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Home , 11th Army Group, 22nd Division (Spain), Akira Makino, Arnold Potts, Arthur Allen (general), Arthur Percival

INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER

We, acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of , the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial Headquarters, hereby accept the provisions set forth in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the , , and Great Britain on 26 July 1945 at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which four powers are hereafter referred to as the Allied Powers.

We hereby proclaim the to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated.

We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and the to cease hostilities forthwith, to preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and and civil and to comply with all requirements which my be imposed by the Supreme for the Allied Powers or by agencies of the Japanese Government at his direction.

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Headquarters to issue at once orders to the of all Japanese forces and all forces under Japanese control wherever situated to surrender unconditionally themselves and all forces under their control.

We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials to obey and enforce all proclamations, and orders and directives deemed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be proper to effectuate this surrender and issued by him or under his authority and we direct all such officials to remain at their posts and to continue to perform their non- duties unless specifically relieved by him or under his authority.

We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their successors to carry out the provisions of the in good faith, and to issue whatever orders and take whatever actions may be required by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by any other designated representative of the Allied Powers for the purpose of giving effect to that Declaration.

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters at once to liberate all allied prisoners of war and civilian internees now under Japanese control and to provide for their protection, care, maintenance and immediate transportation to places as directed.

The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate these terms of surrender.

Signed at BAY, JAPAN at 0904 on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945

MAMORU SHIGMITSU

By Command and in behalf of the and the Japanese Government

YOSHIJIRO UMEZU

By Command and in behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters

Accepted at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0903 on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945, for the United States, Republic of China, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in the interests of the other at war with Japan.

DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR

1914

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers

C.W. NIMITZ

United States Representative

HSU YUNG-CH'ANG

Republic of China Representative

BRUCE FRASER

United Kingdom Representative

KUZMA DEREVYANKO

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Representative

THOMAS BLAMEY

Commonwealth of Representative

L. MOORE COSGRAVE

Dominion of Representative

JACQUES LE CLERC

Provisional Government of the French Republic Representative

C.E.L. HELFRICH

Kingdom of the Representative

LEONARD M. ISITT

Dominion of Representative

1915

APPENDIX I

Naval Data

1916

Japanese Capitol Ships Lost to Allied

4 British 2 Dutch

14 United States

Japanese Capitol Ships Lost to the Allies 5 7 2 2 28 British Australian Dutch Russian New Zealand 611 United States

1917

Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk By Allied Mines

United States

Dutch Japanese capitol Ships British Sunk By Allied mines

Australia

0 5 10 15 20

1918

Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk by The United States 250

200

150

100

50 Japanese Capitol Ships Sunk by The 0 United States

Japanese Merchant Shipping Lost During World War II 42 3 15 8 2

Australian British Chinese Dutch 2,117 United States

1919

Japanese Merchant Ships Lost to Allied Aircraft 4 3 5 2 2

Australian Aircraft British Aircraft Chinese Aircraft Dutch Aircraft Russian Aircraft 687 United States Aircraft

Japanese Merchant Ships Lost to Allied Submarines

29 British Dutch 51 United States

10

1920

Japanese Merchant Ships Sunk By Allied Mines

United States 247

British 7 Japanese Merchant Ships Sunk By Allied Mines

Australia 6

0 100 200 300

Japanese Shipping Sunk By U.S. Submarines World War II

Japanese Ships Sunk By Year 600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Tonnage of Japanese Ships Sunk By U.S. Submarines World War II

1921

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

United States Naval Ships Damaged or Sunk By Attacks Type of Ships Damaged Sunk Auxiliaries 61 9 (BB) 15 0 Carrier, Escort (CVE) 17 3 Carrier, Fleet (CV) 16 0 Carrier, Light (CVL) 0 3 , Heavy (CA) 5 0 Cruiser, Light (CL) 10 0 (DD) 87 13 Destroyer, Escort (DE) 24 1 Landing Ship (LST) 11 5 Minelayer, High-speed (AMS) 15 2 Minelayer, Light (DM) 13 0 Minesweeper (AM) 10 1

1922

Cause of U.S. Capitol Ship Sinking’s Pacific Ocean Area

Damaged Surface Not Ship Aircraft Kamikaze Mine Storm Collision/Wreck Scuttled Repaired BB 2 Aircraft Carriers CV 2 2 Small Aircraft Carriers CVL 1 Escort Carriers CVE 1 1 1 3 Heavy CA 1 5 1 Light Cruisers CL 1 1 1 DD 3 16 8 13 2 3 3 1 9 DE 2 1 1 2 Light Minelayers DM 1 High Speed Minesweeper AMS 2 3 1 Minesweeper AM 3 1 3 1

Aircraft Carrier Construction 1941-1945

British Carrier Class Displacement Plane Capacity Commissioning Date Illustrious Illustrious 28,661 57 May-40 Formidable Illustrious 23,000 45 Nov-40 Victorious Illustrious 23,000 45 May-41 Indomitable Illustrious 23,000 45 Oct-41 Indefatigable Implacable 23,450 60 May-44 Implacable Implacable 23,450 60 Aug-44 Colossus Colossus 13,190 48 Dec-44 Vengeance Colossus 13,190 48 Jan-45 Venerable Colossus 13,190 48 Jan-45 Glory Colossus 13,190 48 Apr-45 Ocean Colossus 13,190 48 Aug-45

Imperial Japanese Navy

Hosho Hosho 7,470 21 Nov. 21 Kaga Kaga 38,200 90 Nov. 21 1923

Akagi Akagi 41,300 66 27-Mar Ryujo Ryujo 10,600 48 Apr-31 Shoho Shoho 11,262 30 Jun-35 Soryu Soryu 15,900 73 Dec-35 Kaiyo Kaiyo 13,600 24 Dec-38 Chuyo Taiyo 17,830 27 May-39 Unyo Taiyo 17,830 27 Oct-39 Taiyo Taiyo 17,830 27 Sept. 40 Zuiho Shoho 13,950 30 Dec-40 Shokaku Shokaku 29,800 75 Aug-41 Zuikaku Shokaku 29,800 75 Sept. 1941 Junyo Hiyo 27,500 53 May-42 Hiryu Soryu 17,300 73 Jun-42 Hiyo Hiyo 27,500 53 Jul-42 Ryuho Ryuho 15,300 36 Nov-42 Ibuki Ibuki 12,500 27 May-43 Chiyoda Chiyoda 56,800 30 Oct-43 Shinyo Shinyo 34,200 33 Dec-43 Chitose Chiyoda 20,400 30 Jan-44 Taiho Taiho 20,400 75 Mar-44 Unryu Unryu 20,200 63 Aug-44 Amagi Unryu 20,200 63 Aug-44 Kasagi Unryu 64,800 64 Oct. 44 Katsuragi Unryu 17,150 63 Oct-44 Shinano Shinano 17,150 47 Oct. 44 Aso Unryu 14,500 64 Nov. 44 Ikoma Unryu 14,500 53 Nov. 44 Otakisan Maru 14,500 12 Shimane Maru 14,500 12

United States Navy Langley Prewar 11,700 34 Mar -22 Saratoga Prewar 38,746 91 Nov-27 Lexington Lexington 38,746 91 Oct-25 Yorktown Prewar 25,500 90 Aug-33 Ranger Prewar 17,577 76 Jun-34 Wasp Prewar 19,116 76 Sep-35 Enterprise Prewar 25,500 90 May-38 Hornet Prewar 26,507 90 Jun-41 Essex Essex 36,380 100 Dec-42 Independence Independence 14,751 30 Jan-43 Lexington Essex 38,746 91 Feb-43 Princeton Independence 13,000 45 Feb-43 Belleau Wood Independence 11,000 31 Mar-43 Yorktown Essex 36,380 100 Apr-43 Bunker Hill Essex 36,380 100 May-43 Cowpens Independence 11,000 45 May-43 Cabot Independence 11,000 45 Jul-43 Intrepid Essex 36,380 100 Aug-43 Langley Independence 11,000 45 Aug-43 Hornet Essex 36,380 100 Nov-43 1924

Wasp Essex 36,380 100 Nov-43 Bataan Independence 11,120 45 Nov-43

San Jacinto Independence 11,000 45 Dec-43 Franklin Essex 36,380 100 Jan-44 Hancock Ticonderoga 27,100 100 Apr-44 Ticonderoga Ticonderoga 27,100 100 May-44 Bennington Essex 36,380 100 Aug-44 Shangri-La Essex 27,100 100 Sep-44 Randolph Ticonderoga 27,100 100 Oct-44 Bon Homme Richard Essex 36,380 100 Nov-44 Lake Champlain Essex 27,100 100 Jun-45

1925

U.S. Navy Organization Structure

Unit Number of Ships in Command

Task Element 1 Ship /Commander Two or more non- Commodore/Rear Flotilla capital ships, mostly of same or similar type. Commodore/Rear Squadron Small number of capital Admiral ships Task Group 2 or more Squadrons 2 or more Task Groups Fleet 2 or more task Force Admiral Navy 2 or more Fleets Admiral of the Navy

U.S. Marine Corp Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by

Squid 13 Men Corporal/Sergeant 42 Men 3 Squads + Corpsman 1st /2nd 126 Men 3 + one Captain weapons company 378 Men 3 Companies + one Lieutenant weapons company Regiment 3000+ Men 3 Colonel Division 17,000-21,000 3 Regiments + General artillery regiment Corp 20,000-45,000 2+ Divisions Commandant of the Marine Corp (4 Stars)

1926

APPENDIX II

Air Force Data

1927

Aircraft Production 1941 30,000

25,000 26,277

20,000

15,000 United States Japan 10,000

5,000 5,088 0 United States Japan

Aircraft Production 1942 60,000

50,000 47,836 40,000

30,000 United States Japan 20,000

10,000 8,861 0 United States Japan

1928

100,000 90,000 Aircraft Production 1943 80,000 85,898 70,000 60,000 50,000 United States 40,000 Japan 30,000 20,000 10,000 16,693 0 United States Japan

120,000 Aircraft Production 1944 100,000 96,318 80,000

60,000 United States Japan 40,000

20,000 28,180

0 United States Japan

1929

60,000 Aircraft Production 1945 50,000 49,761 40,000

30,000 United States Japan 20,000

10,000 11,066

0 United States Japan

Total Aircraft Production 1941-1945

69,888

United States Japan

306,090

1930

U.S. Aircraft World War II

Quantity Aircraft Name Manufacturer Produced Service

Bombers A-20 Havoc Douglas 7,385 AAF A-24 Banshee Douglas 52 AAF A-26 Invader Douglas 2,452 AAF B-17 Fortress Boeing 12,711 AAF B-18 Bolo Douglas 350 AAF B-24 Liberator Consolidated 18,331 AAF B-26 Marauder Martin 5,157 AAF B-29 Superfortress Boeing 3,970 AAF PV-1 Ventura Lockheed 3,028 Navy SB2C Helldiver Curtiss 7,140 Navy SBD Dauntless Douglas 5,938 Navy TDB Devastator Douglas 130 Navy

