may act as pilot in feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever preceding the date of the flight a command of an aircraft on a flight that is higher; logbook endorsement from an is within 50 nautical miles from the (9) When the flight or surface authorized flight instructor and that departure airport, provided that person: visibility is less than 3 statute miles; endorsement must certify the pilot is (1) Received ground and flight (10) Without visual reference to the proficient to operate in that airspace, for training on takeoff, departure, arrival, surface; operating an aircraft in airspace that and landing procedures at the departure (11) On a flight outside the United requires communication with air traffic airport; States; control; (2) Received ground and flight (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in (4) Received within the 90 days training on the area, terrain, and aids to flight to a prospective buyer; preceding the date of the flight, a navigation that are in the vicinity of the (13) That is used in a passenger- logbook endorsement from an departure airport; carrying airlift and sponsored by a authorized flight instructor and that (3) Has been found proficient to charitable organization; and endorsement must certify the pilot is operate the airplane at the departure (14) That is towing any object. proficient to operate the aircraft in those airport and the area within 50 nautical (e) A recreational pilot may not act as flight conditions, for an operating an miles from that airport, and has received a required pilot flight crewmember on aircraft between sunset and sunrise, and a logbook endorsement from the any aircraft for which more than one provided the flight or surface visibility authorized flight instructor who gave pilot is required by the type certificate conditions are at least 5 statute miles; the person the training prescribed by of the aircraft or the regulations under and this paragraph; and which the flight is conducted, except (5) Received a logbook endorsement (4) Received a logbook endorsement when: described in this paragraph and carried that authorizes flight, which is carried (1) Receiving flight training from an in the pilot’s physical possession in the in the person’s possession in the authorized flight instructor on board an aircraft. aircraft. airship; or (c) A person who holds a recreational (2) The other person on the aircraft is Subpart EÐPrivate Pilots pilot certificate may act as pilot in a required flight crewmember. command of an aircraft on a flight that (f) A person who holds a recreational § 61.102 Applicability. exceeds 50 nautical miles from the pilot certificate and has logged fewer This subpart prescribes the departure airport, provided that person: than 400 flight hours and has not logged requirements for the issuance of private (1) Has received ground and flight pilot-in-command time in an aircraft pilot certificates and ratings, the training from an authorized flight within the 180 days preceding the flight conditions under which those Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41247 certificates and ratings are necessary, (2) Accident reporting requirements of (12) Postflight procedures. and the general operating rules for the National Transportation Safety (c) Areas of operation for an airplane persons who hold those certificates and Board; category rating with a multiengine class ratings. (3) Use of the applicable portions of rating. Areas of operation for an the ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual’’ and airplane category rating with a § 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General. FAA advisory circulars; multiengine class rating are the To be eligible for a private pilot (4) The use of aeronautical charts for following: certificate, a person must: VFR navigation using pilotage, dead (1) Preflight preparation; (a) Be at least 17 years of age, or for reckoning, and radio aids; (2) Preflight procedures; a rating in a glider or balloon be at least (5) Radio communication procedures; (3) Airport and seaplane base 16 years of age. (6) The recognition of critical weather operations; (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and situations from the ground and in flight, (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- understand the English language. windshear avoidance, and the arounds; (c) Hold at least a current third-class procurement and use of aeronautical (5) Performance maneuvers; medical certificate issued under part 67 weather reports and forecasts; (6) Ground reference maneuvers; of this chapter, or for a rating in a glider (7) The safe and efficient operation of (7) Navigation; or balloon affix a signed and dated aircraft, including collision avoidance, (8) Stalls and slow flight; statement to the application certifying and recognition and avoidance of wake (9) Basic instrument maneuvers; that no known medical defect exists that turbulence; (10) Emergency operations; would make the person unable to pilot (8) The effects of density altitude on (11) Multiengine operations; a glider or balloon, as appropriate. takeoff and climb performance; (12) Night operations, except as (d) Receive a logbook endorsement (9) Weight and balance computations; provided in § 61.110 of this part; and from an authorized instructor who— (10) Principles of aerodynamics, (13) Postflight procedures. (1) Conducted the training or powerplants, and aircraft systems; (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft reviewed the person’s home study on (11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, category rating with a helicopter class the aeronautical knowledge areas listed and spin recovery techniques for the rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft in § 61.105(b) of this part that apply to airplane and glider category and class category rating with a helicopter class the aircraft rating sought; and ratings; rating are the following: (2) Certified that the person is (12) Aeronautical decision making (1) Preflight preparation; prepared for the required knowledge and judgment; and (2) Preflight procedures; test. (13) Preflight action that includes: (3) Airport and heliport operations; (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the (i) How to obtain information on (4) Hovering maneuvers; required knowledge test on the runway lengths at airports of intended (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go- aeronautical knowledge areas listed in use, data on takeoff and landing arounds; § 61.105(b) of this part. distances, weather reports and forecasts, (6) Performance maneuvers; (f) Receive flight training and a and fuel requirements; (7) Navigation; logbook endorsement from the (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the (8) Emergency operations; authorized instructor who— planned flight cannot be completed; and (9) Night operations, except as (1) Conducted the training on the (iii) How to plan procedures for provided in § 61.110 of this part; and approved areas of operation listed in possible traffic delays. (10) Postflight procedures. § 61.107 of this part that apply to the (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft aircraft rating sought; and § 61.107 Flight proficiency. category rating with a gyroplane class (2) Certified that the person is (a) General. A person who applies for rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft prepared for the required practical test. a private pilot certificate must receive category rating with a gyroplane class (g) Meet the aeronautical experience and log ground training from an rating are the following: requirements of this part that apply to authorized ground or flight instructor (1) Preflight preparation; the aircraft rating sought before and flight training from an authorized (2) Preflight procedures; applying for the practical test. flight instructor on the approved areas (3) Airport operations; (h) Satisfactorily accomplishes a of operation of this section that apply to (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- practical test on the approved areas of the aircraft rating sought. arounds; operation listed in § 61.107 of this part (b) Areas of operation for an airplane (5) Performance maneuvers; that apply to the aircraft rating sought. category rating with a single engine (6) Ground reference maneuvers; (i) Comply with the appropriate class rating. Areas of operation for an (7) Navigation; sections of this part that apply to the airplane category rating with a single (8) Flight at slow airspeeds; aircraft rating sought. engine class rating are the following: (9) Emergency operations; (1) Preflight preparation; (10) Night operations, except as § 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. (2) Preflight procedures; provided in § 61.110 of this part; and (a) General. A person who is applying (3) Airport and seaplane base (11) Postflight procedures. for a private pilot certificate must operations; (f) Areas of operation for a powered- receive and log ground training from an (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- lift category rating. Areas of operation authorized flight or ground instructor, arounds; for a powered-lift category rating are the or complete a home study course on the (5) Performance maneuvers; following: aeronautical knowledge areas of (6) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Preflight preparation; paragraph (b) of this section that apply (7) Navigation; (2) Preflight procedures; to the aircraft rating sought. (8) Stalls and slow flight; (3) Airport and heliport operations; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (9) Basic instrument maneuvers; (4) Hovering maneuvers; (1) The applicable Federal Aviation (10) Emergency operations; (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go- Regulations for private pilot privileges, (11) Night operations, except as arounds; limitations, and flight operations; provided in § 61.110 of this part; and (6) Performance maneuvers; 41248 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(7) Ground reference maneuvers; § 61.109 Aeronautical experience. (A) One supervised PIC cross-country (8) Navigation; (a) A person who applies for a private flight of over 100 nautical miles, (9) Stalls and slow flight; pilot certificate with an airplane, landings at a minimum of three points, (10) Basic instrument maneuvers; rotorcraft, or powered-lift category and one route of the flight being a (11) Emergency operations; rating must accomplish and log at least straight line distance of at least 50 (12) Night operations, except as 40 hours of flight time that includes at nautical miles between the takeoff and provided in § 61.110 of this part; and least 20 hours of flight training time landing locations; and (13) Postflight procedures. from an authorized flight instructor and (B) Three takeoffs and three landings (g) Areas of operation for a glider 5 hours of supervised PIC flight time, on to a full stop (with each landing category rating with a non-powered the approved areas of operation listed in involving a flight in the traffic pattern) class rating. Areas of operation for a § 61.107 of this part, and the training at an airport with an operating control glider category rating with a non- must include at least: tower. powered class rating are the following: (1) For an airplane single engine (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter rating. (1) Preflight preparation; rating. (i) Three hours of cross-country flight (2) Preflight procedures; (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter; (3) Airport and gliderport operations; training in a single engine airplane; (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (4) Launches and landings; (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training (5) Performance speeds; this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a helicopter that includes— (6) Soaring techniques; in a single engine airplane that (A) One cross country flight of over 50 (7) Performance maneuvers; includes— nautical miles duration; and (8) Navigation; (A) One cross country flight of over (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a (9) Stalls and slow flight; 100 nautical miles duration; and full stop (with each landing involving a (10) Emergency operations; and (B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (11) Postflight procedures. full stop (with each landing involving a (iii) Three hours of flight training in (h) Areas of operation for a glider flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. preparation for the practical test in a category rating with a powered class (iii) Three hours of instrument flight helicopter, and must have been rating. Areas of operation for a glider training in a single engine airplane; performed within 60 days preceding the category rating with a powered class (iv) Three hours of flight training in date of the test; and rating are the following: preparation for the practical test in a (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a (1) Preflight preparation; single engine airplane, and must have helicopter, consisting of at least— (2) Preflight procedures; been performed within 60 days (A) One supervised PIC cross-country (3) Airport and gliderport operations; preceding the date of the test; and flight of over 50 nautical miles, landings (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (v) Supervised PIC flying in a single at a minimum of three points, and one arounds; engine airplane, consisting of at least— route of the flight being a straight line (5) Performance speeds; (A) One supervised PIC cross-country distance of at least 25 nautical miles (6) Soaring techniques; flight of over 100 nautical miles, between the takeoff and landing (7) Performance maneuvers; landings at a minimum of three points, locations; and (8) Navigation; and one route of the flight being a (B) Three takeoffs and three landings (9) Stalls and slow flight; straight line distance of at least 50 to a full stop (with each landing (10) Emergency operations; and nautical miles between the takeoff and involving a flight in the traffic pattern) (11) Postflight procedures. landing locations; and at an airport with an operating control (i) Areas of operation for a lighter- (B) Three takeoffs and three landings tower. than-air category rating with an airship to a full stop (with each landing (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane rating. class rating. Areas of operation for a involving a flight in the traffic pattern) (i) Three hours of cross-country flight lighter-than-air category rating with an at an airport with an operating control training in a gyroplane; airship class rating are the following: tower. (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (1) Preflight preparation; (2) For an airplane multiengine rating. this part, 3 hours of night flight training (2) Preflight procedures; (i) Three hours of cross-country flight in a gyroplane that includes— (3) Airport operations; training in a multiengine airplane; (A) One cross country flight of over 50 (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of nautical miles duration; and arounds; this part, 3 hours of night flight training (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a (5) Performance maneuvers; in a multiengine airplane that full stop (with each landing involving a (6) Ground reference maneuvers; includes— flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. (7) Navigation; (A) One cross country flight of over (iii) Three hours of flight training in (8) Emergency operations; and 100 nautical miles duration; and preparation for the practical test in a (9) Postflight procedures. (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a gyroplane, and must have been (j) Areas of operation for a lighter- full stop (with each landing involving a performed within the 60-day period than-air category rating with a balloon flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. preceding the date of the test; and class rating. Areas of operation for a (iii) Three hours of instrument flight (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a lighter-than-air category rating with a training in a multiengine airplane; gyroplane, and consisting of at least— balloon class rating are the following: (iv) Three hours of flight training in (A) One supervised PIC cross-country (1) Preflight preparation; preparation for the practical test in a flight of over 50 nautical miles, landings (2) Preflight procedures; multiengine airplane, and must have at a minimum of three points, and one (3) Balloonport operations; been performed within the 60-day route of the flight being a straight line (4) Lift-offs and landings; period preceding the date of the test; distance of at least 25 nautical miles (5) Performance maneuvers; and between the takeoff and landing (6) Navigation; (v) Supervised PIC flying in a locations; and (7) Emergency operations; and multiengine airplane, consisting of at (B) Three takeoffs and three landings (8) Postflight procedures. least— to a full stop (with each landing Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41249 involving a flight in the traffic pattern) complying with the requirements of § 61.110 Night flying exceptions for private at an airport with an operating control paragraphs (c) (1) through (4), as pilot certification. tower. appropriate, must log and receive at A person is not required to comply (5) For a powered-lift rating. least 5 flights of flight training and 2 with the night flying requirements of (i) Three hours of cross-country flight supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered this subpart: training in a powered-lift; glider using a winch or auto tow on the (a) If that person has a medical (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of appropriate approved areas of operation restriction from operating an aircraft at this part, 3 hours of night flight training listed in § 61.107(g) of this part. night, then that person may— in a powered-lift that includes— (c) For an airship rating. A person (1) Be issued a permanent private (A) One cross country flight of over who applies for a private pilot pilot certificate with the limitation 100 nautical miles duration; and certificate with a lighter-than-air ‘‘Night flying prohibited;’’ and (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a category and airship class rating must (2) Have that limitation removed if the full stop (with each landing involving a receive and log at least 25 hours of flight condition which was the basis for the flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. training in airships on the approved medical restriction is corrected, and the (iii) Three hours of instrument flight areas of operation listed in § 61.107(i) of person accomplishes the appropriate training in a powered-lift; this part, which consists of at least: night flying requirements of this (iv) Three hours of flight training in subpart. preparation for the practical test in a (1) Three hours of cross-country flight (b) If that person receives flight powered-lift, and must have been training in an airship; training in the State of Alaska and is not performed within the 60-day period (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of able to accomplish the training, then preceding the date of the test; and this part, 3 hours of night flight training that person— (v) Supervised PIC flying in a in an airship that includes— (1) May be issued a temporary pilot powered-lift, consisting of at least— (i) A cross country flight of over 25 certificate for only 12 calendar months, (A) One supervised PIC cross-country nautical miles; and with a limitation ‘‘Night flying flight of over 100 nautical miles, (ii) Five takeoffs and 5 landings to a prohibited;’’ landings at a minimum of three points, full stop (with each landing involving a (2) Must comply with the appropriate and one route of the flight being a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport. night flying requirements of this subpart straight line distance of at least 50 within the 12-calendar month period nautical miles between the takeoff and (3) Three hours of instrument flight following issuance of the temporary landing locations; and training in an airship; private pilot certificate, or the certificate (B) Three takeoffs and three landings (4) Three hours of flight training in an will be suspended until the person to a full stop (with each landing airship in preparation for the practical complies with the appropriate night involving a flight in the traffic pattern) test within the 60 days preceding the flying requirements of this subpart; and at an airport with an operating control date of the test; and (3) May have the ‘‘Night flying tower. (5) Five hours of supervised PIC flight prohibited’’ limitation of this section (b) For a glider rating. A person who training in an airship and with an removed if the person— applies for a private pilot certificate authorized flight instructor. (i) Accomplishes the appropriate with a glider category and class rating (d) For a balloon rating. A person who night flight training requirements of this must accomplish and log the following applies for a private pilot certificate subpart in the category and class of flight time and training requirements: with a lighter-than-air category and aircraft for which night flying privileges (1) At least 10 hours of flight training balloon class rating must receive and log are sought; and 20 flights on the approved areas of at least 10 hours of flight training that (ii) Presents to an examiner, a logbook operation listed in § 61.107 of this part includes at least 6 training flights, on or training record endorsement from an that apply to the glider class rating the approved areas of operation listed in authorized flight instructor that verifies sought; or § 61.107(j) of this part, that includes: accomplishment of the night flying (2) A person who has logged at least requirements of this subpart that are 40 hours of flight time in heavier-than- (1) Gas balloon. If the training is being appropriate to the category and class air aircraft or who already holds a performed in a gas balloon, the training aircraft for which night flying privileges category and class rating in a glider, must include at least two flights of 2 are sought; and must perform at least 5 hours of flight hours each that consists of— (iii) Satisfactorily accomplishes the training and 10 flights, on the approved (i) At least one training flight that night operations portion of the practical areas of operation listed in § 61.107 of covers the approved areas of operation test that are appropriate to the category this part that apply to the glider class appropriate to a gas balloon within 60 and class of aircraft for which night rating sought. days prior to application for the rating; flying privileges are sought. (3) At least two supervised PIC flights and on the approved areas of operation (ii) At least one supervised PIC flight § 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands. listed in § 61.107 that apply to the glider in a gas balloon. class rating sought. A person who applies for a private (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If (4) The flight training requirements in pilot certificate and who cannot comply the training is being performed in a paragraphs (c) (1) or (2) of this section with the cross-country distance balloon with an airborne heater, the must include at least 3 flights of flight requirements of this subpart without training must include at least— training in preparation for the practical flying over water for more than 10 test within the 60-day period preceding (i) Two training flights of one hour nautical miles from the nearest the test and in the class of glider for the each that covers the approved areas of shoreline, is not required to comply rating sought. operation appropriate to a balloon with with the cross-country distance (5) A person applying for a glider an airborne heater within 60 days prior requirements of this subpart for cross- category rating with a nonpowered class to application for the rating; and country flight. The person is subject to rating seeks privileges for ground (ii) One supervised PIC flight in a the following limitations and launch procedures, in addition to balloon with an airborne heater. conditions: 41250 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(a) The person’s pilot certificate will (5) Each aircraft used for the certificated for more than one pilot, nor be issued with the limitation noted, charitable event is airworthy, in may that pilot act as second in ‘‘Passenger carrying prohibited in flights accordance with the applicable sections command of such an aircraft that is more than 10 nautical miles from the of subpart E of part 91 of this chapter. carrying passengers or property for (appropriate island).’’ (6) Each flight for the charitable event compensation or hire. (b) Upon meeting the cross-country is made during day-VFR conditions. distance requirements in this subpart, (7) The charitable organization is an §§ 61.118 through 61.120 [Reserved] the person may have the limitation in organization identified as such by the Subpart FÐCommercial Pilots paragraph (a) of this section removed. U.S. Department of Treasury regulations. § 61.121 Applicability. § 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command. (e) A private pilot may be reimbursed This subpart prescribes the for aircraft operating expenses that are (a) Except as provided in paragraphs requirements for the issuance of directly related to and for search and (b) through (f) of this section, no person commercial pilot certificates and location operations, provided the who holds a private pilot certificate may ratings, the conditions under which operation is sanctioned and under the act as pilot in command of an aircraft those certificates and ratings are direction and control of: that is carrying passengers or property necessary, and the general operating (1) A local, state, or Federal law for compensation or hire; nor may that rules for persons who hold those enforcement agency; or person, for compensation or hire, act as certificates and ratings. (2) An organization that conducts pilot in command of an aircraft. § 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General. (b) A private pilot may, for search and location operations. compensation or hire, act as pilot in (f) A private pilot who meets the To be eligible for a commercial pilot command of an aircraft in connection requirements of § 61.69 of this part may certificate, a person must: with any business or employment if: act as pilot in command of an aircraft (a) Be at least 18 years of age; (1) The flight is only incidental to that towing a glider. (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language; business or employment; and § 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. (2) The aircraft does not carry (c) Hold at least a current third-class passengers or property for compensation (a) If a person who applies for private medical certificate issued under part 67 or hire. pilot certificate with a balloon rating of this chapter, or for a rating in a glider (c) A private pilot may share equally takes a practical test in a balloon with or balloon affix a signed and dated the operating expenses of a flight with an airborne heater: statement to the application certifying passengers, provided the expenses (1) The pilot certificate will contain a that no known medical defect exists that involve only fuel, oil, and airport limitation restricting the exercise of the would make the person unable to pilot expenditures. privilege of that certificate to a balloon a glider or balloon, as appropriate; (d) No person who holds a private with an airborne heater; and (d) Receive a logbook endorsement pilot certificate may act as pilot in (2) The limitation may be removed from an authorized instructor who— command of an aircraft for a passenger- when the person obtains the required (1) Conducted the required ground carrying airlift that is sponsored by a aeronautical experience in a gas balloon training or reviewed the person’s home charitable organization described in and receives a logbook endorsement study on the aeronautical knowledge paragraph (d)(7) of this section, for from an authorized instructor who areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that which the passengers are only making a attests to the person’s accomplishment apply to the aircraft category and class donation to the organization, unless the of the required aeronautical experience rating sought; and following requirements are met: and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas (2) Certified that the person is (1) The sponsor of the airlift notifies balloon. prepared for the required knowledge the FAA Flight Standards District Office (b) If a person who applies for a test that apply to the aircraft category with jurisdiction over the area private pilot certificate with a balloon and class rating sought. concerned at least 7 days before the rating takes a practical test in a gas (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the event and furnishes— balloon: required knowledge test on the (i) A signed letter from the sponsor (1) The pilot certificate will contain a aeronautical knowledge areas listed in that shows the name of the sponsor, the limitation restricting the exercise of the § 61.125 of this part; purpose of the charitable event, the date privilege of that certificate to a gas (f) Received the required training and and time of the event, and the location balloon; and a logbook endorsement from the of the event; and (2) The limitation may be removed authorized instructor who— (ii) A photocopy of each pilot in when the person obtains the required (1) Conducted the training on the command’s pilot certificate, medical aeronautical experience in a balloon approved areas of operation listed in certificate, and logbook entries that with an airborne heater and receives a § 61.127 of this part that apply to the show the pilot is current in accordance logbook endorsement from an aircraft category and class rating sought; with §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of this part and authorized instructor who attests to the and has logged at least 200 hours of flight person’s accomplishment of the (2) Certified that the person is time. required aeronautical experience and prepared for the required practical test. (2) The charitable event takes place at ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon (g) Meet the aeronautical experience a public airport that is adequate for the with an airborne heater. requirements of this subpart that apply aircraft to be used or at an airport that to the aircraft category and class rating has been approved by the FAA for the § 61.117 Private pilot privileges and sought before applying for the practical operation. limitations: Second in command of aircraft test; (3) No acrobatic or formation flights requiring more than one pilot. (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the are conducted. Except as provided in § 61.113 of this required practical test on the approved (4) Each aircraft used for the part, no private pilot may, for areas of operation listed in § 61.127 of charitable event holds a standard compensation or hire, act as second in this part that apply to the aircraft airworthiness certificate. command of an aircraft that is type category and class rating sought; and Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41251

