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Notes

Introduction 1. Timothy Campbell, introduction to Bios. Biopolitics and Philosophy by Roberto Esposito (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), vii. 2. David Graeber, “The Sadness of post- Workerism or Art and Immaterial Labor Conference a Sort of Review,” The Commoner, April 1, 2008, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.commoner.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/graeber_ sadness.pdf. 3. , Society Must Be Defended 1975–1976 (New York: Picador, 2003), 210, 211, 212. 4. Ibid., 213. 5. Racism works for the state as “a break into the domain of life that is under power’s control: the break between what must live and what must die” (ibid., 254). 6. Ibid., 212. 7. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 219. 8. Ibid., 224. 9. Ibid., 229. 10. See Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998) and State of Exception (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). 11. Esposito, Bios. Biopolitics and Philosophy, 14, 15. 12. Ibid., 147. 13. Laurent Dubreuil, “Leaving Politics. Bios, Zo¯e¯ Life,” Diacritics 36.2 (2006): 88. 14. Paolo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude (New York: Semiotext[e], 2004), 81.

Chapter 1 1. Catalogo Bolaffi delle Fiat, 1899–1970; repertorio completo della produzione automobilistica Fiat dalle origini ad oggi, ed. Angelo Tito Anselmi (: G. Bolaffi , 1970), 15. 2. Gwyn A. Williams, introduction to The Occupation of the Factories: 1920, by Paolo Spriano (London: Pluto Press, 1975), 9. See also Giorgio Porosini, 174 ● Notes

Il capitalismo italiano nella prima guerra mondiale (Florence: La Nuova Italia Editore, 1975), 10–17, and Rosario Romero, Breve storia della grande industria in Italia 1861–1961 (Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1988), 89–97. 3. Martin Clark, and the Revolution That Failed (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1977), 16. 4. See Spriano, Occupation of the Factories, 44. 5. Ibid. 6. Gwyn A. Williams, Proletarian Order: Antonio Gramsci, Factory Councils and the Origins of Communism in Italy 1911–1921 (London: Pluto Press, 1975), 69; see also Darrow Schecter, Gramsci and the Theory of (Brookfi eld: Gower Publishing Company, 1991). 7. , “Battute di preludio,” L’Ordine Nuovo, May 1, 1919. 8. Antonio Gramsci, Pre- Prison Writings, trans. Virginia Cox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 179. 9. Enea Matta, “Vita operaia. Psicologia da proprietari,” L’Ordine Nuovo, May 31, 1919. 10. Ibid., 137. 11. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientifi c Management (New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1915), 32. 12. , Post- Scarcity (Berkeley: The Rampant Press, 1971), 37. 13. Gramsci, PPW, 102. 14. Ibid., 96. 15. Spriano, Occupation of the Factories, 25–26. 16. Gramsci, PPW, 128; see also Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 65–68. 17. Adolfo Pepe, Storia del sindacato in Italia nel ’900. La CGL e l’età liberale, vol. 4 (: Ediesse, 1997), 24–25. 18. Quoted in Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy. A Political History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 287. 19. Gramsci, PPW, 39. 20. Ibid., 40. 21. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publisher, 2003), 358. 22. Williams, Proletarian Order, 156. 23. Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 36. 24. Williams, Proletarian Order, 157. 25. Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 38. 26. Quoted in Antonio Gramsci, Selection from Political Writings (1910–1920), trans. John Mathews (London: ElecBook, 2001), 303. 27. Gramsci, SPW, 363. 28. Ibid., 362. 29. Ibid., 366. 30. Pietro Mosso [Carlo Pietri], “Il sistema Taylor e i Consigli dei produttori. La Scuola,” L’Ordine Nuovo, Nov. 22, 1919. Notes ● 175

31. , The Society of the Spectacle, trans. Ken Knabb (1967; London: Rebel Press, 1983), 69. 32. Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 98. On the April occupation, see also Camilla Ravera, Diario di trent’anni, 1913–1943 (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1973). 33. Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 99. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid., 103. 36. Quoted in Clark, Antonio Gramsci, 104. 37. Quoted in Aurelio Lepre, La formazione del partito comunista d’Italia (Turin: Editori Riuniti, 1971), 218. 38. Gramsci, SPW, 443; see also Lepre, La formazione del partito, 218. 39. But a few months later, Lenin made clear that the ordinovista platform and the struggle in the factories were “in the main correct and . . . fully in keeping with the fundamental principles of the Third International” (quoted in Gramsci, SPW, 445). 40. Quoted in Spriano, Occupation of the Factories, 46. 41. Ibid. 42. Quoted in Spriano, Occupation of the Factories, 188. 43. Ibid., 89–95. 44. Paolo Spriano, Storia del Partito Comunista, vol. 1 (Turin: Einaudi, 1967), 79, and Occupation of the Factories, 100. As Charles S. Maier puts it: “The councils could thus hold either old union beer or new revolutionary liquor. Bourgeois leaders were prepared to drain a glass if the workers agreed to the weaker potion,” Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy after World War I (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 148. 45. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, 9. 46. Karl Marx, Capital, ed. Friedrich Engels, vol. 3 (1894; Marxists Internet Archive, 1999), accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/ 1894-c3/ch27.htm. 47. See Anton Pannekoek, Workers Councils (Melbourne: Southern Advocate for Workers’ Councils, 1950). 48. Gramsci, PPW, 44. 49. This is a problem Gramsci delineated revisiting the thought of Antonio Labriola (1843–1904). Labriola was the fi rst to open a space for an effective elaboration of Marxist principles in Italian philosophy, the fi rst to position historical mate- rialism as that philosophy of praxis that would supersede the other two major currents of Italian philosophy: idealism and positivism. See Antonio Labriola, and Philosophy (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1907). 50. Croce’s philosophy wanted to preserve the dynamism of idealist dialectics through the critique of Hegel’s “panlogism,” that is, the reduction of reality to the unitary rational form of the Spirit. He maintained that in Hegel the movement of the Spirit builds on opposites (thesis/antithesis/synthesis) that exclude each other’s, and proposed instead the idea of distinct concepts that “unite with one another,” while preserving their autonomy. Benedetto Croce, 176 ● Notes

What Is Living and What Is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel (Kitchener: Batoche Books, 1906), 14. 51. Leonardo Paggi, Gramsci e il moderno principe (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1970), 21. 52. Gramsci, PPW, 31. 53. Sergio Romano, Giovanni Gentile: un fi losofo al potere negli anni del regime (Milan: Rizzoli, 2004). On the blurring of actualism into philosophy of praxis, see Eugenio Garin, Cronache di Filosofi a (Bari: Laterza, 1959) and Paggi, Gramsci e il moderno principe, 20–23. 54. Giovanni Gentile, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (London: Macmillan and Co., 1922), 56. 55. Giovanni Gentile, The Reform of Education (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1922), 74–75. Gentile grants Hegel for having posited reality as the movement of the Spirit, but he criticizes him for having thought becoming as something that grows out the indefi niteness of being, that is to say, an encompassing totality nonreduc- ible to the activity of the subject. Actualism instead sees the becoming of the Spirit as radically immanent to the act of thinking, “outside of which . . . there is no thought,” as Gentile writes in Theory of Mind, 56. 56. , “Nel solco delle grandi fi losofi e: Relativismo e Fascismo,” Il Popolo d’Italia, Nov. 22, 1921. 57. Fabio Frosini, “Il ritorno a Marx nei quaderni del carcere (1930),” Marx e Gramsci memoria e attualità, ed. Giuseppe Petronio and Marina Paladini Musitelli (Rome: manifestolibri, 2001), 45. 58. Labriola, Socialism and Philosophy, 68. 59. Gramsci, PPW, 78. 60. Ibid., 57. 61. Frosini, Marx e Gramsci memoria e attualità, 55. 62. Paul Piccone, Italian Marxism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 116 [emphasis mine]. 63. Gramsci, SPN, 445. 64. Ibid., 450. 65. Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 536. 66. Giuseppe Fiori, Antonio Gramsci Life of a Revolutionary (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1971), 230. 67. Antonio Gramsci, Letters from Prison, vol. 1, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 257. For a comprehensive appraisal, see Giorgio Baratta, “Americanismo e fordismo,” Le parole di Gramsci, ed. Fabio Frosini and Guido Liguori (Rome: Carocci, 2004) and “Libri e articoli indicati da Gramsci,” Antonio Gramsci Quaderno 22: Americanismo e fordismo, ed. Franco De Felice (Turin: Einaudi, 1978). 68. Giorgio Baratta, “Antonio Gramsci critico dell’americanismo,” Modern Times: Gramsci e la critica dell’americanismo, ed. Giorgio Baratta and Andrea Catone (Milan: Cooperativa Diffusioni 84, 1989), 30. Notes ● 177

