PERBEDAAN JUMLAH KORBAN JIWA PERISTIWA NANKING Nidaul Hasanah Musrihah

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PERBEDAAN JUMLAH KORBAN JIWA PERISTIWA NANKING Nidaul Hasanah Musrihah PERBEDAAN JUMLAH KORBAN JIWA PERISTIWA NANKING Nidaul Hasanah Musrihah Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia Email : [email protected] Abstract After Meiji Restoration, Japan has changed into modern state. His desire to equal with western make him changed into imperialize country. One of country who being his colonies target is China. During colonization in China, Japan has occupied many districts. One of districts who occupied is Nanking. During Japan’s occupied in Nanking, military Japan did many atrocities which made many people died. That incident in Nanking called Nanking Incident. Until now, many perspective about the real of number fatalities in Nanking Incident. The aim of this research is to explain why did the differences are happened. Abstrak Setelah Restorasi Meiji, Jepang kemudian berubah menjadi negara yang moderen. Keinginan Jepang yang ingin setara dengan bangsa Barat mengubahnya menjadi negara imperialis. Salah satu negara yang menjadi target jajahannya adalah Cina. Selama masa penjajahan di Cina, Jepang menguasai beberapa wilayah di Cina. Salah satu wilayah yang dikuasai Jepang di Cina adalah Nanking. Penjajahan Jepang di Nanking merupakan penjajahan yang menelan banyak korban jiwa karena disana tentara Jepang melakukan pembantaian massal kepada warga Nanking. Peristiwa Pembantaian itu dikenal dengan nama Peristiwa Nanking. Sampai sekarang terdapat perbedaan sudut pandang mengenai jumlah korban jiwa Peristiwa Nanking. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah menjelaskan alasan mengapa terjadi perbedaan jumlah korban jiwa Peristiwa Nanking. Kata kunci : Cina, IMTFE, Jepang, Jumlah Korban Jiwa, Peristiwa Nanking Perbedaan Jumlah..., Nidaul Hasanah Musrihah, FIB UI, 2013 1. Pendahuluan kota Partai Nasionalis Cina. Selama penguasaan Jepang di Nanking terjadi Sejak tahun 1602-1867 Jepang menjalankan pembantaian massal yang dikenal dengan politik Sakoku (鎖国) yaitu Jepang menutup nama Pembantaian Massal di Nanking atau segala akses dari luar untuk masuk ke dalam Peristiwa Nanking. Peristiwa Nanking dan menutup diri dari dunia internasional. terjadi pada bulan Desember 1937 sampai Politik ini kemudian mulai goyah sejak Januari 1938. Selama Peristiwa Nanking, kedatangan Commodore Perry pada tahun Jepang tidak hanya melakukan pembantaian 1853. Mereka tersentak akan kemajuan namun juga pembakaran, pemerkosaan, dan teknologi Barat dan merasa bahwa teknologi perampokan. Peristiwa Nanking telah yang selama ini mereka gunakan jauh menimbulkan banyak korban jiwa namun tertinggal dari bangsa Barat. Kemudian sampai sekarang jumlah pasti korban jiwa beberapa klan samurai seperti Satsuma, Peristiwa masih menjadi perdebatan di Chosu, Hizen dan Tosa memunculkan kalangan akademisi, baik dari Jepang, Cina keinginan untuk melakukan modernisasi di maupun peneliti asing. Kita ambil contoh segala bidang. Beberapa klan ini pada Nanking Memorial Hall yang didirikan menganggap sudah saatnya Jepang di Nanking untuk mengenang peristiwa membuka diri dan belajar dari Barat agar tersebut bahwa jumlah korban jiwa setara dengan orang kulit putih. mencapai 300. 000 jiwa (Chang, 2005, p. Puncaknya ketika Restorasi Meiji pada 121). Versi Jepang mengatakan 40 - 200.000 tahun 1868, Jepang kemudian berusaha jiwa (Askew, 2002), kedua data ini mampu mempelajari seluruh ilmu dari barat seperti membingungkan pembaca. parlemen Jepang dan struktur angkatan darat Dalam penelitian ini, penulis tidak akan dari Jerman dan struktur angkatan laut dari berpihak pada data yang benar dan yang Inggris. Jepang juga menyadari bahwa salah, karena sejarah sebagai kisah atau dengan bersikap seperti bangsa Barat, ia cerita, tidak ada istilah benar atau salah 1 . akan sejajar dengan Barat. Sikap yang Dalam sejarah dikenal ada istilah dimaksud adalah penjajahan. Jepang melihat "obyektifitas sejarah", dalam arti penelitian bahwa kemajuan negara-negara Barat salah sejarah selalu mengedepankan unsur satunya melalui penjajahan. Negara yang obyektifitas. Jika yang dimaksud menjadi obyek penjajahan bisa dijadikan “obyektifitas sejarah” sebagai “kenyataan target pasar maupun pemasok sumber daya langsung”, jelas tidak mungkin. Apa yang negara penjajah. kita tulis tentang sejarah adalah hasil Salah satu bentuk nyata penjajahan Jepang rekonstruksi terhadap benda-benda adalah penjajahan Jepang di Cina. peninggalan dan proses kreasi dari penulis Penjajahan ini dimulai sejak kemenangan (Khusnan, 1989, p. 41). Dengan kata lain, Jepang atas Cina pada Perang Sino-Jepang I bahwa obyektifitas sejarah selalu pada tahun 1894-1895. Jepang mendapatkan dipengaruhi subyektifitas penulis. hak atas Semenanjung Liaotung dan Port Berdasarkan penjelasan diatas, jika yang Arthur. Penguasaan Jepang