(i) Hold at least a private pilot (7) Navigation; (2) Preflight procedures; certificate. (8) Stalls and slow flight; (3) Airport and gliderport operations; (9) Emergency operations; (4) Launches and landings; § 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. (10) High altitude operations; and (5) Performance speeds; (a) General. A person who applies for (11) Postflight procedures. (6) Soaring techniques; a commercial pilot certificate must (c) Areas of operation for an airplane (7) Performance maneuvers; receive and log ground training, or category rating with a multiengine class (8) Navigation; accomplish a home study course, on the rating. (9) Stalls and slow flight; aeronautical knowledge areas of this (1) Preflight preparation; (10) Emergency operations; and section that apply to the aircraft (2) Preflight procedures; (11) Postflight procedures. category and class rating sought. (3) Airport and seaplane base (h) Areas of operation for a glider (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. operations; category rating with a powered class (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- rating. that apply to commercial pilot arounds; (1) Preflight preparation; privileges, limitations, and flight (5) Performance maneuvers; (2) Preflight procedures; operations; (6) Navigation; (3) Airport and gliderport operations; (2) Accident reporting requirements of (7) Stalls and slow flight; (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- the National Transportation Safety (8) Emergency operations; arounds; Board; (9) Multiengine operations; (5) Performance speeds; (3) Basic aerodynamics and the (10) High altitude operations; and (6) Soaring techniques; principles of flight; (11) Postflight procedures. (7) Performance maneuvers; (4) Meteorology to include recognition (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft (8) Navigation; of critical weather situations, windshear category rating with a helicopter class (9) Stalls and slow flight; recognition and avoidance, and the use rating. (10) Emergency operations; and of aeronautical weather reports and (1) Preflight preparation; (11) Postflight procedures. forecasts; (2) Preflight procedures; (i) Areas of operation for a lighter- (5) The safe and efficient operation of (3) Airport and heliport operations; than-air category rating with an airship aircraft; (4) Hovering maneuvers; class rating. (6) Weight and balance computations; (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (1) Preflight preparation; (7) Use of performance charts; arounds; (2) Preflight procedures; (8) Significance and effects of (6) Performance maneuvers; (3) Airport operations; exceeding aircraft performance (7) Navigation; (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- limitations; (8) Emergency operations; arounds; (9) Use of aeronautical charts and (9) Special operations; and (5) Performance maneuvers; magnetic compass for pilotage and dead (10) Postflight procedures. (6) Ground reference maneuvers; reckoning; (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft (7) Navigation; (10) Use of air navigation facilities; category rating with a gyroplane class (8) Emergency operations; and (11) Aeronautical decision making rating. (9) Postflight procedures. and judgment; (1) Preflight preparation; (j) Areas of operation for a lighter- (12) Principles and functions of (2) Preflight procedures; than-air category rating with a balloon aircraft systems; (3) Airport operations; class rating. (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (1) Preflight preparation; emergency operations appropriate to the arounds; (2) Preflight procedures; aircraft; (5) Performance maneuvers; (3) Balloonport operations; (14) Night and high altitude (6) Ground reference maneuvers; (4) Lift-offs and landings; operations; and (7) Navigation; (5) Performance maneuvers; (15) Descriptions of and procedures (8) Flight at slow airspeeds; (6) Navigation; for operating within the National (9) Emergency operations; and (7) Emergency operations; and Airspace System. (10) Postflight procedures. (8) Postflight procedures. (f) Areas of operation for a powered- § 61.127 Flight proficiency. lift category rating. § 61.129 Aeronautical experience. (a) General. A person who applies for (1) Preflight preparation; (a) For an airplane single engine a commercial pilot certificate must (2) Preflight procedures; rating. A person who applies for a receive and log ground and flight (3) Airport and heliport operations; commercial pilot certificate with an training on the approved areas of (4) Hovering maneuvers; airplane category and single engine operation of this section that apply to (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go- class rating must accomplish and log at the aircraft category and class rating arounds; least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot sought. (6) Performance maneuvers; (of which 50 hours may have been (b) Areas of operation for an airplane (7) Ground reference maneuvers; accomplished in an approved flight category rating with a single engine (8) Navigation; simulator or flight training device that is class rating. (9) Stalls and slow flight; representative of a single engine (1) Preflight preparation; (10) Emergency operations; airplane) that consists of at least: (2) Preflight procedures; (11) High altitude operations; (1) One hundred hours in powered (3) Airport and seaplane base (12) Special operations; and aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in operations; (13) Postflight procedures. airplanes; (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (g) Areas of operation for a glider (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in- arounds; category rating with a non-powered command flight time, which includes at (5) Performance maneuvers; class rating. least— (6) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Preflight preparation; (i) Fifty hours in airplanes; and 41252 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight (i) Fifty hours in airplanes; and (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in- in airplanes. (ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight command flight time, which includes at (3) Twenty hours of training on the in airplanes. least— approved areas of operation listed in (3) Twenty hours of training on the (i) Thirty-five hours in helicopters; § 61.127(b) of this part that includes at approved areas of operation listed in and least— § 61.127(c) of this part that includes at (ii) Ten hours in cross-country flight (i) Five hours of instrument training least— in helicopters. (3) Twenty hours of training on the in a single engine airplane; (i) Five hours of instrument training (ii) Ten hours of training in a single approved areas of operation listed in in a multiengine airplane; engine airplane that has a retractable § 61.127(d) of this part that includes at landing gear, flaps, and a controllable (ii) Ten hours of training in a least— pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered; multiengine airplane that has a (i) Five hours of instrument training (iii) One cross-country flight in a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a in a helicopter; single engine airplane of at least 2 hours controllable pitch propeller, or is (ii) One cross-country flight in a in duration, a total straight-line distance turbine-powered; helicopter of at least 2 hours in of more than 100 nautical miles from (iii) One cross-country flight in a duration, a total straight-line distance of the original point of departure, and multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours more than 50 nautical miles from the occurring in day-VFR conditions; in duration, a total straight-line distance original point of departure, and (iv) One cross-country flight in a of more than 100 nautical miles from occurring in day-VFR conditions; single engine airplane of at least 2 hours the original point of departure, and (iii) One cross-country flight in a in duration, a total straight-line distance occurring in day-VFR conditions; helicopter of at least 2 hours in of more than 100 nautical miles from (iv) One cross-country flight in a duration, a total straight-line distance of the original point of departure, and multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours more than 50 nautical miles from the occurring in night-VFR conditions; and in duration, a total straight-line distance original point of departure, and (v) Three hours in a single engine of more than 100 nautical miles from occurring in night-VFR conditions; and airplane in preparation for the practical the original point of departure, and (iv) Three hours in a helicopter in test within the 60-day period preceding occurring in night-VFR conditions; and preparation for the practical test within the date of the test. (v) Three hours in a multiengine the 60-day period preceding the date of (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying airplane in preparation for the practical the test. (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane on the test within the 60-day period preceding in a helicopter on the approved areas of approved areas of operation listed in the date of the test. operation listed in § 61.127(d) of this § 61.127(b) of this part, which includes (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying at least— part, which includes at least— in a multiengine airplane on the (i) One cross-country flight with (i) One cross-country flight, if the approved areas of operation listed in landings at a minimum of three points, training is being performed in the state § 61.127(c) of this part, which includes and one of the routes having a straight- of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight at least— line distance of at least 50 nautical must involve landings at a minimum of (i) One cross-country flight, if the miles from the original point of three points and one of the routes training is being performed in the state departure; and having a straight-line distance of at least of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight (ii) Five hours in night-VFR 150 nautical miles; must involve landings at a minimum of conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 (ii) One cross-country flight, if the three points and one of the routes landings (with each landing involving a training is being performed in a State having a straight-line distance of at least flight with a traffic pattern). other than Hawaii, then that cross- 150 nautical miles; (d) For a gyroplane rating. A person country flight must involve landings at (ii) One cross-country flight, if the who applies for a commercial pilot a minimum of three points and one of training is being performed in a State certificate with a rotorcraft category and the routes having a straight-line distance other than Hawaii, then that cross- gyroplane class rating must accomplish of at least 250 nautical miles; and country flight must involve landings at and log at least 150 hours of flight time (iii) Five hours in night-VFR a minimum of three points and one of as a pilot (of which 5 hours may have conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 the routes having a straight-line distance been accomplished in an approved landings (with each landing involving a of at least 250 nautical miles; and flight simulator or flight training device flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport (iii) Five hours in night-VFR that is representative of a gyroplane) with an operating control tower. that consists of at least: (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a (1) One hundred hours in powered A person who applies for a commercial aircraft, of which 25 hours must be in pilot certificate with an airplane flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. gyroplanes; category and multiengine class rating (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in- (c) For a helicopter rating. A person must accomplish and log at least 250 command flight time, which includes at who applies for a commercial pilot hours of flight time as a pilot (of which least— 50 hours may have been accomplished certificate with a rotorcraft category and (i) Ten hours in gyroplanes; and in an approved flight simulator or flight helicopter class rating must accomplish (ii) Three hours in cross-country flight training device that is representative of and log at least 150 hours of flight time in gyroplanes. a multiengine airplane) that consists of as a pilot (of which 25 hours may have (3) Twenty hours of training on the at least: been accomplished in an approved approved areas of operation listed in (1) One hundred hours in powered flight simulator or flight training device § 61.127(d) of this part that includes at aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in that is representative of a helicopter) least— airplanes; that consists of at least: (i) Five hours of instrument training (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in- (1) One hundred hours in powered in a gyroplane; command flight time, which includes at aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in (ii) One cross-country flight in a least— helicopters; gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41253 a total straight-line distance of more (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying includes at least 10 flights in a powered than 50 nautical miles from the original in a powered-lift on the approved areas glider; or point of departure, and occurring in of operation listed in § 61.127(e) of this (2) Two hundred hours in heavier- day-VFR conditions; part, which includes at least— than-air aircraft, and 20 flights in gliders (iii) One cross-country flight in a (i) One cross-country flight, if the as pilot in command, which includes at gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, training is being performed in the state least 10 flights in a powered glider. a total straight-line distance of more of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight (3) The flight time requirements in than 50 nautical miles from the original must involve landings at a minimum of paragraph (f)(1) or (2) of this section point of departure, and occurring in three points and one of the routes must consist of at least the following night-VFR conditions; and having a straight-line distance of at least flight training in a powered glider— (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane in 150 nautical miles; (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 preparation for the practical test within (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training flights on the approved areas of the 60-day period preceding the date of training is being performed in a State operation listed in § 61.127(h) of this the test. other than Hawaii, then that cross- part; and (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying country flight must involve landings at (ii) Three flights in preparation for the in a gyroplane on the approved areas of a minimum of three points and one of practical test within the 60-day period operation listed in § 61.127(e) of this the routes having a straight-line distance preceding the date of the test. part, which includes at least— of at least 250 nautical miles; and (4) Five supervised PIC flights in a (i) One cross-country flight with (iii) Five hours in night-VFR powered glider on the approved areas of landings at a minimum of three points, conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 operation listed in § 61.127(h) of this and one of the routes having a straight- landings (with each landing involving a part. line distance of at least 50 nautical flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport (h) For an airship rating. A person miles from the original point of with an operating control tower. who applies for a commercial pilot departure; and (f) For a glider-nonpowered rating. A certificate with a lighter-than-air (ii) Five hours in night-VFR person who applies for a commercial category and airship class rating must conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 certificate with a glider category and accomplish and log at least 200 hours of landings (with each landing involving a nonpowered class rating must flight time as a pilot, which includes at flight with a traffic pattern). accomplish and log at least: least the following hours: (1) Fifty hours in airships; (e) For a powered-lift rating. A person (1) Twenty-five hours and 100 flights (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command who applies for a commercial pilot in gliders as pilot in command, which time in airships, which consists of at certificate with a powered-lift category includes at least 10 flights in a least— rating must accomplish and log at least nonpowered glider; or 250 hours of flight time as a pilot (of (i) Ten hours of cross-country flight (2) Two hundred hours in heavier- which 50 hours may have been time in airships; and than-air aircraft, and 20 flights in gliders accomplished in an approved flight (ii) Ten hours of night flight time in as pilot in command, which includes at simulator or flight training device that is airships. least 10 flights in a nonpowered glider. representative of a powered-lift) that (3) Twenty hours of training in (3) The flight time requirements in consists of at least: airships on the approved areas of paragraph (f) (1) or (2) of this section (1) One hundred hours in powered operation listed in § 61.127(i) of this must consist of at least the following aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in part, which includes at least— flight training in a nonpowered glider— a powered-lift; (i) Three hours in an airship in (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in- (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 preparation for the practical test within command flight time, which includes at training flights on the approved areas of the 60-day period preceding the date of least— operation listed in § 61.127(g) of this the test; (i) Fifty hours in a powered-lift; and part; and (ii) Five hours of instrument training (ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight (ii) Three flights in preparation for the in airships; in a powered-lift. practical test within the 60-day period (iii) One cross-country flight in an (3) Twenty hours of training on the preceding the date of the test. airship of at least 1 hour in duration, a approved areas of operation listed in (4) Five supervised PIC flights in a total straight-line distance of more than § 61.127(e) of this part that includes at nonpowered glider on the approved 25 nautical miles from the original point least— areas of operation listed in § 61.127(g) of of departure, and occurring in day-VFR (i) Five hours of instrument training this part. conditions; and in a powered-lift; (5) If an applicant with a glider (iv) One cross-country flight in an (ii) One cross-country flight in a category rating and a nonpowered class airship of at least 1 hour in duration, a powered-lift of at least 2 hours in rating seeks privileges for ground total straight-line distance of more than duration, a total straight-line distance of launch procedures, that person must 25 nautical miles from the original point more than 100 nautical miles from the accomplish and log at least five training of departure, and occurring in night- original point of departure, and flights and two supervised PIC flights in VFR conditions. occurring in day-VFR conditions; a nonpowered glider using a winch or (4) Ten hours of pilot in command (iv) One cross-country flight in a auto tow on the applicable areas of flight training with an authorized flight powered-lift of at least 2 hours in operation listed in § 61.127(g) of this instructor in airships, on the approved duration, a total straight-line distance of part. areas of operation listed in § 61.127(i) of more than 100 nautical miles from the (g) For a glider-powered rating. A this part, which includes at least— original point of departure, and person who applies for a commercial (i) One cross-country flight with occurring in night-VFR conditions; and certificate with a glider category and landings at a minimum of three points, (v) Three hours in a powered-lift in powered class rating must accomplish and one of the routes having a straight- preparation for the practical test within and log at least: line distance of at least 25 nautical the 60-day period preceding the date of (1) Twenty-five hours and 100 flights miles from the original point of the test. in gliders as pilot in command, which departure; and 41254 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(ii) Five hours in night-VFR (2) Must comply with the appropriate balloon rating takes a practical test in a conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 night flying requirements of this subpart balloon with an airborne heater: landings (with each landing involving a within 12 calendar months following (i) The pilot certificate will contain a flight with a traffic pattern). issuance of the temporary commercial limitation restricting the exercise of the (i) For a balloon rating. A person who pilot certificate, or the certificate will be privilege of that certificate to a balloon applies for a commercial pilot certificate suspended until the person complies with an airborne heater; and with a lighter-than-air category and a with the appropriate night flying (ii) The limitation may be removed balloon class rating must accomplish requirements of this subpart. when the person obtains the required and log at least 35 hours of flight time (3) May have the ‘‘Night flying aeronautical experience in a gas balloon as a pilot, which includes at least the prohibited’’ limitation of this section and receives a logbook endorsement following requirements: removed if the person— from an authorized instructor who (1) Twenty hours in balloons; (i) Accomplishes the appropriate attests to the person’s accomplishment (2) Ten flights in balloons; night flight training requirements of this of the required aeronautical experience (3) Two flights in balloons as the pilot subpart in the category and class of and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas in command; and aircraft for which night flying privileges balloon. (4) Ten hours of flight training that are sought; (3) If a person who applies for a includes at least 10 training flights in (ii) Presents to an examiner, a logbook commercial pilot certificate with a balloons on the approved areas of balloon rating takes a practical test in a operation listed in § 61.127(j) of this or training record endorsement from an authorized flight instructor that verifies gas balloon: part, which consist of at least— (i) The pilot certificate will contain a (i) If the training is received in a gas accomplishment of the night flying requirements of this subpart that are limitation restricting the exercise of the balloon, the training must include at privilege of that certificate to a gas least— appropriate to the category and class aircraft for which night flying privileges balloon; and (A) Two training flights of 2 hours (ii) The limitation may be removed are sought; and each in a gas balloon that covers the when the person obtains the required (iii) Accomplishes the night approved areas of operation appropriate aeronautical experience in a balloon operations portion of the practical test to a gas balloon within 60 days prior to with an airborne heater and receives a that are appropriate to the category and application for the rating; and logbook endorsement from an class of aircraft for which night flying (B) Two supervised PIC flights in a authorized instructor who attests to the privileges are sought. gas balloon on the approved areas of person’s accomplishment of the operation. § 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and required aeronautical experience and (ii) If the training is received in a limitations: General. ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon balloon with an airborne heater, the with an airborne heater. training must include at least— (a) Privileges. A person who holds a (A) Two training flights of 1 hour each commercial pilot certificate may act as § 61.135 through 61.141 [Reserved] in a balloon with an airborne heater that pilot in command of an aircraft for: covers the approved areas of operation (1) Carrying persons or property for Subpart GÐAirline Transport Pilots appropriate to a balloon with an compensation or hire, provided the § 61.151 Applicability. airborne heater within 60 days prior to person is qualified in accordance with application for the rating; and this part and with the applicable other This subpart prescribes the (B) Two supervised PIC flights in a parts of this chapter that apply to the requirements for the issuance of airline balloon with an airborne heater on the operation; and transport pilot certificates and ratings, approved areas of operation. (2) Compensation or hire, provided the conditions under which those the person is qualified in accordance certificates and ratings are necessary, § 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying with this part and with the applicable and the general operating rules for requirements for the commercial pilot persons who hold those certificates and certificate. other parts of this chapter, that apply to the operation. ratings. A person is not required to comply (b) Limitations. with the night flying requirements of § 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General. this subpart: (1) A person who applies for a To be eligible for an airline transport (a) If that person has a medical commercial pilot certificate with an pilot certificate, a person must: restriction from operating an aircraft at airplane category, airship class, or (a) Be at least 23 years of age; night, then that person may— powered-lift category rating, and does (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and (1) Be issued a permanent commercial not hold an instrument rating in the understand the English language; pilot certificate with the limitation same category and class will be issued (c) Be of good moral character; ‘‘Night flying prohibited;’’ and a commercial pilot certificate that (d) Hold at least a current third-class (2) Have that limitation removed if the contains the limitation, ‘‘The carriage of medical certificate issued under part 67 condition which was the basis for the passengers for hire in (airplanes) of this chapter; medical restriction is corrected, and the (airships) (powered lifts) on cross- (e) Meet at least one of the following person accomplishes the appropriate country flights in excess of 50 nautical requirements— night flying requirements of this miles or at night is prohibited.’’ The (1) Hold at least a commercial pilot subpart. limitation may be removed when the certificate and an instrument rating; (b) If that person receives flight person satisfactorily accomplishes the (2) Meet the requirements of § 61.73 of training in the State of Alaska and is not requirements listed in § 61.65 of this this part to qualify for a commercial able to accomplish the training, then part for an instrument rating in the same pilot certificate and an instrument rating that person— category and class of aircraft listed on if the person is a rated pilot in the U.S. (1) May be issued a temporary pilot the person’s commercial pilot military; or certificate for only 12 calendar months, certificate. (3) Hold either a foreign airline with a limitation ‘‘Night flying (2) If a person who applies for transport pilot or foreign commercial prohibited;’’ and commercial pilot certificate with a pilot license and an instrument rating if Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41255 the person holds a pilot license issued formulas, and computations, and the airline transport pilot certificate or an by a member State to the International effects on aircraft performance that aircraft type rating concurrently with an Civil Aviation Organization. apply to the aircraft category and class airline transport pilot certificate, and (f) Meet the aeronautical experience rating sought; who is an employee of a part 119 requirements of this subpart that apply (10) Aircraft aerodynamics relating to certificate holder operating under part to the aircraft category and class rating the aircraft’s flight characteristics, 121 or part 135, may present a training sought before applying for the practical performance, and normal and abnormal record that shows satisfactory test; flight regimes and characteristics that completion of that certificate holder’s (g) Satisfactorily accomplish the apply to the aircraft category and class approved pilot-in-command training knowledge test on the aeronautical rating sought; program for the aircraft type rating knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) of this (11) Flight crewmember physiological sought, instead of complying with the part that apply to the aircraft category factors; requirements of paragraph (b) of this and class rating sought; (12) Aeronautical decision making section. (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the and judgment; and (d) A person who successfully practical test on the applicable (13) Flight deck resource management completes an airline transport pilot approved areas of operation listed in to include crew communications and practical test, the type rating(s), if § 61.157(d) of this part that apply to the coordination. appropriate, on the superseded pilot aircraft category and class rating sought; certificate shall be brought forward to § 61.157 Flight proficiency. and the airline transport pilot certificate (i) Comply with the sections of this (a) General. level provided the practical test was part that apply to the aircraft category (1) The practical test for an airline accomplished in that category and class and class rating sought. transport pilot certificate is given for: of aircraft. If the type rating(s) for that (i) An airplane category and single- § 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. category and class of aircraft on the engine class rating with an airplane type (a) General. The knowledge test for an superseded pilot certificate is limited to rating if a type rating is required; VFR, that limitation shall be carried airline transport pilot certificate is based (ii) An airplane category and forward to the person’s airline transport on the aeronautical knowledge areas multiengine class rating with an pilot certificate level. listed in paragraph (c) of this section. airplane type rating if a type rating is (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who (e) Areas of operation. required; (1) The areas of operation for an is applying for an additional aircraft (iii) A rotorcraft category and type rating to be added to their airline airplane category-single engine class helicopter class rating with a type rating rating with a type rating, if a type rating transport certificate is not required to if a type rating is required; accomplish a knowledge test if that is required, are as follows: (iv) A powered-lift category rating (i) Preflight preparation; person’s airline transport pilot with a type rating, if a type rating is certificate lists the aircraft category and (ii) Preflight procedures; required; and (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; class rating that is appropriate to the (v) An aircraft type rating. type rating sought. (iv) Inflight maneuvers; (2) A person who is applying for an (v) Instrument procedures; (c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. airline transport pilot practical test must (1) The applicable Federal Aviation (vi) Landings and approaches to meet— Regulations of this chapter that relate to landings; (i) The eligibility requirements of airline transport pilot privileges, (vii) Normal and abnormal § 61.153 of this part; and limitations, and flight operations procedures; (ii) The aeronautical knowledge and appropriate to the aircraft category and (viii) Emergency procedures; and aeronautical experience requirements of class rating sought; (ix) Postflight procedures. (2) Meteorology including knowledge this subpart that apply to the aircraft (2) The areas of operation for an of and effects of fronts, frontal category and class rating sought. airplane category-multiengine class (b) Aircraft type rating. Except as characteristics, cloud formations, icing, rating with a type rating, if a type rating provided in paragraph (c) of this and upper air-data; is required, are as follows: (3) The general system of weather and section, a person who is applying for an (i) Preflight preparation; NOTAM collection, dissemination, aircraft type rating to be added to an (ii) Preflight procedures; interpretation, and use; airline transport pilot or an aircraft type (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (4) Interpretation of weather charts, rating associated with an airline (iv) Inflight maneuvers; maps, forecasts, sequences, transport pilot certificate: (v) Instrument procedures; abbreviations, symbols, and use; (1) Must receive and log ground (vi) Landings and approaches to (5) The National Weather Service training from an authorized ground or landings; function as it pertains to operation in flight instructor and flight training from (vii) Normal and abnormal the National Airspace System; an authorized flight instructor on the procedures; (6) Windshear and microburst approved areas of operation in this (viii) Emergency procedures; and awareness, identification, and section that apply to the aircraft type (ix) Postflight procedures. avoidance; rating sought; and (3) The areas of operation for a (7) Principles of air navigation under (2) Must receive a logbook powered-lift category rating with a type instrument meteorological conditions in endorsement from the instructor who rating, if a type rating is required, are as the National Airspace System; conducted the training, certifying the follows: (8) Air traffic control procedures and applicant completed the training on the (i) Preflight preparation; pilot responsibilities as they relate to en appropriate approved areas of operation (ii) Preflight procedures; route operations, terminal area and listed in paragraph (e) of this section (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; radar operations, and instrument that apply to the aircraft type rating (iv) Inflight maneuvers; departure and approach procedures; sought. (v) Instrument procedures; (9) Aircraft loading, weight and (c) A person who is applying for an (vi) Landings and approaches to balance, use of charts, graphs, tables, aircraft type rating to be added to an landings; 41256 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(vii) Normal and abnormal holder operating under part 121 or part § 61.163 Aeronautical experience: procedures; 135 for which a second in command is Powered-lift category rating. (viii) Emergency procedures; and required; and A person who is applying for an (ix) Postflight procedures. (3) Flight engineer time, provided the airline transport pilot certificate with a (4) The areas of operation for a time— powered-lift category rating must have rotorcraft category-helicopter class at least 1,500 hours of total time as a (i) Is acquired while operating under rating with a type rating, if a type rating pilot that includes at least: part 121 of this chapter; is required, are as follows: (a) 500 hours of cross-country flight (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Is acquired in an airplane that is time; (ii) Preflight procedures; required to have a flight engineer by the (b) 100 hours of night flight time; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; airplane’s flight manual or type (c) 75 hours of instrument time in (iv) Inflight maneuvers; certificate; actual or simulated instrument (v) Instrument procedures; meteorological conditions, of which at (vi) Landings and approaches to (iii) Is acquired while the person is least 50 hours are obtained in actual landings; participating in a pilot training program (vii) Normal and abnormal approved under part 121 of this chapter; flight; and procedures; and (d) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a (viii) Emergency procedures; and (iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour pilot in command or as a second in (ix) Postflight procedures. of flight time to be credited for each 3 command performing the duties and hours of flight engineer time for a total functions of a pilot in command under § 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane the supervision of a pilot in command, category rating. credited time of no more than 500 hours. or any combination thereof, which (a) Except as provided in paragraph includes at least— (d) of this section, a person who is (d) A person who does not meet the (1) 100 hours of cross-country flight applying for an airline transport pilot aeronautical experience requirements of time; and certificate with an airplane category and this section may be issued an airline (2) 25 hours of night flight time. class rating must have at least 1,500 transport pilot certificate with the hours of total time as a pilot that limitation ‘‘Holder does not meet the § 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class ratings. includes at least: pilot-in-command aeronautical (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight experience requirements of ICAO’’ as (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter time; prescribed by Article 39 of the class rating. A person who is applying (2) 100 hours of night flight time; Convention on International Civil for an airline transport certificate with (3) 75 hours of instrument time in Aviation, as provided in § 61.167(b) of a rotorcraft category and helicopter class actual or simulated instrument this part. rating who holds an airline transport meteorological conditions, of which at certificate with another aircraft category § 61.161 Aeronautical experience: rating must: least 50 hours are obtained in actual Rotorcraft category and helicopter class flight; and rating. (1) Meet the eligibility requirements (4) 250 hours of flight time in an of § 61.153 of this part; airplane as a pilot in command or as a A person who is applying for an (2) Satisfactorily accomplish the second in command performing the airline transport pilot certificate with a knowledge test on the aeronautical duties and functions of a pilot in rotorcraft category and helicopter class knowledge areas of § 61.155 of this part command under the supervision of a rating, must have at least 1,200 hours of that apply to the rotorcraft category and pilot in command, or any combination total time as a pilot that includes at helicopter class rating sought; thereof, which includes at least— least: (3) Comply with the requirements in (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight (a) 500 hours of cross-country flight § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; time; and time; (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical (ii) 25 hours of night flight time. (b) 100 hours of night flight time, of experience requirements of § 61.161 of (b) A person who has performed at which 15 hours are in helicopters; this part that apply to helicopter total least 20 night takeoffs and landings to time; and a full stop may substitute each (c) 200 hours of flight time in (5) Satisfactorily accomplish the additional night takeoff and landing to helicopters, which includes at least 75 practical test on the approved areas of a full stop in excess of the minimum 20 hours as a pilot in command or as operations of § 61.157(e)(4) of this part accomplished takeoffs for 1 hour of second in command performing the that apply to the rotorcraft category and night flight time to satisfy the duties and functions of a pilot in helicopter class rating sought. requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this command under the supervision of a (b) Airplane category rating with a section for a total credited time of no pilot in command, or any combination single-engine class rating. A person who more than 25 hours. of either crewmember position flight is applying for an airline transport (c) A commercial pilot may credit the time; and certificate with an airplane category and following second-in-command and (d) 75 hours of instrument time in single engine class rating and holds an flight engineer flight time (or a actual or simulated instrument airline transport certificate with another combination of either crewmember meteorological conditions, of which at aircraft category or class rating must: position flight time) toward the 1,500 least 50 hours are obtained in actual (1) Meet the eligibility requirements hours of total time as a pilot required by flight with at least 25 hours in of § 61.153 of this part; paragraph (a) of this section: helicopters as a pilot in command or as (2) Accomplish the knowledge test on (1) Second-in-command time acquired second in command performing the the aeronautical knowledge areas of in an airplane required to have more duties and functions of a pilot in § 61.155 of this part that apply to the than one pilot by the airplane’s flight command under the supervision of a airplane category and single-engine manual or type certificate; pilot in command, or any combination class rating sought; (2) Second-in-command time acquired of either crewmember position flight (3) Comply with the requirements in in an airplane for a part 119 certificate time. § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41257