69. Peter Ives, Gramsci’s Politics of Language: Engaging the Bakhtin Circle and the Frankfurt School (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2004), 103. 70. Eric Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968), 73. Ives correctly connects the notion of translatability to Benjamin, 97–133. 71. Arne Melberg, “Mimetic Temporality,” Interlitteraria 3 (1998): 109. 72. Ives, Gramsci’s Politics of Language, 103. 73. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus, Notebook 6 (1939–1941; Marxists Internet Archive, 2002), accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/ grundrisse/ch13.htm. 74. Frank B. Gilbreth, “Units, Methods, and Devices of Measurement under Scientifi c Management,” The Journal of Political Economy 7 (1913): 627. 75. Marx, Grundrisse, Notebook 6, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch13.htm#p690. 76. Marx, Capital, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, vol. 1 (1887; Marxists Internet Archive, 1999), accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/ archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch12.htm. 77. Marx, Capital, vol. 3, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/ marx/works/1894-c3/ch13.htm. Aware of Croce’s critique of this law, Gramsci emphasizes its tendential nature, for him it was a material force that “presents itself with a certain automatism which allows a measure of predictability,” SPN, 410. 78. Gramsci, SPN, 280. 79. Ibid., 279. 80. Ibid., 298. 81. Ibid., 294. 82. Gramsci, PPW, 10. Gramsci here embraces a notion of culture infl uenced by the romantic idea of Kulturkritik as “subjective (and collective) will” upon which looms “the birth of a new economic, philosophical, and political society.” Yuri Brunello, “Gramsci e l’idea di cultura, ovvero criticare la propria concezi- one del mondo signifi ca innalzarla,” International Gramsci Society Italia, 2007, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.gramscitalia.it/html/brunello.pdf. 83. Gramsci, FSPN, 414. 84. Ibid., 414. 85. Ibid., 415. 86. Ibid. 87. Gramsci, SPN, 279. 88. Ibid. 297. 89. Ibid., 299, 301. 90. Jennifer Stone, “Italian Freud: Gramsci, Julia Schucht, and Wild Analysis,” Discipleship: A Special Issue on Psychoanalysis 28 (1984): 110. 91. Steve Jones, Antonio Gramsci (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), 114; Morena Pagliai, “Donna,” Gramsci le sue idée nel nostro tempo, ed. Carlo Ricchini et al. (Rome: Edizioni Unità, 1987), 90; Donald Mayer, Sex and 178 ● Notes

Power. The Rise of Women in America, Russia, Sweden, and Italy (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 472–474. 92. Gramsci, “Morality and Moral Codes, Ibsen a ‘Doll’s House’ at the Carignano,” New Theatre Quarterly 12 (1996): 259. 93. Ibid., 260. 94. Gramsci, SPN, 298; see also Gramsci, “Morality and Moral Codes,” 260. 95. Gramsci, SPN, 298. 96. Gramsci, “Morality and Moral Codes,” 261. 97. See Gramsci’s articles “Letteratura popolare. Victor Hugo” and “Letteratura popolare. Il Guerin Meschino,” Quaderni dal Carcere, CD- ROM. (Rome: Edizioni L’Unità, 2007) based on the Valentino Gerratana edition (Turin: Einaudi, 1975). 98. Gramsci, “Morality and Moral Codes,” 260 and SPN, 295. 99. Gramsci, Letteratura e vita nazionale (Turin: Editori Riuniti, 1975), 334. 100. Ibid., 336. 101. It is “the stuff of old age” argument, see Gramsci, SPN, 295. 102. Gramsci, LP, 356. 103. Gramsci says: “[W]e Europeans are still too bohemian; we believe that we can do a certain kind of work and live as we please” (ibid.). 104. Ibid., 301. 105. Ibid., 302. 106. Ibid., 300. 107. Ibid., 304. 108. Gramsci, QC. 109. Gramsci, SPN, 309. On the critique of this passage, see Bruno Trentin, La città del lavoro. Sinistra e crisi del fordismo (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1997), 125–268. 110. Gramsci, SPN, 303, 309. 111. Ibid., 309. It has been argued, and with good reason, that this wording could be a secret “reference to the fact that the working class and the Communist Party resist notwithstanding the industrialists’ attempts to subject and subdue them,” see Catone, “Americanismo come modo di produzione,” Modern Times Gramsci, 63–64 and Baratta, “Antonio Gramsci critico dell’americanismo,” Modern Times Gramsci, 34–37. 112. Gramsci, SPN, 202. Against the repressive, objectivist hypothesis, Andrea Catone had rightly pointed out that it would be impossible to think that “a revolutionary who reclaimed worker’s subjectivity as the key element in oppos- ing the mechanistic determinism of the Second International” would support a form of blatant mechanization, even if disguised as progressive Tayolorization. Catone, “Americanismo come modo di produzione,” 66. 113. Gramsci, SPN, 296. 114. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/ marx/works/1867-c1/ch33.htm. 115. Marx, Grundrisse, Notebook 1, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch03.htm. 116. Ibid. Notes ● 179

Chapter 2 1. Quoted in Leopoldina Fortunati, “La famiglia: verso la ricostruzione,” Brutto ciao: Direzioni di marcia delle donne negli ultimi 30 anni, ed. Mariarosa Dalla Costa (Rome: Edizioni delle donne, 1976), 73. Until 1952, when he was fi red, Battista Santhià was also one of the four affi liates of the PCI serving as directors for Fiat. See Piero Montagna, introduction to Con Gramsci all’Ordine Nuovo, by Battista Santhià (Rome: Editore Riuniti, 1956), 8–9. 2. See Nanni Balestrini and Primo Moroni, L’orda d’oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1997), 18. This is how Francesca Pieroni Bortolotti summarizes the PCI political line during the reconstruction period: “left aside Marx’s and Engels’ considerations (the family that destroys, dissolves itself, that must be subverted theoretically and practically, the increase of male and feminine polygamy etc.) for the same reason that he left aside Lenin’s State and Revolution, where he talked about the end of the state after the foundation of the Soviet state,” Socialismo e questione femminile in Italia 1892–1922 (Milan: Mazzotta, 1976), 15. 3. Palmiro Togliatti, Problemi dell’emancipazione della donna (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1955), 10. 4. Steve Wright, Storming Heaven: Class Composition and Struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism (London: Pluto Press, 2002), 8. 5. Fredrick Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, (1884; New York: International Publishers, 2001), 137, 223. See also Michi Staderini, “Sessualità e marxismo i limiti storici della famiglia borghese,” Effe 8 (1975): 16. 6. Bortolotti, Socialismo, 8. 7. Quoted in Mariachiara Fugazza and Silvia Cassamagnaghi, Dossier Italia 1946: le donne al voto (Milan: Istituto Lombardo di Storia Contemporanea, 2006), 2, accessed May 22, 2011, http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne% 20versione%20def.pdf. Socialist Reformist Filippo Turati, who supported wom- en’s suffrage, was too convinced that, in the short run, their vote would affect the party electoral success. See Luciana Capezzuoli and Grazia Cappabianca, Storia dell’emancipazione femminile (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1964), 78. 8. Nadia Spano and Fiamma Camarlinghi, La questione femminile nella politica del P.C.I. (Rome: Edizione donne e politica, 1972), 25. See also Francesca Pieroni Bortolotti, Femminismo e partiti politici in Italia 1919–1926 (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1978), 20–21. 9. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, The Emancipation of Women (New York: International Publisher, 1984), 63. 10. Spano and Camarlinghi, La questione femminile nella politica del P.C.I., 22. 11. Ravera, “Il nostro femminismo,” L’Ordine Nuovo, March 10, 1921. 12. Bortolotti, Femminismo e partiti, 106. 13. Ravera, “Il mestiere della maternità,” L’Ordine Nuovo, May 10, 1921. As Camilla Ravera recalls, Gramsci himself suggested being prudent on the matter. See her interview in Le compagne (Milan: Rizzoli, 1979), 59. 180 ● Notes