Cargo C-46 Curtiss- Wright 10,368 AAF C-47 Dakota Douglas 1,162 AAF C-54 Skymaster Douglas 1,120 AAF

Fighter F4F Wildcat Grumman 7,885 Navy F4U Corsair Vought 4,049 USMC/Navy F6F Hellcat Grumman 12,274 Navy F8F Bearcat Grumman 1,266 Navy P-38 Lighting Lockheed 9,536 AAF P-39 Airacobra Bell 9,588 AAF P-40 Warhawk Curtiss-Wright 13,738 AAF/AVG P-47 Thunderbolt Republic 15,683 AAF P-51 Mustang North American 14,686 AAF P-61 Black Widow Northrop 702 AAF TBF Avenger Grumman 2,291 USMC/Navy TBM Avenger General Motors 7,546 USMC/Navy

Patrol Boats PBM Mariner Martin 1,285 Navy PBY Catalina Consolidated 4,051 Navy PB2Y Coronado Consolidated 217 Navy PB4Y-2 Privateer Consolidated 1,370 Navy

1931

Japanese Aircraft World War II

Code Quantity Aircraft Name Name Manufacturer Produced Service

Bombers G4M Betty 2,414 Navy Ki-21 Sally Mitsubishi 2,064 IJAF Ki-49 Donryu Helen Nakajima 819 IJAF Ki-67 Hiryu Peggy Mitsubishi 698 IJAF P1-Y1 Ginga Frances Yokosuks 1,100 Navy

Dive- D3A Val Aichi 1,495 Navy D4Y Suisei 2,035 Navy

Fighter A5M Claude Mitsubishi 1,094 Navy A6M Reisen Zeke Mitsubishi 10,964 Navy J2M Raiden Jack Mitsubishi 524 Navy Ki-45 Toryu Nick Kawasaki 1,701 IJAF Ki-46-III Dinah Mitsubishi 1,742 IJAF Ki-61 Hien Tony Kawasaki 3,028 IJAF KI-84 Hayate Frank Nakajima 3,500 IJAF NIK-J Shiden George Kawanishi 1,435 Navy

Float Plane E13A Jake Aichi 1,418 Navy E16A Paul Aichi 256 Navy

Flying Boat H6K Mavis Emily Kawanishi 1,435 Navy E13A Jake Aichi 1,418 Navy

Night Fighter J1N1-S Gekko Irving Nakajima 400 IJAF

Torpedo Bomber B5N Kate Nakajima 1,149 Navy B6N Tenzan Jill Nakajima 1,266 Navy

1932

Japanese Aircraft Production

Type of Aircraft Army 1941 Navy 1941 Army 1945 Navy 1945

Reconnaissance 290 30 136 35

Fighters 550 371 800 640

Bombers 660 644 315 570

Kamikaze 0 0 850 3,100

United States Aircraft Production

TYPE 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 TOTAL

FIGHTERS 1,727 5,213 11,766 18,291 10,591 47,588

LIGHT BOMBERS 373 1,153 2,371 2,980 3,079 9,956

MEDIUM 745 2,556 4,370 6,189 5,384 19,244 BOMBERS

HEAVY BOMBERS 288 2,076 8,027 12,813 11,065 34,269

B-29 BOMBERS 3 91 977 2,865 3,936

TRANSPORTS 254 1,857 6,466 10,456 9,561 28,594

1933

Aircraft Statics

AIR MAX SPEED BOMB LOAD CEILING RANGE TYPE (mph) ARMANMENT (pounds) CREW (feet) (miles) Bombers: A-20 339 4,000 3 25,098 1,091 1-30 cal/8-50 B-17 317 cal. 6,000 10 35,000 2,000 B-24 290 11-50cal 5,000 10 28,000 2,200 15-50cal/1- B-25 275 75mm 4,000 7 24,000 1,500 2-30 cal/2-50 B-26 282 cal. 5,200 7 23,507 675 12-50cal/1- B-29 357 20mm 20,000 11 36,000 3,250 CAC 4-7.7mm/2- Boomerang 305 20mm 1 34,006 1,600 Mitsubishi 4-12.7mm/1- GM 283 20mm 2,000 5 to 7 30,000 2,200 Mitsubishi KI-7 294 2,000 30,500 1,635 Mitsubishi KI-21 302 6-12,7mm 2,205 5 32,808 1,678 Mitsubishi KI-67 334 3-12.7/120mm 1,764 6 to 8 31,070 1,740 Dive Bombers: Aichi D3A1 281 3-7.7mm 800 2 31,750 1,131 SB2C Helldiver 281 2-20mm 1,000 1 24,100 1,100 SBD 2-30 cal./2-50 Dauntless 252 cal 1,000 2 24,300 985 360 680 34,500 749 Fighter: Brewster Buffalo 321 4-50cal 1 33,202 1,600 Bristol 4-20mm/6- Beaufighter 333 7.62mm 2 26,519 1,479 F4F Wildcat 318 4-50cal/20mm 1 35,000 900 F6F Hellcat 376 6-50cal 1 37,500 1,090 F4U Corsair 415 6-50cal 1 37,000 1,015 Hurrican 340 12-303cal 500 1 40,000 460 Kawasaki Ki- 2-20mm/2- 61 367 12.7mm 1 32,808 1,118 Ki-43 360 3-13.2MM 1 39,370 1,000 Mitsubishi 360 3-13.2MM 1 39,370 1,000 1934

Zero-Sen Nakajima Ki- 2-12.7mm/2- 84 392 20mm 1,102 1 34,449 1,052 P-38 Lighting 414 4-50cal/20mm 3,200 1 40,000 800 P-40 Warhawk 362 6-50cal 500 1 31,000 P-47 Thunderbolt 430 8-50cal 2,500 1 40,000 800 P-51 Mustang 440 6-50cal 2,000 1 41,900 755 2-7.9MM/2- Spitfire 354 20MM 1 30,100 412 Bomber: Bristol 4-12.7mm/1- Beaufort 265 20mm 2,000 4 16,499 1,600 Nakajima B5N2 235 1-7.7mm 1,650 2 to 3 27,100 1,237 Nakajima 1-7.7mm/1- B6N 299 13mm 1,764 3-Jan 29,659 1,085 TBD Devastator 207 3-30cal/1-50cal 1,200 2 to 3 19,500 985 TBF/TBM Avenger 259 4-30cal 2,000 3 23,000 1,000 Patrol Planes: Kawanishi 1-20mm/4- H6K 239 7.7mm 4,409 9 31,496 4,210 Kawanishi 4-20mm/4- H8K 290 7.7mm 4,409 10 28,740 4,461 Nakajima J1N1 314 2-20mm 1,110 2 30,577 981 PBY Catalina 196 3-30cal/2-50cal 4,000 8 15,800 2,520 PB2Y 10 to Coronado 223 8-50cal 8,000 45 20,505 2,371 PB4Y 12-50cal/1- Privateer 287 20mm 12,88 11 20,669 2,796 PBN-5 Mariner 211 8-50cal 8,000 7 to 9 19,800 2,240

Total Cost of the Air War in the Pacific against the

Total Army Air Force losses against the Japan for all causes were 13,055 planes, which breaks down to 1,197 heavy bombers: B-17s, B-24s, B-32s, B-29s; 864 medium and light bombers: A-20s, A-26s, B-18s, B-24s, B-26s; 2,469 fighters: P-38s, P-39s, P-40s, P-47s, P-51, P-400s: destroyed in combat. Army Air Force

1935

casualties were 24,230 which breaks down to 10,406 killed in action, 4,643 wounded, and 9,181 missing, captured, or POW.

U.S. Army Air Force Organization Structure

Number of Officer in Unit Name Number of Units Planes Number of Personnel Command

Section 5 to 20 NCO Flight 2 sections 4 to 6 20 to 100 Captain Squadron 3 to 4 Flights 7 to 16 100 to 300 Lt. Colonel 3 to 10 Group/Wing Squadrons 17 to 48 300 to 1,000 Colonel 2 or more Wing/Group Groups 48 to 100 1,000 to 5,000 Brig. General or Wings 2 or more Numbered Groups 100 or more 5,000+ Air Force or Wings U.S. Army Air Force in All planes in All Personnel in General of the Air Force Theater Theater Theater Air Force Source: Wikipedia. Military organization. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization

United States Army Air Force

5th Air Force: Australia, , Schouten Islands, , Okinawa

7th Air Force: , Central/Western Pacific, , Philippines, Okinawa

10th Air Force: , Burma, China

11th Air Force: Alaska

13th Air Force: , Espiritu Santo, , , Los Negros, New Guinea, Noemfoor, Morotai, Philippines

14th Air Force: , China; Peishiyi, China

20th Air Force: India, China, Iwo Jima, : Saipan, , Tinian

1936

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

Air Force Name Area of Operation Headquarters Location Home Islands, , Karafuto, 1st IJAAF Tokyo, Japan 2nd IJAAF Hsinking, Manchukuo 3rd IJAAF , Malaya 4th IJAAF New Guinea, , New Britain 5th IJAAF Eastern and Southern China Nanking, China 6th IJAAF Okinawa, Taiwan Kyushu, Japan

Phase One of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities March 10, 1945 - June 15. 1945

City Date No. of Planes Tonnage Percent Destroyed Sq. Miles Burned Amagasaki 6/15/1945 444 18.9 Kawasaki 4/15/1945 303 36.2 Kobe 2/4/1945 307 of 330 2,355 2.90 6/5/1945 473 of 531 3,077 55.7 4.35 1/3/1945 97 0.17 3/11/1945 285 of 310 1,790 2.05 3/19/1945 290 of 313 1,858 3.00 5/14/1945 472 of 529 2,515 3.15 5/16/1945 457 of 522 3,609 40 3.82 3/13/1945 274 of 301 1,733 8.1 6/1/1945 458 of 521 2,788 3.15 6/7/1945 458 2,540 2.21 6/15/1945 444 of 516 3,157 35.1 1.9 Tokyo 2/25/1945 174 1 3/9/1945 279 of 325 1,665 15 4/13/1945 327 4/15/1945 303 5/23/1945 520 of 562 3,646 5.3 5/25/1945 502 3,262 56.3 56.3 4/15/1945 303

5/29/1945 454 of 517 2,570 58 6.9

1937

Phase Two of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities June 16, 1945 - August 15, 1945