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical issued an airline transport certificate (ii) A flight instructor certificate with experience requirements of § 61.159 of with the limitation, ‘‘Holder does not an airplane category and multiengine this part that apply to airplane total meet the pilot-in-command aeronautical class rating; time; and experience requirements of ICAO,’’ for (iii) A flight instructor certificate with (5) Accomplish the practical test on the following circumstances: a rotorcraft category and helicopter class the approved areas of operations of (1) The person— rating; § 61.157(e)(1) of this part that apply to (i) Credits second-in-command or (iv) A flight instructor certificate with the airplane category and single-engine flight engineer time under § 61.159(c) of an airship rating; class rating sought. this part toward the minimum 1,500 (v) A flight instructor certificate with (c) Airplane category rating with a hours of total flight time as a pilot that a powered-lift rating; or multiengine class rating. A person who is required by § 61.159(a) of this part; (vi) A flight instructor certificate- is applying for an airline transport and instrument rating (aircraft category and certificate with an airplane category and (ii) Lacks at least 1,200 hours of total class). multiengine class rating and holds an flight time as a pilot, but otherwise (d) Receive a logbook endorsement airline transport certificate with another meets the other aeronautical experience from an authorized instructor who gave aircraft category or class rating must: requirements of this subpart, the ground training on the aeronautical (1) Meet the eligibility requirements appropriate to the aircraft rating sought. knowledge areas listed in § 61.185 of this part appropriate to the required of § 61.153 of this part; (2) The person does not have at least knowledge test. (2) Accomplish the knowledge test on 150 hours of pilot-in-command time in (e) Accomplish a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of an aircraft that is appropriate to the the aeronautical knowledge areas listed § 61.155 of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought, but otherwise airplane category and multiengine class in § 61.185(a) of this part; meets the aeronautical experience (f) Accomplish a knowledge test on rating sought; requirements of this subpart. (3) Comply with the requirements in the aeronautical knowledge areas listed (c) Removal of limitations. The in § 61.185(b) of this part that are § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; limitation required by paragraph (b) of (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical appropriate to the flight instructor rating this section may be removed when the sought; experience requirements of § 61.159 of person: this part that apply to airplane total (g) Receive a logbook endorsement (1) Meets the aeronautical experience time; and from an authorized flight instructor who requirements for the aircraft rating (5) Accomplish the practical test on gave the flight training on the approved sought; and the approved areas of operations of areas of operation listed in § 61.187 of (2) Presents evidence within a § 61.157(e)(2) of this part that apply to this part, appropriate to the flight logbook of having accomplished the the airplane category and multiengine instructor rating sought and prior to required appropriate aeronautical class rating sought. applying for the practical test; (d) Powered-lift category. A person experience. (h) Accomplish the required practical who is applying for an airline transport § 61.169 [Reserved] test that is appropriate to the flight certificate with a powered-lift category instructor rating sought; rating, and holds an airline transport § 61.171 [Reserved] (i) Accomplish the following for a certificate with another aircraft category flight instructor certificate with an Subpart HÐFlight Instructors rating must: airplane rating or with a glider rating— (1) Must have received a one time (1) Meet the eligibility requirements § 61.181 Applicability. logbook endorsement from an of § 61.153 of this part; This subpart prescribes the (2) Accomplish the required authorized flight instructor on ground requirements for the issuance of flight knowledge test on the aeronautical and flight training on instructional instructor certificates and ratings, the knowledge areas of § 61.155 of this part procedures for stall awareness, spin conditions under which those that apply to the powered-lift category entry, spins, and spin recovery certificates and ratings are necessary, rating sought; procedures in an airplane or glider that and the limitations on those certificates (3) Comply with the requirements in is certificated for spins; and ratings. § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; (2) Must have demonstrated (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical § 61.183 Eligibility requirements. instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin experience requirements of § 61.163 of To be eligible for a flight instructor this part that apply to powered-lift total recovery procedures; and certificate or rating a person must: (3) May present the person’s spin time; and (a) Be at least 18 years of age; (5) Accomplish the required practical training endorsement to an examiner, (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and test on the approved areas of operations and that examiner may accept that understand the English language; of § 61.157(e)(3) of this part that apply endorsement as satisfactory (c) Hold either a commercial pilot or to the powered-lift category rating accomplishment of the required airline transport pilot certificate— sought. knowledge and skill of stall awareness, (1) With an aircraft category and class spin entry, spins, or spin recovery § 61.167 General privileges and rating that is appropriate to the flight instructional procedures for the limitations. instructor rating sought; practical test, provided that the practical (a) Privileges. A person who holds an (2) With an instrument rating, if the test is not a retest as a result of the airline transport pilot certificate is person holds a commercial pilot person failing the previous test for entitled to the same privileges as those certificate, that is appropriate to the deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of afforded a person who holds a flight instructor rating sought, if stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or commercial pilot certificate with an applying for— spin recovery instructional procedures. instrument rating. (i) A flight instructor certificate with If the retest is a result of deficiencies in (b) Limitations. A person who applies an airplane category and single-engine the knowledge or skill of stall for an airline transport pilot will be class rating; awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin 41258 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules recovery instructional procedures, the authorized flight instructor certifying (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to examiner must test the person on stall that the person is proficient to pass a be performed in flight; awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin practical test on those areas of (5) Preflight procedures; recovery instructional procedures in an operation. (6) Airport operations; airplane or glider that is certificated for (b) Areas of operation for an airplane (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go- spins. category rating with a single engine arounds; (j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in class rating: (8) Fundamentals of flight; command in the category and class of (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (9) Performance maneuvers; aircraft that is appropriate to the flight (2) Technical subject areas; (10) Flight at slow airspeeds; instructor rating sought; and (3) Preflight preparation; (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (k) Comply with the appropriate (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to (12) Emergency operations; and sections of this part that apply to the be performed in flight; (13) Postflight procedures. flight instructor rating sought. (5) Preflight procedures; (f) Areas of operation for a powered- (6) Airport and seaplane base lift category rating: § 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. operations; (1) Fundamentals of instructing; A person who is applying for a flight (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (2) Technical subject areas; instructor certificate must receive and arounds; (3) Preflight preparation; log ground training from an authorized (8) Fundamentals of flight; (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to ground or flight instructor on the (9) Performance maneuvers; be performed in flight; aeronautical knowledge areas of this (10) Ground reference maneuvers; (5) Preflight procedures; section: (11) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; (6) Airport and heliport operations; (a) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (12) Basic instrument maneuvers; (7) Hovering maneuvers; (1) The learning process; (13) Emergency operations; and (8) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (2) Elements of effective teaching; (14) Postflight procedures. arounds; (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and (c) Areas of operation for an airplane (9) Fundamentals of flight; testing; category rating with a multiengine class (10) Performance maneuvers; (4) Course development; rating: (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (5) Lesson planning; and (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (12) Stalls and slow flight; (6) Classroom training techniques. (2) Technical subject areas; (13) Basic instrument maneuvers; (b) A person who is applying for a (3) Preflight preparation; (14) Emergency operations; flight instructor certificate must receive (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to (15) Special operations; and and log ground training on the be performed in flight; (16) Postflight procedures. aeronautical knowledge areas in which (5) Preflight procedures; (g) Areas of operation for a glider ground training is required for— (6) Airport and seaplane base category rating with a nonpowered class (1) A recreational, private, and operations; rating: commercial pilot certificate that is (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (1) Fundamentals of instructing; appropriate to the flight instructor rating arounds; (2) Technical subject areas; sought; and (8) Fundamentals of flight; (3) Preflight preparation; (2) An instrument rating, if that (9) Performance maneuvers; (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to person is applying for— (10) Ground reference maneuvers; be performed in flight; (i) A flight instructor certificate— (11) Stalls and slow flight; (5) Preflight procedures; airplane category and single-engine (12) Basic instrument maneuvers; (6) Airport and gliderport operations; class rating; (13) Emergency operations; (7) Launches and landings; (ii) A flight instructor certificate— (14) Multiengine operations; and (8) Fundamentals of flight; airplane category with an multiengine (15) Postflight procedures. (9) Performance speeds; class rating; (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft (10) Soaring techniques; (iii) A flight instructor certificate— category rating with a helicopter class (11) Performance maneuvers; rotorcraft category with a helicopter rating: (12) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; class rating; (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (13) Emergency operations; and (iv) A flight instructor certificate— (2) Technical subject areas; (14) Postflight procedures. lighter-than-air category with an airship (3) Preflight preparation; (h) Areas of operation for a glider class rating; (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to category rating with a powered class (v) A flight instructor certificate— be performed in flight; rating: powered-lift category rating; or (5) Preflight procedures; (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (vi) A flight instructor certificate— (6) Airport and heliport operations; (2) Technical subject areas; instrument (with the appropriate aircraft (7) Hovering maneuvers; (3) Preflight preparation; category and class rating). (8) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to arounds; be performed in flight; § 61.187 Flight proficiency. (9) Fundamentals of flight; (5) Preflight procedures; (a) General. A person who is applying (10) Performance maneuvers; (6) Airport and gliderport operations; for a flight instructor certificate must (11) Emergency operations; (7) Launches, landings, and go- receive ground training from an (12) Special operations; and arounds; authorized ground or flight instructor, (13) Postflight procedures. (8) Fundamentals of flight; and flight training from an authorized (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft (9) Performance speeds; flight instructor on the approved areas category rating with a gyroplane class (10) Soaring techniques; of operation listed in this section that rating: (11) Performance maneuvers; apply to the flight instructor rating (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (12) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; sought, and the person’s logbook must (2) Technical subject areas; (13) Emergency operations; and contain an endorsement from an (3) Preflight preparation; (14) Postflight procedures. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41259

(i) Areas of operation for a lighter- (c) Each flight instructor must retain rating on their flight instructor than-air category rating with an airship the records required by this section in certificate and their pilot certificate that class rating: a separate record or in a logbook for at is appropriate to the category and class (1) Fundamentals of instructing; least 3 years. of aircraft in which instrument training (2) Technical subject areas; is being given. (3) Preflight preparation; § 61.191 Additional flight instructor (d) Limitations on endorsements. A ratings. (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to flight instructor may not endorse a: be performed in flight; (a) A person who applies for an (1) Student pilot’s certificate or (5) Preflight procedures; additional flight instructor rating on a logbook for supervised PIC flight (6) Airport operations; flight instructor certificate must meet privileges, unless that flight instructor (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go- the eligibility requirements listed in has— arounds; § 61.183 of this part that apply to the (i) Given that student the flight (8) Fundamentals of flight; flight instructor rating sought. training required for supervised PIC (9) Performance maneuvers; (b) A person who applies for an flight privileges by this part; and (10) Ground reference maneuvers; additional rating on a flight instructor (ii) Determined that the student is (11) Basic instrument maneuvers; certificate is not required to pass the prepared to conduct the flight safely (12) Emergency operations; and knowledge test in § 61.185(a) of this under known circumstances, and (13) Postflight procedures. part. subject to any limitations listed in the (j) Areas of operation for a lighter- § 61.193 Flight instructor endorsements student’s logbook, that the instructor than-air category rating with a balloon and authorizations. considers necessary for safety of flight. class rating: (2) Student pilot’s certificate and A person who holds a flight instructor (1) Fundamentals of instructing; logbook for a supervised PIC cross- (2) Technical subject areas; certificate is authorized within the country flight, unless that flight (3) Preflight preparation; limitations of the person’s flight instructor has determined the student’s (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to instructor certificate and ratings and flight preparation, planning, equipment, be performed in flight; pilot certificate and ratings to give and proposed procedures are adequate (5) Preflight procedures; training and endorsements that are for the proposed flight under the (6) Balloonport operations; required for, and relate to: existing conditions and within any (a) A student pilot certificate; (7) Lift-offs and landings; limitations listed in the logbook that the (8) Fundamentals of flight; (b) A recreational pilot certificate; (c) A private pilot certificate; instructor considers necessary for safety (9) Performance maneuvers; (d) A commercial pilot certificate; of flight; (10) Emergency operations; and (e) An airline transport pilot (3) Student pilot’s certificate and (11) Postflight procedures. certificate; logbook for supervised PIC flight in (k) Areas of operation for an (f) A flight instructor certificate; Class B airspace area or at an airport instrument rating with the appropriate (g) A ground instructor certificate; within Class B airspace unless that aircraft category and class rating: (h) An additional aircraft rating; flight instructor has— (1) Fundamentals of instructing; (i) An instrument rating; (i) Given that student ground and (2) Technical subject areas; (j) A flight review, operating privilege, flight training in that Class B airspace (3) Preflight preparation; or recency of experience requirement of and airport; and (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to this part; (ii) Determined that the student is be performed in flight; (k) An authorization for a practical proficient to operate the aircraft safely. (5) Air traffic control clearances and test; and (4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, procedures; (l) An authorization for a knowledge unless that flight instructor has— (6) Flight by reference to instruments; test. (i) Given that pilot the required (7) Navigation aids; ground and flight training of this part; (8) Instrument approach procedures; § 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and and (9) Emergency operations; and qualifications. (ii) Determined that the pilot is (10) Postflight procedures. A person who holds a flight instructor proficient to operate the aircraft safely. certificate is subject to the following (5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight § 61.189 Flight instructor records. limitations: review, unless that instructor has (a) A flight instructor must sign the (a) Hours of training. In any 24- conducted a review of that pilot in logbook of each person to whom that consecutive-hour period, a flight accordance with the requirements of flight instructor has given flight and instructor may not conduct more than 8 § 61.56(a) of this part; or ground training. hours of flight training or any (6) Logbook of a pilot for an (b) A flight instructor must maintain combination of commercial flying and instrument proficiency test, unless that a record (in a logbook or a separate flight training. instructor has tested that pilot in document) that contains the following: (b) Aircraft ratings. Flight instructors accordance with the requirements of (1) The name of each person whose may not conduct flight training in any § 61.57(e) of this part. logbook or student pilot certificate that aircraft for which they do not hold— (e) Training in an aircraft that instructor has endorsed for supervised (1) The category and class rating on requires a type rating. Flight instructors PIC flight privileges and the date of the their flight instructor certificate and may not give flight training in an aircraft endorsement; pilot certificate; and that requires the pilot in command to (2) The name of each person that (2) If appropriate, a type rating on hold a type rating unless they hold a instructor has endorsed for a knowledge their pilot certificate. type rating for that aircraft on their pilot or practical test, and the record shall (c) Instrument rating. Flight certificate. also indicate the kind of test, the date, instructors who give instrument flight (f) Training received in a multiengine and the results; and training for the issuance of an airplane, helicopter, or a powered-lift. A (3) A copy of each training syllabus instrument rating or a type rating not flight instructor may not give training that instructor uses to conduct training. limited to VFR must hold an instrument required for the issuance of a certificate 41260 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules or rating in a multiengine airplane, (ii) For training in a glider rating, percent of those students passed that helicopter, or a powered-lift, unless that must have given at least 80 hours of test on the first attempt; flight instructor has at least 5 flight flight training as a flight instructor; and (2) A record that shows during the hours of operating experience as a pilot (iii) For training in a lighter-than-air preceding 24-calendar months, persons in command in the specific make and rating, must have given at least 20 hours have served as a company check pilot, model of multiengine airplane, of flight training as a flight instructor. chief flight instructor, company check helicopter, or powered-lift, as (3) A flight instructor who serves as airman or flight instructor in a part 121 appropriate. a flight instructor in an FAA-approved or 135 operation, or a comparable (g) Position in aircraft and required course must hold a current flight position involving the regular pilot seats for providing flight training. instructor certificate with the evaluation of pilots, and provided the (1) A flight instructor must perform appropriate rating, and have FAA Flight Standards District Office is all training from a control seat in an satisfactorily accomplished the required acquainted with their duties and aircraft that meets the requirements of initial and recurrent flight instructor responsibilities and has determined and is in accordance with § 91.109 of proficiency tests, in accordance with the they have satisfactory knowledge of this chapter. part the FAA-approved course is current pilot training, certification, and (2) A flight instructor who provides conducted under, and must— standards; or (i) Meet the requirements of paragraph flight training for an airman certificate (3) A graduation certificate showing (h)(2) of this section; or or rating issued under this part must they have accomplished an approved (ii) Meet the following requirements— provide that flight training in an aircraft flight instructor refresher course, (A) Trained and endorsed at least 5 that meets the following requirements— consisting of ground or flight applicants for a practical test for a pilot instruction, or both, and provided the (i) The aircraft must have at least two certificate, flight instructor certificate, course was satisfactorily accomplished pilot seats and be of the same category, ground instructor certificate, or an before the expiration date on the class, and type, if appropriate, that additional rating, and at least 80 percent person’s flight instructor certificate. apply to the flight instructor rating of those applicants passed that test on (c) If persons accomplish the sought. their first attempt; requirements of this section within the (ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre- (B) Given at least 400 hours of flight 90 days preceding the expiration date of supervised PIC flight training must have training as a certificated flight instructor their flight instructor certificate, they been received in an aircraft that has two for training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, are considered to have accomplished pilot seats and is of the same category, or for a powered-lift rating; the requirements of this section in the class, and type, if appropriate, and has (C) Given at least 100 hours of flight month due, and the certificate will be similar flight characteristics to that of training as a flight instructor, for renewed for an additional 24-calendar the single-place aircraft. training in a glider rating; and months from the expiration date. (h) Qualifications of the instructor for (D) Given at least 40 hours of flight training first-time flight instructor training as a flight instructor, for § 61.199 Expired flight instructor applicants. training in a lighter-than-air rating. certificates and ratings. (1) The ground training required by a (i) Prohibition against self (a) Flight instructor certificates. The person who is applying for a flight endorsements. A flight instructor shall holder of an expired flight instructor instructor certificate for the first time, not make any self-endorsement for the certificate may exchange that certificate must be given by a ground or flight furtherance of a certificate, rating, flight for a new certificate by satisfactorily instructor who)— proficiency, flight review, authorization, accomplishing a practical test (i) Holds a current ground or flight operating privilege, practical test, or prescribed in § 61.187 of this part. instructor certificate with the knowledge test that is required by this (b) Flight instructor ratings. appropriate rating, has held that part. (1) A flight instructor rating or a certificate for at least 24 months, and limited flight instructor rating on a pilot § 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificate is no longer valid and may has given at least 40 hours of ground certificates. training; or not be exchanged for a similar rating or (a) Persons who hold a flight a flight instructor certificate. (ii) Holds a current ground or flight instructor certificate that have not instructor certificate with the (2) The holder of a flight instructor expired may renew their certificates for rating or a limited flight instructor appropriate rating, and have given at an additional 24-calendar months if least 100 hours of ground training, if the rating on a pilot certificate may be they, except as provided for in issued a flight instructor certificate with training is given in an FAA-approved paragraph (b) of this section, course. the current ratings, but only if the satisfactorily accomplish a practical test person satisfactorily accomplishes the (2) Except as provided for in for: required knowledge and practical test paragraph (h)(3) of this section, the (1) Renewal of their flight instructor prescribed in this subpart for the flight training required by a person who certificate; or issuance of that flight instructor is seeking a flight instructor certificate (2) An additional flight instructor certificate and rating. for the first time, must be given by flight rating. instructors who meet the eligibility (b) Persons may renew their flight § 61.201 Conversion to the current flight requirements prescribed in § 61.183 of instructor certificate without instructor ratings. this part, hold the appropriate rating on accomplishing a practical test, by (a) General. their flight instructor certificate, and has presenting to an FAA Flight Standards (1) A person who holds a commercial held a flight instructor certificate for at District Office: pilot certificate for lighter-than-air least 24 months and— (1) A record of training students that category and an airship or a balloon (i) For training in an airplane, shows during the preceding 24 calendar class rating, or a flight instructor rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, must months, they have endorsed at least 5 certificate that does not bear the current have given at least 200 hours of flight students for a practical test for a glider or instrument-airplane flight training as a flight instructor; certificate or rating, and at least 80 instructor ratings listed in § 61.5(c) of Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41261 this part, may not give training in an endorsements of this subpart for the (g) Instrument-single-engine airplane airship, a balloon, or a glider, or for an issuance of the airship class rating and rating. A flight instructor certificate instrument rating in an airplane, has satisfactorily accomplished the with an instrument-single-engine respectively, after [insert date 2 years required practical test; or airplane rating may be issued to a after the effective date of the final rule]. (2) Before [insert effective date of the person who holds a flight instructor (2) Before [insert date 2 years after the final rule]— certificate with a instrument-airplane effective date of the final rule], a person (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight rating, provided the person has: who meets the appropriate qualification training in an airship as a holder of a (1) Received the required training and requirements of this section may receive commercial pilot certificate with a instructor endorsement of this subpart a flight instructor certificate with the lighter-than-air category and a airship for the issuance of the instrument- current ratings. class rating; and single-engine airplane rating and has (b) Glider category with a powered (ii) Recommended at least one student satisfactorily accomplished the required class rating. A flight instructor for a practical test for the issuance of practical test; or certificate with a glider category and airship rating and the recommended (2) Before [insert effective date of the powered class rating may be issued to student passed practical test. final rule]— a person who holds a flight instructor (e) Lighter-than-air category with an (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight certificate with glider category rating, airship-instrument rating. A flight training in a single-engine airplane for provided that person has: instructor certificate with a lighter-than- the issuance of an airplane-instrument (1) Received the required training in air category and airship-instrument rating as an authorized flight instructor; a powered glider and the flight rating may be issued to a person who and instructor endorsements of this subpart holds a commercial pilot certificate with (ii) Recommended at least one student for the issuance of the powered class a lighter-than-air category and airship for a practical test for the issuance of an rating, and has satisfactorily class rating, provided the person has: airplane-instrument rating and the accomplished the required practical (1) Received the required ground recommended student passed the test; or training and flight training for the practical test. (2) Before [insert effective date of the airship-instrument rating and the flight (h) Instrument-multiengine airplane final rule]— instructor endorsements of this subpart rating. A flight instructor certificate (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight for the issuance of the airship- with an instrument-multiengine training in a powered glider as an instrument rating and has satisfactorily airplane rating may be issued to a authorized flight instructor; and accomplished the required practical person who holds a flight instructor (ii) Recommended at least one student test; or certificate with a instrument-airplane for a practical test for the issuance of (2) Before [insert effective date of the rating, provided the person has: glider category rating and the (1) Received the required training and final rule]— recommended student passed the instructor endorsement of this subpart (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight practical test. for the issuance of the instrument- training in an airship as a holder of a (c) Glider category with a nonpowered multiengine airplane rating and has commercial pilot certificate with a class rating. A flight instructor satisfactorily accomplished the required lighter-than-air category and an airship certificate with a glider category and practical test; or nonpowered class rating may be issued class rating; and (2) Before [insert effective date of the to a person who holds a flight instructor (ii) Recommended at least one student final rule]— certificate with glider category rating, for a practical test for the issuance of an (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight provided the person has: airship rating and the recommended training in a multiengine airplane for (1) Received the required training in student passed the practical test. the issuance of an instrument-airplane a nonpowered glider and the flight (f) Lighter-than air category with a rating as an authorized flight instructor; instructor endorsements of this subpart balloon class rating. A flight instructor and for the issuance of the nonpowered class certificate with a lighter-than-air (ii) Recommended at least one student rating and has satisfactorily category and balloon class rating may be for a practical test for the issuance of an accomplished the required practical issued to a person who holds a instrument-airplane rating and the test; or commercial pilot certificate with a recommended student passed the (2) Before [insert effective date of the lighter-than-air category and balloon practical test. final rule]— class rating, provided the person has: (i) Instrument-helicopter rating. A (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight (1) Received the required training in flight instructor certificate with an training in a nonpowered glider as an a balloon and instructor endorsements instrument-helicopter rating may be authorized flight instructor; and of this subpart for the issuance of the issued to a person who holds a flight (ii) Recommended at least one student balloon class rating and has instructor certificate with a instrument- for a practical test for the issuance of satisfactorily accomplished the required helicopter rating, provided the person glider category rating and the practical test; or has: recommended student passed the (2) Before [insert effective date of the (1) Received the required training and practical test. final rule]— instructor endorsement of this subpart (d) Lighter-than air category with an (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight for the issuance of the instrument- airship class rating. A flight instructor training in a