14. Bortolotti, Femminismo e partiti, 76. 15. Ibid., 106. 16. Camilla Ravera, Breve storia del femminismo in Italia (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1978), 102. 17. Lenin, Emancipation of Women, 64. 18. David G. Horn, Social Bodies: Science, Reproduction, and Italian Modernity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 80. On the natality policy under Fascism, see also Alisa Del Re, “Politiche demografi che e controllo sociale in Francia Italia e Germania negli anni’30,” Stato e rapporti sociali di sesso, ed. Alisa Del Re, (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1988), 137–138. 19. Del Re, “Politiche demografi che,” 121. 20. Ibid., 144. 21. Ibid. 22. Lucia Chisté, “Note su: Sviluppo del capitale e lotte delle donne dalla ‘ricostruzione’agli anni settanta,” Oltre il lavoro domestico. Il lavoro delle donne tra produzione e riproduzione, ed. Lucia Chisté et al. (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1979), 57. 23. Biancamaria Frabotta, “Femminismo e lotta di classe in Italia,” Dentro lo spec- chio. Lavoro domestico, riproduzione del ruolo e autonomia domestica, ed. Franca Bimbi (Milan: Mazzotta Editore, 1977), 218; Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum, Liberazione della donna: Feminism in Italy (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1986), 28–30. For Togliatti’s version of Gramsci, see Raul Mordenti, “«I quaderni dal carcere » di Antonio Gramsci,” Letteratura Italiana Einaudi. Le Opere, vol. 4 (Turin: Einaudi, 1996), 18–20. Togliatti, however, played an essential role in avoiding Stalinist censure. See Guido Liguori, “Gramsci, l’acqua calda del Corriere,” il manifesto, July 18, 2003. 24. Scholars in fact prefer to employ the plural feminisms. See Elda Guerra, “Femminismo/Femminismi: appunti per una storia da scrivere,” Genesis 1 (2004): 87–111. 25. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “The Door to the Garden,” (intervention at a seminar on the history of workerism, Rome, June 1–2, 2002), accessed May 23, 2011, http://www. generation- online.org/p/fpdallacosta1.htm. The other distinguish- ing element was the elaboration of an “autonomous transcendence” of women as subjects. See Libreria delle donne di Milano, Non credere di avere diritti (Turin: Rosenberg & Seller, 1987) 27–30, now translated into English as Sexual Difference: A Theory of Social Symbolic Practice, ed. Teresa de Lauretis, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990); see also Bono and Sandra Kemp, introduction to Italian Feminist Thought. A Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 5–20. 26. Il personale è politico (Turin: Musolini, 1973), 8–9. 27. Laura Grasso, Compagno padrone: Relazioni interpersonali nelle famiglie operaie della sinistra tradizionale e della sinistra extraparlamentare (Florence: Guaraldi Editore, 1974), 35. 28. Adele Cambria, Amore come rivoluzione (Milan: SugarCo Edizioni, 1976), 81. 29. Mario Tronti, “Workers and Capital,” Telos 14 (1972): 30. Notes ● 181

30. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 143n8, 127. 31. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “The Door to the Garden.” There is one side of this discussion that I will not address but that is equally important for reproduction: prostitution. See Leopoldina Fortunati, The Arcane of Reproduction: Housework, Prostitution, Labor and Capital (New York: Autonomedia, 1995), 33–45. 32. Marx, Capital, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, vol. 1 (1887; Marxists Internet Archive, 1999), accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/ marx/works/1867-c1/ch12.htm. 33. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/ marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm. 34. See Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and Family from Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1985). 35. Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 15. 36. Ibid., 8. 37. Giovanni Arrighi, “Marxist Century, American Century. The Making and Remaking of the World Labour Movement,” Review 179 (1990): 63. 38. Marcella Gramaglia, “Divorzio, PCI, liberazione della donna,” Femminismo e lotta di classe, ed. Biancamaria Frabotta (Rome: Savelli Editore, 1973), 233; for the origin of the term “house workers,” see Collettivo Internazionale Femminista, Le operaie della casa (Venice: Marsilio, 1975). 39. Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 21. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid., 20. 42. Lise Vogel, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 128. 43. Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, Women and the Subversion of the Community (Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1972), 35. 44. Franca Bimbi, “Sociologia della famiglia e ideologia del ruolo della donna,” Dentro lo specchio, ed. Franca Bimbi, 31. 45. Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 126. 46. Ibid., 130. 47. Ibid., 140. 48. Grasso, Compagno padrone, 8. 49. Ibid., 205–206. 50. Ibid., 50. This is also another reason for the autonomy of feminism: “men are too compromised in their relationship with women. For that reason only women can defi ne themselves and move on the woman question,” Dalla Costa and James, Women and the Subversion of the Community, 33. 51. Quoted in Femminismo e lotta di classe, ed. Frabotta, 211–212. 52. Maria Luisa Boccia, “Il patriarca, la donna, il giovane. La stagione dei movi- menti nella crisi italiana,” L’Italia Repubblicana nella crisi degli anni settanta. Culture, nuovi soggetti, identità, ed. Fiamma Lussana and Giacomo Marramao, vol. 2 (Catanzaro: Rubettino, 2003), 260. 182 ● Notes

53. Bimbi, Dentro lo specchio, 48. 54. Ibid., 51. 55. Ibid., 52. 56. Ida Dominijanni, “Venus’s Strabismus. Looking at the Crisis of Politics from the Politics of Difference,” Iris 3 (2010): 174. See also Lea Melandri, Una visceralità indicibile. La pratica dell’inconscio nel Movimento delle Donne degli anni settanta (Milan: F. Angeli, 2000). 57. Silvia Federici and Nicole Cox, Counter-Planning from the Kitchen; Wages for Work, a Perspective on Capital and the Left (Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1973), 11–12. See also Birnbaum, Liberazione della donna, 132–142. 58. See “Incontro a Napoli con le compagne di Lotta Femminista sul tema: Salario per il lavoro domestico” (meeting of Lotta Femminista, Naples, 1973), accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.nelvento.net/archivio/68/femm/napoli.htm; Birnbaum, Liberazione della donna, 138–142. 59. Federici and Cox, Counter-Planning from the Kitchen, 11. As Birnbaum argues this “unpaid household work of women held more resonance in Italy than in other countries because the matter was clearly in consonance with the Italian constitution,” which states that “Italy is a democratic republic based on work,” 137. 60. Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation (New York: Autonomedia, 2004), 63; see also Massimo De Angelis, “Marx and Primitive Accumulation: The Continuous Character of Capital’s Enclosures,” The Commoner, Sept. 2, 2001, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.commoner.org.uk/02deangelis.pdf. 61. Karl Marx, Economic Manuscripts of 1861–63, trans. Ben Fowkes (1976–1982; Marxists Internet Archive, 2002), accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.marxistsfr. org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/ch37.htm. 62. See Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 113–123; Cambria, In principio era Marx, 78–80; Del Re, “Struttura capitalistica,” Oltre il lavoro domestico, ed. Lucia Chisté et al., 12–17. 63. Dalla Costa and James, Women and the Subversion of the Community, 42. 64. Bimbi, Dentro lo specchio, 17. 65. Sandro Mezzadra, “Living in transition: Toward and heterolingual theory of the Multitude,” Translate. Beyond Culture: The Politics of Translation, June 2006, accessed May 23, 2011, http://translate.eipcp.net/transversal/1107/mezzadra/ en. Capitalism in fact “subsumes within itself a wide range of relations of pro- ductions . . . that could look untypical for its historically determined modes of production,” Del Re, “Struttura capitalistica,” Oltre il lavoro domestico, ed. Lucia Chisté et al., 11. 66. Marx, Grundrisse. Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus, Notebook 7 (1939–1941; Marxists Internet Archive, 2002), accessed May 21, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ ch14.htm. For a discussion of the notion of general intellect, see Chapter 5. 67. Federici, Caliban and the Witch, 74. Notes ● 183

