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“It's Like There's a String Between Us”: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of Home Among Southern Sudanese Canadians

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“It's Like There's a String Between Us”: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of Home Among Southern Sudanese Canadians “It’s like there’s a string between us”: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of Home among Southern Sudanese Canadians by Martha Fanjoy A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Martha Fanjoy 2013 “It’s like there’s a string between us”: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of Home among Southern Sudanese Canadians Martha Fanjoy Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2013 Abstract This dissertation is an exploration of the creative spaces often opened up by exile and forced migration, where Southern Sudanese negotiate and perform new forms of belonging and affiliation, while simultaneously (re)producing, ‘local’ practices in order to reaffirm and solidify existing relationships and identity categories. Through my examination of the creative spaces opened up by migration and exile, I also raise questions related to broader concerns in the field of forced migration and refugee studies regarding the need to problematize the often binary distinction between forced and voluntary migrants, which often places refugees in a category stripped of agency and choice. Based on 20 months of multi-sited field work in Calgary, Canada and Juba, South Sudan and exploring issues related community organization and shifting forms of affiliation, long distance nation building, transnational marriage and return migration, this dissertation demonstrates how settling-in and place-making involve both material and moral aspects of practice, and that refugees, regardless of the “forced” nature of their migration, are active agents in this process. ii Acknowledgements Several people helped in the creation of this document. Most importantly I would like to thank the Southern Sudanese community members in Calgary and South Sudan who welcomed me into their homes and community, and generously shared their experiences and reflections on migration. Without their patience and openness this document would not have been possible. I hope they find their voices and stories faithfully reflected in these pages. Many thanks must also go to my supervisor, Janice Boddy, for her support during my South Sudan fieldwork and her guidance through the writing process, as well as to my committee members, Michael Lambek and Girish Daswani, who repeatedly offered valuable insights. The input and feedback provided by my colleagues in the University of Toronto`s Department of Anthropology Social-Cultural Dissertation Writing Group was invaluable, as was the incredible support - often offered over great distances and across many time zones - of Chantelle Falconer, Laura Sikstrom, and Sharon Kelly, among many others. A portion of the research was supported by a Doctoral Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship Fund, as well as a generous grant to pursue Dinka studies in Juba, South Sudan from the University of Toronto`s Faculty of Arts and Science. Finally, a special thank you to my family, who encouraged and supported me throughout this long journey, and to Terry Beaulieu, whose endless patience, willingness to edit, debate and provide feedback went a long way to making this document possible. While many had a hand in helping create this document, any inaccuracies or mistakes are mine alone. iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Methodological Approach ................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Historical and Current Context .......................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Creating the Grass Curtain: Slavery, Colonialism and Independence ....................... 14 1.2.2. Civil Wars and the Establishment of an Independent South Sudan ........................... 20 1.3. The United Nations and Canadian Refugee Resettlement System .................................... 25 1.3.1. United Nations Policy and Procedures ....................................................................... 26 1.3.2. Canadian Policies and Programs ................................................................................ 28 1.4. Anthropology in South Sudan ........................................................................................... 31 1.5. Key Concepts and Literature ............................................................................................. 37 1.5.1. Refugeeness ............................................................................................................... 38 1.5.2. Transnationalism ........................................................................................................ 41 1.5.3. Belonging ................................................................................................................... 43 1.6. Layout of the Dissertation ................................................................................................. 44 2. The (Un)Making of the Southern Sudanese Community in Calgary .........46 2.1. The Unmaking of a Community ........................................................................................ 49 2.2. The desire for recognition and the making of a Southern Sudanese "Community" .......... 64 2.2.1. Intergenerational Issues .............................................................................................. 69 2.2.2. Divorce and Domestic Violence ................................................................................ 79 2.2.3. "It feels like we have an identity here": The desire for a Community Centre ........... 86 2.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 89 3. Staying on Script: How to be a “Good” Refugee ..........................................91 3.1. Refugee Status Determination and Resettlement: Learning to be a “Good Refugee” ...... 93 3.1.1. Lost Boys and Child Soldiers: Ruptures within Refugee Discourses ...................... 102 3.2. Resettlement and Multiculturalism: Learning to be “Good” Canadians ......................... 106 3.3. Self Discipline and Display of Difference: Ruptures in Ideals of Multicultural Citizenship 111 3.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 117 th 4. The 7 Front and Long Distance Nation Building .....................................121 4.1. Transnationalism and Long Distance Nation Building ................................................... 122 4.1.1. Political Activism and Talisman Energy ................................................................. 123 4.1.2. The Election and Referendum.................................................................................. 129 4.1.3. Remittances and Engagement in Development ....................................................... 136 4.2. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 148 5. Cattle, Money and the Search for “Good Girls”: Shifting Gender Relations and Transnational Marriage .......................................................151 5.1. Money has no Colours: Changes to Bridewealth Payments due to Money, War and Migration ......................................................................................................................... 154 5.2. Searching for “Good Girls” ............................................................................................. 169 5.3. Conclusion: Can Finding a “Good Girl” Make You a “Good Man”? ............................. 177 iv 6. There’s no place like home(s): return migration and the blurring of durable solutions ............................................................................................180 6.1. Dimensions of Return ...................................................................................................... 182 6.2. “It’s like Becoming a Refugee All Over Again”: Return and Loss ................................. 193 6.3. “I felt like I was being pulled between two countries across the ocean and I couldn’t stretch anymore”: Return and Kinship Obligations ......................................................... 199 6.4. “It’s like I’m finally home”: Return and the search for a Sudanese Identity .................. 210 6.5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 216 7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................220 7.1. Community Organization and Belonging ........................................................................ 223 7.2. Performing Refugeeness and Multiculturalism ............................................................... 224 7.3. Long Distance Nation Building ....................................................................................... 226 7.4. Negotiating Gender Expectations and Transnational Marriage ...................................... 227 7.5. Return Migration and Shifting Conceptions of Home ..................................................... 228 7.6. Conclusion: Performing the Local through Global Acts ................................................. 229 Sources Cited ........................................................................................................................
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