balloon as a holder of a helicopter rating and has satisfactorily certificate with a lighter-than-air commercial pilot certificate with a accomplished the required practical category and airship class rating may be lighter-than-air category and a balloon test; or issued to a person who holds a class rating; and (2) Before [insert effective date of the commercial pilot certificate with a (ii) Recommended at least one student final rule]— lighter-than-air category and airship for a practical test for the issuance of a (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight class rating, provided the person has: balloon class rating and the training in a helicopter for the issuance (1) Received the required training in recommended student passed the of an instrument-helicopter rating as an an airship and the flight instructor practical test. authorized flight instructor; and 41262 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(ii) Recommended at least one student § 61.215 Aeronautical knowledge. (c) The ground training required by for a practical test for the issuance of an (a) A person who applies for a ground paragraph (a) of this section must be instrument-helicopter rating and the instructor certificate must present given by a flight instructor or ground recommended student passed the documentation of having completed a instructor who meets the requirements practical test. course of ground training or home of § 61.183 or § 61.213 of this part; and study, and received an endorsement (d) The practical test for a ground Subpart IÐGround Instructors from an authorized flight instructor or instructor certificate and rating must be § 61.211 Applicability. ground instructor who meets the administered by an examiner. requirements of paragraph (b) of this This subpart prescribes the section that the person satisfactorily § 61.219 Ground instructor records. requirements for the issuance of ground accomplished the course of ground (a) A ground instructor must record instructor certificates and ratings, the training or home study on the following the following information in a person’s conditions under which those knowledge areas: logbook or training record to whom that certificates and ratings are necessary, (1) Fundamentals of instructing areas: instructor gives ground training, and and the limitations upon those (i) The learning process; must sign that logbook or training certificates and ratings. (ii) Elements of effective teaching; record entry: (iii) Student evaluation, quizzing, and § 61.213 Eligibility requirements. (1) The amount of time of the lesson; testing; (2) The date the training was given; (a) To be eligible for a ground (iv) Course development; and instructor certificate or rating a person (v) Lesson planning; and (3) The topics of training given. must: (vi) Classroom training technique. (b) A ground instructor must maintain (1) Be at least 18 years of age; (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas a record containing the following (2) Be able to read, write, speak, and listed in §§ 61.97, 61.105, and 61.125 of information: understand the English language; this part that apply to the aircraft (1) The name of each person whose (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a category rating sought; and logbook or training record that ground (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas knowledge test on the fundamentals of instructor has endorsed for satisfactory listed in § 61.65 of this part, if applying instructing described in § 61.215(a)(1) of completion of a course; this part, except as provided in for an instrument rating. (b) The ground training required by (2) The name of each person whom paragraph (b) of this section; paragraph (a) of this section must be that ground instructor has endorsed for (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a given by a person who meets the a knowledge test and the results of that knowledge test on the aeronautical requirements prescribed in § 61.183 or knowledge test; knowledge areas of § 61.215(a)(2) of this § 61.213 of this part and the (3) The name of each person that part that apply to the aircraft rating requirements of this paragraph. ground instructor has endorsed or sought; (1) The person must: recommended for a practical test, and (5) Satisfactorily accomplish a (i) Hold a current ground or flight the date of the endorsement or knowledge test on the aeronautical instructor certificate and have held this recommendation; and knowledge areas of § 61.215(a)(3) of this certificate for at least 24 months; and (4) A copy of the training syllabus for part for an instrument rating; and (ii) Have given, as an authorized each person that instructor trained. (6) Satisfactorily accomplish a ground or flight instructor, at least 40 (c) A ground instructor must retain practical test on the requirements listed hours of ground or flight training. the records required by this section for in § 61.217(a) of this part that apply to (2) If the training is given in an FAA- at least 3 years after the date of the the ground instructor rating sought. approved course, the person must— endorsement. (i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (b) The knowledge test required by § 61.221 Additional ground instructor paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not (b)(1) of this section; or ratings. required if the person: (ii) Have given, as an authorized (a) Persons who apply for an (1) Holds a ground or flight instructor ground or flight instructor, at least 100 additional aircraft category rating on certificate issued under this part; hours of ground or flight training. their ground instructor certificate, must (2) Holds a current teacher’s § 61.217 Ground instructor proficiency. satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge certificate issued by a state, county, or (a) A person who applies for a ground test on the aeronautical knowledge areas city municipality, and that person is instructor certificate must receive listed in § 61.215(a)(2) of this part, that authorized to teach at an educational ground training and satisfactorily apply to the aircraft category rating level of at least the 7th grade or higher; accomplish a practical test on the sought. or following approved areas of operation: (b) Persons who apply for an (3) Is regularly employed as an (1) Preparation and conduct of lesson instrument rating on the their ground instructor in an accredited college or plans for students with varying instructor certificate must satisfactorily university. backgrounds and levels of experience accomplish a knowledge test on the (c) After [insert effective date of the and ability; aeronautical knowledge areas listed in final rule], the holder of a current flight (2) Evaluation of student knowledge; § 61.215(a)(3) of this part. instructor certificate is not eligible to (3) Ground instructor responsibilities; apply for a ground instructor certificate and § 61.223 Ground instructor endorsements that bears the same aircraft category (4) Effective analysis and correction of and authorizations. ratings. common student errors. Persons who hold a ground instructor (d) After [insert effective date of the (b) Except for a person who holds a certificate, are authorized, within the final rule], the holder of a flight flight instructor certificate, a person ratings on their ground instructor instructor certificate bearing an must present a ground school lesson on certificate, to give ground training on instrument rating is not eligible to apply a pilot aeronautical knowledge area the aeronautical knowledge areas and for a ground instructor certificate that topic that is appropriate to the rating the endorsements for the training, bears an instrument rating. sought as part of the practical test; required for the following pilot, flight Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41263 instructor, and ground instructor ground instructor certificate with an 141.81 Ground training. certificates and ratings that are issued airplane category rating and instrument 141.83 Quality of training. under this part: rating. 141.85 Chief instructor responsibilities. (a) Student pilot certificate; (e) The holder of a ground instructor 141.87 Change of chief instructor. certificate who also holds a flight 141.89 Maintenance of personnel, facilities, (b) Recreational pilot certificate; and equipment. (c) Private pilot certificate; instructor certificate may exchange that 141.91 Satellite bases. (d) Commercial pilot certificate; ground instructor certificate for a 141.93 Enrollment. (e) Airline transport pilot certificate; ground instructor certificate with the 141.95 Graduation certificate. (f) Flight instructor certificate; aircraft categories or instrument rating (g) Ground instructor certificate; held on the flight instructor certificate. Subpart FÐRecords (h) Additional aircraft rating; 141.101 Training records. (i) Instrument rating; PART 141ÐPILOT SCHOOLS Appendix A—Recreational Pilot Certification (j) Flight review requirement of this 4. Part 141 is revised to read as Course Appendix B—Private Pilot Certification part; and follows: (k) Recommendation for knowledge Course tests. Subpart AÐGeneral Appendix C—Instrument Rating Course Appendix D—Commercial Pilot Certification Sec. § 61.225 Recency of experience for a 141.1 Applicability. Course holder of a ground instructor certificate. 141.3 Certificate required. Appendix E—Airline Transport Pilot 141.5 Requirements for a pilot school Certification Course A person’s ground instructor Appendix F—Flight Instructor Certification certificate remains current for providing certificate. 141.7 Provisional pilot school certificate. Course ground training for airman certification Appendix G—Flight Instructor Instrument purposes, provided that person has: 141.9 Examining authority. 141.11 Pilot school ratings. (Aircraft Category and Class) (a) Given another person ground 141.13 Application for issuance, Certification Course training and has endorsed that person amendment, or renewal. Appendix H—Ground Instructor Certification for a knowledge or practical test within 141.15 Location of facilities. Course the preceding 12 calendar months; or 141.17 Duration of certificates and Appendix I—Additional Aircraft Category or (b) Received an endorsement from an examining authority. Class Rating Course authorized flight or ground instructor, 141.18 Carriage of narcotic drugs, Appendix J—Aircraft Type Rating Course, for other than an airline transport pilot which states that the person has marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances. certificate demonstrated satisfactory competence Appendix K—Special Preparation Courses in the knowledge and proficiency 141.19 Display of certificate. 141.21 Inspections. Appendix L—Pilot Ground School Courses requirements listed in §§ 61.215 and 141.23 Advertising limitations. Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40101–40104, 61.217, that apply to the ground 141.25 Business office and operations base. 40109, 40113, 44701–44703, 44707, 44709, instructor ratings held. 141.27 Renewal of certificates and ratings. 44711, 45102–45103, 45106, and 45301– 141.29 [Reserved.] 45302. § 61.227 Conversion to current ground instructor ratings. Subpart BÐPersonnel, Aircraft, and Subpart AÐGeneral (a) General. A person who holds a Facilities Requirements ground instructor certificate that does 141.31 Applicability. § 141.1 Applicability. not bear the new ground instructor 141.33 Personnel. This part prescribes: ratings listed in § 61.5(d) of this part: 141.35 Chief instructor qualifications. (a) The requirements for issuing pilot 141.36 Assistant chief instructor (1) May not exercise the privileges of school certificates, provisional pilot qualifications. school certificates, and associated that certificate after [insert date 2 years 141.37 Check instructor qualifications. after the effective date of the final rule]; 141.38 Airports. ratings; and and 141.39 Aircraft. (b) The general operating rules (2) Prior to [insert date 2 years after 141.41 Flight training devices and training applicable to a holder of a certificate or the effective date of the final rule], that aids. rating specified in paragraph (a) of this person may convert an old ground 141.43 Pilot briefing areas. section. 141.45 Ground training facilities. instructor certificate and ratings in § 141.3 Certificate required. accordance with the provisions Subpart CÐTraining Course Outline and No person may operate as a Curriculum authorized in paragraphs (b) through (e) certificated pilot school without, or in of this section, as appropriate. 141.51 Applicability. violation of, a pilot school certificate or (b) The holder of a ground instructor 141.53 Approval procedures for a training provisional pilot school certificate course: General. certificate with a basic rating may issued under this part. exchange that ground instructor 141.55 Training course: Contents. certificate for a ground instructor 141.57 Special curricula. § 141.5 Requirements for a pilot school certificate with an airplane category Subpart DÐExamining Authority certificate. rating. 141.61 Applicability. An applicant that meets the (c) The holder of a ground instructor 141.63 Examining authority qualification requirements of this section may be certificate with an advanced rating may requirements. issued a pilot school certificate with exchange that ground instructor 141.65 Privileges. associated ratings if: certificate for a ground instructor 141.67 Limitations and reports. (a) The applicant completes the certificate with an airplane category Subpart EÐOperating Rules application for a pilot school certificate rating. 141.71 Applicability. on a form and in a manner as prescribed (d) The holder of a ground instructor 141.73 Privileges. by the Administrator. certificate with an advanced and 141.75 Aircraft requirements. (b) The applicant holds a provisional instrument rating may exchange that 141.77 Limitations. pilot school certificate, issued under ground instructor certificate for a 141.79 Flight training. this part, for at least 24 calendar months 41264 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules preceding the month in which the (iii) Ground instructor refresher (1) Application is made for an application for a pilot school certificate course. appropriate amendment to the is made. (iv) Agricultural aircraft operations certificate; and (c) The applicant meets the applicable course. (2) No change in the facilities, requirements of subparts A through C of (v) Rotorcraft external-load operations personnel, or approved training courses this part for the school ratings sought. course. is involved. (d) The applicant trained and (vi) Special operations course. (c) An examining authority issued to recommended for pilot certification and (vii) Test pilot course. the holder of a pilot school certificate expires on the date that the pilot school rating tests, within 24 calendar months (3) Pilot ground school courses. preceding the month the application is certificate expires, or is surrendered, made for the pilot school certificate, at § 141.13 Application for issuance, suspended, revoked, or otherwise least 10 students for: amendment, or renewal. terminated. (1) A knowledge or practical test for (a) Application for an original § 141.18 Carriage of narcotic drugs, a pilot certificate, flight instructor certificate and rating, for an additional marijuana, and depressant or stimulant certificate, ground instructor certificate, rating, or for the renewal of a certificate drugs or substances. or an additional rating, with such under this part is made on a form and If the holder of a certificate issued quality of training that at least 80 in a manner prescribed by the under this part permits any aircraft percent of those applicants were Administrator. owned or leased by that holder to be successful on the first attempt on a test (b) Application for the issuance or engaged in any operation that the that was conducted by an FAA amendment of a certificate or rating certificate holder has knowledge of inspector, or an examiner who is not an must be accompanied by two copies of being in violation of § 91.19(a) of this employee of the school; or each proposed training course chapter, that operation is a basis for (2) An end-of-course test for a training curriculum for which approval is suspending or revoking the certificate. course specified in appendix K of this sought. part. § 141.19 Display of certificate. § 141.15 Location of facilities. § 141.7 Provisional pilot school certificate. (a) Each holder of a pilot school The holder of a pilot school certificate certificate or a provisional pilot school An applicant that meets the or a provisional pilot school certificate certificate must display that certificate applicable requirements of subparts A, may have a base or other facilities in a place in the school that is normally B, and C of this part, but does not meet located outside the United States, accessible to the public and is not the recent training activity requirements provided the Administrator determines obscured. of § 141.5(d) of this part, may be issued the location of the base and facilities at (b) A certificate must be made a provisional pilot school certificate that place are needed for the training of available for inspection upon request with ratings. students who are citizens of the United by: § 141.9 Examining authority. States. (1) The Administrator; (2) An authorized representative of An applicant is issued an examining § 141.17 Duration of certificate and the National Transportation Safety authority for its pilot school certificate examining authority. Board; or if the applicant meets the requirements (a) Unless surrendered, suspended, (3) A Federal, state, or local law of subpart D of this part. revoked, or otherwise terminated, a enforcement officer. § 141.11 Pilot school ratings. pilot school’s or a provisional pilot school’s certificate expires: § 141.21 Inspections. (a) The ratings listed in paragraph (b) Each holder of a certificate issued of this section may be issued to an (1) On the last day of the 24th calendar month from the month the under this part must allow the applicant for a: Administrator to inspect its personnel, (1) Pilot school certificate, provided certificate was issued; (2) Except as provided in paragraph facilities, equipment, and records to the applicant meets the requirements of determine the certificate holder’s: § 141.5 of this part; or (b) of this section, on the date that any change in ownership of the school; (a) Eligibility to hold its certificate; (2) Provisional pilot school certificate, (b) Compliance with the Federal (3) On the date of any change in the provided the applicant meets the Aviation Act of 1958, as amended; and facilities upon which the school’s requirements of § 141.7 of this part. (c) Compliance with the Federal certificate is based; (b) The following are courses the Aviation Regulations. school is authorized to conduct: (4) Upon notice by the Administrator (1) Certification and rating courses. that the school has failed for more than § 141.23 Advertising limitations. (i) Recreational pilot course. 60 days to maintain the facilities, (a) The holder of a pilot school (ii) Private pilot course. aircraft, or personnel required for any certificate or a provisional pilot school (iii) Commercial pilot course. one of the school’s approved training certificate may not make any statement (iv) Instrument rating course. courses; or relating to its certification and ratings (v) Airline transport pilot course. (5) Whenever the Administrator which is false or designed to mislead (vi) Flight instructor course. determines a school has not acted in any person contemplating enrollment in (vii) Flight instructor instrument good faith with a student with whom that school. course. the school has a contractual agreement (b) The holder of a pilot school (viii) Ground instructor course. to provide training. certificate or a provisional pilot school (ix) Additional aircraft category or (b) A change in the ownership of a certificate may not advertise that the class rating course. pilot school or provisional pilot school school is certificated unless it clearly (x) Aircraft type rating course. does not terminate that school’s differentiates between courses that have (2) Special preparation courses. certificate, if within 30 days after the been approved under part 141 of this (i) Pilot refresher course. date that any change in ownership of chapter and those that have not been (ii) Flight instructor refresher course. the school occurs: approved under part 141 of this chapter. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41265

(c) The holder of a pilot school (ii) The aircraft meet the requirements instructors, and a chief instructor for certificate or a provisional pilot school of this part; each approved training course, who are certificate must promptly remove: (iii) The facility and airport meet the qualified and competent to perform the (1) From vacated premises all signs requirements of this part; duties to which they are assigned. indicating that the school was (iv) The approved training courses (2) Each applicant must have certificated by the Administrator when meet the requirements of this part; dispatchers, aircraft handlers, line and relocated; or (v) The training records meet the service personnel, and instructors, who (2) All indications (including signs), requirements of this part; and are instructed in the procedures and wherever located, that the school is (vi) The recent training activity and responsibilities of that person’s certificated by the Administrator when training quality requirements of employment. its certificate has expired or has been § 141.5(d) of this part. (3) Each applicant must have surrendered, suspended, or revoked, or (3) A pilot school that does not meet instructors who hold the ground or otherwise terminated. the renewal requirements in paragraph flight instructor certificates, as (a)(2) of this section, may apply for a applicable, in the category and class of § 141.25 Business office and operations provisional pilot school certificate if the base. aircraft for the approved training course school meets the requirements of § 141.7 and aircraft. (a) Each holder of a pilot school or a of this part. (b) An applicant for a pilot school provisional pilot school certificate must (b) Provisional pilot school. certificate or for a provisional pilot maintain a principal business office (1) Except as provided in paragraph school certificate must designate a chief with a mailing address in the name (b)(3) of this section, a provisional pilot instructor for each of the school’s shown on its certificate. school may not have its provisional approved training courses, who must (1) The facilities and equipment at the pilot school certificate or the ratings on meet the requirements of § 141.35 of this principal business office must be that certificate renewed. part. adequate to maintain the files and (2) A provisional pilot school may (c) When necessary, an applicant for records required to operate the business apply for a pilot school certificate and a pilot school certificate or for a of the school. associated ratings provided that school (2) The principal business office may meets the requirements of § 141.5 of this provisional pilot school certificate may not be shared with, or used by, another part. designate a person to be an assistant pilot school. (3) A former provisional pilot school chief instructor for an approved training (b) Before changing the location of the may apply for another provisional pilot course, provided that person meets the principal business office or the school certificate provided 180 days requirements of § 141.36 of this part. operations base, each certificate holder have elapsed since its last provisional (d) A pilot school and a provisional must notify the FAA Flight Standards pilot school certificate expired. pilot school may designate a person to District Office having jurisdiction over be a check instructor for conducting § 141.29 [Reserved] the area of the new location, and the student stage checks, end-of-course notice must be: tests, and instructor proficiency checks, Subpart BÐPersonnel, Aircraft, and provided: (1) Submitted in writing at least 30 Facilities Requirements days before the change of location; and (1) That person meets the (2) Accompanied by any amendments § 141.31 Applicability. requirements of § 141.37 of this part; and needed for the certificate holder’s (a) This subpart prescribes: approved training course outline. (1) The personnel and aircraft (2) That school has a student (c) A certificate holder may conduct requirements for a pilot school enrollment of at least 50 students at the training at an operations base other than certificate or a provisional pilot school time designation is sought. the one specified in its certificate, if the: certificate; and (e) A person, as listed in this section, (1) Administrator has inspected and (2) The facilities and airport required may serve in more than one position for approved the base for use by the by a pilot school or provisional pilot a school, provided that person is certificate holder; and school on a continuous use basis. qualified for each position. (2) Course of training and any needed (b) As used in the subpart, to have § 141.35 Chief instructor qualifications. amendments thereto have been continuous use of a facility including an (a) To be eligible for a designation as approved for use at that base. airport, the school must have: (1) Ownership of the facility and a chief instructor for a course of § 141.27 Renewal of certificates and airport for at least 6-calendar months at training, a person must meet the ratings. the time of application for initial following requirements: (a) Pilot school. certification and also on the date of (1) Hold a commercial pilot or an (1) A pilot school may apply for renewal of the school’s certificate; or airline transport pilot certificate and a renewal of its school certificate and (2) A written lease agreement of the flight instructor certificate, and those ratings within 30 days preceding the facility and airport for at least 6- certificates must contain the appropriate month the pilot school certificate calendar months at the time of aircraft category, class, and instrument expires, provided the school meets the application for initial certification and rating for the category and class of requirements prescribed in paragraph also on the date of renewal of the aircraft used in the course; (a)(2) of this section for renewal of its school’s certificate. (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent certificate and ratings. flight experience requirements of (2) A pilot school may have its school § 141.33 Personnel. § 61.57 of this chapter; certificate and ratings renewed for an (a) An applicant for a pilot school or (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a additional 24-calendar months, if the for a provisional pilot school certificate knowledge test on teaching methods, Administrator determines that school must meet the following personnel applicable provisions of the Airman’s meets the following requirements: requirements: Information Manual, parts 61, 91, and (i) The personnel meet the (1) Each applicant must have 141 of this chapter, and the objectives requirements of this part; adequate personnel, authorized and approved course completion 41266 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules standards of the course for which the (i) Three years and a total of 1,000 or instrument flight training program, or person seeks to obtain designation; flight hours; or a combination thereof, consisting of at (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a (ii) 1,500 flight hours. least— proficiency test on instructional skills (i) One year and a total of 125 flight and ability to train students on the flight § 141.36 Assistant chief instructor hours; or procedures and maneuvers appropriate qualifications. (ii) 200 flight hours. to the course; (a) To be eligible for a designation as (d) For a course of training other than (5) Except for a course of training for an assistant chief instructor for a course those that lead to the issuance of a gliders, balloons, or airships, the chief of training, a person must meet the private pilot certificate or rating, or an instructor must meet the applicable following requirements: instrument rating or a rating with requirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and (1) Hold a commercial pilot or an instrument privileges, an assistant chief (d) of this section; airline transport pilot certificate and a instructor must have: (6) A chief instructor for a course of flight instructor certificate, and those (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in training for gliders or balloons is only certificates must contain the appropriate command; and required to have 40 percent of the hours aircraft category, class, and instrument (2) Flight training experience, required in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this rating for the category and class of acquired as either an authorized flight section; and aircraft used in the course; instructor or an instructor in a military (7) A chief instructor for a course of (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent pilot primary or basic flight training training for airships is only required to flight experience requirements of program or a combination thereof, have 40 percent of the hours required in § 61.57 of this chapter; consisting of at least— paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a (i) One and one half years and a total section. knowledge test on teaching methods, of 500 flight hours; or (b) In addition, for a course of training applicable provisions of the Airman’s (ii) 750 flight hours. leading to the issuance of a private pilot Information Manual, parts 61, 91, and § 141.37 Check instructor qualifications. certificate or rating, a chief instructor 141 of this chapter, and the objectives (a) To be designated as a check must have: and approved course completion instructor for conducting student stage (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in standards of the course for which the checks and end-of-course tests and command; and person seeks to obtain designation; instructor proficiency checks under this (2) Primary flight training experience, (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a part, a person must meet the eligibility acquired as either an authorized flight proficiency test on the flight procedures instructor or an instructor in a military requirements of this section: and maneuvers appropriate to that (1) For checks and tests that relate to pilot primary flight training program, or course; and a combination thereof, consisting of at either flight or ground training, the (5) Meet the applicable requirements person must satisfactorily accomplish a least: in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this (i) Two years and a total of 500 flight test, given by the chief instructor, on— section. However, an assistant chief (i) Teaching methods; hours; or instructor for a course of training for (ii) 1,000 flight hours. (ii) Applicable provisions of the gliders, free balloons or airships is only (c) For a course of training leading to ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual,’’ parts the issuance of an instrument rating or required to have 40 percent of the hours 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter; and a rating with instrument privileges, a required in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this (iii) The objectives and course chief instructor must have: section. completion standards of the approved (1) At least 100 hours of flight time (b) For a course of training leading to training course for the designation under actual or simulated instrument the issuance of a private pilot certificate sought. conditions; or rating, an assistant chief instructor (2) For checks and tests that relate to (2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in must have: a flight training course, the person command; and (1) At least 500 hours as pilot in must— (3) Instrument flight instructor command; and (i) Meet the requirements in experience, acquired as either an (2) Primary flight training experience, paragraph (a)(1) of this section; authorized flight instructor-instrument acquired as either an authorized flight (ii) Hold a commercial pilot or an or an instructor in a military pilot basic instructor or an instructor in a military airline transport pilot certificate and a or instrument flight training program, or pilot primary flight training program, or flight instructor certificate, and those a combination thereof, consisting of at a combination thereof, consisting of at certificates must contain the appropriate least— least— aircraft category, class, and instrument (i) Two years and a total of 250 flight (i) One year and a total of 250 flight rating for the category and class of hours; or hours; or aircraft used in the course; (ii) 400 flight hours. (ii) 500 flight hours. (iii) If the flight training course is for (d) For a course of training other than (c) For a course of training leading to a rating in other than a glider or free those that lead to the issuance of a the issuance of an instrument rating or balloon, hold at least a current second- private pilot certificate or rating, or an a rating with instrument privileges, an class medical certificate issued in instrument rating or a rating with assistant chief flight instructor must accordance with part 67 of this chapter; instrument privileges, a chief instructor have: (iv) If the flight training course is for must have: (1) At least 50 hours of flight time a rating in a glider or free balloon, (1) At least 2,000 hours as pilot in under actual or simulated instrument present a signed and dated statement by command; and conditions; the person certifying that the person has (2) Flight training experience, (2) At least 500 hours as pilot in no known medical defects that makes acquired as either an authorized flight command; and the person unable to pilot a glider or instructor or an instructor in a military (3) Instrument flight instructor free balloon; pilot primary or basic flight training experience, acquired as either an (v) Meet the pilot-in-command recent program or a combination thereof, authorized flight instructor-instrument flight experience requirements of consisting of at least— or an instructor in a military pilot basic § 61.57 of this chapter; and Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41267