68. See “Sesso e potere nel post-patriarcato” (conference at the Casa Internazionale delle Donne, Rome, Oct. 10, 2009), recordings available at http://www. ilmanifesto.it/archivi/donne- e-potere/, accessed May 23, 2011. 69. Todd McGowan, The End of Dissatisfaction? Jacques Lacan and the Emerging Society of Enjoyment (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004), 46. See also Massimo Recalcati, L’uomo senza inconscio: Figure della nuova clinica psicoanalitica (Milan: Raffaello Cortina, 2010). 70. Nick Squires, “Silvio Berlusconi Says Immigrants Not Welcome but ‘Beautiful Girls’ Can Stay,” The Telegraph, Feb. 13, 2010, accessed May 23, 2011, http:// www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7223365/ Silvio- Berlusconi- says- immigrants- not- welcome- but- beautiful- girls- can-stay.html. 71. Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 120. 72. See Cristina Morini, “The Feminization of Labour in Cognitive Capitalism,” Feminist Review 1 (2007): 40–59; Andrea Fumagalli, Bioeconomia e capitalismo cognitivo. Verso un nuovo paradigma di accumulazione (Rome: Carocci, 2007). 73. Fortunati, Arcane of Reproduction, 116. 74. Bifo, []. “Info- labor and Precarization,” Generation- online, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.generation- online.org/t/tinfolabour.htm. See also The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2009). 75. Collettivo Internazionale Femminista, 47. 76. See Antonio Sciotto, “Io, Sara, cestinata da Atesia e 1288,” il manifesto, Aug. 29, 2006. 77. Bifo, “ Info-labor and Precarization.” 78. Maurizio Lazzarato, “Immaterial Labor,” Generation- online , April 2, 2009, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.generation- online.org/c/fcimmateriallabour3.htm.

Chapter 3 1. Ivan Della Mea, “Nove Maggio,” La mia vita ormai, vol. 43 (Milan: Dischi del Sole, 1965). The editorial of the 1962 issue of the magazine Quaderni Piacentini echoes this general feeling stating that “after seventeen years of quarantine the Resistance has been approved (promossa)” and is now celebrated by “professional antifascists” and “fascists” alike. Gianpasquale Santomassimo, “La memoria pubblica dell’antifascismo,” L’Italia Repubblicana nella crisi degli anni settanta. Culture, nuovi soggetti, identità, ed. Fiamma Lussana and Giacomo Marramao, vol. 2 (Catanzaro: Rubettino, 2003), 160. 2. See Pier Paolo Pasolini, Heretical Empiricism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 37–38, and Scritti corsari (Milan: Garzanti, 1975), 196. Pasolini participated in the shooting of a political movie like 12 Dicembre (1972), which was put up and distributed by Lotta Continua, and served as editor of their magazine. See Le regole di un’illusione: i fi lm, il cinema, ed. Laura Betti and Michele Gulinucci (Rome: Associazione Fondo Pier Paolo Pasolini, 1991), 347; Nico Naldini, chronology of Pier Paolo Pasolini tutte le opere, ed. Walter Siti and Franco Zabagli, vol. 1 (Milan: Mondadori, 2001), cvi–cvii. 184 ● Notes

3. Pasolini, HE, 150. 4. See the Round Table organized by the journal L’Espresso June 16, 1968, available online at pasolini.net, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.pasolini.net/saggistica_ tavolarotondaEspresso.htm. On the student revolt as a bourgeois struggle, see William Van Watson, Pier Paolo Pasolini and the Theatre of the World (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989), 13. 5. Pasolini, HE, 150. 6. Ibid., 156. 7. See SC, 32 and Lutheran Letters (Manchester: Carcanet New Press, 1983), 63–67. 8. Italo Calvino, Una pietra sopra: Discorsi di letteratura e società (Turin: Einaudi, 1980), 39–45. 9. Marx, Capital, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, vol. 1 (1887; Marxists Internet Archive, 1999), accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/ archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch12.htm. 10. This particular example comes from a drinking cup (kantharos) held in the British Museum that dates back to 600 BC. 11. Slavoj Žižek, Organs without Bodies: Deleuze and Consequences (New York: Routledge, 2004), 171. 12. Pasolini, LL, 26. 13. Ibid., 34. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., 35. 16. Pasolini, HE, 38. 17. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publisher, 2003), 114. 18. Gramsci, SPN, 120. 19. Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: ElectBook, 2001), 363. 20. Gramsci, SPN, 107, 114. 21. To this list Gramsci also adds a “ politico- military equilibrium,” see SPN, 107, 175–185. 22. Pasolini, HE, 64. 23. Idid., 63. 24. Ibid. 25. See, for instance, Alberto Asor Rosa, Scrittori e popolo. Il populismo nella let- teratura italiana contemporanea (Rome: Samonà e Savelli, 1972); Van Watson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, 15; and Colleen Ryan- Scheutz, Sex, the Self, and the Sacred. Women in the Cinema of Pier Paolo Pasolini (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), 11–13. 26. Pasolini, SC, 66. 27. Pier Paolo Pasolini, Poems (New York: Noonday Press, 1982), 11. 28. See Cesare Pavese, La letteratura americana e altri saggi (Turin: Einaudi, 1951), 302. 29. Ibid., 300. 30. Pasolini, SC, 20. Notes ● 185