City Date Percent Destroyed Akashi 7/6/1945 18.9 Aomori 7/28/1945 30 Chiba 7/6/1945 41 Choshi 7/19/1945 44.2 Fukui 7/19/1945 86 6/19/1945 24.1 Gifu 7/9/1945 63.6 Hachioji 8/1/1945 65 Hamamatsu 6/17/1945* 60.3 Himeji 7/3/1945 49.4 Hiratsuka 7/16/1945 48.4 Hitachi 7/19/1945 72 Ichinomiya 7/12/1945 7/28/1945 56.3 Imabari 8/5/1945 63.9 Kagoshima 6/17/1945* 63.4 Kochi 7/3/1945 55.2 Kofu 7/6/1945 78.6 Kumamoto 7/1/1945 31.2 Kura 7/1/1945 41.9 Maebashi 8/5/1945 64.2 Matsuyama 7/26/1945 64 Mito 8/1/1945 68.9 Moji 6/28/1945 23.3 Nagaoka 8/1/1945 64.9 Nishinomiya 7/16/1945 8/5/1945 11.9 Nobeoka 6/28/1945 25.2 Ogaki 7/28/1945 39.5 Oita 7/16/1945 28.2 6/28/1945 68.9 Okazaki 7/19/1945 32.2 1938

Omuta 6/17/1945* 7/26/1945 35.8

Phase Two of B-29s Incendiary Attack on Japan's Cities June 16, 1945 - August 15, 1945

City Date Percent Destroyed Saga 8/5/1945 44.2 Sakai 7/9/1945 48.2 Sasebo 6/28/1945 41.4 Sendai 7/9/1945 21.9 Shimizu 7/6/1945 42 Shimonoseki 7/1/1945 37.6 Takamatsu 7/3/1945 67.5 Tokushima 7/3/1945 85.2 Toyama 7/26/1945 8/1/1945 99 Tsu 7/28/1945 69.3 Tsuruga 7/12/1945 65.1 Ube 7/1/1945 20.7 Ujiyamada 7/28/1945 41.3 7/12/1945 7/28/1945 43.7 Wakayama 7/9/1945 50 Yawata 8/8/1945 21.2 Yokkaichi 6/17/1945* 33.6

Approximately 330,000 Japanese civilians are killed by the air attacks, 476,000 injured, and 9,200,000 made homeless. Nearly 2.5 million homes are destroyed during the air assaults. More than 600,000 homes are destroyed by the government to create firebreaks.

B-29 loss rate during the fire bomb campaign is 1.9 percent.

1939

U.S. Army Air Force Cost of Planes in the War in the Pacific

Heavy Bombers Medium and Light Bombers Fighters Total Losses

1,197 864 2,469 13,055

U.S. Army Air Force Cost of Personnel in the War in the Pacific

Total KIA Wounded Missing/POW Casualties

10,406 4,643 9,181 24,230

1940

160,800 Tons of Bombs Dropped on the Japanese Home Islands 4% U.S. Navy 4% U.S. Army

B-29s 92%

U.S. of Japan Total Tonnage Dropped 120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0

Urban Areas Aircraft Factories Oil Refineries Arsenals Industrial Targets Airfields/Sea Plane Bases

1941

Physical Damage Caused by Strategic Bombing of Japan

Installation Bombed Percentage Damaged Chemical Plants 10 Ingot Steel 15 Ship Yards 15 Naval Ordnance Plants 28 Army Ordnance Plants 30 Light Metals 35 Air Frame Assembly 60 Electronic/Communications 70 Aircraft Engine Plants 75 Oil Refineries 83

1942

APPENDIX III

Military Data

1943

JAPANESE ESTIMATED STRENGTH OF FORCES IN CAPTURED TERRITORIES August 15, 1945

JAPANESE IMPERIAL IMPERIAL TOTAL TERRITORY ARMY NAVY ANDAMAN-MALAYA 95,581 36,473 132,054 BISMARK ISLANDS 57,530 30,854 88,384 14,996 7,735 22,731 24,850 10,879 35,729 BURMA 70,350 1,372 71,722 CELEBES ISLAND 17,650 6,518 24,168 CHINA 1,049,700 63,755 1,113,455 FORMOSA 128,080 46,713 174,793 90,370 8,914 99,284 40,360 15,180 55,540 KOREA 274,200 29,431 303,631 50,000 1,621 51,621 LESSER SUNDAS, 17,500 4,238 21,738 760,000 1,185 761,185 MANDATE ISLANDS 48,644 44,178 92,822 NEW GUINEA 30,230 7,158 37,388 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 97,300 36,151 133,451 RYUKUS ISLANDS 40,882 9,766 50,648 SAKHALIN ISLAND 20,000 1,328 21,328 SOLOMON ISLANDS 12,330 16,729 29,059 ISLAND 59,480 4,984 64,464 106,000 3,051 109,051 TOTAL FORCES 3,157,683 406,890 3,564,573

1944

Comparison of Army Ranks Among the Military Powers

Australian British Chinese Dutch Generalissimo Field

General

General General Lt. General General

Lt. General Lt. General Major General Lt. General

Major General Major General Major General

Brigadier

Colonel

Colonel Colonel Lt. Colonel Colonel

Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel Major Lt. Colonel

Major Major Captain Major

Captain Captain Captain

1st. Lieutenant

Lieutenant Lieutenant 1st. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant

Regimental Sergeant Major Regimental Sergeant Major 1st. Sergeant Sergeant Major Sergeant 1st. Sergeant Major Sergeant Major Class

Quartermaster Sergeant Quartermaster Sergeant

Staff Sergeant Sergeant

Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant

Corporal Corporal Corporal Corporal

Lance Corporal Lance Corporal

Senior Senior Private Private 1st. Class Private 1st. Class

Private 2nd. Class

Private Private Private 3rd. Class Private

1945

Japanese Russian United States USMC

General of the Army

General Commissar of the Army General General Lt. General Commissar of the Army Corp Lt. General Lt. General Major General Commissar of the Division Major General Major General Commissar of the Brigade Brigadier General

Colonel Commissar of the Regiment Colonel Colonel Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel

Major Commissar of the Battalion Major Major Captain Senior Politruk Captain Captain

Lieutenant Politruk 1st. Lieutenant 1st. Lieutenant

2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant 2nd. Lieutenant

Sergeant Major Master Sergeant Master Gunnery Sergeant

1st. Sergeant 1st. Sergeant

Technical Sergeant Gunnery Sergeant

Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant

Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant

Corporal Corporal Corporal

Leading Private Lance Corporal Lance Corporal

Superior Private

Private 1st. Class Private 1st. Class Private 1st. Class

Private 2nd. Class

Recruit Private Private

1946

Comparison of Navy Ranks Among the Military Powers

Australian British Japanese United States

Admiral of the Fleet Admiral of the Fleet Fleet Admiral

Admiral Admiral Admiral Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Rear Admiral Commodore Commodore Commodore

Captain Captain Captain Captain Commander Commander Commander Commander Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lt. Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Sr. Grade Lieutenant

Sub-Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant JG

2nd. Lieutenant

Chief Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Senior Petty Officer Chief Petty Officer Sergeant Major Sergeant Major

Quartermaster Sergeant Quartermaster Sergeant Petty Officer 1st Class

Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant Petty Officer 1st Class Petty Officer 2nd Class Sergeant Sergeant Petty Officer 2nd Class Petty Officer 3rd Class

Leading Seaman Leading Seaman Leading Seaman Seaman 1st Class Senior Seaman

Seaman 2nd Class

Seaman 1st Class

Seaman Seaman Seaman Apprentice Seaman

1947

DIVISIONAL STRENGTH COMPARISON

MILITARY UNIT SIZE WITH SUPPORT BRANCH PERSONNEL Japanese Infantry 18,000

Chinese Infantry 12,000 (varied) British Infantry 18,000 U.S. Army Infantry 14,000 U.S. Marine 17,000

U.S. Army Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by

Squid 9-12 Men Corporal/Sergeant Platoon 16-44 Men 3-4 Squads 1st /2nd Lieutenant Company 62-193 Men 3-4 Platoons Captian/Major Battalion 860 Men 3-4 Companies Regiment 3000+ Men 3-4 Battalions Colonel Brigade 3,000-5,000 2-4 Regiments Colonel 3-4 Division 17,000-21,000 Brigades/Regiments Major General Corp 20,000-45,000 2+ Divisions Army 80,000-200,000 2-4 Corp General 400,000- 1,000,000 2 Armies General of the Army

1948

Australian Army Organization Structure

Unit Name Strength Number of Units Commanded by Soldier 1 Man Section 9-13 Men Corporal Platoon 39 Men 3 Sections Lieutenant Company 140 Men 3 Platoons Captian Battalion 850 Men 5 Companies Lieutenant Colonel Brigade 3,300 3 Battalions Brigadier General Division 14,000 3 Brigades Major General Corp 42,000 3 Divisions General

Japanese Imperial Army Division Organization Structure

Personnel 21,945

Number of Horses 5,849

Horse-drawn Carts 555

Rifles/Small Arms 9,476

Light Machine Guns 541

Heavy Machine Guns 104

Grenade Launchers 576

Howitzers 64

Heavy Artillery 44

Tanks 24

Small Vehicles 262

Trucks 266

1949

APPENDIX IV

General Data

1950

Allied Code for Pacific Operations

ABDA: for the 1942 cooperative American-British-Dutch-Australian defence of the Pacific and theatre. ABERDEEN: code name for Chindit stronghold near Manhton, Burma. ALAMO: Name for the task force for operations in New Guinea. ALPHA: Plan to defend Kunming and Chungking. ANAKIM: Plan to recapture Burma. ARCADIA: Name for the Washington Conference, -January 1942. BACKHANDER: Name for the task force to conduct operations on Cape Gloucester on the island of New Britain. BAZAAR: Plan for American air support of the USSR in the event of a Japanese attack on the . BETA: Plan to open a port on the coast of China. BIRDCAGE: Airborne leaflet drop on POW camps announcing Japanese surrender. BLACKPOOL: Name for Chindit roadblock on the railroad near Namkwin, Burma. BLISSFUL: U.S. Marine landing on Choiseul in Solomon Islands, . BOSTON: Southwest Pacific Area of Operations plan to occupy and construct an airfield in the Abau-Mullins Harbour region of New Guinea. BREWER: Operations in the Admiralty Islands. BROADWAY: Name for a drop site about fifty miles northwest of Indaw, Burma, to resupply the . BROADWAY: Name for a drop site about fifty miles northwest of Indaw, Burma, to resupply the Chindits. BUCCANEER: plan (cancelled) for the amphibious capture of the . BUNKUM: British operation to land six men by submarine on Middle Andaman Island to reconnaissance of Japanese defences. CACTUS: Operation to capture Guadalcanal (a part of WATCHTOWER). CANNIBAL: British unsuccessful attempt to recapture the Burmese port of Akyab in March