(vi) Satisfactorily accomplish a (2) UNICOM advisories are not (i) The instructions and procedures proficiency test, given by the chief available. for the conduct of inspections for the instructor, on the flight procedures and (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) particular make and model aircraft, maneuvers of the approved training of this section, each airport used for including necessary checks and tests; course for the designation sought. night training flights must have (ii) The instructions and procedures (3) For checks and tests that relate to permanent runway lights; and for inspecting the parts and areas of ground training, the person must— (f) An airport used for night training each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, (i) Meet the requirements in flights in seaplanes is permitted to use appliance, and component part, paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and adequate non-permanent lighting or including survival and emergency (ii) Hold a current flight instructor shoreline lighting, if approved by the equipment required to be inspected; and certificate or ground instructor Administrator. (iii) A schedule for performing the certificate with ratings appropriate to § 141.39 Aircraft. inspections that must be performed the category and class of aircraft used in (a) An applicant for a pilot school or under the program expressed in terms of the course. the time in service, calendar time, (b) A person who meets the eligibility provisional pilot school certificate, and each pilot school or provisional pilot number of system operations, or any requirements in paragraph (a) of this combination of these. section must: school, must show that each aircraft (1) Be designated, in writing, by the used by that school for flight training § 141.41 Flight training devices and chief instructor to conduct student stage and supervised PIC flights meet the training aids. checks and end-of-course tests and following requirements: An applicant for a pilot school or a (1) Each aircraft must be registered as instructor proficiency checks; and provisional pilot school certificate must a civil aircraft of the United States; (2) Be approved by the FAA Flight (2) Each aircraft must be certificated show that its flight training devices and Standards District Office having with a standard airworthiness certificate training aids and equipment meet the jurisdiction over the school. or a primary airworthiness certificate, following requirements: (c) A check instructor may not unless the Administrator determines (a) Flight training devices. conduct a stage check or an end-of- that due to the nature of the approved (1) Each flight training device used to course test of any student: course, an aircraft not having a standard obtain the maximum flight training (1) For whom the check instructor has airworthiness certificate or primary credit allowed for flight training devices served as the principal instructor; or airworthiness certificate may be used; in an approved pilot training course (2) Whom the check instructor has (3) Each aircraft must be maintained curriculum must have: recommended for a stage check or end- and inspected in accordance with— (i) An enclosed pilot’s station or of-course test. (i) The requirements of subpart E, part cockpit that accommodates one or more § 141.38 Airports. 91 of this chapter that apply to aircraft flight crewmembers; operated for hire; and (ii) Controls to stimulate the rotation (a) An applicant for a pilot school (ii) An inspection program for each of the flight training device about three certificate or a provisional pilot school airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, axes; certificate must show that it has appliance, and component part. (iii) The minimum instrumentation continuous use of each airport at which (4) Each aircraft used in flight training and equipment required for powered training flights originate. must be at least a two-place aircraft with aircraft in § 91.205 of this chapter for (b) Each airport used for airplanes and engine power controls and flight the type of flight operations simulated; gliders must have at least one runway or controls that can be easily reached and (iv) For VFR instruction, a means of takeoff area that allows training aircraft operated in a normal manner from both simulating visual flight conditions, to make a normal takeoff or landing pilot stations; and including motion of the flight training under the following conditions at the (5) Each aircraft used in a course for device, or projections, or models aircraft’s maximum certificated takeoff instrument flight training, or a training operated by the flight controls; and gross weight: course requiring the demonstration of (1) Under calm wind conditions of not (v) For IFR instruction, a means to instrument skills, must be equipped and record the flight path simulated by the more than five miles per hour; maintained for IFR operations. (2) At temperatures equal to the mean flight training device. (b) The inspection program required (2) Flight training devices other than high temperature for the hottest month in paragraph (a)(3) of this section must of the year in the operating area; those covered under paragraph (a)(1) of be: this section must have: (3) If applicable, with the powerplant (1) A current inspection program (i) An enclosed pilot’s station or operation and landing gear and flap recommended by the manufacturer; operation recommended by the (2) An inspection program that is cockpit that accommodates one or more manufacturer; and currently in use by the holder of a flight crewmembers; (4) In the case of a takeoff— certificate issued under part 121 or part (ii) Controls to simulate the rotation of (i) With smooth transition from liftoff 135 of this chapter; or the flight training device about three to the best rate of climb speed without (3) An inspection program established axes; and exceptional piloting skills or by the applicant and approved by the (iii) The minimum instrumentation techniques; and Administrator. and equipment required for powered (ii) Clearing all obstacles in the takeoff (c) An inspection program under aircraft in § 91.205 of this chapter for flight path by at least 50 feet. paragraph (b)(3) of this section must the type of flight operations simulated. (c) Each airport must have a wind meet the following requirements: (b) Training aids and equipment. direction indicator that is visible from (1) The program is approved by the Each training aid, including any the ends of each runway at ground level; FAA Flight Standards District Office audiovisual, mockup, chart, or aircraft (d) Each airport must have a traffic having jurisdiction over the area in component listed in the approved direction indicator when: which the applicant is based; and training course outline, must be (1) The airport does not have an (2) That program is submitted in accurate and appropriate to the course operating control tower; and writing and consists of at least— for which it is used. 41268 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

§ 141.43 Pilot briefing areas. having jurisdiction over the area where § 141.55 Training course: Contents. (a) An applicant for a pilot school or the school is based. (a) Each training course for which provisional pilot school certificate must (2) An application for the approval of approval is requested must meet the show that the applicant has the an initial or amended training course minimum curriculum requirements in continuous use of a briefing area located must be submitted at least 30 days accordance with the appropriate at each airport at which training flights before any training under that course, or appendix of this part. originate, that is: any amendment thereto, is scheduled to (b) Except as provided in paragraphs (1) Adequate to shelter students begin. (d) and (e) of this section, each training waiting to engage in their training (3) An application for amending a course for which approval is requested flights; training course must be accompanied by must meet the minimum ground and (2) Arranged and equipped for the two copies of the amendment. flight training time requirements in conduct of pilot briefings; and (c) Effective date. accordance with the appropriate (3) Except as provided in paragraph (1) Until [insert date one year after appendix of this part. (c) of this section, a school with an effective date of the final rule] an (c) Each training course for which instrument rating or commercial pilot applicant for a pilot school or approval is requested must contain: course must be equipped with private provisional pilot school certificate may (1) A description of each room used landline or telephone communication to request approval of the training courses for ground training, including the the nearest FAA Flight Service Station. listed in either paragraph (c)(1) (i) or (ii) room’s size and the maximum number (b) A briefing area required by of this section. of students that may be trained in the paragraph (a) of this section may not be (i) Pilot school rating courses: room at one time; used by the applicant if it is available (A) Private pilot. (2) A description of each type of for use by any other pilot school during (B) Private test course. audio-visual aid, projector, tape the period it is required for use by the (C) Instrument rating. recorder, mockup, aircraft component, applicant. (D) Commercial pilot. and other special training aids used for (c) The communication equipment (E) Commercial test course. ground training; required by paragraph (a)(3) of this (F) Additional aircraft rating. (3) A description of each flight section is not required if the briefing (G) Pilot ground school. training device used for training; area and the flight service station are (H) Flight instructor certification. (4) A listing of the airports at which located on the same airport and are (I) Additional flight instructor rating. training flights originate and a readily accessible to each other. (J) Additional instrument rating. description of the facilities, including (K) Airline transport pilot pilot briefing areas that are available for § 141.45 Ground training facilities. certification. use by the school’s students and An applicant for a pilot school or (L) Pilot refresher course. personnel at each of those airports; provisional pilot school certificate must (M) Agricultural aircraft operations (5) A description of the type of aircraft show that: course. including any special equipment used (a) Each room, training booth, or other (N) Rotorcraft external-load for each phase of training; space used for instructional purposes is operations course. (6) The minimum qualifications and heated, lighted, and ventilated to (ii) Pilot school rating courses, [insert ratings for each instructor assigned to conform to local building, sanitation, effective date]: ground or flight training; and and health codes; and (A) Recreational pilot courses. (7) A training syllabus that includes (b) The training facility is so located (B) Private pilot courses. the following information: (i) The prerequisites for enrolling in that the students in that facility are not (C) Commercial pilot courses. the ground and flight portion of the distracted by the training conducted in (D) Instrument rating courses. course that include the pilot certificate other rooms, or by flight and (E) Airline transport pilot courses. and rating (if required by this part), maintenance operations on the airport. (F) Flight instructor courses. (G) Flight instructor instrument medical certificate (if required by this Subpart CÐTraining Course Outline courses. part), training, pilot experience, and and Curriculum (H) Ground instructor courses. pilot knowledge; (I) Additional aircraft category or class (ii) A detailed description of each § 141.51 Applicability. rating courses. lesson, including the lesson’s objectives, This subpart prescribes the (J) Aircraft type rating courses. standards, and planned time for curriculum and course outline (K) Pilot refresher courses. completion; requirements for the issuance of a pilot (L) Flight instructor refresher courses. (iii) A description of what the course school or provisional pilot school (M) Ground instructor refresher is expected to accomplish with regard to certificate and ratings. courses. student learning; (N) Agricultural aircraft operations (iv) The expected accomplishments § 141.53 Approval procedures for a course. and the standards for each stage of training course: General. (O) Rotorcraft external-load training; and (a) General. An applicant for a pilot operations course. (v) A description of the checks and school or provisional pilot school (P) Special operations course. tests to be used to measure a student’s certificate must obtain the (Q) Test pilot course. accomplishments for each stage of Administrator’s approval of the outline (R) Pilot ground school courses. training. of each training course for which (2) After [insert date one year after (d) A pilot school may request and certification and rating is sought. effective date of the final rule] an receive initial approval for any of the (b) Application. applicant for a pilot school or training courses of this part without (1) An application for the approval of provisional pilot school certificate may specifying the minimum ground and an initial or amended training course only request approval of the training flight training time requirements of this must be submitted in duplicate to the courses listed in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of part, provided the following provisions FAA Flight Standards District Office this section. are met: Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41269

(1) The school holds a pilot school requirements of ICAO,’’ or ‘‘Holder does certificate or rating on the first attempt, certificate under this part and has held not meet the pilot-in-command flight and that test was given by— that certificate for a period of at least 24- experience requirements of ICAO,’’ of (A) An FAA inspector; or consecutive calendar months preceding paragraph (f)(1) of this section, may be (B) An examiner who is not an the month of the request; removed when the holder presents to employee of the school. (2) The school requests initial the FAA satisfactory evidence of having (b) A pilot school must meet the approval for no longer than 24-calendar accumulated the appropriate pilot flight following requirements to retain months; time that meets the requirements of part approval of its examining authority: (3) In addition to the information 61 of this chapter. (1) The school completes the required by paragraph (c) of this section, application for renewal of its examining the training course specifies planned § 141.57 Special curricula. authority on a form and in a manner ground and flight training time An applicant for a pilot school or prescribed by the Administrator; requirements for the course; provisional pilot school certificate may (2) The school holds a pilot school (4) The school does not request the apply for approval to conduct a special certificate and the rating for which training course to be approved for course of airman training for which a examining authority is sought for at examining authority; and curriculum is not prescribed in the least 24 calendar months preceding the (5) The practical or knowledge test for appendixes of this part, if the applicant month of application for renewal of its the course is to be given by— shows that the training course contains examining authority; and (i) An FAA inspector; or features that could achieve a level of (3) The training course for which (ii) An examiner who is not an pilot proficiency equivalent to that examining authority is requested may employee of the school. achieved by a training course prescribed not be a course that is approved without (e) A certificated pilot school may in the appendixes of this part or the meeting the minimum ground and flight request and receive final approval for requirements of part 61 of this chapter. training time requirements of this part. any of the training courses of this part without specifying the minimum Subpart DÐÐExamining Authority § 141.65 Privileges. ground and flight training time A pilot school that holds examining requirements of this part, provided the § 141.61 Applicability. authority may recommend a person who following conditions are met: This subpart prescribes: graduated from its course for the (1) The school has held initial (a) The requirements for the issuance appropriate pilot, flight instructor, or approval for that training course for at of an examining authority to the holder ground instructor certificate or rating least 24-calendar months. of a pilot school certificate; and without taking the FAA knowledge or (2) The school has— (b) The privileges and limitations of (i) Trained at least 10 students in that practical tests, or both, provided: that examining authority. training course within the preceding 24- (a) The school holds examining authority for the training course from calendar months and recommended § 141.63 Examining authority qualification those students for a pilot, flight requirements. which the person graduated; and (b) The person satisfactorily instructor, or ground instructor (a) A pilot school must meet the certificate or rating; and completed the training course in following prerequisites to receive initial accordance with the school’s approved (ii) At least 80 percent of those approval for examining authority: students passed the practical or training course and the provisions of (1) The school completes the this part. knowledge test on the first attempt, and application for examining authority on that test was given by— a form and in a manner prescribed by § 141.67 Limitations and reports. (A) An FAA inspector; or the Administrator; (B) An examiner who is not an A pilot school that holds examining (2) The school holds a pilot school employee of the school. authority may only recommend the (3) In addition to the information certificate and the rating in which issuance of a pilot, flight instructor, or required by paragraph (c) of this section, examining authority is sought for at ground instructor certificate and rating the training course specifies planned least 24 consecutive calendar months to a person who does not take an FAA ground and flight training time preceding the month of application for knowledge or practical test, if the requirements for the course. examining authority; issuance of that certificate or rating is in (4) The school does not request that (3) The training course for which accordance with the following the training course be approved for examining authority is requested may requirements: examining authority. not be a course that is approved without (a) The person graduated from a (f) The airman certificate of a person meeting the minimum ground and flight training course for which the pilot who does not meet the pilot flight time training time requirements of this part; school holds examining authority. qualifications in ICAO Annex I will be and (b) Except as provided in this issued with one or both of the (4) Within 24 calendar months after paragraph of this section, the person limitations listed in paragraph (f)(1) of the date of application for examining satisfactorily completed all the this section, which may be removed as authority, that school must meet the curriculum requirements of that pilot prescribed in paragraph (f)(2) of this following requirements— school’s approved training course. A section. (i) The school must have trained at person who transfers from one part 141 (1) The airman certificate will be least 10 students in the training course approved pilot school to another part issued with the limitation ‘‘Holder does for which examining authority is sought 141 approved pilot school may receive not meet the pilot flight experience and recommended those students for a credit for that previous training, requirements of ICAO,’’ or ‘‘Holder does pilot, flight instructor, or ground provided the folowing requirements are not meet the pilot-in-command flight instructor certificate or rating; and met: experience requirements of ICAO,’’ or (ii) At least 90 percent of the (1) The maximum credited training both, if appropriate. applicant’s students passed the required time does not exceed one-half of the (2) The limitations, ‘‘Holder does not practical or knowledge test for the pilot, receiving school’s curriculum meet the pilot flight experience flight instructor, or ground instructor requirements; 41270 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(2) The person completes a knowledge certificate, superseded airman certificate § 141.77 Limitations. and proficiency test conducted by the (if applicable), and knowledge or (a) The holder of a pilot school or a receiving school for the purpose of practical test results; and provisional pilot school certificate may determining the amount of pilot (3) The records required by paragraph neither issue a graduation certificate to experience and knowledge to be (e) of this section must be made a student, nor recommend a student for credited; available to the Administrator upon a pilot certificate or rating, unless the (3) The receiving school determines request and must be surrendered to the student has: (based on the person’s performance on Administrator when the pilot school (1) Completed the training specified the knowledge and proficiency test ceases to have examining authority; and in the pilot school’s course of training; required by paragraph (b)(2) of this (f) Within 7 days after a student and section) on the amount of credit to be satisfactorily accomplishes the practical (2) Satisfactorily accomplished the awarded and records that credit in the or knowledge test, the pilot school that required final tests. person’s training record; holds examining authority must submit (b) Except as provided in paragraph (4) The person who requests credit for that student’s airman application file to (c) of this section, the holder of a pilot previous pilot experience and the FAA for processing for the issuance school or a provisional pilot school knowledge obtained the experience and of a permanent airman certificate. certificate may not graduate a student knowledge from another part 141 from a course of training unless the approved pilot school and training Subpart EÐOperating Rules student has completed all of the course; and curriculum requirements of that course; (5) The receiving school retains a § 141.71 Applicability. (c) A student may be given credit copy of the person’s training record This subpart prescribes the operating towards the curriculum requirements of from the other school. rules applicable to a pilot school or a course for previous pilot experience (c) The test given by a pilot school provisional pilot school certificated and knowledge, provided: that holds examining authority must be under the provisions of this part. (1) The credit given a student for approved by the Administrator and be at previous pilot experience and least equal in scope, depth, and § 141.73 Privileges. knowledge does not exceed more than difficulty to the comparable knowledge (a) The holder of a pilot school or a one-half of the curriculum requirements and practical test prescribed by the provisional pilot school certificate may and must be based upon a proficiency Administrator under part 61 of this advertise and conduct approved pilot test or knowledge test given by the chapter; training courses in accordance with the receiving pilot school; (d) A pilot school that holds certificate and ratings that it holds. (2) The course credits are a result of examining authority may not use its (b) A pilot school that holds training received from one part 141 practical or knowledge tests if the examining authority for an approved approved school to another; and school: training course may recommend a (3) The receiving school determines (1) Knows, or has reason to believe, graduate of that course for the issuance the amount of course credit to be the knowledge test has been of an appropriate pilot, flight instructor, transferred, based on a proficiency test compromised; or or ground instructor certificate and or knowledge test, or both, of the (2) Is notified by a FAA Flight rating, without taking an FAA student; and Standards District Office, that there is knowledge or practical test, provided (4) Credit for training received from reason to believe or it is known, the the training course has been approved the other school may be given if— knowledge test has been compromised. and meets the minimum ground and (i) That other school holds a (e) A pilot school that holds flight training time requirements of this certificate issued under this part and examining authority must maintain a part. certifies to the kind and amount of record of all temporary airman training and to the result of each stage certificates it issues, which consists of § 141.75 Aircraft requirements. check and end-of-course test given to the following information: (a) The following items must be that student; (1) A chronological listing that carried on each aircraft used for flight (ii) The training was conducted by includes— training and supervised PIC flights: that other school in accordance with (i) The date the temporary airman (1) A pre-takeoff and pre-landing that school’s approved training course; certificate was issued; checklist; and and (ii) The student to whom the (iii) The student was enrolled in that (2) The operator’s handbook for the temporary airman certificate was issued, other school’s approved training course aircraft, if one is furnished by the and that student’s permanent mailing for the training being used for manufacturer, or copies of the handbook address and telephone number; creditation. (iii) The training course from which if furnished to each student using the the student graduated; aircraft § 141.79 Flight training. (iv) The name of the person who (b) Each aircraft used in the (a) No person other than an conducted the practical or knowledge certification and rating courses listed in authorized flight instructor who has the test; § 141.11 of this part must have a ratings and the minimum qualifications (v) The type of temporary airman standard airworthiness certificate or a specified in the approved training certificate or rating issued to the primary airworthiness certificate; and course outline may give a student flight student; and (c) Each aircraft used in the training under an approved course of (vi) The date the student’s airman agricultural aircraft operations, external- training; application file was sent to the FAA for load operation, test pilot, and special (b) No student pilot may be processing for a permanent airman operations courses listed in § 141.11 of authorized to start a supervised PIC certificate. this part may have a restricted practice flight from an airport until the (2) A copy of the record containing airworthiness certificate, if its use for flight has been approved by an each student’s graduation certificate, training is not prohibited by the authorized flight instructor who is airman application, temporary airman aircraft’s operating limitations. present at that airport; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41271

(c) Each chief instructor and assistant (2) Provide training of such quality proficiency checks to the assistant chief chief instructor, assigned to a training that meets the training quality instructor or a check instructor. course, must complete at least once requirements of § 141.5(d) of this part. every 12 calendar months, an approved (b) The failure of a pilot school or § 141.87 Change of chief instructor. syllabus of training consisting of ground provisional pilot school to maintain the Whenever a pilot school or or flight training, or both, or an quality of instruction specified in provisional pilot school makes a change approved flight instructor refresher paragraph (a) of this section may be the of designation of its chief instructor, course; basis for suspending or revoking that that school: (d) Each flight instructor, who is school’s certificate. (a) Must immediately provide the assigned to a flight training course, must (c) When requested by the FAA FSDO, that has jurisdiction over satisfactorily complete the following Administrator, a pilot school or the area in which the school is located, requirements: provisional pilot school must allow the with written notification of the change; (1) Prior to receiving authorization to FAA to perform any knowledge, (b) May conduct training without a train students in a flight training course, practical, stage, or end-of-course test of chief instructor for that training course the instructor must accomplish— its students; for a period not to exceed 60 days while (i) A review of and receive a briefing (d) When a stage or end-of-course test awaiting the designation and approval on the objectives and standards of that is conducted by the FAA under the of another chief instructor; training course; and provisions of paragraph (c) of this (c) May, for a period not to exceed 60 (ii) An initial proficiency check in section and the student has not days, have the stage and end-of-course each make and model of aircraft used in completed the training course, then that tests given by— that training course in which that flight test will be based on the standards (1) The training course’s assistant instructor gives training; and prescribed in the school’s approved chief instructor, if one has been (2) Every 12-calendar months after the training course; and designated; month in which the flight instructor last (e) If the practical or knowledge test, (2) The training course’s check complied with paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of administered by the FAA under the instructor, if one has been designated; this section, that instructor must provisions of paragraph (c) of this (3) An FAA inspector; or (4) An examiner. accomplish a recurrent proficiency section that is given to a student who (d) Must, after 60 days without a chief check in one of the aircraft the flight has completed the school’s training instructor, cease operations and instructor trains students. course will be based upon the areas of (e) Each flight instructor, who is surrender its school certificate to the operation approved by the assigned to a flight training course, must Administrator; and Administrator. satisfactorily comply with the (e) The school may have its certificate requirements of paragraph (d) of this § 141.85 Chief instructor responsibilities. reinstated, upon: section with the school’s chief (a) Each person designated as a chief (1) Designating and approving another instructor, assistant chief instructor, or instructor for a pilot school or chief instructor; check instructor. provisional pilot school shall be (2) Showing it meets the requirements responsible for: of § 141.27(a)(2) of this part; and § 141.81 Ground training. (3) Applying for reinstatement on a (1) Certifying each student’s training (a) Except as provided in paragraph form and in a manner prescribed by the record, graduation certificate, stage (b) of this section, each instructor, who Administrator. check and end-of-course test reports, is assigned to a ground training course, must hold a flight or ground instructor recommendation for course completion, § 141.89 Maintenance of personnel, certificate with the appropriate rating and application for certification; facilities, and equipment. (2) Ensuring that each instructor for that course of training; The holder of a pilot school or (b) A person who does not meet the satisfactorily accomplishes an initial provisional pilot school certificate may requirements of paragraph (a) of this proficiency check prior to that not give training to a student who is section may be assigned ground training instructor being assigned instructing enrolled in an approved course of duties in a ground training course, if: duties in the school’s approved training training unless: (1) The chief instructor who is courses and thereafter passes a recurrent (a) Each airport, aircraft, and facility assigned to that ground training course proficiency check every 12-calendar necessary for that training meets the finds the person qualified to give that months after the month in which the standards specified in the holder’s training; and initial test was accomplished; approved training course outline and (2) The training is given while under (3) Ensuring each student the appropriate requirements of this the supervision of the chief instructor or accomplishes the required stage check part; and the assistant chief instructor who is and end-of-course tests in accordance (b) Except as provided in § 141.87 of present at the facility when the training with the school’s approved training this part, each chief instructor, assistant is given; and course; and chief instructor, check instructor, or (c) An instructor may not be used in (4) Maintaining training techniques, instructor meets the qualifications a ground training course until the procedures, and standards for the school specified in the holder’s approved instructor has been briefed in regard to that are acceptable to the Administrator. course of training and the appropriate the objectives and standards of that (b) The chief instructor or an assistant requirements of this part. course by the chief instructor, assistant chief instructor must be available at the § 141.91 Satellite bases. chief instructor, or check instructor. pilot school or, if away from the pilot school, be available by telephone, radio, The holder of a pilot school or § 141.83 Quality of training. or other electronic means, during the provisional pilot school certificate may (a) Each pilot school or provisional time that training is given for an conduct ground or flight training in an pilot school must meet the following approved training course. approved course of training at a base requirements: (c) The chief instructor may delegate other than its main operations base if: (1) Comply with its approved training authority for conducting stage checks, (a) An assistant chief instructor is course; and end-of-course tests, and flight instructor designated for each satellite base, and 41272 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules that assistant chief instructor must be (7) A statement showing the cross- (a) A student pilot certificate; and available at the satellite pilot school or, country training the student received in (b) A signed and dated statement if away from the premises, by telephone, the course of training. affixed to the application certifying that radio, or other electronic means during no known medical defect exists that the time that training is given for an Subpart FÐRecords would make the person unable to pilot an aircraft for the aircraft category and approved training course; § 141.101 Training records. (b) The airport, facilities, and class rating sought. (a) Each holder of a pilot school or personnel used at the satellite base meet 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. provisional pilot school certificate must the appropriate requirements of subpart Each approved course must include at establish and maintain a current and B of this part and its approved training least 20 hours of training on the accurate record of the participation and course outline; following aeronautical knowledge areas, accomplishment of each student (c) The instructors are under the appropriate to the aircraft category and enrolled in an approved course of direct supervision of the chief instructor class for which the course applies: training conducted by the school, that or assistant chief instructor for the (a) The applicable Federal Aviation includes the following: appropriate training course who is Regulations for recreational pilot (1) The record kept in a student’s privileges, limitations, and flight readily available for consultation in logbook will not suffice for the record accordance with § 141.85(b) of this part; operations, appropriate to the aircraft required by this paragraph of this category and class rating for which the and section; and course applies; (d) The FAA Flight Standards District (2) The record must include the (b) Accident reporting requirements of Office having jurisdiction over the area following information: the National Transportation Safety in which the school is located is (i) The date the student was enrolled Board; notified in writing if training or in the approved course; (c) The applicable subjects in the instruction is conducted there for more (ii) A chronological log of the ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual’’ and the than 7 consecutive days. student’s course attendance, subjects appropriate FAA advisory circulars; § 141.93 Enrollment. and flight operations covered in the (d) The use of aeronautical charts for student’s training, and the names and VFR navigation using pilotage with the (a) The holder of a pilot school or a grades of any tests taken by the student; aid of a magnetic compass; provisional pilot school certificate must, and (e) The recognition of critical weather at the time a student is enrolled in an (iii) The date the student graduated, situations from the ground and in flight, approved training course, furnish that terminated training, or transferred to windshear avoidance, and the student with the following: another school. procurement and use of aeronautical (1) A certificate of enrollment (b) Whenever a student graduates, weather reports and forecasts; containing— terminates training, or transfers to (f) The safe and efficient operation of (i) The name of the course in which another school, the student’s record aircraft, including collision avoidance, the student is enrolled; and must be certified to that effect by the and recognition and avoidance of wake (ii) The date of that enrollment. chief instructor; turbulence and windshear conditions; (2) A copy of the training syllabus. (c) The holder of a certificate for a (g) The effects of density altitude on (b) The holder of a pilot school or pilot school or a provisional pilot school takeoff and climb performance; provisional pilot school certificate must must retain each student record (h) Weight and balance computations; maintain a monthly listing of persons required by this section for at least 1 (i) Principles of aerodynamics, enrolled in each training course offered year from the date that the student: powerplants, and aircraft systems; by the school. (1) Graduates from the course to (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, which the record pertains; and spin recovery techniques, if § 141.95 Graduation certificate. (2) Terminates enrollment in the applying for an airplane single engine (a) The holder of a pilot school or course to which the record pertains; or rating; and provisional pilot school certificate shall (3) Transfers to another school; and (k) Aeronautical decision making and issue a graduation certificate to each (d) The holder of a certificate for a judgment; student who completes its approved pilot school or a provisional pilot school (l) Preflight action that includes— (1) How to obtain information on course of training. must, upon request of a student, make runway lengths at airports of intended (b) The graduation certificate must be a copy of the student’s record available use, data on takeoff and landing issued to the student upon completion to the student. distances, weather reports and forecasts, of the course of training and contain at and fuel requirements; least the following information: Appendix AÐRecreational Pilot Certification Course (2) How to plan for alternatives if the (1) The name of the school and the planned flight cannot be completed; and number of the school certificate; 1. Applicability. This appendix (3) Proper planning procedures for (2) The name of the graduate to whom prescribes the minimum curriculum possible traffic delays. it was issued; required for a recreational pilot 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved (3) The course of training for which it certification course under this part, for: course must include at least 30 hours of was issued; (a) An airplane category with a single- flight training (of which 15 hours must (4) The date of graduation; engine class rating. be with an authorized flight instructor (5) A statement that the student has (b) A rotorcraft category with a and 3 hours must be supervised PIC satisfactorily completed each required helicopter class rating. training), on the areas of operation listed stage of the approved course of training (c) A rotorcraft category with a in section 4.