31. Ibid., 22. 32. Pasolini, HE, 157. 33. Pasolini, SC, 11. 34. Ibid. 35. Pasolini, LL, 122. 36. Pasolini, SC, 25. 37. Ibid., 29. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid., 289–290. 42. Slavoj Žižek, For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor (London: Verso, 2002), 237. See also by the same author, “From Politics to Biopolitics . . . and Back,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 103 (2004): 509. 43. See Ryan- Scheutz, Sex, the Self, and the Sacred, 203. For my discussion on Salò I want to thank Tim Campbell and the graduate students who took part in the seminar Italian Political Cinema, Cornell, Spring 2009. 44. When inquired about the scatological nature of Salò, Pasolini replied that con- sumer culture makes people “eat shit, Knapp soup or Saiwa cookies are shit. This in the movie will not be shown, because it is a mystery. But it is obvious that when I shot it I thought about it.” Pasolini, “De Sade e l’universo dei consumi,” Pier Paolo Pasolini. Il cinema in forma di poesia, ed. Luciano De Giusti (Pordenone: Edizioni cinema zero, 1979), 165. The famous coprophagy scene is telling of the candor of this statement. 45. Žižek, Organs without Bodies, 187. 46. Pasolini, “De Sade e l’universo dei consumi,” 163. 47. Viano, A Certain Realism: Making Use of Pasolini’s Film Theory and Practice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 123, 124. 48. For this suggestion I am indebted to Lucia Re. 49. As the speaker says in the self- refl exive moment of the opening scene: “[T]he author, having put aside any idealist ambition, gathers material for a great monument to the very old and hot Italy of the 1960s,” Betti and Gulinucci, Le regole di un’illusione, 83. The project was more than an inquiry on sexuality in Italian society and implicitly aimed at tapping into the deep structure of the living. Accordingly, in the Arco Film Archive the material is grouped under a revealing title “Natura e contro Natura” [Nature and against Nature]. See “Comizi d’amore di Pier Paolo Pasolini 1963. Un documento e una testimoni- anza di grande cinema-verità,” pasolini.net, available at http://www.pasolini. net/cinema_comizid%27amore_recensione.htm, accessed May 23, 2011. 50. Pier Paolo Pasolini. Il cinema in forma di poesia, ed. De Giusti, 124. 51. Love Meetings. DVD. Dir. Pier Paolo Pasolini (Water Bearer Films, 2003). Unless otherwise indicated, from here on I quote the English subtitles as they appear in the movie. 52. Betti and Gulinucci, Le regole di un’illusione, 86. 186 ● Notes

53. Later on, Musatti would criticize Pasolini’s work and Love Meetings, calling it a reactionary operation. See Oswald Stack, Pasolini on Pasolini: Interviews with Oswald Stack (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970), 66. 54. Betti and Gulinucci, Le regole di un’illusione, 86. 55. Stack, Pasolini on Pasolini, 62. 56. See Gramsci, SPN, 323–330. 57. Maria Antonietta Macciocchi came to a similar conclusion in her accounts of Napolitan subproletariat who “has nothing, it is dirt- poor. No one drinks . . . or gambles . . . the only really happy pastime is the conjugal bed.” Quoted in Donald Mayer, Sex and Power: The Rise of Women in America, Russia, Sweden, and Italy (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 147. 58. Ryan- Scheutz, Sex, the Self, and the Sacred, 41. 59. Stack, Pasolini on Pasolini, 29. Angelo Restivo rightfully claims that viewing this documentary, “the spectator is forced to realize the constructedness of the Symbolic order,” The Cinema of the Economic Miracles (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 78. 60. Quoted in Viano, A Certain Realism, 127. 61. Betti and Gulinucci, Le regole di un’illusione, 87. 62. Pasolini, SC, 123, 136. 63. See Enzo Paci, Dall’Esistenzialismo al Relazionismo (Messina: G. d’Anna, 1957); Van Watson locates Pasolini’s alienation at the level of the mirror stage as described by Lacan, Watson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, 7. 64. Pasolini, HE, 236; on the value of death and its mythical component, see also Tommaso Subini, La necessità di morire. Il cinema di Pier Paolo Pasolini e il sacro (Rome: EDS, 2007). 65. Pasolini, HE, 236. 66. Quoted in Pasolini, SC, 142. 67. Pasolini, SC, 124. 68. Ibid., 260, 261. 69. Ibid., 260. 70. Restivo, Cinema of the Economic Miracles, 80. 71. Pasolini, SC, 128. 72. Ibid.; see also LL, 43. 73. Pasolini, SC, 130. As Van Watson argues, for Pasolini, a sexual act like “mas- turbation represents an attempt to unify the self with the self in a libidinal narcissism. Masturbation, like homosexuality, is a non- procreative form of sexual behavior, as neither results in offspring, which would serve as a living reminder of man’s individual mortality,” Watson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, 9. 74. See the unfortunate conclusions of an otherwise brilliant scholar like Jared Diamond in his bestseller Collapse: How Society Chooses to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2007), who reduces social confl icts to environmental and population pressure. 75. Pasolini, SC, 130. 76. Sessantotto. L’utopia della realtá. DVD. Dir. Ferdinando Vincentini Orgnani (L’Unitá, 2008). 77. Viano, A Certain Realism, 7. Notes ● 187

78. Scalia, La mania della verità: Dialogo con Pier Paolo Pasolini (Bologna: Capelli, 1978), 13. 79. Francesca Cadel, La lingua dei desideri. Il dialetto secondo Pier Paolo Pasolini, interview with (Lecce: Manni, 2002), 179; for a positive evalu- ation of Pasolini’s interpretation of neocapitalism as fascism, see Scalia, La mania della verità, 29–30. 80. Viano, A Certain Realism, 4. One of the consequences is that for him “capital- ist society” becomes a “malum to be rejected tout court in the name of a purer (preindustrial) one threatened with extinction,” Wallace P. Sillanpoa, “Pasolini’s Gramsci,” MLN 1 (1981): 131.

Chapter 4 1. Pasolini, Scritti corsari (Milan: Garzanti, 1975), 37. 2. Robert Lumley, States of Emergency: Cultures of Revolt in Italy from 1968 to 1978 (London: Verso, 1990), 14. 3. Quoted in Aldo Cazzullo, I ragazzi che volevano fare la rivoluzione: 1968–1978: storia di Lotta continua (Milan: Mondadori, 1998), 43. 4. Rosanna Emma and Marco Rostan, Scuola e mercato del lavoro (Bari: De Donato Editore, 1971), 69. 5. See ibid., 13–58. 6. Comitato di Agitazione Studentesco Medio di Milano, Scuola, studenti e prole- tari (Milan: Edizioni CLUED, 1973), 20. 7. Steve Wright, Storming Heaven: Class Composition and Struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism (London: Pluto Press, 2002), 89. 8. “Le tesi della «Sapienza»,” Il mulino 4–5 (1967): 377–390. 9. Wright, Storming Heaven, 95. 10. Mauro Rostagno, “Università come istituto produttivo,” Università: l’ipotesi rivoluzionaria. Documenti delle lotte studentesche: Trento, Torino, Napoli, Pisa, Milano, Roma (Padua: Marsilio Editori, 1968), 49, 42. 11. Ibid., 51. 12. Guido Viale, “Contro l’ Università,” Università: l’ipotesi rivoluzionaria, 100. 13. Commissione Studenti Lavoratori, “Materiali del movimento studentesco,” Che fare? 4 (1968–1969): 97. 14. Quoted in Luisa Passerini, Autobiography of a Generation Italy, 1968 (Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1996), 97. 15. Passerini, Autobiography of a Generation, 63. See also Luciano Della Mea, Proletari senza comunismo: Lotta di classe e Lotta continua (Verona: Bertani Editore, 1972), 111–113. 16. Attilio Mangano and Antonio Schina, Le culture del Sessantotto: gli anni sessanta le riviste il movimento (Pistoia: Centro di documentazione, 1989), 89. 17. Alain Touraine, The May Movement Revolt and Reform: May 1968, the Student Rebellion and Workers’ Strikes, the Birth of a Social Movement (New York: Random House, 1971), 355. 188 ● Notes