1951

1943. CAPITAL: Plan for the attack across the Chindwin River towards Mandalay. CARBONADO: Plan to open a port on the coast of China (revised BETA). CARTWHEEL: Operations to capture the Solomon Islands of New Britain and New involving convergent operations from the South Pacific and Southwest Pacific Areas of Operations against Rabaul. CATCHPOLE: Plan for operations against the Atolls of Eniwetok and Ujelang in the Group. CAUSEWAY: Plan to capture Formosa, Planned for 1944, but was not executed. CENTREBOARD: Operations for dropping the atomic Bomb on , August 1945. CHAMPION; Plan (late 1943) for a general offensive in Burma. CHARACTER: Allied Commando attack on Japanese positions and gather intelligence in Burma, April 1945. CHERRYBLOSSOM: U.S. Marines landings on Bougainville, November 1943. CHRONICLE: Operation to capture Woodlark Island and Kiriwina Island. CLEANSLATE: Operation to occupy the Russell Islands. COCKPIT: Aircraft from British warships attacks against the Japanese port and oil installations on Sabang Island, Sumatra July 1945. CORONET: U.S. contingency plan to invade the island of Honshu on the Tokyo plain, 1946. See Code names OLYMPIC and DOWNFALL. COTTAGE: Recapture of , 1943. COUNTENANCE: British and Indian forces occupy Iran's southern oilfield region. CUDGEL: Plan for small-scale operations on the Arakan coast of Burma, unfulfilled. CULVERIN: Plan for the assault on Sumatra. CYCLONE: Operation to capture Noemfoor, 1944. DEXTERITY: operations name for western New Britain and Saidor. DIRECTOR: Code name for the task force for the invasion of Arawe in New Britain. DIXIE: Code name for the U.S. observer mission to the Chinese communists. DOVETAIL: Rehearsal at of the Marine landing to capture Guadalcanal and a lodgement in the southern Solomon Islands (a sub-task of PESTILENCE). DOWNFALL: Overall U.S. contingency plan for the invasion of Japan in 1946. Also see

1952

CORONET and OLYMPIC. DRACULA: Plan for an attack on Rangoon, 1944. DRYGOODS: Logistical operation to mass supplies at Guadalcanal, February 1943. ELKTON: General MacArthur's plan (not executed) for the capture of Rabaul. END RUN: Code name for the task force built around the survivors of Task Force GALAHAD, that was used for the drive towards , Burma. EUREKA: Codeword name for the , November 1943. FANTAN: Code name for the Fiji Islands. FIVESOME: Code for the coordination of Allied operations in the Southwest Pacific. FLINTLOCK: Operation to capture of the Marshall Islands. FORAGER: Operation to capture the Mariana Islands, Central Pacific. GALAHAD: Code for American long-range penetration groups in Burma. GALVANIC: Operation to capture the Gilbert and Makin Islands. GLOBETROTTER: U.S. capture of Sansapor in New Guinea, July 1944. GOODTIME: New Zealand troops land on Treasury Island, Solomon Islands, October 1943. GRANITE: Tentative plan for the capture of the Marshall Islands, 1944. HAILSTORM: U.S. bombers and carrier plane attacks to destroy Japanese warships, cargo ships, installations, and aircraft on the Island of Truk, February 1944. HALPRO: Halverson Project -bombing detachment for China-Burma-India Theatre. HURRICANE: Operation to capture Biak, 1944. ICEBERG: Operation to capture Okinawa, 1945. KING TWO: Operation to capture Leyte and the southern Philippines, 1944. LANDGRAB: U.S. attacks on the Aleutian Island of Attu, May 1943. LEATHERBACK: Code name for Woodlark Island. LILLIPUT: Operation to defend Buna, 1942. LOINCLOTH: Expedition by Chindits to sabotage the Mandalay railway line in Burma, February 1943. MAGIC: Intelligence derived from interception and deciphering of Japanese encoded radio message. MAGNETO: Code name for the Yalta portion of the Argonaut Conference. MAILFIST: Recapture of Singapore, 1945. MAINYARD: code name, not an operation name, for the island of Guadalcanal. MANHATTAN: Code name for atomic bomb project. MARS: Code name for the U.S. task force in the China-Burma-India theatre of operations. MASTERDOM : Allied occupation of French Indochina. MASTIFF: Medical aid to liberated Japanese.

1953

MERIDIAN: British aircraft attacks on Japanese oil refineries, Sumatra, January 1945. MICHAELMAS: Code name for the seizure of Saidor, New Guinea. MIKE ONE: Plan for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. MIKE TWO: Plan for the invasion of Dingalan Bay, Philippines. MIKE THREE: Plan for the invasion of Vigan, Philippines. MIKE FOUR: Plan for the invasion of Nasugbu and Balayan Bays, Philippines. MIKE SIX: Plan for the invasion of and Tayabas Bays, Philippines. MIKE SEVEN: Plan for the invasion of the Zambales coast, Philippines. MUSKETEER: Plan for basic operation to liberate the Philippine Islands. NEW GALAHAD: code name for American long-range penetration groups in Burma. OCTAGON: Code name for the Conference, September 1944. OLYMPIC: The Contingency plan for the March 1946 invasion of the island of Kyushu. ORANGE: Pre-World War II war plan within the RAINBOW matrix for unilateral conflict between the United States and Japan; ORANGE 1 was approved in 1938, ORANGE 3, April 1941. PEACOCK: Shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's Betty bomber over Bougainville, May 1943. PERSECUTION: Operation to capture Hollandia and Aitape, April 1944. PESTILENCE: Offensive operation on Guadalcanal and in and around the southern Solomon Islands, July 1942. PICADILLY: Code name the drop site for the Chindits, Burma. POSTERN: Operation to capture -Finschhofen-Madang, New Guinea. PRINCETON: Plan for the reoccupation of the Visayas--Borneo- area (later renamed MUSKETEER). PROVIDENCE: Code name for the Plan to occupy the Buna area of New Guinea by Australian troops, July 1942. QUADRANT: Code name for the Quebec Conference, August 1943. RAVENOUS: Plan by IV for the recapture of northern Burma. RECKLESS: Operation to capture Hollandia, New Guinea, 1944. RENO: General MacArthur's plan for an advancing along the northern coast of New Guinea to Mindanao in the Philippines. RINGBOLT: operation to capture ,sub-task of WATCHTOWER. ROGER: Codename for the capture of Phuket Island of the , Burma. ROMULUS: Arakan part of CAPITAL.

1954

ROOSTER: Operation to fly the Chinese 22nd Division to Chihchiang. SAUCY: Limited offensive to reopen a land supply route from Burma to China. SPOONER: Code name for new Zealand. STALEMATE: Invasion of the . STAMINA: Airlift of supplies to besieged British and Indian troops at Imphal, April 1944. SUMAC: Code name for Australia. SYMBOL: Code name for the Casablanca Conference, January 14-23, 1943. TALON: Retaking of Akyab in Burma, part of the plan CAPITAL. TARZAN: India-based portion of the general offensive in Burma. TED: Code name for a task force operating in the Aitape area of New Guinea. TERMINAL: Code name for the Potsdam Conference, July 16 through August 2, 1945. THURSDAY: Chindit operation in Burma, 1944. TOENAILS: Operation to capture New Georgia. TOREADOR: Airborne assault on Mandalay. TORNADO: Operation to capture Wakde-Sarmi, 1944. TRADEWIND: Operation to capture Morota, 1944. TRIDENT: Code name for the Washington Conference, May 12-25, 1943. TULSA: First outline plan by General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, for operations aimed at the capture of Rabaul. TWILIGHT: Plan to base B-29 Superfortress in the China-Burma-India Theatre of Operations. TYPHOON: Operation to capture Sansapor-Mar, New Guinea, 1944. VICTOR I: Operation in Panay and Negros Occidental, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR II: Operation in Cebu, Bohol, and Negros Oriental, Philippines. VICTOR III: Eighth Army operation against Palawan, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR IV: Eighth Army operation against the Sulu Archipelago and the Zamboanga area of Mindanao, Philippines, 1945. VICTOR V: Eighth Army operations against western Mindanao. WATCHTOWER: Operation to capture Guadalcanal and Tulagi (a part of PERSECUTION), 1942. WEDLOCK: Spurious U.S. plan to attack the Kurile Islands in northern Japan. WHITE POPPY: Code name for Noumea, New Caledonia. X: Code for Australia. YOKE: Code word for all U.S. organizations working with Y-Force in the China-Burma-India Theatre of operation. ZEBRA: Code word for U.S. sponsored Chinese division in east China. ZIPPER: 1945 plan for the assault on Malaya.

1955

Japanese Code Names for Pacific Operations:

OPERATION A-Go (1944): attack on the American fleet off Saipan in the Mariana Islands. OPERATION AL (1942): - invasion of the Alaska’s Aleutian. OPERATION Arashi (1945): air raid on Carolina Islands’ Atoll. OPERATION B (1941): invasion of Sarawak and British Borneo. OPERATION B (1942): invasion of Burma. OPERATION Ban-Go (1944): defensive at the Irrawaddy River in Burma. OPERATION C (1942): reconnaissance and raiding in the Indian Ocean. OPERATION D (1942): invasion of the Andaman Islands. OPERATION Dan-Go (1944): after the failed OPERATION: U-Go offensive in India. OPERATION E (1941): invasion of Thailand and Northeast Malaya. OPERATION FS (1944): cancelled plan for capturing Fiji, New Caledonia and to isolate Australia. OPERATION FU (1941): invasion of French Indochina. OPERATION Fu-Go (1944): aerial bombing of the United States using balloons. OPERATION H (1942): invasion of Ambon, Celebes, and Timor. OPERATION Ha-Go (1944): plan to isolate and destroy Anglo-Indian forces at Arakan in Burma. This action is the precursor to OPERATION U-Go. OPERATION I (1943): air raid against Allied advances on New Guinea as well as Guadalcanal. OPERATION Ichi-Go (1944): attack in Eastern China to link up Northern China and French Indochina. OPERATION J (1942): Japanese invasion of Java and the Dutch East Indies. (1942): Japanese reconnaissance and air raid on . OPERATION Ka (1942): Japanese plan to destroy the American fleet and recapture Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. OPERATION Kan-Go (1944): defensive plan in Southern Burma. OPERATION KE (1943): evacuation of Kiska Island in the Aleutian. OPERATION KE (1943): evacuation of Kiska Island in the Aleutian. 1956

OPERATION Ken (1945) - plan to transport and land troops for a attack on American airfields located in the Mariana Islands. (Cancelled). OPERATION Ketsu-Go (1945): defensive plan against potential American invasion of the Home Islands of Japan. OPERATION Kikusui (1945): special attacks against American ships off the coast of Okinawa. OPERATION Kon (1944): defensive plan for Biak Island off New Guinea. OPERATION Kon-Go (1945): offensive against American ships using manned torpedoes. (Cancelled). OPERATION L (1942): landing in and Sumatra. OPERATION M (1941): invasion of the Philippine Islands. OPERATION MI (1942): invasion of Midway Island. (1942): invasion of on New Guinea’s Southern Coast. OPERATION Pokemon (1945): reconnaissance of Ulithi Atoll, ; part of OPERATION: Arashi. OPERATION R (1942): invasion of Rabaul on New Britain and Kavieng on New Ireland. OPERATION RO (1943): defensive plan against Allied attacks on Rabaul, New Britain OPERATION RY (1942): invasion of and Ocean Islands. OPERATION Sho-Go (1944): defensive plan for American advances toward Japan. OPERATION Sho-I (1944): attack on the American fleet off Leyte, Philippine Islands; part of OPERATION Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-II (1944): defensive plan for Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-III (1944): defensive plan for Honshu, Island, Japan Home Island; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION Sho-IV (1944): defensive plan for , Island, Japan Home Island; part of OPERATION: Sho-Go. OPERATION SR (1942): invasion of Lae and , New Guinea. OPERATION T (1942): invasion of northern Sumatra. OPERATION Ta (1943): attack on Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Ta (1944): attack on American forces at Cape Torokina at Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Take-Ichi (1944): convoys to the Doberai Peninsula on the Western edge of New Guinea. OPERATION Tan 2 (1945): special attack mission against the Allied anchorage at Ulithi, Caroline Islands. OPERATION Tasumaki (1944): attack on Bougainville, Solomon Islands.