(c) of this appendix, that are including the tests for those stages; gyroplane class rating. appropriate to the aircraft category and (6) The information contained on the 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person class rating for which the course graduation certificate must be certified must have the following to enroll in the applies, and must include: by the chief instructor for that course of flight portion of the recreational pilot (1) Except as provided in § 61.100 of training; and certification course: this chapter, 2 hours of flight training to Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41273 and at an airport that is located more checks and end-of-course tests, in (5) Radio communication procedures; than 25 nautical miles from the airport accordance with the school’s approved (6) The recognition of critical weather where the applicant normally trains, training course, and must consist of the situations from the ground and in flight, which includes at least 3 takeoffs and 3 approved areas of operation of section 4 windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and landings; and of this appendix for the aircraft category forecasts; (2) Three hours of flight training in and class rating for which the course (7) The safe and efficient operation of the aircraft, that is appropriate to the applies. aircraft, including collision avoidance, and aircraft category and class for which the (b) Each student must demonstrate recognition and avoidance of wake course applies, in preparation for the satisfactory proficiency prior to being turbulence and windshear conditions; practical test within 60 days preceding endorsed to operate an aircraft in (8) The effects of density altitude on takeoff the date of the practical test. supervised PIC flight. and climb performance; (b) Each training flight must include (9) Weight and balance computations; a preflight briefing and a postflight Appendix BÐPrivate Pilot Certification (10) Principles of aerodynamics, Course powerplants, and aircraft systems; critique of the student by the flight (11) If the course of training is for an instructor assigned to that flight. 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes airplane category or glider category rating, (c) Areas of operation. Flight training the minimum curriculum for a private pilot stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin must include the following approved certification course required under this part, recovery techniques; areas of operation appropriate to the for: (12) Aeronautical decision making and aircraft category and class rating for (a) An airplane category—single-engine judgment; and which the course applies: class. (13) Preflight action that includes— (1) For an airplane-single engine (b) An airplane category—multiengine (i) How to obtain information on runway class. lengths at airports of intended use, data on course: takeoff and landing distances, weather (i) Preflight preparation; (c) A rotorcraft category—helicopter class. (d) A rotorcraft category—gyroplane class. reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; (ii) Preflight procedures; (e) A powered-lift category. (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the (iii) Airport operations; (f) A glider category—nonpowered class. planned flight cannot be completed; and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (g) A glider category—powered class. (iii) Proper planning procedures for arounds; (h) A lighter-than-air category—airship possible traffic delays. (v) Performance maneuvers; class. 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (i) A lighter-than-air category—balloon must include the following flight training on (vii) Navigation; class. the areas of operation listed in section 4.(c) (viii) Stalls and slow flight; 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must of this appendix, appropriate to the aircraft (ix) Emergency operations; and have the following to enroll in the flight category and class rating for which the course portion of the private pilot certification applies, and must include: (x) Postflight procedures. course: (1) For an airplane-single engine course. At (2) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course: (a) A student pilot certificate; least 35 hours of flight training (of which 20 (i) Preflight preparation; (b) Except for course of training for a rating hours must be with an authorized flight (ii) Preflight procedures; in a glider or balloon, hold at least a valid instructor and 5 hours must be supervised (iii) Airport and heliport operations; third-class medical certificate issued under PIC training), on the approved areas of (iv) Hovering maneuvers; part 67 of this chapter. operation in section 4.(c)(1) of this appendix, (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (c) For a rating in a glider or a balloon, a and the training must include at least— arounds; signed and dated statement by the person (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (vi) Performance maneuvers; certifying that the person has no known chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (vii) Navigation; medical defect that makes the person unable training in a single engine airplane; (viii) Emergency operations; and to pilot a glider or balloon. (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in a (ix) Postflight procedures. Each approved course must include at least single engine airplane that includes— (3) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in (A) One cross country flight over 100 (i) Preflight preparation; section 3.(b) of this appendix, appropriate to nautical miles duration; and (ii) Preflight procedures; the aircraft category and class rating, and (B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full (iii) Airport operations; must include at least: stop (with each landing involving a flight in (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (1) 35 hours of training, if the course is for the traffic pattern) at an airport. arounds; an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered lift (iii) Three hours of instrument flight (v) Performance maneuvers; category rating. training in a single engine airplane; and (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (2) 15 hours of training, if the course is for (iv) Three hours of flight training in (vii) Navigation; a glider category rating. preparation for the practical test in a single (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (3) 10 hours of training, if the course is for engine airplane, and must have been a lighter-than-air category with a balloon performed within 60 days preceding the date (ix) Emergency operations; and class rating. of the test. (x) Postflight procedures. (4) 35 hours of training, if the course is for (2) For an airplane-multiengine course. At 5. Supervised pilot-in-command a lighter-than-air category with an airship least 35 hours of flight training (of which 20 practice. Each approved course must class rating. hours must be with an authorized flight include at least 3 hours of supervised (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. instructor and 5 hours must be supervised pilot-in-command practice on the areas (1) The applicable Federal Aviation PIC training), on the approved areas of of operation listed in section 4.(c) of this Regulations for private pilot privileges, operation in section 4.(c)(2) of this appendix, appendix, that is appropriate to the limitations, and flight operations; and the training must include at least— aircraft category and class rating for (2) Accident reporting requirements of the (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this which the course applies. National Transportation Safety Board; chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (3) The applicable subjects of the training in a multiengine airplane; 6. Stage checks and end-of-course ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual’’ and the (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this tests. appropriate FAA advisory circulars; chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in a (a) Each student enrolled in a (4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation multiengine airplane that includes— recreational pilot course must using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio (A) One cross country flight over 100 satisfactorily accomplish the stage aids; nautical miles duration; and 41274 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full powered-lift, and must have been performed representative of the aircraft for which the stop (with each landing involving a flight in within 60 days preceding the date of the test. course is approved for, meet requirements of the traffic pattern) at an airport. (6) For a glider-nonpowered course. At this paragraph, and the training is given by (iii) Three hours of instrument flight least 5 hours and 10 flights of flight training an authorized ground or flight instructor. training in a multiengine airplane; and time from an authorized flight instructor, on (2) Training in a flight training device that (iv) Three hours of flight training in the approved areas of operation in section meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of preparation for the practical test in a 4.(c)(6) of this appendix, and the training this part, may be credited for a maximum of multiengine airplane, and must have been must include— 10 percent of the total flight training hour performed within 60 days preceding the date (i) At least 3 flights of flight training in a requirements of the approved course, or of of the test. nonpowered glider, in preparation for the this section, whichever is less. (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At practical test within 60 days preceding the (3) Training in a flight training device that least 35 hours of flight training (of which 20 test; and meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of hours must be with an authorized flight (ii) In addition, if the course covers winch this part, may be credited for a maximum of instructor and 5 hours must be supervised or auto tow procedures, the flight training 5 percent of the total flight training hour PIC training), on the approved areas of must include at least 5 flights of flight requirements of the approved course, or of operation in section 4.(c)(3) of this appendix, training and 2 supervised PIC flight in a this section, whichever is less. and the training must include at least— nonpowered glider on the appropriate (4) Training in a flight training device that (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this approved areas of operation listed in section meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight 4.(c)(6) of this appendix. this part and a flight training device that training in a helicopter; (7) For a glider-powered course. At least 5 meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this hours of flight training time from an this part, may be credited for a maximum of chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in a authorized flight instructor, on the approved 10 percent of the total flight training hour helicopter that includes— areas of operation in section 4.(c)(7) of this requirements of the approved course, or by (A) One cross country flight over 50 appendix, and the training must include at this section, whichever is less. However, nautical miles duration; and least 3 flights of flight training in a powered training in a flight training device that meets (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full glider, in preparation for the practical test the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part stop (with each landing involving a flight in within 60 days preceding the date of the test. may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent the traffic pattern) at an airport. (8) For a lighter than air-airship course. At of the total flight training hour requirements. (iii) Three hours of flight training in least 20 hours of flight training from an (c) Areas of operation. Each approved preparation for the practical test in a authorized flight instructor, on the approved course must include the flight training on the areas of operation in section 4.(c)(8) of this helicopter, and must have been performed areas of operation listed in this paragraph, appendix, and the training must include at within 60 days preceding the date of the test. that are appropriate to the aircraft category least— (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At and class rating for which the course applies: (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this least 35 hours of flight training (of which 20 (1) Areas of operation for a single engine chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight hours must be with an authorized flight airplane course: Areas of operation for an training in an airship; instructor and 5 hours must be supervised (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this airplane-single engine course are the PIC training), on the approved areas of chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in an following— operation in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, airship that includes— (i) Preflight preparation; and the training must include at least— (A) One cross country flight over 25 (ii) Preflight procedures; (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this nautical miles duration; and (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; training in a gyroplane; stop (with each landing involving a flight in (v) Performance maneuvers; (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this the traffic pattern) at an airport. (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in a (iii) Three hours of instrument flight (vii) Navigation; gyroplane that includes— training in an airship; and (viii) Stalls and slow flight; (A) One cross country flight over 50 (iv) Three hours of flight training in (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; nautical miles duration; and preparation for the practical test in an (x) Emergency operations; (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full airship, and must have been performed (xi) Night operations, except as provided in stop (with each landing involving a flight in within 60 days preceding the date of the test. § 61.110 of this chapter; and the traffic pattern) at an airport. (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At (xii) Postflight procedures. (iii) Three hours of flight training in least 8 hours of flight training that includes (2) Areas of operations for a multiengine preparation for the practical test in a at least 5 flights of flight training from an airplane course: Areas of operation for an gyroplane, and must have been performed authorized flight instructor, on the approved airplane-multiengine course are the within 60 days preceding the date of the test. areas of operation in section 4.(c)(9) of this following— (5) For a powered-lift course. At least 35 appendix, and includes— (i) Preflight preparation; hours of flight training (of which 20 hours (i) If the training is being performed in a (ii) Preflight procedures; must be with an authorized flight instructor gas balloon, the training must include at (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), least— (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; on the approved areas of operation in section (A) Two flights of 1 hour each; (v) Performance maneuvers; 4.(c)(5) of this appendix, and the training (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; must include at least— to 5,000 feet above the surface; and (vii) Navigation; (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (C) Two flights in preparation for the (viii) Stalls and slow flight; chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight practical test within 60 days preceding the (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; training in a powered-lift; test. (x) Emergency operations; (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this (ii) If the training is being performed in a (xi) Multiengine operations; chapter, 3 hours of night flight training in a balloon with an airborne heater, the training (xii) Night operations, except as provided powered-lift that includes— must include at least— in § 61.110 of this chapter; and (A) One cross country flight over 100 (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each; (xiii) Postflight procedures. nautical miles duration; and (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent (3) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft- (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full to 3,000 feet above the surface; and helicopter course: Areas of operation for a stop (with each landing involving a flight in (C) Two flights in preparation for the rotorcraft-helicopter course are the the traffic pattern) at an airport. practical test within 60 days preceding the following— (iii) Three hours of instrument flight test. (i) Preflight preparation; training in a powered-lift; and (b) Use of flight training devices. (ii) Preflight procedures; (iv) Three hours of flight training in (1) The course may include training in a (iii) Airport and heliport operations; preparation for the practical test in a flight training device, provided they are (iv) Hovering maneuvers; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41275

(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iii) Airport operations; (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight (vi) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; over 50 nautical miles duration, landings at (vii) Navigation; (v) Performance maneuvers; a minimum of three points, and one route of (viii) Emergency operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; the flight being a straight line distance of at (ix) Night operations, except as provided in (vii) Navigation; least 25 nautical miles between the takeoff § 61.110 of this chapter; and (viii) Emergency operations; and and landing locations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (ix) Postflight procedures. (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (4) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft- (9) Areas of operation for a lighter than air- full stop (with each landing involving a flight gyroplane course: Areas of operation for a balloon course: Areas of operation for a in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an rotorcraft-gyroplane course are the lighter than air category-balloon course are operating control tower. following— the following— (e) For a powered-lift course. At least 5 (i) Preflight preparation; (i) Preflight preparation; hours of supervised pilot-in-command time, (ii) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; on the approved areas of operation in section (iii) Balloonport operations; (iii) Airport operations; 4.(c)(5) of this appendix, and the training (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iv) Lift-offs and landings; (v) Performance maneuvers; must include at least— (v) Performance maneuvers; (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; over 100 nautical miles duration, landings at (vii) Navigation; (vii) Emergency operations; and a minimum of three points, and one route of (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (viii) Postflight procedures. the flight being a straight line distance of at (ix) Emergency operations; 5. Supervised pilot-in-command practice. least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff (x) Night operations, except as provided in Each approved course must include the and landing locations; and § 61.110 of this chapter; and following supervised pilot-in-command (xi) Postflight procedures. practice on the areas of operation listed in (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (5) Areas of operation for a powered-lift section 4.(c) of this appendix, appropriate to full stop (with each landing involving a flight course: the aircraft category and class rating for in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an Areas of operation for a powered-lift course which the course applies, and must include: operating control tower. are the following— (a) For an airplane-single engine course. At (f) For a glider-nonpowered course. (i) Preflight preparation; least 5 hours of supervised pilot-in-command (1) At least 2 flights of supervised pilot-in- (ii) Preflight procedures; time, on the approved areas of operation in command time, on the approved areas of (iii) Airport and heliport operations; section 4.(c)(1) of this appendix, and the operation in section 4.(c)(6) of this appendix; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; training must include at least— and (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (2) If the course covers ground launch of at least more than 100 nautical miles (vi) Performance maneuvers; procedures, the supervised pilot in command duration, landings at a minimum of three (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; time must include at least 2 flights using a points, and one route of the flight being a (viii) Navigation; winch or auto tow on the approved areas of straight line distance of at least 50 nautical (ix) Stalls and slow flight; operation in section 4.(c)(6) of this appendix. miles between the takeoff and landing (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (g) For a glider-powered course. At least 2 locations; and flights of supervised pilot-in-command time, (xi) Emergency operations; (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (xii) Night operations, except as provided on the approved areas of operation in section full stop (with each landing involving a flight 4.(c)(7) of this appendix. in § 61.110 of this chapter; and in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an (xiii) Postflight procedures. (h) For a lighter than air-airship course. At operating control tower. least 5 hours of supervised pilot-in-command (6) Areas of operations for a glider- (b) For an airplane-multiengine course. At nonpowered course: Areas of operation for a time with an authorized flight instructor, on least 5 hours of supervised pilot-in-command the approved areas of operation in section glider-nonpowered course are the time, on the approved areas of operation in 4.(c)(8) of this appendix. following— section 4.(c)(2) of this appendix, and the (i) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At (i) Preflight preparation; training must include at least— least 2 flights of supervised pilot-in- (ii) Preflight procedures; (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight command time, on the approved areas of (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; over 100 nautical miles duration, landings at operation in section 4.(c)(9) of this appendix, (iv) Launches and landings; a minimum of three points, and one route of (v) Performance speeds; the flight being a straight line distance of at in the balloon for which the course applies. (vi) Soaring techniques; least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (vii) Performance maneuvers; and landing locations; and (a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot (viii) Navigation; (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a course must satisfactorily accomplish the (ix) Stalls and slow flight; full stop (with each landing involving a flight stage checks and end-of-course tests, in (x) Emergency operations; and in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an accordance with the school’s approved (xi) Postflight procedures. operating control tower. training course, and must consist of the (7) Areas of operation for a glider-powered (c) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At approved areas of operation of section 4 of course: Areas of operation for a glider- least 5 hours of supervised pilot-in-command this appendix for the aircraft category and powered course are the following— time, on the approved areas of operation in class rating for which the course applies. (i) Preflight preparation; section 4.(c)(3) of this appendix, and the (b) Each student must demonstrate (ii) Preflight procedures; training must include at least— satisfactory proficiency prior to being (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; over 50 nautical miles duration, landings at PIC flight. (v) Performance speeds; a minimum of three points, and one route of (vi) Soaring techniques; the flight being a straight line distance of at Appendix CÐInstrument Rating (vii) Performance maneuvers; least 25 nautical miles between the takeoff Course (viii) Navigation; and landing locations; and (ix) Stalls and slow flight; (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (x) Emergency operations; and full stop (with each landing involving a flight the minimum curriculum for an instrument (xi) Postflight procedures. in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an rating course and an additional instrument (8) Areas of operation for a lighter than air- operating control tower. rating course, required under this part, for: airship course: Areas of operation for a (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At (a) Instrument-airplane single-engine. lighter than air-airship course are the least 5 hours of supervised pilot-in-command (b) Instrument-airplane multiengine. following— time, on the approved areas of operation in (c) Instrument-helicopter. (i) Preflight preparation; section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, and the (d) Instrument-airship. (ii) Preflight procedures; training must include at least— (e) Instrument-powered-lift. 41276 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must requirements of the approved course, or of (i) Is in a powered-lift and is performed have the following to enroll in the flight this section, whichever is less. under IFR; portion of the instrument rating course: (4) Training in a flight training device that (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical (a) A private pilot certificate with an meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of miles along airways or ATC-directed routing aircraft category and class rating appropriate this part and a flight training device that with one of the routes being at least a to the instrument rating for which the course meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles applies. this part, may be credited for a maximum of between airports; (b) At least a valid third-class medical 10 percent of the total flight training hour (iii) Involves an instrument approach at certificate issued under part 67 of this requirements of the approved course, or by each airport; and chapter. this section, whichever is less. However, (iv) Involves three different kinds of 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. training in a flight training device that meets approaches with the use of navigation aids. (a) Each approved course must include the the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part (5) For an instrument-airship course. aeronautical knowledge areas listed in may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent Instrument training time from an authorized section 3.(b) of this appendix, appropriate to of the total flight training hour requirements. instructor, on the approved areas of operation the instrument rating for which the course (c) In addition, each approved course must in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the applies, and must include at least: include the following flight training on the training must include at least one cross (1) 30 hours of training, if the course is for areas of operation listed in section 4.(d) of country flight that— an initial instrument rating. this appendix, appropriate to the instrument- (i) Is in an airship and is performed under (2) 20 hours of training, if the course is for aircraft category and class rating for which IFR; an additional instrument rating. the course applies, and must include: (ii) Is a distance of at least 50 nautical (b) Each approved course must include the (1) For an instrument-airplane single miles along airways or ATC-directed routing following aeronautical knowledge areas: engine course. Instrument training time from with one of the routes being at least a (1) The applicable Federal Aviation an authorized instructor, on the approved straight-line distance of 25 nautical miles Regulations for IFR flight operations; areas of operation in section 4.(d) of this between airports; (2) The appropriate information in the appendix, and the training must include at (iii) Involves an instrument approach at least one cross country flight that— ‘‘Airman’s Information Manual;’’ each airport; and (i) Is in a single engine airplane and is (3) The air traffic control system and (iv) Involves three different kinds of performed under IFR; procedures for instrument flight operations; approaches with the use of navigation aids. (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical (4) IFR navigation and approaches by use (d) Areas of operation: miles along airways or ATC-directed routing of radio aids; (i) Preflight preparation; (5) Use of IFR en route and instrument with one of the routes being at least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles (ii) Preflight procedures; charts procedure approach; between airports; (iii) Air traffic control clearances and (6) The procurement and use of aviation (iii) Involves an instrument approach at procedures; weather reports and forecasts, and the each airport; and (iv) Flight by reference to instruments; elements of forecasting weather trends on the (iv) Involves three different kinds of (v) Navigation aids; basis of that information and personal approaches with the use of navigation aids. (vi) Instrument approach procedures; observation of weather conditions; (2) For an instrument-airplane multiengine (vii) Emergency operations; and (7) The safe and efficient operation of course. Instrument training time from an (viii) Postflight procedures. aircraft under IFR and conditions appropriate authorized instructor, on the approved areas 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. to the instrument rating for which the course of operation in section 4.(d) of this appendix, Each student enrolled in an instrument applies; and the training must include at least one rating course must satisfactorily accomplish (8) The recognition of critical weather cross country flight that— the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in situations and windshear avoidance; (i) Is in a multiengine airplane and is accordance with the school’s approved (9) Aeronautical decision making and performed under IFR; training course, and must consist of the judgment; and (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical appropriate approved areas of operation of (10) Flight deck resource management, to miles along airways or ATC-directed routing section 4 of this appendix for the aircraft include crew communication and with one of the routes being at least a category and class rating for which the course coordination. straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles applies. 4. Flight training. between airports; (a) Each approved course must include the (iii) Involves an instrument approach at Appendix DÐCommercial Pilot following flight training on the areas of each airport; and Certification Course. operation listed in section 4.(d) of this (iv) Involves three different kinds of appendix, appropriate to the instrument- approaches with the use of navigation aids. 