18. Antonio Lettieri, “150 ore: strategia operaia e scienza,” Sapere 774 (1974): 89; on the Decreti Delegati, see Rinaldo Rizzi, La scuola dopo i decreti delegati (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1975). 19. Lettieri, 150 ore, 88. 20. Ideologia letteraria e scuola di massa. Per un’analisi sociale dell’organizzazione didattica, ed. Arcangelo Leone De Castris (Bari: De Donato, 1975), 11. 21. Quoted in Wright, Storming Heaven, 82. 22. Roberto Di Marco, “Per un’analisi dialettica della contraddizione universitaria,” Che fare? 4 (1968–1969): 106. 23. See Catia Papa, “Alle origini dell’ecologia politica in Italia. Il diritto alla salute e all’ambiente nel movimento studentesco,” ed. Fiamma Lussana and Giacomo Marramao, L’Italia Repubblicana nella crisi degli anni settanta. Culture, nuovi soggetti, identità, vol. 2 (Catanzaro: Rubettino, 2003), 401–431. 24. Editorial, Sapere 768 (1974): 3. 25. Ibid. 26. Editorial, Medicina e Potere, supplement to Sapere 1 (1974). 27. Peppino Ortoleva, “Le culture del ’68,” La cultura e i luoghi del ’68, ed. Aldo Agosti et al. (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 1991), 39. 28. Movimento Studentesco della Facoltà di Scienza dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, “Il Vaiont: un seminario del movimento studentesco delle Facoltà di Scienze di Milano,” Sapere 768 (1974): 6. 29. See also Peppino Ortoleva, Saggio sui movimenti del 1968 in Europa e in America (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1998). 30. Wright, Storming Heaven, 107. 31. Paolo Spriano, “La sconfi tta di Valletta,” L’Unità, July 9, 1962. For accounts of the insurrection, see also “I fatti di Torino: una provocazione preordinata,” L’Unità, July 9, 1962, and Michele Costa, “Alla Fiat tre giorni di sciopero compatto” Avanti!, July 10, 1962. 32. “La canea della destra,” L’Unità, July 9, 1962. 33. Raniero Panzieri, “Lotte operaie nello sviluppo capitalistico,” Spontaneità e organiz- zazione. Gli anni dei «Quaderni Rossi» 1959–1964 (BFS: Pisa, 1994), 76. 34. Timothy Murphy, Glossary of Books for Burning, Between Civil War and Democracy in the 1970s Italy, by Antonio Negri (London: Verso, 2005), xxxii. 35. Quoted in Wright, Storming Heaven, 63. 36. Ibid., 84. 37. “Individually interchangeable but collectively indispensable,” Tronti argued, “the mass worker personifi ed the subsumption of concrete abstract labor char- acteristic of modern society,” Wright, Storming Heaven, 107. 38. Quoted in Wright, Storming Heaven, 77. 39. Lucio Libertini, La Fiat negli anni settanta (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1973), 88. 40. Lumley, States of Emergency, 260. 41. See ibid., 260–261; Libertini, La Fiat negli anni settanta, 98–102. 42. Sidney Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy 1965–1975 (Oxford: Calderon Press, 1989), 279; Corrado Sannucci makes a similar Notes ● 189

argument in Lotta continua: Gli uomini dopo (Arezzo: Limina, 1999). On the history of LC, see Luigi Bobbio, Lotta continua: storia di una organizzazione rivoluzionaria (Rome: Savelli, 1979) and Elena Petricola, I diritti degli esclusi nelle lotte degli anni Settanta: Lotta continua (Rome: Edizioni associate, 2002). 43. Tarrow, Democracy and Disorder, 279. 44. Della Mea, Proletari senza comunismo, 126. 45. Petricola, I diritti degli esclusi nelle lotte degli anni Settanta, 86. 46. Lanfranco Caminiti, introduction to Settantasette. La rivoluzione che viene (Rome: Derive Approdi, 2004), 61. 47. Franco Piperno, ’68 L’anno che ritorna (Milan: Rizzoli, 2008), 19. 48. Bifo, [Franco Berardi]. “Il partito, l’organizzazione e la classe,” Che fare? 4 (1968–1969): 82. 49. Quoted. in Wright, Storming Heaven, 84. 50. Lumley, States of Emergency, 71. 51. Basaglia, “La soluzione fi nale,” Che Fare? 5 (1969): 2. 52. Piperno, ’68 L’anno che ritorna, 98. 53. Stefano Petrucciani, “Il mancato incontro con la rivoluzione,” il manifesto, March 10, 2007. See also Piperno, ’68 L’anno che ritorna, 96. It is true, however, that the Movement partly contributed to that commodifi cation of the mass culture that it questioned. As Mangano and Schina argue, “the paradox of counterculture is the exasperation of those aspects of consumerist ideology that were the starting point of its original antagonism,” 103. 54. Caminiti, Settantasette, 55. 55. Antonio Negri, Domination and Sabotage: On the Marxist Method of Social Transformation, now in Books for Burning: Between Civil War and Democracy in 1970s Italy (London: Verso, 2005), 274. 56. Caminiti, Settantasette, 55. 57. Guido Crainz, Il paese mancato. Dal miracolo economico agli anni ottanta (Rome: Donzelli, 2003), 279; see also Mario Capanna, Formidabili quegli anni (Milan: Rizzoli, 1994). On the strategy of the “contestazione” and its setbacks, see Stefano Bonaga, “Una linea di massa del movimento studentesco,” Che fare? 4 (1968–1969): 88–91. 58. Canzoniere Pisano, “Quella notte davanti alla Bussola,” Quella notte davanti alla Bussola, vol. 69 (Milan: Dischi del Sole, 1969). Organized by , the protest against the display of luxury in an exclusive club, La Bussola in Forcelle, near Viareggio, was disbanded by the police, who shot several rounds injuring a militant, Soriano Ceccanti, who later remained paralyzed. 59. Paolo Pietrangeli, “Valle Giulia,” Mio caro padrone domani ti sparo (Milan: Dischi del Sole, 1969); Pier Paolo Pasolini, Heretical Empiricism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 150. 60. Gianfranco Manfredi, “Ma chi ha detto che non c’é?,” Ma non è una malattia (Rome: RCA, 1976). 61. Piperno, ’68 L’anno che ritorna, 97. 62. Lumley, States of Emergency, 301. 190 ● Notes

63. Antonio Negri, “Quell’intelligente moltitudine,” Settantasette, ed. Lanfranco Caminiti, 91. 64. Marisa Rusconi, “Com’è diffi cile essere giovani,” L’Espresso, July 11, 1976. 65. Quoted in Cazzullo, I ragazzi che volevano fare la rivoluzione, 279. The occasion for a new upsurge of students’ protest was once again a school reform. See Lumley, States of Emergency, 295–297. 66. Enrico Palandri et al., ed., Bologna marzo 1977 . . . fatti nostri (Verona: Bertani Editore, 1977), 11. An earlier version of this chapter has been published in Italian as “Dieci crimini al giorno, amore mio, e saremo nostri! Rifi uto del lavoro e riproduzione come motore produttivo. Boccalone nell’ottica della rivoluzione degli anni Settanta,” Generazione in movimento: viaggio nella scrittura di Enrico Palandri, ed. Enrico Minardi and Monica Francioso (Ravenna: Longo Editore, 2010). 67. Negri, Domination and Sabotage, 243, 272. 68. For a description of the various groups, see Atlante dei movimenti culturali contemporanei dell’ Emilia- Romagna. 1968–2007, ed. Chiara Cretella and Piero Pieri (Bologna: Clueb, 2007). Free radios were “thought to have the potential for making every receiver into a transmitter, thereby replacing the vertical, hierarchical structure and one- way fl ow of messages with egalitarian organiza- tion and horizontal and multiple fl ows.” Lumley, States of Emergency, 304. 69. Marco Belpoliti, Settanta (Turin: Einaudi, 2001), 265. 70. Lumley, States of Emergency, 306. 71. Between 1977 and 1979 the leadership of autonomia operaia was arrested, among them Antonio Negri, Alisa Del Re, the poet, Nanni Balestrini, and Franco Piperno (who adventurously escaped). See Luca Barbieri, “I giornali a processo: il caso 7 aprile,” Carmillaonline, accessed May 25, 2011, http:// www.carmillaonline.com/cgi-bin/ mt- search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=2&search=Luca+ Barbieri+I+giornali+a+processo. 72. Alice/DAMS, Alice disambientata. materiali collettivi (su Alice) per un manuale di sopravvivenza (Milan: L’erba voglio, 1978), 121. 73. , Francis Bacon. The Logic of Sensation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 19. 74. Ibid., 35. 75. Alice/DAMS, Alice disambientata, 81–82. 76. Ibid., 77. 77. Ibid., 76. 78. Ibid., 77. 79. Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind (New York: Ballantine Books, 1990), 421. 80. Alice/DAMS, Alice disambientata, 69. The group draws this concept from Deleuze and Guattari’s groundbreaking work Anti- Oedipus (1972). 81. Antonio Gramsci, Selection from Political Writings (New York: International Publisher, 2003), 366. 82. Enrico Palandri, Boccalone: Storia vera piena di bugie (Milan: Bompiani, 1997), 7. Notes ● 191