1957

OPERATION Ten-Go (1945): naval attack against the American fleet off Okinawa; alternate name of Operation Tenichi-Go. OPERATION To-Go (1944): phase one of attacks in the Eastern China region; part of OPERATION: Ichi-Go. OPERATION U (1942): invasion of Burma. OPERATION U-Go (1944): assault on Impal and in India. OPERATION Z (1941): . OPERATION Ta (1944): attack on American forces at Cape Torokina at Bougainville, Solomon Islands. OPERATION Tan 2 (1945): special attack mission against the Allied anchorage at Ulithi, Caroline Islands. OPERATION Kon-Go (1945): offensive against American ships using manned torpedoes (Cancelled).

1958

COMMAND ORGANIZATION, SOUTH PACIFIC FORCES, August 1943

Source: in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1959

Organization of South , Solomon Islands, July 1943

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1960

Command Organization, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1961

JAPANESE HIGH COMMAND

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1962

Organization of Japanese Forces, Southeast Area, July 1943

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1963

Organization of Japanese Forces in Pacific and Southeast Asia, November 1943

Source: United States Army in World War II The War in the Pacific Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

1964

Japanese Special Attack Units Used in the War in the Pacific

During the War in the Pacific the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy used several different types of Special Attack Units in an attempt to change the direction of a battle in their favor but normally these units were formed for suicide missions. It is not uncommon in warfare for a wounded soldier to try and take one or more of the enemy with him. The most dramatic form of this is that of a combat pilot that is flying a damaged aircraft or a plane low on fuel, with no hope of getting home and/or not wanting to be at drift at sea alone, to dive into the enemy. Japan has a history of ritual suicide known as , also referred to as Hara- kiri, which was a privilege reserved by law for the warrior through the honor code known as . This form of taking one’s life was used to avoid the disgrace of being capture, as a mark of respect for one's lord, for act that has brought dishonor to them or their , to protest the action of a superior, or as a form of punishment. World War II in the Pacific Theater bore witness to the Japanese use of several different types of Special Attack Units or suicide attacks by individual pilots, charges by groups of soldiers, small one to two man submarines, swimmers, rocket powered planes, divers, and/or by boats. Late in the war, as the tide of war turned against the Japanese military the use of the most well known type of Special Attack Units was the Kamikaze pilot. They would attempt to crash their planes into Allied ships. The Kamikaze attack would kill the pilots and hopefully cause extreme damage with a large loss of American lives or sink the ship all the name of the Japanese Samurai Spirit, in accordance with the “one person, one machine, one for a ship.” The Japanese believed with this policy would cause the United States to negotiate for peace to save American lives once they have seen the Japanese determination to fight to the last citizen.

Banzai

The Banzai Charge was used throughout the from Guadalcanal to Okinawa. The charge would employed a group of Japanese soldiers attacking Allied positions in a human-wave, sometimes using soldiers that are sick or wounded, sometimes on crutches. The largest Banzai charge took place at Saipan on , 1944. The Japanese garrison was reduced to 3,000 troops from the 30,000 at the beginning of the 1965

battle. They charged the U.S. lines at night, as most charges took place, and killed over 400 American troops before the last man was wiped out. Those Japanese that survived the charge would commit suicide to avoid capture out of loyalty to the emperor and in the ancient Samurai code of Bushido.

Boats

The Shinyo or Sea Quake was a suicide boats driven by one man at speeds of around 30 knots. They were part of the expanding Special Attack Units developed to slow down or discourage the Americans. They were typically equipped with two depth charges or a bow-mounted explosive. The Shinyo’s mounted with depth charges were not meant to be used as a suicide boats. The idea was for a driver to speed up to a warship and drops the depth charges as close as possible to the side of the ship and then speed off before the depth charges would go off.

Around 3,000 Maru-ni, version of the Shinyo, were produced in World War II. 6,200 Shinyo’s were made for the . Around 400 suicide boats were shipped to Formosa and Okinawa, and the rest were stationed around the Home water of Japan in preparation for the Allied invasion to come.

Divers

Suicide divers called Crouching Dragons were also part of the Special Attack Units. They were developed to attack the Allied invasion fleet once they were in the Home waters of Japan. The divers would be armed with 33 pounds of explosive, attached to 16 foot bamboo pole. They would be dressed with a diving jacket, trousers, diving shoes, and a diving helmet. They would be weighed down with 20 pounds of lead, and carried two bottles of compressed air. The divers were to drop to a depth of 15 to 24 feet and then walk up to six hours. Once under an enemy ship they stick the pole into the bottom of the hull, blowing them up and sinking the vessel.

Kamikaze

The concept for crash-dive aircraft into American warships was conceived of by Captain Motoharu Okamura, commander of the 341st Air Group of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Captain Okamura felt such a suicide program using to dive aircraft into warships was the only way to prevent a U.S. advance on the Japanese Home Islands. He told Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi in June 1944 at a conference “Provide me with 300 planes, and I will turn the tide of the war.”

The first official suicide squad made up of twenty-four volunteers of the Imperial Japanese Navy's 201st Air Group was on Leyte. They were referred to as the Divine Wind Special Attack Force. The term Divine Wind, Kamikaze, 1966

was from the name given winds of a super-typhoon that destroyed the Mongol fleet planning to invade Japan in 1274.

The Imperial Japanese Navy began organized suicide attacks against warships on October 25, 1944, in the Gulf. Before this date individual Japanese pilots had routinely aimed their damaged aircraft at U.S. ships when they had no hope of returning safely to their airfields or carriers.

The first U.S. ship to be hit by a member of the Divine Wind Special Attack was the escort carrier St. Lo, when it was hit by a Zero. The St. Lo sunk in less than an half an hour, with 100 crew members still on board. The escort carriers Sangamon and Suwannee were also damaged by on October 25.

The Japanese sent more than 1,250 aircraft flown by volunteers on Kamikaze attacks against U.S. warships during the for the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. The pilots’ suicide planes sank 26 warships, including three escort carriers, 13 destroyers, and a destroyer escort. The attacks also damaged approximately 300 others ships. Approximately 3,000 American and British sailors were killed in Kamikaze attacks, and another 6,000 were in juried.

Manned Torpedoes

The Kaiten was an Imperial Japanese Navy manned suicide torpedo. The word Kaiten in Japanese means returning towards heaven. Research on the first Kaiten began in February 1944. The first prototype, which was not more than a type 93 torpedo engine compartment attached to a pilot's chamber with ballast for trimming in place of the warhead and needed controls. The final model was piloted by a single person and fitted with a self destruction control if an attack failed or the impact did not detonate the warhead.

Kaitens were designed to be launched from the deck of a submarine, surface ship, or from coastal installations as a coastal defense weapon. After trails the submarine delivery method, was used in delivering the weapon. Specially equipped submarines carried two to six Kaitens, depending on their class. There was a narrow access tube connected from the submarine to the lower hatch of the Kaiten. This allowed the pilot to enter from the submarine while still submerged. One drawback to using the weapon was it had a limited diving depth. This factor limited the diving depth of the submarine used to deliver the Kaiten. This factor caused eight submarines to be sunk while the Kaiten was credit with sinking two enemy ships and damage several others. Once an enemy ship was targeted the mother submarine moved as close as possible. The Kaiten pilot was briefed, air bottles were charged and was ventilated. The pilot then entered the Kaiten, the gyroscope would be programmed with bearing and depth and the pilot given his final briefing. 1967

The Kaiten left the mother submarine moved towards the targeted ship. Once pilot felt that he was within range of the ship to be attacked the Kaiten move to periscope depth and check his bearing, range, and make any adjustments if necessary. The pilot submerged to attack depth, arm the warhead, and made the final run to the target. If there was a missed of the targeted ship adjustments would be made and another attempt would take place. If this procedure failed the pilot would self destruction the craft. On November 20, 1944 the Kikusui group launched the first Kaiten at Ulithi. The fleet oiler Mississinewa was struck and sunk with the loss of over 60 crew members. Two other ships American ships were credited to being sunk by Kaitens during the war. The LCI-600 and the destroyer escort Underhill. 15 Kaiten pilots died in training or accidents and 80 died on suicide missions. Midget Submarines

The Kairyu or Sea Dragon was an Imperial Japanese Navy class of suicide designed in 1943-1944. These submarines were produced in early 1945 to be used to meet the American invasion fleet as their approach Tokyo.

Approximately 200 two-man suicide midget submarines were built and fitted with an internal warhead out of the 760 that were planned.

Pulsejets

The Kawanishi Baika (Ume Blossom) was a pulsejet-powered Kamikaze aircraft under development for the Imperial Japanese Navy towards the end of the Pacific War however the surrender took place before any were built.

Rocket-Propelled Aircraft

The Ohka or Yokosuka MXY-7 Cherry Blossom was an Imperial Japanese Navy suicide aircraft powered by rockets. American sailors called the aircraft the Baka or the idiot bomb. The Ohka was carried by a mother bomber usually a “Betty” or Nakajima G8N “Rita” to approximately 25 miles from the American Fleet. The single pilot riding in the Ohka would separate himself and his craft from the mother plane and glide towards the fleet. When the pilot had selected his target ship he would ignite the rocket and dive in an attempt to hit and destroy the ship. This type of approach was almost unstoppable due to speeds of over 300 mph. This speed was its strength because it made intercept by aircraft impossible, and very difficult to be shot down by ship anti-aircraft defensive guns. The weakness was that the Ohka was delivered to the contact area by a slow-moving prop-engine bomber which made it very easy to shot down for U.S. fighters planes. 1968

Surface Special Attack Force (Operation Ten-Go)

On April 1, 1945, American forces make their initial landing on Okinawa. The Imperial Japanese Navy organized a suicide mission codenamed Operation Ten- Go to support the Imperial Japanese Army on Okinawa. The Navy committed of much of what was left Japan's remaining naval fleet. The super battleship Yamato with her 18.1 inch main guns, cruiser Yahagi and eight destroyers would sail from Tokuyama on Kyushu as the Surface Special Attack Force on April 6. The Surface Special Attack Force was to sail on April 6 to Okinawa in junction with a mass Kamikaze attack on the Allied fleet anchored around Okinawa. The Surface Special Attack Force was lending support to this Kamikaze mission. Then the Yamato would beach herself to become as an unsinkable artillery platform and continue to fight until destroyed. Nonessential crew members were to go ashore and join the military in attacking the Americans. American cryptologist had already intercepted radio messages with the details of the Yamato and her mission. U.S submarines Hackleback and Threadfin made visual contact with the Surface Special Attack Force as they were sailing through Bungo Strait that separates the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku with the Pacific Ocean. The American carrier strike force was contacted with information of the attack force position and make up by the submarines.