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes aircraft category and class rating for which (3) For an instrument-helicopter course. the minimum curriculum for a commercial the course applies, and must include at least: Instrument training time from an authorized pilot certification course required under this (1) 35 hours of instrument training, if the instructor, on the approved areas of operation part, for: course is for an initial instrument rating. in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the (a) Airplane category—single-engine class. (2) 15 hours of instrument training, if the training must include at least one cross (b) Airplane category—multiengine class. course is for an additional instrument rating. country flight that— (c) Rotorcraft category—helicopter class. (b) Use of flight training devices. (i) Is in a helicopter and is performed (d) Rotorcraft category—gyroplane class. (1) The course may include training in a under IFR; (e) Powered-lift category. flight training device, provided they are (ii) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical (f) Glider category—nonpowered class. representative of the aircraft for which the miles along airways or ATC-directed routing (g) Glider category—powered class. course is approved for, meet requirements of with one of the routes being at least a (h) Lighter-than-air category—airship class. this paragraph, and the training is given by straight-line distance of 50 nautical miles (i) Lighter-than-air category—balloon class. an authorized ground or flight instructor. between airports; 2. Eligibility for enrollment. (2) Training in a flight training device that (iii) Involves an instrument approach at (a) A person must have the following to meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of each airport; and enroll in the flight portion of the commercial this part, may be credited for a maximum of (iv) Involves three different kinds of pilot certification course: 10 percent of the total flight training hour approaches with the use of navigation aids. (1) At least a private pilot certificate; requirements of the approved course, or of (4) For an instrument-powered-lift course. (2) At least a valid third-class medical this section, whichever is less. Instrument training time from an authorized certificate issued under part 67 of this (3) Training in a flight training device that instructor, on the approved areas of operation chapter for a rating in an aircraft other than meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the a glider or a balloon; this part, may be credited for a maximum of training must include at least one cross (3) A signed and dated statement affixed to 5 percent of the total flight training hour country flight that— the application certifying that no known Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41277 medical defect exists that would make the 4. Flight training. (iv) Three hours in a helicopter, in person unable to pilot a glider or balloon, as (a) Each approved course must include the preparation for the practical test within the appropriate; and following flight training on the areas of 60 days preceding the date of the test. (4) If the course is for a rating in an operation listed in paragraph (c) of this (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At airplane, powered-lift category, or an airship section, appropriate to the aircraft category least 20 hours of training on the approved class, then the person must— and class rating for which the course applies, areas of operation listed in paragraph (c)(4) (i) Hold an instrument rating in the aircraft and must include: of this section that includes at least— that is appropriate to the aircraft category and (1) For an airplane-single engine course. At (i) Five hours of instrument training in a class rating for which the course applies; or least 20 hours of training on the approved gyroplane; (ii) Be concurrently enrolled in an areas of operation listed in paragraph (c)(1) (ii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane instrument rating course that is appropriate of this section that includes at least— of at least 2 hours in duration, a total straight- to the aircraft category and class rating for (i) Five hours of instrument training in a line distance of more than 50 nautical miles which the course applies and satisfactorily single engine airplane; from the original point of departure, and accomplish the required instrument rating (ii) Ten hours of training in a single engine occurring in day-VFR conditions; practical test prior to completing the airplane that has a retractable landing gear, (iii) Except as provided in § 61.131 of this commercial pilot certification course. flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or chapter, one cross-country flight in a (b) A person must meet the aeronautical is turbine-powered; gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, a experience requirements prescribed in part (iii) One cross-country flight in a single total straight-line distance of more than 50 61 of this chapter for a commercial pilot engine airplane of at least 2 hours in nautical miles from the original point of certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft duration, a total straight-line distance of departure, and occurring in night-VFR category and class rating for which the course more than 100 nautical miles from the conditions; and applies upon completion of this course. original point of departure, and occurring in (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane, in 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. day-VFR conditions; preparation for the practical test within the (a) Each approved course must include the (iv) Except as provided in § 61.131 of this 60 days preceding the date of the test. aeronautical knowledge areas listed in chapter, one cross-country flight in a single (5) For a powered-lift course. At least 20 paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to engine airplane of at least 2 hours in hours of training on the approved areas of the aircraft category and class rating for duration, a total straight-line distance of operation listed in paragraph (c)(5) of this which the course applies, and must include more than 100 nautical miles from the section that includes at least— at least: original point of departure, and occurring in (i) Five hours of instrument training in a (1) 100 hours of training, if the course is night-VFR conditions; and powered-lift; for an airplane category rating, powered lift (v) Three hours in a single engine airplane, (ii) One cross-country flight in a powered- category rating, or a lighter-than-air category in preparation for the practical test within lift of at least 2 hours in duration, a total with an airship class rating. the 60 days preceding the date of the test. straight-line distance of more than 100 (2) 65 hours of training, if the course is for (2) For an airplane-multiengine course. At nautical miles from the original point of a rotorcraft category rating. least 20 hours of training on the approved departure, and occurring in day-VFR (3) 25 hours of training, if the course is for areas of operation listed in paragraph (c)(2) conditions; a glider category rating. of this section that includes at least— (iii) Except as provided in § 61.131 of this (4) 20 hours of training, if the course is for (i) Five hours of instrument training in a chapter, one cross-country flight in a a lighter-than-air category with a balloon multiengine airplane; powered-lift of at least 2 hours in duration, class rating. (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine a total straight-line distance of more than 100 (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. Each airplane that has a retractable landing gear, nautical miles from the original point of approved course must include the flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or departure, and occurring in night-VFR aeronautical knowledge areas listed in this is turbine-powered; conditions; and paragraph, appropriate to the aircraft (iii) One cross-country flight in a (iv) Three hours in a powered-lift, in category and class rating for which the course multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours in preparation for the practical test within the applies: duration, a total straight-line distance of 60 days preceding the date of the test. (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations that more than 100 nautical miles from the (6) For a nonpowered glider course. At apply to commercial pilot privileges, original point of departure, and occurring in least 10 hours of flight training and 10 flights limitations, and flight operations; day-VFR conditions; on the approved areas of operation of (2) Accident reporting requirements of the (iv) Except as provided in § 61.131 of this paragraph (c)(6) of this section, that National Transportation Safety Board; chapter, one cross-country flight in a includes— (3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours in (i) At least 3 flights in preparation for the of flight; duration, a total straight-line distance of practical test within the 60 days preceding (4) Meteorology to include recognition of more than 100 nautical miles from the the date of the test; and critical weather situations, windshear original point of departure, and occurring in (ii) If the course is for ground launch recognition and avoidance, and the use of night-VFR conditions; and procedures privileges, the course must also aeronautical weather reports and forecasts; (v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane, include at least 5 flights of flight training in (5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft; in preparation for the practical test within a nonpowered glider using a winch or auto (6) Weight and balance computations; the 60 days preceding the date of the test. tow on the approved areas of operation of (7) Use of performance charts; (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At paragraph (c)(6) of this section. (8) Significance and effects of exceeding least 20 hours of training on the approved (7) For a powered glider course. At least 10 aircraft performance limitations; areas of operation listed in paragraph (c)(3) hours of flight training on the approved areas (9) Use of aeronautical charts and magnetic of this section that includes at least— of operation of paragraph (c)(7) of this compass for pilotage and dead reckoning; (i) Five hours of instrument training in a section, that includes at least 3 hours in (10) Use of air navigation facilities; helicopter; preparation for the practical test within the (11) Aeronautical decision making and (ii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter 60 days preceding the date of the test; judgement; of at least 2 hours in duration, a total straight- (8) For an airship course. At least 20 hours (12) Principles and functions of aircraft line distance of more than 50 nautical miles of training in airships on the approved areas systems; from the original point of departure, and of operation in paragraph (c)(8) of this (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and occurring in day-VFR conditions; section, which includes at least— emergency operations appropriate to the (iii) Except as provided in § 61.131 of this (i) Three hours in an airship, in aircraft; chapter, one cross-country flight in a preparation for the practical test within the (14) Night and high altitude operations; helicopter of at least 2 hours in duration, a 60 days preceding the date of the test; and total straight-line distance of more than 50 (ii) Five hours of instrument training in (15) Descriptions of and procedures for nautical miles from the original point of airships; operating within the National Airspace departure, and occurring in night-VFR (iii) One cross-country flight in an airship System. conditions; and of at least 1 hour in duration, a total straight- 41278 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules line distance of more than 25 nautical miles (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (xi) Postflight procedures. from the original point of departure, and (v) Performance maneuvers; (8) For a lighter than air-airship course: occurring in day-VFR conditions; and (vi) Navigation; (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) One cross-country flight in an airship (vii) Stalls and slow flight; (ii) Preflight procedures; of at least 1 hour in duration, a total straight- (viii) Emergency operations; (iii) Airport operations; line distance of more than 25 nautical miles (ix) High altitude operations; and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; from the original point of departure, and (x) Postflight procedures. (v) Performance maneuvers; occurring in night-VFR conditions, except as (2) For an airplane-multiengine course: (vi) Navigation; provided in § 61.131 of this chapter. (i) Preflight preparation; (vii) Emergency operations; and (9) For a balloon course. At least 10 hours (ii) Preflight procedures; (viii) Postflight procedures. of flight training that includes at least 10 (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course: flights of flight training in balloons on the (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (i) Preflight preparation; approved areas of operation of paragraph (v) Performance maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (c)(9) of this section, and includes— (vi) Navigation; (iii) Balloonport operations; (i) If the course is involves training in a gas (vii) Stalls and slow flight; (iv) Lift-offs and landings; balloon, the training must include at least— (viii) Emergency operations; (v) Performance maneuvers; (A) Two flights of 1 hour each in a gas (ix) Multiengine operations; (vi) Navigation; balloon; (x) High altitude operations; and (vii) Emergency operations; and (B) One flight in a gas balloon involving a (xi) Postflight procedures. (viii) Postflight procedures. controlled ascent to 10,000 feet above the (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course: 5. Supervised pilot-in-command training. surface; and (i) Preflight preparation; Each approved course must include (C) Two flights in a gas balloon, in (ii) Preflight procedures; supervised pilot-in-command practice on the preparation for the practical test within the (iii) Airport and heliport operations; areas of operation listed in section 4.(c) of 60-day period preceding the date of the test. (iv) Hovering maneuvers; this appendix, appropriate to the aircraft (ii) If the course involves training in a (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; category and class rating for which the course balloon with an airborne heater, the training (vi) Performance maneuvers; applies, and must include: must include at least— (vii) Navigation; (a) For an airplane-single engine course. At (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each in a (viii) Emergency operations; least 10 hours of supervised PIC flying in a balloon with an airborne heater; (ix) Special operations; and single engine airplane on the approved areas (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent (x) Postflight procedures. of operation in section 4.(c)(1) of this to 5,000 feet above the surface in a balloon (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: appendix, which includes at least— (1) One cross-country flight, if the training with an airborne heater; and (i) Preflight preparation; is being performed in the state of Hawaii, that (C) Two flights in a balloon with an (ii) Preflight procedures; must involve landings at a minimum of three airborne heater, in preparation for the (iii) Airport operations; points and one of the routes having a practical test within the 60-day period (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical preceding the date of the test. (v) Performance maneuvers; miles; (b) Use of flight training devices. (vi) Navigation; (2) One cross-country flight, if the training (1) Training in a flight training device may (vii) Flight at slow airspeeds; is being performed in a State other than be included in the course, provided it is (viii) Emergency operations; and Hawaii, that must involve landings at a representative of the aircraft for which the (ix) Postflight procedures. minimum of three points and one of the course is approved for, meets the (5) For a powered-lift course: routes having a straight-line distance of at requirements of this paragraph, and is given (i) Preflight preparation; least 250 nautical miles; and by an authorized ground or flight instructor. (ii) Preflight procedures; (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with (2) Training in a flight training device that (iii) Airport and heliport operations; 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (iv) Hovering maneuvers; landing involving a flight with a traffic this part may be credited for a maximum of (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; pattern) at an airport with an operating 10 percent of the total flight training hour (vi) Performance maneuvers; control tower, except as provided in § 61.131 requirements of the approved course, or of (vii) Navigation; of this chapter. this section, whichever is less. (viii) Stalls and slow flight; (b) For an airplane-multiengine course. At (3) Training in a flight training device that (ix) Emergency operations; least 10 hours of supervised PIC flying in a meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (x) High altitude operations; multiengine airplane on the approved areas this part may be credited for a maximum of (xi) Special operations; and of operation in section 4.(c)(2) of this 5 percent of the total flight training hour (xii) Postflight procedures. appendix, which includes at least— requirements of the approved course, or of (6) For a glider-nonpowered course: (1) One cross-country flight, if the training this section, whichever is less. (i) Preflight preparation; is being performed in the state of Hawaii, that (4) Training in a flight training device that (ii) Preflight procedures; must involve landings at a minimum of three meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; points and one of the routes having a this part and a flight training device that (iv) Launches and landings; straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (v) Performance speeds; miles; this part may be credited for a maximum of (vi) Soaring techniques; (2) One cross-country flight, if the training 10 percent of the total flight training hour (vii) Performance maneuvers; is being performed in a State other than requirements of the approved course, or by (viii) Navigation; Hawaii, that must involve landings at a this section, whichever is less. However, (ix) Stalls and slow flight; minimum of three points and one of the training in a flight training device that meets (x) Emergency operations; and routes having a straight-line distance of at the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part (xi) Postflight procedures. least 250 nautical miles; and may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent (7) For a glider-powered course: (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with of the total flight training hour requirements. (i) Preflight preparation; 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each (c) Areas of operation. Each approved (ii) Preflight procedures; landing involving a flight with a traffic course must include the flight training on the (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; pattern) at an airport with an operating areas of operation listed in this paragraph, (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; control tower, except as provided in § 61.131 that are appropriate to the aircraft category (v) Performance speeds; of this chapter. and class rating for which the course applies: (vi) Soaring techniques; (c) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At (1) For an airplane-single engine course: (vii) Performance maneuvers; least 10 hours of supervised PIC flying in a (i) Preflight preparation; (viii) Navigation; helicopter on the approved areas of operation (ii) Preflight procedures; (ix) Stalls and slow flight; in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, which (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (x) Emergency operations; and includes at least— Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41279

(1) One cross-country flight, if the training operation in section 4.(c)(8) of this appendix, paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to is being performed in the state of Hawaii, that which includes at least— the aircraft category and class rating, and must involve landings at a minimum of three (i) One cross-country flight with landings must include at least 40 hours of training. points and one of the routes having a at a minimum of three points, and one of the (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical routes having a straight-line distance of at (1) The applicable Federal Aviation miles; least 25 nautical miles from the original point Regulations of this chapter that relate to (2) One cross-country flight, if the training of departure; and airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, is being performed in a State other than (ii) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with and flight operations appropriate to the Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each aircraft rating for which the course applies; minimum of three points and one of the landing involving a flight with a traffic (2) Meteorology including knowledge of routes having a straight-line distance of at pattern) except as provided in § 61.131 of this and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics, least 250 nautical miles; and chapter. cloud formations, icing, and upper air-data; (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with (i) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At (3) General system of weather and NOTAM 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each least 2 flights of supervised pilot-in- collection, dissemination, interpretation, and landing involving a flight with a traffic command time, on the approved areas of use; pattern) at an airport with an operating operation in section 4.(c)(9) of this appendix, (4) Interpretation of weather charts, maps, control tower, except as provided in § 61.131 in the balloon for which the course applies. forecasts, sequences, abbreviations, symbols, of this chapter. 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. and use; (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At (a) Each student enrolled in a commercial (5) National Weather Service function as it least 10 hours of supervised PIC flying in a pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish pertains to operation in the National gyroplane on the approved areas of operation the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in Airspace System; in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, which accordance with the school’s approved (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, includes at least— training course, consisting of the approved identification, and avoidance; (1) One cross-country flight, if the training areas of operation of section 4 of this (7) Principles of air navigation under is being performed in the state of Hawaii, that appendix for the aircraft category and class instrument meteorological conditions in the must involve landings at a minimum of three rating for which the course applies. National Airspace System; points and one of the routes having a (b) Each student must demonstrate (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical satisfactory proficiency prior to being responsibilities as they relate to en route miles; endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised operations, terminal area and radar (2) One cross-country flight, if the training PIC flight. operations, and instrument departure and is being performed in a State other than approach procedures; Hawaii, that must involve landings at a Appendix EÐAirline Transport Pilot (9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, minimum of three points and one of the Certification Course use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and routes having a straight-line distance of at computations, and the effects on aircraft least 250 nautical miles; and 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes performance that are appropriate to the (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with the minimum curriculum for an airline aircraft category and class rating for which 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each transport pilot certification course under this the course applies; landing involving a flight with a traffic part, for: (10) Aircraft aerodynamics relating to the pattern) at an airport with an operating (a) An airplane category-single engine class aircraft’s flight characteristics, performance, control tower, except as provided in § 61.131 rating. and normal and abnormal flight regimes and of this chapter. (b) An airplane category-multiengine class characteristics that are appropriate to the (e) For a powered-lift course. At least 10 rating. aircraft category and class rating for which hours of supervised PIC flying in a powered- (c) A rotorcraft category-helicopter class the course applies; lift on the approved areas of operation in rating. (11) Flight crewmember physiological section 4.(c)(5) of this appendix, which (d) A powered-lift category rating. factors; includes at least— 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must (12) Aeronautical decisionmaking and (1) One cross-country flight, if the training have the following to enroll in the flight judgment; and is being performed in the state of Hawaii, that portion of the airline transport pilot (13) Flight deck resource management to must involve landings at a minimum of three certification course: include crew communication and points and one of the routes having a (a) Meet at least one of the following coordination. straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical requirements— 4. Flight training. miles; (1) Hold at least a commercial pilot (a) Approved course requirements. (2) One cross-country flight, if the training certificate and an instrument rating; (1) Flight training in the approved areas of is being performed in a State other than (2) Meet the requirements of § 61.73 of this operation of paragraph (c) of this section Hawaii, that must involve landings at a chapter to qualify for a commercial pilot must be included in the aircraft category and minimum of three points and one of the certificate and an instrument rating, in the class rating for which the course applies; and routes having a straight-line distance of at case of a person who is a rated pilot in the (2) At least 25 hours of flight training, of least 250 nautical miles; and U.S. military; or which at least 15 hours must be instrument (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with (3) Hold either a foreign airline transport flight training, must be included in the 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each pilot or foreign commercial pilot license and aircraft for which the course applies. landing involving a flight with a traffic an instrument rating, in the case of a person (b) Use of flight training devices. pattern) at an airport with an operating who holds a pilot license issued by a member (1) Training in a flight training device may control tower, except as provided in § 61.131 State to the International Civil Aviation be included, provided it is representative of of this chapter. Organization. the aircraft for which the course is approved, (f) For a glider-nonpowered course. At least (b) Hold at least a third-class medical meets the requirements of this paragraph, 5 supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered certificate issued under part 67 of this and is given by an authorized ground or glider on the approved areas of operation of chapter; and flight instructor. section 4.(c)(6) of this appendix. (c) Meet the aeronautical experience (2) Training in a flight training device that (g) For a glider-powered course. At least 5 requirements prescribed in subpart G, part 61 meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of supervised PIC flights in a powered glider on of this chapter for an airline transport pilot this part, may be credited for a maximum of the approved areas of operation of section certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft 10 percent of the total flight training hour 4.(c)(7) of this appendix. category and class rating for which the course requirements of the approved course, or of (h) For a lighter than air-airship course. At applies upon completion of this course. this section, whichever is less. least 10 hours of pilot in command flight 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (3) Training in a flight training device that training with an authorized flight instructor (a) Each approved course must include the meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of in airships, on the approved areas of aeronautical knowledge areas listed in this part, may be credited for a maximum of 41280 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

5 percent of the total flight training hour (b) Each student must demonstrate paragraph (c) of this section for the flight requirements of the approved course, or of satisfactory proficiency prior to being instructor rating for which the course this section, whichever is less. endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised applies; and must include at least: (4) Training in a flight training device that PIC flight. (1) Twenty-five hours, if the course is for meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift this part and a flight training device that Appendix FÐFlight Instructor category rating, or a lighter-than-air category meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of Certification Course with an airship class rating; this part, may be credited for a maximum of (2) Ten hours and 10 flights, if the course 10 percent of the total flight training hour 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes is for a glider category with a nonpowered requirements of the approved course, or by the minimum curriculum for a flight class rating; this section, whichever is less. However, instructor certification course and an (3) Ten hours, if the course is for a glider training in a flight training device that meets additional flight instructor rating course category with a powered class rating; or the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part required under this part, for: (4) Eight flights, if the course is for a may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent (a) Airplane category—single-engine class. lighter-than-air category with a balloon class of the total flight training hour requirements. (b) Airplane category—multiengine class. rating. (c) Areas of operation. Each approved (c) Rotorcraft category—helicopter class. (b) Use of flight training devices. course must include the flight training on the (d) Rotorcraft category—gyroplane class. (1) The course may include training in a areas of operation listed in this paragraph, (e) Powered-lift category. flight training device, provided they are that are appropriate to the aircraft category (f) Glider category—nonpowered class. representative of the aircraft for which the and class rating for which the course applies: (g) Glider category—powered class. course is approved for, meet requirements of (1) For an airplane category-single engine (h) Lighter-than-air category—airship class. this paragraph, and the training is given by class rating with a type rating course, if a (i) Lighter-than-air category—balloon class. an authorized ground or flight instructor. type rating is required, are as follows— 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must (2) Training in a flight training device that (i) Preflight preparation; have the following to enroll in the flight meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (ii) Preflight procedures; portion of the flight instructor or additional this part, may be credited for a maximum of (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; flight instructor rating course: 10 percent of the total flight training hour (iv) Inflight maneuvers; (a) A commercial or an airline transport requirements of the approved course, or of (v) Instrument procedures; pilot certificate, with an aircraft category and this section, whichever is less. class rating appropriate to the flight (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (3) Training in a flight training device that instructor rating for which the course (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (viii) Emergency procedures; and applies; and this part, may be credited for a maximum of (ix) Postflight procedures. (b) An instrument rating in an aircraft that 5 percent of the total flight training hour (2) For an airplane category-multiengine is appropriate to the aircraft category and requirements of the approved course, or of class rating with a type rating course, if a class rating for which the course applies, if this section, whichever is less. type rating is required, are as follows— the course is for a flight instructor-airplane, (4) Training in a flight training device that (i) Preflight preparation; -helicopter, -powered-lift, -airship, or (ii) Preflight procedures; -instrument-(category and class) rating. meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. this part and a flight training device that (iv) Inflight maneuvers; (a) Approved course requirements. meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (v) Instrument procedures; Each approved course must include the this part, may be credited for a maximum of (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of 10 percent of the total flight training hour (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; this section, and must include at least: requirements of the approved course, or by (viii) Emergency procedures; and (1) 40 hours of training, if the course is for this section, whichever is less. However, (ix) Postflight procedures. an initial issuance of a flight instructor training in a flight training device that meets (3) For a powered-lift category rating with certificate; or the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part a type rating course, if a type rating is (2) 20 hours of training, if the course is for may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent required, are as follows— an additional flight instructor rating. of the total flight training hour requirements. (i) Preflight preparation; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (c) Areas of operation. (ii) Preflight procedures; (1) The learning process; Each approved course must include the (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (2) Elements of effective teaching; flight training on the areas of operation listed (iv) Inflight maneuvers; (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and in this paragraph, that are appropriate to the (v) Instrument procedures; testing; aircraft category and class rating for which (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (4) Course development; the course applies: (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (5) Lesson planning; (1) For an airplane-single engine course: (viii) Emergency procedures; and (6) Classroom training techniques; and (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ix) Postflight procedures. (7) The aeronautical knowledge areas in (ii) Technical subject areas; (4) For a rotorcraft category-helicopter class which training is required for— (iii) Preflight preparation; rating with a type rating course, if a type (i) A recreational, private, and commercial (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be rating is required, are as follows— pilot certificate that is appropriate to the performed in flight; (i) Preflight preparation; aircraft category and class rating for which (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; the course applies; and (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (ii) An instrument rating that is appropriate (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iv) Inflight maneuvers; to the aircraft category and class rating for (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (v) Instrument procedures; which the course applies, if the course is for (ix) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; an airplane or powered-lift category, or a (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; lighter-than-air category with an airship (xi) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; (viii) Emergency procedures; and class. (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (ix) Postflight procedures. (c) School hours credited. (xiii) Emergency operations; and 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. A student who satisfactorily completed 2 (xiv) Postflight procedures. (a) Each student enrolled in an airline years of study on the principles of education (2) For an airplane-multiengine course: transport pilot course must satisfactorily in a college or university may be credited (i) Fundamentals of instructing; accomplish the stage checks and end-of- with no more than 20 hours of the required (ii) Technical subject areas; course tests, in accordance with the school’s training in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (iii) Preflight preparation; approved training course, consisting of the 4. Flight training. (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be approved areas of operation of section 4.(c) (a) Approved course requirements. performed in flight; of this appendix in the aircraft category and Each approved course must include flight (v) Preflight procedures; class rating for which the course applies. training in the approved areas of operation of (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41281