83. Vincenzo Binetti, Cittá nomadi. Esodo ed autonomia nella metropoli contemporanea (Verona: Ombre corte, 2008), 69. 84. Palandri, Boccalone, 11. 85. Ibid., 23. 86. Ibid., 11–12. 87. Binetti, 67, 68. 88. Palandri, Boccalone, 15. 89. Ibid., 134. 90. Ibid., 43. 91. Ibid., 149. 92. Ibid., 40. 93. Alice/DAMS, Alice disambientata, 141. 94. Nanni Balestrini and Primo Moroni, L’orda d’oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1997), 436. 95. Palandri, Boccalone, 151. 96. Franco Piperno, “La parabola del ’77: dal «lavoro astratto» al «general intel- lect»,” Settantasette, ed. Caminiti, 101. 97. Palandri, Boccalone, 11. 98. Negri, Domination and Sabotage, 270. 99. Palandri, Boccalone, 20. 100. Ibid., 89. 101. Ibid., 56. 102. Ibid., 137. 103. Bob Dylan, “Mama you have been on my mind,” The Bootleg Series vol. 1–3 (Sony, 1991).

Chapter 5 1. Luther Blissett, Q, trans. Shaun Whiteside (New York: Hartcourt, 2004), 27. 2. Ibid., 89. 3. Bharat Tandon, “No Logo Reformation,” The Times Literary Supplement, May 9, 2003, 22. 4. It is beyond the scope of this essay to address this movement in a systematic way. For reference, see A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? ed. Tom Merters (London: Verso, 2004); Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000). For the Alter- Globalization Movement in Italy, see Giulietto Chiesa, G8/Genova (Turin: Einaudi, 2001); Da Seattle a Genova. Gli 8 non valgono una moltitu- dine, ed. Claudio Marradi and Enrico Ratto (Genoa: Fratelli Frilli, 2001). 5. Cesare Casarino and Antonio Negri, In Praise of the Commons: A Conversation on Philosophy and Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 178. 6. Antonio Negri, Domination and Sabotage: On the Marxist Method of Social Transformation, now in Books for Burning: Between Civil War and Democracy in 1970s Italy (London: Verso, 2005), 233. 192 ● Notes

7. Ibid., 234, 252–253. 8. Ibid., 250. 9. Ibid., 235. 10. Ibid., 245. 11. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1963), 38. 12. Mezzadra, “Living in Transition: Toward a Heterolingual Theory of the Multitude,” Translate. Beyond Culture: The Politics of Translation, June 2007, accessed May 26, 2011, http://translate.eipcp.net/transversal/1107/mezzadra/en. See also Carlo Galli, Lo sguardo di Giano. Saggi su Carl Smith (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2008). 13. Mezzadra, “Living in Transition.” 14. Negri, Domination and Sabotage, 245. 15. Ibid., 246. 16. Ibid., 247. 17. Paolo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude (New York: Semiotext[e], 2004), 38. 18. Marx, Grundrisse: Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus, Notebook 7 (1939–1941; Marxists Internet Archive, 2002), accessed May 22, 2011http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ ch14.htm. 19. Ibid. 20. Marx, Grundrisse, Notebook 4, accessed May 26, 2011, http://www.marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch09.htm#p459. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Marx, Grundrisse., Notebook 5, accessed May 26, 2011, http://www.marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch10.htm. 24. Negri, “Toward a Critique of the Material Constitution”, in Books for Burning, 199. 25. Negri, Domination and Sabotage, 268. 26. Ibid., 274. 27. See Antonio Negri “The Italian Difference,” in The Italian Difference, ed. Alberto Chiesa and Lorenzo Toscano (Melbourne: re.press, 2009): 13–23. 28. Risking a modern essentialism, this notion of irreducible sexual difference in fact “enacts a new kind of empiricism” in which being woman means living and thinking through “the historical experience of estrangement and separateness.” Paola Bono and Sandra Kemp, “Introduction: Coming from the South,” Italian Feminist Thought A Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 17. 29. Antonio Negri, “Quell’intelligente moltitudine,” Settantasette. La rivoluzione che viene, ed. Sergio Bianchi and Lanfranco Caminiti (Rome: Derive Approdi, 2004), 99. 30. Antonio Negri, Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 32. 31. Roberto Esposito, Bios. Biopolitics and Philosophy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 60. 32. Negri, Insurgencies, 12. Notes ● 193

33. Ibid. 34. As Negri argues, “whenever the political does not allow society to understand itself, to articulate itself in understanding, folly and terror will triumph” (ibid., 14). 35. Ibid., 250. 36. Ibid., 256. 37. Ibid., 264. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid., 266. Negri also notices the “strange paradox” of our condition, one in which “equality, in this process, does not present itself anymore as the aim but as the condition” (ibid., 315). 40. My statement should not be confused with Timothy Brennan’s disdainful claim that, in a book like Empire, for Negri “capitalism’s dynamic revolution [ . . . ] has already provided us with an inchoate communism,” “The Empire’s New Clothes,” Critical Inquiry 2 (2003): 350. Brennan seems to ignore the fact that capitalism is capable of passive revolutions. 41. Negri, Insurgencies, 303. 42. Antonio Negri, The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza’s Metaphysics and Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), 167. 43. Negri, Insurgencies, 323. In this new environment, Negri argues, the constituent power of the Multitude realizes a particular unifi cation of “procedure” and “process,” where “the controls are exercised as active moments of the procedure and not imputed from outside . . . Procedure is the concrete form that each fi gure of subjectivity assumes in its relating to others” (ibid., 329). 44. Ibid., 335. 45. Gramsci, Selection from the Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publisher, 2003), 337. 46. Casarino and Negri, In Praise of the Commons, 129. 47. Negri, “Proletarians and the State,” in Books of Burning, 143. 48. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 23. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid., 24. 51. Ibid., 35. There are remarkable differences between what Hardt and Negri take from Foucault and what he actually articulates with the concepts of biopower and bio- politics. For instance, in Empire, biopower is updated as a contemporary technology of control, whereas in Foucault biopower seems more a dispositive of an older phase of development, one clearly rooted in a disciplinary society. See Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended 1975–1976 (New York: Picador, 2003), 210–212. 52. Casarino and Negri, In Praise of the Commons, 76. 53. Ibid., 77. 54. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 150. 55. Ibid., 199. 56. Immaterial labor unfolds as a model of a rich communication for it “produces an immaterial good, such as a service, a cultural product, knowledge or com- munication” (ibid., 290). 194 ● Notes

