ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, DC 1989 (This CMH Online version of American Military History is published without the photographs. The maps have been inserted into the text at a reduced size to speed loading of the documents. To view the maps at their full-resolution, double-click the image in the text.) Contents http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-toc.htm (1 of 3) [2/20/2001 11:24:24 AM] ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES Chapter Page FRONT MATTER v 1 Introduction 1 2 The Beginnings 18 3 The American Revolution: First Phase 41 4 The Winning of Independence, 1777-1783 70 5 The Formative Years, 1783-1812 101 6 The War of 1812 122 7 The Thirty Years’ Peace 148 8 The Mexican War and After 163 9 The Civil War, 1861 184 10 The Civil War, 1862 209 11 The Civil War, 1863 236 12 The Civil War, 1864-1865 262 13 Darkness and Light: The Interwar Years, 1865-1898 281 14 Winning the West: The Army in the Indian Wars, 1865-1890 300 15 Emergence to World Power, 1898-1902 319 16 Transition and Change, 1902-1917 343 17 World War I: The First Three Years 358 http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-toc.htm (2 of 3) [2/20/2001 11:24:24 AM] ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES 18 World War I: The U.S. Army Overseas 381 19 Between World Wars 405 20 World War II: The Defensive Phase 423 21 Grand Strategy and the Washington High Command 446 22 World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy 473 23 World War II: The War Against Japan 499 24 Peace Becomes Cold War, 1945-1950 529 25 The Korean War, 1950-1953 545 26 The Army and the New Look 572 27 Global Pressures and the Flexible Response 591 28 The U.S. Army in Vietnam 619 SUGGESTED READINGS 695 http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-toc.htm (3 of 3) [2/20/2001 11:24:24 AM] Foreword For over a third of a century, the U.S. Army has tried in a systematic way to inculcate in its officers and soldiers an awareness of our nation's military past and to demonstrate to them that the study of military history is an essential ingredient in leadership development. Military history education, as this effort is called, has been a principal mission of the Center of Military History. Of all the many studies and special projects published by the Center in pursuit of this mission, none is more directly related to the education of young officers than American Military History, a volume first published in 1956 as a textbook for the senior ROTC courses. The present book borrows heavily from earlier editions, but with significant exceptions. It contains a completely new survey of the Vietnam War that brings the story down to the advent of the All-Volunteer Army and incorporates much of the significant recent scholarship on that still-debated chapter in our nation's military past. It also includes a new bibliography and a list of suggested readings for the young student officer. In effect, this revised edition of the textbook represents a blending of the work of some of the Army's best historians over three decades. The proper scope and format for a modern ROTC textbook have been the subject of some debate. For every teacher and scholar who pleads for a broader approach in a brief, popular format, we have heard from another who demands that we merely continue to update this volume, but leave the text essentially unchanged. It is interesting to note that the Government Printing Office, which makes the Center's volumes available for sale to the public through its bookstores, counts American Military History among the Center's most popular publications. Our next task will be to issue a further revised edition that will include the many significant events that have occurred since Vietnam. In so doing, I will have to decide on any changes in scope and format to make this textbook a more effective teaching tool. I solicit the ideas of teachers and scholars who use this volume to assist me in that task. Washington, D.C. WILLIAM A. STOFFT 15 August 1988 Brigadier General, USA Chief of Military History v Contributors BELL, WILLIAM GARDNER (Chapter 14), a graduate of the Cavalry School and a former editor of the Cavalry Journal and Armor Magazine, has written http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-front.htm (1 of 5) [2/20/2001 11:24:26 AM] frequently on the frontier Army and the American West. COAKLEY, ROBERT W. (Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 23), Ph.D. (Virginia), is coauthor of the two Global Logistics and Strategy volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series and author of the The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders in the Historical Studies series. CONN, STETSON (Chapter 19), Ph.D. (Yale), was coauthor of The Framework of Hemisphere Defense and Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, both in the U.S. Army in World War II series. COOLING, BENJAMIN F., III (Chapters 10 and 11), Ph.D. (Pennsylvania), is author of, among others, Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland and editor of New American State Papers - Military Affairs. DEMMA, VINCENT H. (Chapter 28), M.A. (Wisconsin), is a CMH historian specializing in the study of the role of the Army in the Vietnam conflict. HERMES, WALTER G. (Chapters 26 and 27), Ph.D. (Georgetown), is author of Truce Tent and Fighting Front in the U.S. Army in the Korean War series. JONES, VINCENT C. (Chapters 15 and 16), Ph.D. (Wisconsin) is author of Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb in the U.S. Army in World War II series. MACDONALD, CHARLES B. (Chapters 17, 18, and 22), B.A., Litt.D. (Presbyterian), is author of , among others, Company Commander, and of Three Battles, The Siegfried Line Campaign, and The Last Offensive, volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series. MACGREGOR, MORRIS J., JR. (Chapters 5 and 6), M.A. (Catholic), is author of The Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 in the Defense Studies series and coauthor of Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution and Blacks in the United States Armed Forces. MATLOFF, MAURICE (Chapters 1, 20, and 21) Ph.D. (Harvard), is coauthor of Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-1942 and author of Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944 in the U.S. Army in World War II series. MAYO, LIDA (Chapters 7 and 8), B.A. (Randolph-Macon), was author of The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront and coauthor of The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply and The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany, all in the U.S. Army in World War II series. http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-front.htm (2 of 5) [2/20/2001 11:24:26 AM] MOSSMAN, B.C. (Chapters 24 and 25), B.A. (Nebraska State), is author of Ebb and Flow, a volume in the U.S. Army in the Korean War series, and coauthor of The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969. ROMANUS, CHARLES F. (Chapters 9 and 12), M.A. (Illinois), was coauthor of the three volumes on the China-Burma-India Theater and The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Germany, all in the U.S. Army in World War II series. SCHEIPS, PAUL J. (Chapter 13), Ph.D. (American), is coauthor of Bayonets in the Streets and author of Hold the Fort and numerous other works, principally on the frontier Army and the use of troops in domestic disturbances. vi Preface to the 1969 Edition The Office of the Chief of Military History has prepared this historical survey of the organization and accomplishments of the United States Army primarily for use in the American Military History course usually given in the sophomore year of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program in civilian colleges and universities. The aim has been to present a balanced history of the Army from its beginnings through the year 1967, with appropriate attention to peacetime as well as wartime achievements. In describing military operations through the Civil War the contributors have pointed out, more that in later chapters, the application (or violation) of the principles of war that are discussed in the introductory chapter. In the interest of getting on with the narrative, they necessarily omitted many other illustrations that will undoubtedly occur to the thoughtful reader. The century since the Civil War receives greater attention in this text than in its predecessor, both through chronological extension and by the inclusion of additional chapters on the post-Civil War period and World War I. Inevitably the story from World War II onward has a broader perspective than the record of the Army's earlier experiences, since in recent decades the Army's history has become increasingly intermingled with that of the other armed services and with that of the higher echelons of government directing the national defense. http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/amh-front.htm (3 of 5) [2/20/2001 11:24:26 AM] In preparing this work, the contributors used as a point of departure the earlier ROTC text, American Military History, 1607-1958; but in the present volume half of the chapters are new or completely rewritten, and the remainder have been extensively revised.