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iii) Preflight preparation; (d) Flight Instructor Instrument—airship. (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be (e) Flight Instructor Instrument—powered- (ix) Performance maneuvers; performed in flight; lift. (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (v) Preflight procedures; 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must (xi) Stalls and slow flight; (vi) Airport and gliderport operations; have the following to enroll in the flight (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; portion of the flight instructor instrument (xiii) Emergency operations; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; course: (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (ix) Performance speeds; (a) A commercial or airline transport pilot (xv) Postflight procedures. (x) Soaring techniques; certificate with an aircraft category and class (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course: (xi) Performance maneuvers; rating appropriate to the flight instructor (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; category and class rating for which the course (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Emergency operations; and applies; and (iii) Preflight preparation; (xiv) Postflight procedures. (b) A flight instructor certificate with an (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be (8) For a lighter than air-airship course: aircraft category and class rating that is performed in flight; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; appropriate to the flight instructor (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Technical subject areas; instrument (category and class of aircraft) (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (iii) Preflight preparation; rating for which the course applies. (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; performed in flight; (a) Approved course requirements. (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (v) Preflight procedures; Each approved course must include the (x) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Airport operations; aeronautical knowledge areas listed in (xi) Emergency operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to (xii) Special operations; and (viii) Fundamentals of flight; the flight instructor instrument (category and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (ix) Performance maneuvers; class of aircraft) rating for which the course (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: (x) Ground reference maneuvers; applies, and must include at least 15 hours (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xi) Emergency operations; and of training. (ii) Technical subject areas; (xii) Postflight procedures. (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (iii) Preflight preparation; (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course: (1) Instrument rating aeronautical (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be (i) Fundamentals of instructing; knowledge areas of this paragraph that are performed in flight; (ii) Technical subject areas; appropriate to the flight instructor (v) Preflight procedures; (iii) Preflight preparation; instrument (category and class of aircraft) (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be rating for which the course applies; (vi) Airport operations; performed in flight; (2) Learning process; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (v) Preflight procedures; (3) Elements of effective teaching; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (vi) Balloonport operations; (4) Student evaluation, quizzing, and (ix) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Lift-offs and landings; testing; (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (5) Course development; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (6) Lesson planning; and (xii) Emergency operations; and (x) Emergency operations; and (7) Classroom training techniques. (xiii) Postflight procedures. (xi) Postflight procedures. 4. Flight training. (5) For a powered-lift course: 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. (a) Approved course requirements. (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (a) Each student enrolled in a flight Each approved course must include at least (ii) Technical subject areas; instructor course must satisfactorily 15 hours of flight training in the approved (iii) Preflight preparation; accomplish the stage checks and end-of- areas of operation of paragraph (b) of this (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be course tests, in accordance with the school’s section for the flight instructor rating for performed in flight; approved training course, consisting of the which the course applies. (v) Preflight procedures; appropriate approved areas of operation of (b) Use of flight training devices. (vi) Airport and heliport operations; section 4 of this appendix for the flight (1) The course may include training in a (vii) Hovering maneuvers; instructor rating for which the course flight training device, provided they are (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; applies. representative of the aircraft for which the (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (b) In the case of a student who is enrolled course is approved for, meet requirements of (x) Performance maneuvers; in a flight instructor-airplane rating or -glider this paragraph, and the training is given by (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; rating course, that student must have: an authorized ground or flight instructor. (xii) Stalls and slow flight; (1) Received a logbook endorsement from (2) Training in a flight training device that (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; an authorized flight instructor on ground and meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (xiv) Emergency operations; flight training on stall awareness, spin entry, this part, may be credited for a maximum of (xv) Special operations; and spins, and spin recovery procedures in an 10 percent of the total flight training hour (xvi) Postflight procedures. aircraft that is certificated for spins and that requirements of the approved course, or of (6) For a glider-nonpowered course: applies to the rating sought; and this section, whichever is less. (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (2) Demonstrated instructional proficiency (3) Training in a flight training device that (ii) Technical subject areas; in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (iii) Preflight preparation; recovery procedures. this part, may be credited for a maximum of (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be 5 percent of the total flight training hour performed in flight; Appendix GÐÐFlight Instructor requirements of the approved course, or of (v) Preflight procedures; Instrument (Aircraft Category and this section, whichever is less. (vi) Airport and gliderport operations; Class) Certification Course (4) Training in a flight training device that (vii) Launches and landings; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (viii) Fundamentals of flight; 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes this part and a flight training device that (ix) Performance speeds; the minimum curriculum for a flight meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (x) Soaring techniques; instructor instrument certification course this part, may be credited for a maximum of (xi) Performance maneuvers; required under this part, for: 10 percent of the total flight training hour (xii) Stalls, spins, and slow flight; (a) Flight Instructor Instrument—airplane requirements of the approved course, or by (xiii) Emergency operations; and single-engine. this section, whichever is less. However, (xiv) Postflight procedures. (b) Flight Instructor Instrument—airplane training in a flight training device that meets (7) For a glider-powered course: multiengine. the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (c) Flight Instructor Instrument— may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent (ii) Technical subject areas; helicopter. of the total flight training hour requirements. 41282 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(c) Areas of operation. Each approved (c) School hours credited. pilot certificate level for which the course course must include the flight training on the A student who satisfactorily completed 2 applies. areas of operation listed in this paragraph years of study on the principles of education (c) Flight training devices may be used (c)(2) of this section, that are appropriate to in a college or university may be credited when the course includes training in a flight the instrument-aircraft category and class with 10 hours of the required training in training device, provided it is representative rating for which the course applies. paragraph (a)(1) of this section. of the aircraft for which the course is (2) For a flight instructor-instrument rating 3. Stage check and end-of-course tests. approved, meets the requirements of this course. Each student enrolled in a ground paragraph, and the training is given by an (i) Fundamentals of instructing; instructor course must satisfactorily authorized ground or flight instructor. (ii) Technical subject areas; accomplish the stage checks and end-of- (d) Training in a flight training device that (iii) Preflight preparation; course tests, in accordance with the school’s meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be approved training course, consisting of the this part, may be credited for a maximum of performed in flight; approved knowledge areas of section 2 of this 10 percent of the total flight training hour (v) Air traffic control clearances and appendix for the ground instructor rating for requirements of the approved course, or of procedures; which the course applies. this section, whichever is less. (vi) Flight by reference to instruments; (e) Training in a flight training device that (vii) Navigation aids; Appendix IÐAdditional Aircraft meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (viii) Instrument approach procedures; Category or Class Rating Course this part, may be credited for a maximum of (ix) Emergency operations; and 5 percent of the total flight training hour (x) Postflight procedures. 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes requirements of the approved course, or of 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. the minimum curriculum for an additional this section, whichever is less. Each student enrolled in a flight instructor aircraft category rating course or an (f) Training in a flight training device that instrument course must satisfactorily additional aircraft class rating course meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of accomplish the stage checks and end-of- required under this part, for: this part and a flight training device that course tests, in accordance with the school’s (a) Airplane category—single-engine class. meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of approved training course, consisting of the (b) Airplane category—multiengine class. this part, may be credited for a maximum of approved areas of operation of section 4 of (c) Rotorcraft category—helicopter class. 10 percent of the total flight training hour this appendix for the flight instructor (d) Rotorcraft category—gyroplane class. requirements of the approved course, or by instrument (category and class of aircraft) (e) Powered-lift category. this section, whichever is less. However, rating for which the course applies. (f) Glider category—nonpowered class. training in a flight training device that meets (g) Glider category—powered class. the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part Appendix HÐGround Instructor (h) Lighter-than-air category—airship class. may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent Certification Course (i) Lighter-than-air category—balloon class. of the total flight training hour requirements. 2. Eligibility for enrollment. 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes A person must have the following to enroll (a) Each student enrolled in an additional the minimum curriculum for a ground in the flight portion of an additional aircraft aircraft category rating course or an instructor certification course and an category or additional aircraft class rating additional aircraft class rating course must additional ground instructor rating course, course: satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks required under this part, for: (a) The level of pilot certificate for the and end-of-course tests, in accordance with (a) Ground Instructor—Airplane category. additional aircraft category or class rating for the school’s approved training course, (b) Ground Instructor—Rotorcraft category. which the course applies. consisting of the approved areas of operation (c) Ground Instructor—Glider category. (b) At least a valid third-class medical of section 4 of this appendix that are (d) Ground Instructor—Lighter-than-air certificate issued under part 67 of this appropriate the aircraft category and class category. chapter, if the course is for a aircraft rating rating for which the course applies at the (e) Ground Instructor—Powered-lift in other than a glider or balloon. appropriate pilot certificate level. category. (c) A signed and dated statement affixed to (b) Each student must demonstrate (f) Ground Instructor—Instrument. the application certifying that no known satisfactory proficiency prior to being 2. Aeronautical knowledge training. medical defect exists that would make the endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised (a) Approved course requirements. person unable to pilot a glider or balloon, as PIC flight. Each approved course must include the appropriate. knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. Appendix JÐAircraft Type Rating this section, appropriate to the ground Each approved course for an additional Course, for Other Than Airline instructor category and class rating for which aircraft category rating and additional aircraft Transport Pilot Certificate the course applies, and must include a total class rating must include: of at least: (a) The aeronautical knowledge training 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (1) 20 hours of training, if the course is for that apply to that aircraft rating by this part, the minimum curriculum for an aircraft type an initial issuance of a ground instructor and that are appropriate to the aircraft rating rating course, for other than airline transport certificate; or and pilot certificate level for which the pilot certificate, for: (2) 10 hours of training, if the course is for course applies; and (a) A type rating in an airplane category— an additional ground instructor rating. (b) The total aeronautical knowledge single engine class. (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. training hours of each approved course must (b) A type rating in an airplane category— (1) Learning process; include the ground training time required by multiengine class. (2) Elements of effective teaching; this part that are appropriate to the aircraft (c) A type rating in a rotorcraft category— (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and rating and pilot certificate level for which the helicopter class. testing; course applies. (d) A type rating in a powered-lift category. (4) Course development; 4. Flight training. (e) Other aircraft type ratings specified by (5) Lesson planning; Each approved course for an additional the Administrator through aircraft type (6) Classroom training techniques; and aircraft category rating or additional aircraft certificate procedures. (7) Aeronautical knowledge areas in which class must include: 2. Eligibility for enrollment. training is required for— (a) The flight training on the approved A person must have the following to enroll (i) A private and commercial pilot areas of operation of this paragraph, that are in the flight portion of an aircraft type rating certificate that is appropriate to the category appropriate to the aircraft rating and pilot course: and class rating for which the course applies; certificate level for which the course applies. (a) At least a private pilot certificate; and (b) The total flight training time must (b) At least a valid third-class medical (ii) An instrument rating, if applying for a include the training required by this part, certificate issued under part 67 of this ground instructor instrument rating. that are appropriate to the aircraft rating and chapter; Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules 41283

(c) An instrument rating in the category requirements of the approved course, or of (v) Instrument procedures; and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the this section, whichever is less. (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; aircraft type rating for which the course (3) Training in a flight training device that (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; applies, provided the aircraft’s type meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of (viii) Emergency procedures; and certificate does not have a VFR limitation, this part, may be credited for a maximum of (ix) Postflight procedures. except as provided in paragraph (d) of this 5 percent of the total flight training hour 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. section; and requirements of the approved course, or of (a) Each student enrolled in an aircraft type (d) Be concurrently enrolled in an this section, whichever is less. rating course must satisfactorily accomplish instrument rating course in the category and (4) Training in a flight training device that the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in class of aircraft that is appropriate to the meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of accordance with the school’s approved aircraft type rating for which the course this part and a flight training device that training course, consisting of the approved applies and satisfactorily accomplish the meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of areas of operation that apply to the aircraft required instrument rating practical test this part, may be credited for a maximum of type rating for which the course applies at concurrently with the aircraft type rating 10 percent of the total flight training hour the airline transport pilot certificate level; practical test. requirements of the approved course, or by and 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. this section, whichever is less. However, (b) Each student must demonstrate (a) Approved course requirements. training in a flight training device that meets satisfactory proficiency prior to being Each approved course must include the the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised aeronautical knowledge areas listed in may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent PIC flight. paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to of the total flight training hour requirements. the aircraft type rating for which the course (c) Areas of operation. Appendix KÐSpecial Preparation applies, and must include at least 15 hours Each approved course must include the Courses of training. flight training on the areas of operation listed (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. in this paragraph, that are appropriate to the 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (1) Proper control of airspeed, aircraft category and class rating for which the minimum curriculum for the special configuration, direction, altitude, and the course applies: preparation courses that are listed in § 141.11 attitude in accordance with procedures and (1) A type rating for an airplane-single of this part. limitations contained in the Aircraft’s Flight engine course: 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must Manual, checklists, or other approved (i) Preflight preparation; have the following to enroll in the flight material appropriate that apply to the aircraft (ii) Preflight procedures; portion of a special preparation course: type; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (a) A pilot, flight instructor, or ground (2) Compliance with approved enroute, (iv) Inflight maneuvers; instructor certificate that is appropriate for instrument approach, missed approach, ATC, (v) Instrument procedures; the operating privilege or authorization that or other applicable procedures that apply to (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; the course applies; the aircraft type; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (b) At least a valid third-class medical (3) Subjects requiring a practical (viii) Emergency procedures; and certificate issued under part 67 of this knowledge of the aircraft type, its (ix) Postflight procedures. chapter, if the course involves an aircraft powerplant, systems, components, (2) A type rating for an airplane- other than a glider or balloon; and operational, and performance factors; multiengine course: (c) A statement signed and dated by the (4) The aircraft’s normal, abnormal, and (i) Preflight preparation; person certifying the person has no known emergency procedures, and the operations (ii) Preflight procedures; medical defect that makes the person unable and limitations relating thereto; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; to pilot a glider or balloon, as appropriate. (5) The appropriate provisions of the (iv) Inflight maneuvers; 3. General requirements. approved Aircraft’s Flight Manual; (v) Instrument procedures; (a) To be approved a special preparation (6) Location and purpose of inspecting of (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; course must: each item on the aircraft’s checklist that (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (1) Meet the appropriate requirements of relate to the exterior and interior preflight; (viii) Emergency procedures; and this appendix; and and (ix) Postflight procedures. (2) Prepare the graduate with the necessary (7) Use of the aircraft’s prestart checklist, (3) A type rating for a powered-lift course: skills, competency, and proficiency to appropriate control system checks, starting (i) Preflight preparation; exercise safely the privileges of the procedures, radio and electronic equipment (ii) Preflight procedures; certificate, rating, or authorization for which checks, and the selection of proper (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; the course is established. navigation and communication radio (iv) Inflight maneuvers; (b) An approved special preparation course facilities and frequencies. (v) Instrument procedures; must include training on the operating 4. Flight training. (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; privileges or authorization sought, for (a) Approved course requirements. (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; developing competency, proficiency, Each approved course must include: (viii) Emergency procedures; and resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self- (1) Flight training on the approved areas of (ix) Postflight procedures. reliance in the student; and operation of paragraph (c) of this section in (4) A type rating for a rotorcraft-helicopter (c) An approved special preparation course the aircraft type for which the course applies; course: must include flight training in the operating and (i) Preflight preparation; privileges or authorization sought, for (2) At least 25 hours of flight training of (ii) Preflight procedures; developing competency, proficiency, which at least 15 hours must be instrument (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self- flight training in the aircraft for which the (iv) Inflight maneuvers; reliance in the student. course applies. (v) Instrument procedures; 4. Use of flight training devices. (b) Use of flight training devices. (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; (a) The approved special preparation (1) The course may include training in a (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; course may include training in a flight flight training device, provided they are (viii) Emergency procedures; and training device, provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the (ix) Postflight procedures. representative of the aircraft for which the course is approved for, meet requirements of (5) Other aircraft type ratings specified by course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by the Administrator through aircraft type this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor. certificate procedures: an authorized ground or flight instructor. (2) Training in a flight training device that (i) Preflight preparation; (b) Training in a flight training device that meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (ii) Preflight procedures; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for a maximum of (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; this part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour (iv) Inflight maneuvers; 10 percent of the total flight training hour 41284 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / Proposed Rules requirements of the approved course, or of (4) Test pilot duties and responsibilities. (2) The skills, competency, and proficiency this section, whichever is less. (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on for performing flight instructor duties and (c) Training in a flight training device that test pilot duties and responsibilities. responsibilities. meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of 9. Special operations course. 12. Ground instructor refresher course. this part, may be credited for a maximum of An approved special preparation course for An approved special preparation ground 5 percent of the total flight training hour pilots in special operations that are mission instructor refresher course must include at requirements of the approved course, or of specific for certain aircraft, must include at least 16 hours of aeronautical knowledge this section, whichever is less. least the following: training on: (d) Training in a flight training device that (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on— (a) The aeronautical knowledge areas of meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(1) of (1) Performing that special flight operation; part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, this part and a flight training device that (2) Safe piloting operating practices and recreational, private, and commercial pilots meets the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of procedures for performing that special flight and instrument rated pilots; this part, may be credited for a maximum of operation; (b) The aeronautical knowledge areas of 10 percent of the total flight training hour (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that part 61 of this chapter that apply to ground requirements of the approved course, or by pertain to that special flight operation; and instructors; this section, whichever is less. However, (4) Pilot-in-command duties and (c) Safe piloting operating practices and training in a flight training device that meets responsibilities for performing that special procedures, including airport operations and the requirements of § 141.41(a)(2) of this part flight operation. operating in the National Airspace System; may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent (b) Flight training— and of the total flight training hour requirements. (1) On that special flight operation; and (d) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. (2) To develop skills, competency, 91 of this chapter that apply to pilots and Each person enrolled in a special proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, ground instructors. preparation course must satisfactorily and self-reliance in the student for accomplish the stage checks and end-of- performing that special flight operation in a Appendix LÐPilot Ground School course tests, in accordance with the school’s safe manner. approved training course, consisting of the Course 10. Pilot refresher course. approved areas of operation that are An approved special preparation pilot 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes appropriate to the operating privileges or refresher course for a pilot certificate, aircraft the minimum curriculum for a pilot ground authorization sought and for which the category and class rating, or an instrument school course required under this part. course applies. rating must include at least the following: 2. General requirements. An approved 6. Agricultural aircraft operations course. (a) At least 4 hours of aeronautical course of training for a pilot ground school An approved special preparation course for knowledge training on— must include training on the aeronautical pilots in agricultural aircraft operations must (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas that include at least the following: knowledge areas that are: (a) At least 25 hours of training on-(1) are applicable to the level of pilot certificate, (a) Needed to safely exercise the privileges Agricultural aircraft operations; aircraft category and class rating, or of the certificate, rating, or authority for (2) Safe piloting operating practices and instrument rating, as appropriate, that pertain which the course is established; and procedures for handling, dispensing, and to that course; (b) Conducted to develop competency, disposing agricultural and industrial (2) Safe piloting operating practices and proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, chemicals, including operating in and around procedures; and and self-reliance in each student. congested areas; and (3) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 3. Aeronautical knowledge training (3) Applicable provisions of part 137 of 91 of this chapter for pilots. requirements. this chapter. (b) At least 6 hours of flight training on the Each approved pilot ground school course (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on approved areas of operation that are must include: agricultural aircraft operations. applicable to level of pilot certificate, aircraft (a) The aeronautical knowledge training 7. Rotorcraft external-load operations category and class rating, or instrument that apply to that aircraft rating by this part, course. rating, as appropriate, for performing pilot- and that are appropriate to the aircraft rating An approved special preparation course for in-command duties and responsibilities. and pilot certificate level for which the pilots of external-load operations must 11. Flight instructor refresher course. course applies; and include at least the following: An approved special preparation flight (b) The total aeronautical knowledge (a) At least 10 hours of training on-(1) instructor refresher course must include at training hours must include an adequate Rotorcraft external-load operations; least a combined total of 16 hours of number of hours that are appropriate to the (2) Safe piloting operating practices and aeronautical knowledge training, flight aircraft rating and pilot certificate level for procedures for external-load operations, training, or any combination of ground and which the course applies. including operating in and around congested flight training on the following: 4. Stage check and end-of-course tests. areas; and (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on— Each person enrolled in a pilot ground (3) Applicable provisions of part 133 of (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas of school course must satisfactorily accomplish this chapter. part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on recreational, private, and commercial pilot accordance with the school’s approved external-load operations. certificates and instrument ratings; training course, consisting of the approved 8. Test pilot course. (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas of areas of operation that are appropriate to the An approved special preparation course for part 61 of this chapter that apply to flight operating privileges or authorization that pilots in test pilot duties must include at instructor certificates; graduation from the course will permit and least the following: (3) Safe piloting operating practices and for which the course applies. (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on— procedures, including airport operations and 5. Part 143 is removed and reserved. (1) Performing aircraft maintenance, operating in the National Airspace System; quality assurance, and certification test flight and PART 143Ð[RESERVED] operations; (4) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and (2) Safe piloting operating practices and 91 of this chapter that apply to pilots and Issued in Washington, D.C., on July 27, procedures for performing aircraft flight instructors. 1995. maintenance, quality assurance, and (b) Flight training to review— William J. White, certification test flight operations; (1) The approved areas of operations Acting Director, Flight Standards Service. (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that applicable to student, recreational, private, pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality and commercial pilot certificates and [FR Doc. 95–18911 Filed 7–28–95; 4:01 pm] assurance, and certification tests; and instrument ratings; and BILLING CODE 4910±13±P