atas kedua dituntut adalah obyektifitas dalam arti wilayah tersebut tidak berlangsung lama absolut atau sama dengan benar, jelas tidak karena Aliansi Tiga negara atau dalam mungkin. Satu hal yang perlu dipahami bahasa Jepang disebut Sankoku Kansou (三 bahwa sejarah tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai 国乾燥) yang terdiri dari Jerman, Perancis hasil karya yang “subyektif”, dalam arti “apa dan Inggris melakukan protes terhadap adanya”. Para ahli sejarah juga mengadakan Jepang. Protes ini dilakukan karena penyelidikan terhadap fakta dan data, sama penguasan Jepang terhadap dua wilayah dengan ilmu lain, mengadakan penyelidikan Cina tidak sesuai dengan asas persahabatan dan penelitian. Baik mulai mencari data, hubungan antar negara. mengumpulkan data, menyeleksi data, membuat hipotesa, menuliskan laporan dan Jepang baru mampu melakukan penjajahan menyimpulkan hasil penelitian (Khusnan, di Cina ketika Jepang berhasil masuk ke 1989, p. 42-43). Dalam Ilmu sejarah seorang Manchuria pada tahun 1927 kemudian sejarawan harus mengadakan kritik data, berlanjut dengan menguasai beberapa wilayah di Cina untuk dijadikan wilayah konsesinya. Salah satu daerah yang dikuasai Jepang adalah Nanking yang merupakan ibu 1 Dalam sejarah yang ada hanyalah important atau unimportant Perbedaan Jumlah..., Nidaul Hasanah Musrihah, FIB UI, 2013 baik kritik interen2 maupun kritik eksteren3, dan menyesuaikan diri pada perkembangan dimana sejarawan harus berpegang pada baru yang terjadi di negara-negara Barat, prinsip obyektifitas. Dalam batas-batas jika tidak ingin dijajah seperti bangsa- seperti ini sejarah bisa dikatakan “obyektif” bangsa lainnya di Asia pada masa (Khusnan, 1989, p. 43). itu.Perubahan dan penyesuaian diri tersebut dikenal dengan Restorasi Meiji (Nurhayati, 2. Rumusan Masalah 1987, p. 50). Kaitannya dengan Peristiwa Nanking, terjadi Pada masa kekaisaran Meiji tahun 1868, perbedaan sudut pandang mengenai Jepang merubah segala sistem negaranya Peristiwa Nanking. Dalam sudut pandang menjadi negara modern.Dalam situs “The sejarah perbedaan semacam itu adalah hal Meiji Restoration and Modernization” yang wajar. Apalagi kalau perbedaan data pemerintah Jepang memiliki kebijakan yang tersebut berasal dari kedua belah pihak yang diambil untuk memodernisasi negaranya berbeda kepentingannya. Bagimana bentuk (“Afe”), antara lain: perbedaan sudut pandang mengenai Peristiwa Nanking patut menjadi salah satu 1. Pemerintahan terpusat dengan pembelajaran. Perbedaan sudut pandang pemimpin negara yaitu Kaisar mengenai korban jiwa dalam Peristiwa Jepang. Nanking inilah yang diangkat dalam skripsi 2. Pembentukan undang-undang oleh ini. anggota parlemen yang terpilih. 3. Membangun sarana transportasi Berdasarkan penjabaran diatas dapat dan sistem komunikasi. diuraikan sebuah rumusan masalah, yaitu 4. Membangun pendidikan yang adil mengapa terjadi perbedaan data jumlah dan merata bagi seluruh rakyat korban Peristiwa Nanking yang berasal dari Jepang. versi Jepang, Cina dan Pengadilan Militer 5. Membangun sektor industri Internasional Tokyo. dengan teknologi mutakhir. 3. Tujuan 6. Membentuk militer yang kuat. Kebijakan penguatan militer Jepang terjadi Berdasarkan rumusan masalah diatas, skripsi dalam 3 fase.Fase pertama (1853-1870), ini memiliki tujuan yaitu menjelaskan alasan periode ini termasuk periode terpanjang terjadinya perbedaan jumlah korban jiwa karena disini masuk fase uji coba untuk yang dikemukakan pihak Jepang, Cina dan membentuk organisasi militer moderen Pengadilan Militer Internasional Tokyo. sebelum masa Restorasi Meiji dan sesaat 4. Sejarah Peristiwa Nanking setelahnya.Hal ini bisa dimaklumi setelah 4.1 Imperialisme Jepang kedatangan Commodore Perry ke Jepang, pemerintah merasa bahwa Jepang sudah jauh Proses modernisasi di Jepang dimulai sejak ketinggalan dari bangsa barat.Sehingga pada pembukaan Jepang yang dilakukan oleh periode ini Jepang mengalami fase trial and Commodore Perry sehingga memaksa error untuk membentuk angkatan Jepang untuk membuka beberapa militernya.Fase kedua (1870-1878), pada pelabuhannya dan memberi konsesi pada fase ini militer Jepang mengkhususkan negara-negara Barat. Setelah pembukaan untuk membentuk sebuah organisasi terpusat Jepang dan berakhirnya politik “isolasi” untuk memimpin tugas-tugas angkatan darat pemerintah Bakufu yang berlangsung dan angkatan laut. Baik angkatan darat selama 200 tahun lebih (1603-1868), bangsa maupun angkatan laut akan memfokuskan Jepang mulai menyadari ketinggalan- diri dalam pembentukan struktur internal ketinggalan yang mereka alami. kuat serta mengambil beberapa kebijakan Perkembangan yang dicapai selama negara untuk kepentingan negara. Fase ketiga tertutup ternyata tidak dapat mengimbangi (1878-1890), fase ini adalah fase terakhir kemajuan yang dicapai negara-negara dimana militer Jepang memfokuskan diri Barat.Timbul kesadaran bahwa Jepang
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