On April 7, 1945, American carrier bombers and torpedo planes begin three separate attacks on the Japanese force causing the destruction of the Yamato.

United States Army Divisions

Airborne Division

11th Airborne Division: Formed 1943, served from June 1944 to the end of the war.

503rd Parachute RCT: Formed 1942, served from December 1942 to the end of the war.

Cavalry Division

1st Cavalry Division: Existing prior to 1940, served from December 1943 to the end of the war.

Infantry Divisions

1969

6th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, served from January 1944 to the end of the war.

7th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from May 1943 to the end of the war.

12th Infantry Division: Formed as the Philippine Division and surrendered at Bataan in April 1942.

23rd Infantry Division: Formed as the Americal Division in 1942, served from October 1942 to the end of the war.

24th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, served from April 1944 to the end of the war.

25th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, served from December 1942 to the end of the war.

27th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from June 1944 to the end of the war.

31th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from March 1944 to the end of the war.

32nd Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, served from September 1942 to the end of the war.

33rd Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from December 1944 to the end of the war.

37th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, from July 1943 to the end of the war.

38th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from December 1944 to the end of the war.

40th Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from April 1944 to the end of the war.

41th Infantry Division: Formed in 1940, from to the end of the war.

43rd Infantry Division: Formed in 1941, from July 1943 to the end of the war.

1970

77th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, from 21 July 1944 until 15 March 1946

81th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, from June 1944 to January 1946

86th Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, transferred from after the surrender to the Philippines August 1945

93rd Infantry Division: Existing prior to 1940, the 93rd was a segregated division which saw combat in the South Pacific from 1944 to the end of the war

96th Infantry Division: Formed in 1942, served from October 1944 to June 1945

97th Infantry Division: Formed in 1943, served from 1945 - March 1946 - only one of two divisions to serve in these two theatres

Source: Wikipedia. List of United States Army divisions during World War II. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_divisions_during_World_War_II

U.S. Army Divisions in the War in the Pacific

DAYS OF DIVISION SOURCE COMBAT CASUALTIES CAMPAIGNS 1st Cavalry Regular 521 4,055 New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Hell for Leather Army Leyte, Luzon, Southern Philippines 6st Infantry Regular 306 2,370 New Guinea, Luzon

Sightseeing Sixth Army 7th Infantry Regular 208 9,212 Aleutian Islands, Leyte, Eastern Hourglass Mandates, Ryukyus, South Division Army Philippines 12th Infantry 52 79,500 Luzon

11th Airborne Regular 204 2,431 Leyte, Luzon, Occupation of Angels Army Japan 24th Infantry Regular 260 7,012 Central Pacific, New Guinea, South Victory Division Army Philippines, Leyte, Luzon 25th Infantry Regular 260 5,432 New Guinea, Luzon, Southern Tropic Lightning Army Philippines 32 Infantry National 654 7,268 Papau. New Guinea, Southern 1971

Red Arrow Division Guard Philippines, Luzon 33rd Infantry National 139 2,426 New Guinea, Luzon Prairie Guard 37th Infantry National 592 5,960 Northern Solomons, Luzon Buckeye Division Guard

40th Infantry National 265 3,025 Bismark Archipelago, Leyte, South Sunshine Division Guard Philippines, Luzon 41st Infantry National 380 4,260 New Guinea, Luzon, southern Jungleers Guard Philippines 43rd Infantry Regular 370 6,026 Guadalcanal, Northern Solomons, Winged Victory Army New Guinea, Luzon 77 Infantry Organized 260 7,461 Western Pacific, Southern Statue of Liberty Reserves Philippines, Ryukyus 81st Infantry Organized 166 2,314 New Guinea, Western Pacific, Leyte Wildcat Reserves Southern Philippines 96th Infantry Organized 200 8,812 Ryukyus, Southern Philippines, Deadeye Division Reserves Leyte Americal Infantry Regular 600 4,050 Guadalcanal, Northern 23rd Division Army Solomons, Southern Philippines

Casualties are number of killed in action, wounded in action, missing in action, and captured.

Source: History Shots. U.S. Army Divisions in World War II. www,historyshot.com

United States Marine Corps Divisions

1st Marine Division

2nd Marine Division

3rdMarine Division

4st Marine Division

5st Marine Division

6st Marine Division: created for the Okinawa campaign and the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, only Marine division to be formed and disbanded overseas.

1972

Imperial Japanese Army

Imperial Japanese Army was not organized in the structure that western armies used during World War II. The term army was used to designate a variety of large military formations such as General Army, Area Army, and Army.

General Army

In the Imperial Japanese Army a General Army looked upon as the top level in the structure of the military organization. A General Army is similar to an army group in most western military language.

General Army Name Formed Area of Operation

Kwantung 1906 Manchukuo China Expeditionary 1939 China Southern Expeditionary Group 1941 Southeast Asia, Southwest Pacific General Defense Command 1941 Japanese Home Islands First 1945 Japanese Home Islands Second 1945 Japanese Home Islands Air 1945 Japanese Home Islands

Area Army

Army Area of Operation 1st China 2nd China 3rd Manchukuo 4th Manchukuo 5th Manchukuo 6th Manchukuo 1973

10th China 11th China 12th China 13th China 14th China 15th Burma 16th Java 17th Solomon Islands 18th New Guinea 19th Dutch East Indies 20th China 21st China 22st China 23rd China 25th Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra 27th Chishima Islands 28th Burma 29th Malaya, British 30th Manchukuo 31st Truk 32nd Okinawa 33rd Burma 34th Manchukuo 35th Philippines 36th Home Islands 37th Borneo 38th French Indochina 39th Thailand 40th Home Islands 41st Home Islands 43rd China 44th Manchukuo 50th Home Islands 51st Home Islands 52nd Home Islands 53rd Home Islands 54th Home Islands 56th Home Islands 57th Home Islands 58th Korea 1974

59th Home Islands China Garrison China Mongolia Garrison

Area Army Name Formed Area of Operation

1st Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 2nd Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 3rd Area Army 1942 Manchukuo 5th Area Army 1942 Home islands 6th Area Army 1944 China Malaya, Singapore, 7th Area Army 1944 Sumatra New Guinea, Solomon 8th Area Army 1942 Islands 10th Area Army 1944 Taiwan 11th Area Army 1945 Home islands 12th Area Army 1945 Home islands 14th Area Army 1942 Philippines 15th Area Army 1945 Home Islands 16th Area Army 1945 Home Islands 17th Area Army 1945 Korea 18th Area Army 1943 Thailand Eastern District Area Army 1923 Home Islands Expeditionary Army 1937 China Central China Area Army 1937 China Northern China Area Army 1937 China Western District Area Army 1937 Home Islands Southern China Area Army 1940 China Northern District Area Army 1940 Home Islands Burma Area Army 1943 Burma

1975

Army

In the Imperial Japanese Army the term Army corresponded to a western military equivalent of a corps.

United States Loses on Sunday, December 7, 1941 at Pearl Harbor

Casualties: U.S. Army: 218 KIA 364 WIA U.S. Navy: 2,008 KIA 710 WIA U.S. Marine Corp: 109 KIA 69 WIA Civilians: 68 KIA 35 WIA TOTAL: 2,403 KIA 1,178 WIA

Battleships: USS Arizona (BB-39) - Total loss when a bomb hit her magazine. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) - Total loss when she capsized and sank in the harbor. USS (BB-44) - Sunk at her berth. Later raised and repaired. USS West (BB-48) - Sunk at her berth. Later raised and repaired. USS - (BB-36) - Beached to prevent sinking. Later repaired. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) - Light damage. USS Maryland (BB-46) - Light damage. USS Tennessee (BB-43) - Light damage. USS (AG-16) - (former battleship used as a target) - Sunk.

Cruisers: USS (CA-32) - Light Damage. USS (CA-38) - Light Damage. USS Detroit (CL-8) - Light Damage. USS Raleigh (CL-7) - Heavily damaged but repaired. USS Helena (CL-50) - Light Damage. USS (CL-48) - Light Damage.

Destroyers: USS Downes - (DD-375) - Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Cassin - (DD -372) - Destroyed. Parts salvaged. USS Shaw - (DD-373) - Very heavy damage. USS Helm - (DD-388) - Light Damage. 1976

Minelayer: USS Ogala (CM-4) - Sunk but later raised and repaired.

Seaplane Tender: USS Curtiss (AV-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired.

Repair Ship: USS Vestal (AR-4) - Severely damaged but later repaired.

Harbor Tug: USS Sotoyomo (YT-9) - Sunk but later raised and repaired.

Aircraft: 188 Aircraft destroyed - (92 U.S.N. and 96 U.S. Army Air Corps.