57. Ibid., 293. 58. Ibid., 293. 59. Hardt and Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 112. 60. Ibid., 111. 61. Ibid., 113. 62. Ibid., 150. 63. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), 353, 359. 64. Ibid., 96. 65. Ibid., 15. 66. Virno, Grammar of the Multitude, 101. 67. Ibid. 68. As Virno states, “since social cooperation precedes and exceeds the work process, post-Fordist labor is always, also, hidden labor . . . Hidden labor is, in the fi rst place, non- remunerated life, that is to say the part of human activity which, alike in every respect to the activity of labor, is not however, calculated as pro- ductive” (ibid., 103). 69. Ibid., 67. 70. Ibid., 68. 71. Hardt and Negri, Commonwealth, 160. 72. Virno, Grammar of the Multitude, 84. 73. Virno explores also what he calls “idle talk and curiosity,” which here I do not take into consideration (ibid., 88–93). 74. Ibid., 86. 75. Ibid., 87. 76. Ibid. 77. Primo Moroni, “Tra Post- fordismo e nuova destra sociale,” Vis-à-Vis 1(1993): 33. 78. Paolo Virno, “Theses on the New European Fascism,” Grey Room 21 (2005): 24. 79. See Felix Guattari, Chaosmosis: An Ethico- Aesthetic Paradigm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995). 80. Virno, “Theses on the New European Fascism,” 21. See also Matteo Pasquinelli, Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons (Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008). 81. Negri, Insurgencies, 316. 82. Ibid. My critique here is similar to the point Žižek makes on the ambiguity of Deleuze’s notion of fascism. See Organs without Bodies: On Deleuze and Consequences (New York: Routledge, 2004), 187. 83. Paolo Virno, Scienze sociali e “natura umana.” Facoltá di linguaggio, invariante biologico, rapporti di produzione (Catanzaro: Rubettino, 2003), 6. 84. See Giorgio Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004). 85. Virno, Scienze sociali, 6. 86. Ibid. 87. Ibid., 39–40, 46–47. Notes ● 195

88. Ibid., 6. 89. Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, trans. Martin Mulligan, (1932; Marxists Internet Archive, 2009), accessed May 26, 2011, http://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/labour.htm. 90. John Bellamy Foster, Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000), 228. 91. Virno, Scienze sociali, 91 [emphasis mine]. 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid., 21–23. 94. Foster, Marx’s Ecology, 17. 95. Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, 83–84. 96. See Hardt and Negri, Empire, 137–143. 97. Virno, Scienze sociali, 42. 98. Maricla Boggio and Franco Cuomo, Compagno Gramsci (Padua: Marsilio, 1972), 156. 99. I quote from the original letter to Julia, where Gramsci recalls the apologue writ- ten by Lucien Dieudonné (1870–1908), Letters from Prison, vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 188. 100. Boggio and Cuomo, Compagno Gramsci, 168. 101. Ibid., 170–171. 102. Casarino and Negri, In Praise of the Commons, 178, 180. 103. Wu Ming 1, New Italian Epic. Letteratura, sguardo obliquo, ritorno al futuro (Turin: Einaudi, 2009), 56. 104. Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Salomea Wolfovna Ryazanskaya (1859; Marxists Internet Archive 2009), accessed May 26, 2011, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/ critique- pol-economy/preface.htm. 105. Wu Ming 1, New Italian Epic, 57. Index

abortion, 51, 53, 59, 67, 75–76, 121, 131, 145; and reproduction, 95–98, 123 10, 47, 60, 62–65, 71 abstraction, 8, 30, 39–41 actualism, 25–26, 176n53, 176n55 Factory Councils, 7, 13–30, 45, 47, alienation, 42, 96, 117, 120, 142–144, 100, 104, 108, 113–115, 186n63 126–127, 175n44 Alter- Globalization Movement, 7, 9, falling rate of profi t, law of, 30–31 137–138, 151, 191n4 fascism: as historical regime, 6, 8, 13, auxiliary fi rms, 12 23–25, 28, 38, 42, 46, 52–53, 73, 80–81, 83, 180n18; and Borellismo, 37 immaterial labor, 8–9, 194n82; as product of consumer culture, citizenship income, 116 8, 69, 75, 87–89, 100, 139, 155, class cleavage, 51 159–163, 165, 187n79 commodifi cation, 8, 50, 67, 76–77, 82, fi gurality, 29, 32, 40, 125–127, 87, 98, 103, 107, 130, 189n53 129–131, 134 common sense, 1, 49, 92–94, 99 Fordism: as passive revolution, 80; as conformism, 8, 33, 87, 90–94, 97–98, productive system, 7–8, 15, 100 28–31, 38–42, 46, 69, 78, 80, constituent power, 88, 132, 146–149, 103, 110, 117, 125, 139, 149, 154–155, 161, 193n43 155, 160, 163; and reproduction, consumerism, 8, 69, 75–79, 81, 83, 86, 13, 32–34, 38–40, 85, 145 88–89, 92, 97, 99 general intellect, 142–144, 146, domestic work, 46, 50, 58, 64–66 148–149, 157–158 double burden, 46, 49, 52, 58 gift, politics of, 130–131, 134 emancipation, 8, 19, 35, 46, 49–51, hedonism, 8, 75, 85–88, 97, 124 54–56, 61, 63, 78, 83 homosexuality, 91–92, 186n73 Enlightenment, 32–34 housework. See domestic work expropriation: and production, 10, 30, 64, 75, 111, 154, 156, 162–163; immanence, 26–27, 31–32, 34, proletarian practice of, 116, 117, 146, 162 198 ● Index injunction to enjoyment, 71, 88, 97 passive revolution, 75, 80–82, 84, internal commissions, 18, 21, 115 193n40 patriarchal order, 35–37, 47, 52, labor- power: concept of, 3, 5; and 62–63, 68, 85, 93–95 immaterial labor, 6, 10, 139, post- Fordism, 7, 139, 150, 153, 167; and Pasolini, 100; and 155, 163 reproduction, 7–8, 13, 20, 27, postpatriarchal relationships, 8, 67–69, 47, 51, 57–61, 64, 67, 70, 157; 71, 97, 168 and Student Movement, 9, primary accumulation, 65, 69, 71, 103–104; and Workers’ 139, 147 Movement, 116, 144 primitive accumulation. See primary labor time, 8, 17, 31, 64–66, 140, 143, accumulation 145, 155–156 productivism, 11, 15, 20 libertinism, 34–35, 41–42 psychoanalysis, 32–34, 55 living- labor, 30, 143–150, 153–155 Puritanism, 42, 54, 99 mass worker, 42, 112, 114, 122, racism, 155, 159–161, 173n5 188n37 reconstruction, 46, 54, 125, 179n2 , 104, 121–122, , 9, 114, 117–118, 120, 127, 131, 139 122, 142, 144–145 Multitude: as biopolitical subject, 9, 70–71, 89, 138–139, 145–146, scarcity, 20, 40, 98, 100, 116 148–149, 153–156, 193n43; scientifi c management. See Taylorism cynical and opportunist character self- valorization, 3, 80, 142–143, of, 158–159; and environment, 145–146, 148, 153–156 164–166; and fascism, 160–162; socialized worker, 122, 146 and sexuality, 167, 170 student assembly, 107–108 Student Movement, 103, 106, neocapitalism, 8, 74–76, 80, 87, 91, 108–109, 111, 129; and labor- 111, 113, 130, 187n79 power. See under labor- power; and neo- feminism: and the neo- Marxist Pasolini, 73–74, 76, 85, 95 group of Lotta Femminista, surplus- value, 31, 60, 65, 69, 140, 47, 54–55, 58–59, 67, 71, 99, 116, 142–143, 154 139, 143, 155, 157, 166; and self- awareness area, 55, 145; as women’s Taylorism, 20, 29–30, 37, 39–40, movement, 6, 41, 53, 63, 95 163 neoidealism, 24, 26 transcendence, 26, 34, 147, 180n25 neoliberalism, 3–4, 9, 71, 150–151, two red years, 13, 16, 23, 30, 116 156, 161, 165–166 No- Global Movement. See Alter- voluntarism, 24, 26 Globalization Movement non- procreative love, 97–99, 186n73 wage- labor, 3, 20, 27, 100, 117, 120, 132, 142, 144, 156; and operaismo. See workerism reproduction, 56, 58, 63 ordinovista group, 17–19, 22, 29, workerism, 9, 113, 116, 121–122, 50–51, 175n39 140, 142–143, 164