Military Losses by Battle

Battle of: Date Military Losses

Aleutian Islands Wednesday, June 03, 1942 Japan: 4,350 United States: Sunday, August 15, 1943 1,481 Anguar Sunday, September 17, 1944 Japan: 1,338 Saturday, September 30, 1944 United States: 260 Arawe Wed., December 15, 1943 Japan: 304 Australia/United Thursday, February 24, 1944 States: 118 Bataan Wednesday, January 07, 1942 Japan: 7,000 Thursday, April 09, 1942 Philippines: 7,500 United States: 18,300 Biak Saturday, May 27, 1944 Japan: unknown Thursday, June 01, 1944 United States: 460 Buna -Gona Monday, November 16, 1942 Japan: 6,100 Friday, January 22, 1943 Australia: 1,300 United States: 2,300

1977

Cape Gloucester Sunday, , 1943 Japan: 1,000 Australia/USA: Saturday, April 22, 1944 310 Corregidor Monday, February 16, 1942 Japan: 900 Wednesday, May 06, 1942 United States: 800 Corregidor Friday, February 16, 1945 Japan: 6,600 Monday, February 26, 1945 United States: 207 Eniwetok Atoll Thursday, February 17, 1944 Japan: 2,677 Thursday, February 24, 1944 United States: 262 Guadalcanal Friday, August 07, 1942 Japan: 23,800 United States: Tuesday, February 09, 1943 1,592 Guam Monday, December 08, 1941 Japan: 1 Wed., December 10, 1941 United States: 17

Guam Friday, July 21, 1944 Japan: 18,250 United States: Thursday, August 10, 1944 1,747 Japan: 92,133 Hiroshima Monday, August 06, 1945 Average British Commonwealth: Kong Monday, December 08, 1941 2,113 Thursday, December 25, 1941 Japan: 1,996 Humbolt Bay Saturday, April 22, 1944 Japan: 3,300 Tuesday, June 06, 1944 United States: 152

British Commonwealth: Imphal Wednesday, March 08, 1944 17,000 Monday, July 03, 1944 Japan: 53,000 Iwo Jima Monday, February 19, 1945 Japan: 21,844 United States: Monday, March 26, 1945 7,721 British Commonwealth: Kohima Tuesday, April 04, 1944 4,062 Thursday, June 22, 1944 Japan: 5,764 British Commonwealth & Track Tuesday, July 21, 1942 USA: 625 Monday, November 16, 1942 Japan: 6,500

1978

Kwajalein Atoll Monday, , 1944 Japan: 7,875 Thursday, February 03, 1944 United States: 373 Leyte Friday, October 20, 1944 Japan: 49,000 United States: Sunday, December 31, 1944 3,504 Luzon Tuesday, January 09, 1945 Japan: 205,535 United States: Wednesday, August 15, 1945 8,310 British Commonwealth: Malaya Monday, December 08, 1941 60,500 Saturday, January 31, 1942 Japan: 5,171 Manchuria Thursday, August 09, 1945 Japan: 83,737 Monday, August 20, 1945 Russia: 8,219 Saturday, February 03, 1945 Japan: 16,050 Filipino Citizens: Saturday, March 03, 1945 100,000 United States: 1,010 British Commonwealth: Meiktila/Mandalay Friday, January 19, 1945 2,307 Thursday, March 29, 1945 Japan: 6,513 Milne Bay Tuesday, August 25, 1942 Australia: 167 Monday, September 07, 1942 Japan: 625 United States: 14 Mindanao Saturday, March 10, 1945 Japan: 10,000 Wednesday, August 15, 1945 Filipino/USA: 820 Japan: 47,600 Thursday, August 09, 1945 Average Australia/USA: Noemfoor/Sansapor Sunday, July 30, 1944 100 Thursday, August 31, 1944 Japan: 1900 Okinawa Sunday, April 01, 1945 Japan: 110,000 Thursday, June 21, 1945 Citizens: 75,000 United States: 12,519 Palawan Wed. , February 28, 1945 Japan: 900 Sunday, April 22, 1945 United States: 12 Peleliu Friday, September 15, 1944 Japan: 10,690 United States: Monday, November 27, 1944 1,800 1979

Saipan Thursday, June 15, 1944 Japan: 29,000 United States: Wednesday, July 19, 1944 3,426 Sattelberg Wed., November 17, 1943 Australia: 50 Thursday, November 25, 1943 Japan: +/- 2,250 British Commonwealth: Singapore Sunday, February 08, 1942 5,000 Sunday, , 1942 Japan: 4,485 Tarakan Sunday, January 11, 1942 Japan: 255 Monday, January 12, 1942 KNIL: +/-1,300 Tarakan Tuesday, May 01, 1945 Allied Force: 251 Thursday, June 21, 1945 Japan: 1,540

Tarawa Saturday, November 20, 1943 Japan: 4,983 United States: Tuesday, November 23, 1943 1,695 Tinian Monday, July 24, 1944 Japan: 8,009 Tuesday, August 01, 1944 United States: 330 Visayas Thursday, March 15, 1945 Japan: 14,300 Filipino guerrillas/USA:835 Sunday, July 15, 1945 Australia/United Wakde-Sarmi Wednesday, May 17, 1944 States: 400 Friday, September 01, 1944 Japan: 4000 Monday, December 08, 1941 Japan: 820 Tuesday, , 1941 United States: 122 Australia/United Wau Saturday, January 23, 1943 States: 349 Sunday, January 31, 1943 Japan: 1,200

1980

United States Serviceman Profile 1941-1945

11,535,000 (61.2%) men were drafted. 1

6,332,000 (38.8%) men and women were volunteers. 2

Out of the 17,955,000 of the men reporting for military duty 6,420,000 or 35.8%, were turned down for either mentally or physical conditions. 3

11,535,000 (73%) were stationed overseas and served approximately 33 months out of the country. Officers earned an average base pay of $203.50 while enlisted men average monthly pay was $71.33. 4

116 out of 1000 (8.6%) men were killed in action and .003% or three men out of 1000 died of other causes. 56.5 men (17.7%) out of 1000 received non-combat injuries. 5

Congress after Pearl Harbor passed a new Selective Service Act which removed restrictions and extended the draft to men that were 18 to 38 years of age. The average of a GI in the army or air force during the War in the Pacific was 26. The average age of a U.S. Marine was between 17 and 21. 6

6,335,000 (38.8%) of enlisted men were assigned to noncombat rolls in rear areas. 7T

The typical serviceman was a product of the , with two years of high school. 8

U.S. serviceman was raised in a democratic society that stressed working together as a community to accomplish goals. They fought for men in his unit, for his Country, and for God. 9

1-5,7 Sources: World War II Almanac: 1931-1945. Goralski. Bonanza Books, New York. 1984. P. 422.a 6, 8-9 Greatest Generation. The Myth of the Invincible Japanese Soldier. http://greatestgeneration. tumblr.com/post/2786211635/the-myth-of-the-invincible-japanese-soldier

Japanese Serviceman Profile 1941-1945 era Japanese serviceman thought of themselves as a superior race because historically their country been a country that feared foreign cultures as well as being a racist 1981

culture. In accordance the military regarded everyone in contempt, and treated them accordingly. The common soldier found an outlet after a life filled with suppression and rigorously enforced obedience. The military of Japan during the 1930s and was barbaric and inhumane culture. The military was in control of the government and they used a modified form of the Code of Bushido to brainwash and control the ordinary soldier. Bushido was a centuries old moral code followed by the ancient Samurai1 warriors that emphasized self discipline, righteousness, justice, unselfishness, virtue, martial arts, and valued honor above life. Living by the sword, dying by the sword.1 To surrender was showing dishonorable to the Emperor, to the country and family. This was why most soldiers took their own lives rather than be taken as a prisoner.

Before a Japanese man became a soldier he had already gone through of years of military indoctrination and training starting in the third grade and continued through high school from teachers that had been in the military.2

The expansion and modernization of the Japanese military through conscription included recruiting the outcast, those who were the lower cast of society and adjudged mentally inferior. Conscription in Japan affected the Code of Bushido and therefore the Japanese Imperial Army; it took away the notion of the noble warrior and it forced unwilling men into combat. 3

Officers were allowed to strike non-commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers routinely struck the enlisted ranks.

Japanese soldiers were trained to never surrender and the Western virtue of mercy had no place in his training and way of life.

In the Japanese social system, individualism has no place. Children are taught that, as members of the family, they must obey their parents implicitly and, forgetting their own selfish desires, help each and every one of the family at all times. This system of obedience and loyalty is extended to the community and Japanese life as a whole; it permeates upward from the family unit through neighborhood associations, schools, factories, and other larger organizations, till finally the whole Japanese nation is imbued with the spirit of self-sacrifice, obedience, and loyalty to the Emperor himself. 4

All eligible men between the ages of 17 to 40 were subject to recruitment for military service. 5

Average Japanese soldier was about 5 feet 3 inches tall and weighed around 120 pounds. 7

The nominal term of service is 3 years. 8

Officers earned an average base pay of Y254.00 while enlisted men average monthly pay was Y26.83. 9

1982

1.Answer.com. What is the Bushito Code of Japanese soldiers? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Bushito_Code_of_Japanese_soldiersAv 2 Fighting techniques of the Japanese Infantryman. Leo J. Daugherty. http://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 Military History Online. com Bushido: The Valor of Deceit. Holly Senatore. http://www.militaryhistory online.com/wwii/articles/bushido.aspx 5-6 Fighting techniques of the Japanese Infantryman. Leo J. Daugherty. http://books.google.com/books?id=aLilcBtI41EC&pg=PA7&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 7-9 Hyperwar: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces. Chapter I Recuritment and Training. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-1.html

Japanese War Dead 1941-1945

Imperial Japanese Army Dead by Country:

1. Australia: 199,511 2. China: 202,958 3. French Indochina: 2,803 4. Russia: 7,483 5. United Kingdom/Dutch: 208,026 6. United States: 485,717 7. Other causes overseas: 23,388 8. In the Home Islands: 10,543

1,140,429

Imperial Japanese Navy Dead:

414,879 (includes 8,000 in China)

1,555,308 total dead War in the Pacific (IJA and IJN)

IJA & IJN wounded and missing = 309,402

According to the Japanese Foreign Office the Russians held 347,000 (IJA and IJN) and civilians after the war. The Russians claimed they held 61,855 military personnel and 214 collaborators (Chinese and Manchurian).

Imperial Japanese Army POWs held by the Allies: 30,000

1983

Imperial Japanese Navy POWs held by the Allies: 10,000

Imperial Japanese Army personnel that served: 6,300,000

Imperial Japanese Navy personnel that served: 2,100,000

Japanese citizens lost in the Home Islands: 393,400

American Military War Dead 1941-1945

U.S. Army ground forces: 40,382 U.S. Army Air Force: 10,406 Marines Corp: 19,733 U.S. Navy: 31,485 in the Pacific: 102,006

Source: US combat deaths in War against Japan. http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/C ... NCIPAL.pdf American Civilian Deaths in War in the Pacific Died in Japanese internment camps: 1,563 Merchant Marines: 4,000 Oregon balloon bomb: 6 Pearl Harbor attack: 68 5,637

Average Casualty Rates for U.S. Ground Combat Units Killed in Action: 1.78 Wounded in Action: 5.50 Missing in Action: .17 7.45

Allied Countries Military Casualties 1941-1945

1984

Dead or Missing Wounded Australia: 9,470 13,997 British: 5,670 12,840 India: 5,700 12,858

UNITED STATES MILITARY LOSSES WW II ALL THEATHERS 1941-1945

Branch of Service Killed in Action Wounded in Action

Army & Army Air 234,874 565,861 Force

U.S. Marine Corp 19,733 67,207

Merchant Marine 6,833

U.S. Navy 36,950 37,778

U.S. Coast Guard 574 432

PRISONERS of WAR (Approximate numbers) POWs UNITED BRITISH DUTCH JAPAN STATES

Held by Allies 11,600

Held by Japan 15,000 108,000 22,000

1985

Average Caloric Intake of Japanese Citizens per Day

1945 1944 1941-1943

1,680

1,900

2,000

1986

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[73] Kongo Class, Japanese Battleships. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/o/Kongo_class.htm

Kondo Nobutake (1886-1953). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/o/Kondo_Nobutake.htm

Konoe Fumimaro. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/321864/Konoe-Fumimaro

Korechika Anami. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korechika_Anami

Koshiro Oikawa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshir%C5%8D_Oikawa

Kotoku Sato. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sat%C5%8D

Kuma Class, Japanese Light Cruisers. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/u/Kuma_class.htm

Kuzma Nikolayevich Derevyanko. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzma_Derevyanko

Kuniaki Koiso. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso

Kuroda Shigenori, Lieutenant-General (1887–1954). http://www.generals.dk/general/Kuroda/Shigenori/Japan.html

Kuroda Shigenori (1887-1952). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia.http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/u/Kuroda_Shigenori.htm

Kusaka Junichi (1889-1972). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/K/u/Kusaka_Junichi.htm

KVII. http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/boats/boat_kvii.htm

L4 Class, Japanese submarines. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/L/4/L4_class.htm

2021 Landcraft. Vessels of liberation. http://landingeng.0catch.com/landing.htm

Langley. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l3/langley-i.htm

Lauchlin Currie: a spy at the heart of the AVG? http://www.warbirdforum.com/currie.htm

Lauchlin Currie. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchlin_Currie

Laurance Toombs DuBose. Admiral, United States Navy. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ldubose.htm

The Legacy of . http://www.cordellhullmuseum.com/history.html

League of Nations Archives. Chronology 1941. http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1941.htm

Lauris Norstad. General, United States Air Force. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lnorstad.htm

Lawrence Moore Cosgrave. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave

Leng Xin General (1900 – 1987) (Leng Hsin). http://www.generals.dk/general/Leng_Xin/_/China.html

Leo Szilard (1898 - 1964). http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Szilard.shtml

Leo Szilard. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SCszilard.htm

Leo Szilard. http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/biographies/bio_szilard-leo.htm

Leon Henderson Papers. http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu:8000/findbrow.cgi?collection=Henderson,+Leon

Leon Henderson. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Henderson

Leonard Monk Isitt (RNZAF officer). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Monk_Isitt_(RNZAF_officer)

Leslie Richard Groves http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/lggroves.htm

Lewis B. Hershey. Director of Selective Service. Don Lavender, 33°. http://srjarchives.tripod.com/1998-09/LAVENDER.HTM

Liberation:Marines in the Recapture of Guam by Cyril J. O'Brien. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003126-00/sec9.htm

Lieutenant-General Adachi Hatazo. http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=78175

Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/percival.html

Lieutenant General Charles F.B. Price, USMC. https://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Pages/Who's%20Who/P-R/price_cfb.aspx

Lieutenant Commander Edward H. ("Butch") O'Hare, USN, (1914-1943). http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-o/e-ohare.htm

2022 Lieutenant General Field . Harris – Deceased. https://slsp.manpower.usmc.mil/gosa/biographies/rptBiography.asp?PERSON_ID=3583&PERSON_TYPE =General

Lieutenant General Francis H. Griswold http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5636

Lieutenant-General Gerardus Johannes Berenschot http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/berenschot.html

Lieutenant General George E. Stratemeyer. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105515/lieutenant-general-george-e- stratemeyer.asp

Lieutenant General George Edward Stratemeyer. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=dfl&GRid=17692539

Lieutenant General Hatazo Adachi, 1890-1947. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_adachi_hatazo.html

Lieutenant-General Hitoshi Imamura http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/imamura.html

Lieutenant-General Hitoshi Imamura. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/imamura.html

Lieutenant General Hubert Reilly Harmon http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5713

Lieutenant General Joseph May Swing. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jmswing.htm

Lieutenant General Joseph Smith . http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105612/lieutenant-general-joseph-smith.aspx

Lieutenant General Kenneth Bonner Wolf. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105222/lieutenant-general-kenneth- bonner-wolfe.aspx

Lieutenant-General Masao Maruyama. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/maruyama.html

Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Royds Pownall. http://dutcheastindies.iblogger.org/pownall.html

Lieutenant General Sydney Fairbairn Rowell, KBE, CB. http://www.awm.gov.au/people/294.asp

Lieutenant General Sydney Fairbairn Rowell, KBE, CB. http://www.kokodatreks.com/history/commanders/lieutenant-generalrowell.cfm

Linear particle accelerator. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_accelerator

Lockwood, Charles Andrew, Jr. (1890-1967). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/L/o/Lockwood_Charles_A.htm

Long Lancers. IJN Suzukaze: Tabular Record of Movement. http://www.combinedfleet.com/suzuka_t.htm

Loss of USS Memphis, 29 August 1916. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev- 1916/memphis.htm

2023

Lord Louis Mountbatten (1900 - 1979). http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten%2C_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma

Louis Mountbatten. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=104

Louisiana Maneuvers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Maneuvers

Lt. Boyd D. "Buzz" Wagner On A Routine Flight Crashes To His Death. http://avstop.com/news/boyd.html

Lt. Col. Boyd "Buzz" Wagner. First USAAF Ace of WW2. By Stephen Sherman. http://acepilots.com/pto/wagner.html

Lt. Gen. Robert C. Richardson, Jr. http://www.usarpac.army.mil/history2/cg_richardson.asp

Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/people/people7.html

Mackay, Sir Iven Giffard (1882–1966), by . http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mackay-sir-iven- giffard-10977

Maeda Toshinari, Lieutenant-General. http://www.generals.dk/general/Maeda/Toshinari/Japan.html

Maj. Gen. Alexander M. Patch. http://www.battlesforguadalcanal.com/Leaders/Americans/Patch/patch.html

Maj. . http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006479

Major General Albert F. Hegenberger. 1895 – 1983. Developer of All-Blind Flight Control System. http://www.firstflight.org/shrine/albert_hegenberger.php

Major General Albert F. Hegenberger. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5760

Major General Alexander Vandegrift, United States Marine Corps. http://www.marinemedals.com/vandegriftalexander.htm

Major General Caleb Vance Haynes. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5750

Major General Charles W. Sweeney. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105472/major-general-charles-w- sweeney.aspx

Major General Charles A. Willoughby, Major General U.S. Army. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cawilloughby.htm

Major General Clayton Barney Vogel. http://suvcw.org/mollus/pcinc/cbvogel.htm

Major General Cyril A. Clowes, 1882-1968. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_clowes_cyril.html

Major General Davenport Johnson. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/108130/major-general-davenport-johnson.aspx

2024 Major General Edward P. King, Jr. http://philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us/html/king_edward_bio.html

Major General Elmer Edward Adler. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=4479

Major General Ernest Moore. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106180/major- general-ernest-moore.aspx

Major General George Alan Vasey, CB, CBE, DSO. http://www.awm.gov.au/people/330.asp

Major General Harry A. Johnson. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106578/major-general-harry-a-johnson.aspx

Major General Harry Schmidt. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003123-00/sec2.htm

Major General Haywood S. Hansell Jr. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5693

Major General Henry C. Pratt. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105905/major- general-henry-c-pratt.aspx

MAJOR GENERAL HOWARD CALHOUN DAVIDSON http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5166

Major General Higuchi who saved the lives of 20,000 Jewish http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/%257enippon/file/jog085e.pdf

Major General James E. Chaney. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=4973

Major-General Kiyotake Kawaguchi. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/kawaguchi.html

Major-General Richard Kerens Sutherland. Chief of Staff to Generaal Douglas MacArthur in AustraliaDuring WW2. http://www.ozatwar.com/usarmy/richardsutherland.htm

Major General Robert W. Douglass Jr. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5263

Major General Russell L. Waldron. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105269/major-general-russell-l- waldron.aspx

Major-General Shizuo Sakaguchi. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/sakaguchi.html

Major General St. Clair Streett. http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105518/major-general-st-clair- streett.aspx

Major-General Takeo Ito. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/ito.html

Major General Thomas James Hanley Jr. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5692

Major General Warren R. Carter. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=4941

2025 Major General Willis H. Hale. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=10370

Makino Shiro (1893-1945). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/a/Makino_Shiro.htm

Makino Shiro, Lieutenant-General. http://www.generals.dk/general/Makino/Shiro/Japan.html

Mamoru Shigemitsu. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu

Mandates. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/a/Mandates.htm

Manuel L. Quezon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon

Manuel L. Quezon, First President. http://tagaloglang.com/Famous-Filipinos/Presidents/manuel-l-quezon-first-president.html

Mapia Islands Operation, November 15, 1944. David I. Garrett, Jr., 31st “Dixie” Division. http://www.pacificwrecks.com/people/veterans/garrett/part7.html

Marcel Junod. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Junod

Marines in World War II Commemorative series: AND A FEW MARINES: Marines in the Liberation of the Philippines by Captain John C. Chapin, USMCR (Ret). http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-003140-01/sec2.htm

Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. November and the Continuing Buildup. FIRST OFFENSIVE: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal. Henry I. Shaw, FIRST OFFENSIVE: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal by Henry I. Shaw, Jr. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn- 190-003117-00/sec5.htm

Marines on Guadalcanal. Converted for the Web from "Into The Rising Sun: In Their Own Words, World War II's Pacific Veterans Reveal the Heart of Combat" by Patrick K. O'Donnell. http://worldwar2history.info/Guadalcanal/Marines.html

Marine Raiders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Raider_Battalion

Mark Aitchison Young. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young

Marquis Koichi Kido (Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal) and the Atomic Bombing of Japan. http://www.doug-long.com/kido.htm

Maruyama Masao, Lieutenant-General (1889 – 1957). http://www.generals.dk/general/Maruyama/Masao/Japan.html

Maruyama Masao (1889-1957). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/a/Maruyama_Masao.htm

Masafumi Arima. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masafumi_Arima

Masakazu Kawabe. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe

Masatane Kanda. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatane_Kanda

2026 Masataka Ida. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ida

Masao Baba. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masao_Baba

Matome Ugaki. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=44

Matome Ugaki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matome_Ugaki

Matsui Iwane, General (1878 – 1948). http://www.generals.dk/general/Matsui/Iwane/Japan.html

Matsuji Ijuin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuji_Ijuin

Matsunaga Sadaichi (1892-1965). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/a/Matsunaga_Sadaichi.htm

Matsuoka Yosuke http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=EWCG354&SID=2&DatabaseName=Modern+Wo rld+History+Online&InputText=%22Matsuoka+Yosuke%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Matsuoka+Yosuke& TabRecordType=Biography&BioCountPass=2&SubCountPass=2&DocCountPass=0&ImgCountPass=0& MapCountPass=0&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=0&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=1&AmericanDa ta=&WomenData=&AFHCData=&IndianData=&WorldData=Set&AncientData=&GovernmentData=

Matsuyama Yuzo. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/a/Matsuyama_Yuzo.htm

Meretskov, Kirill Afanas’evich. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kirill+Meretskov

Michael Calvert. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-brigadier-michael-calvert- 1188603.html

Michael Patrick Ryan, Major General in the Marine Corps. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/mpryan.htm

Michiaki Kamada. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiaki_Kamada

Midget Submarines in Japan and '' – 1945. http://www.combinedfleet.com/Japan.htm

Midget Submarines in Japan. SENSUIKAN! http://sakuramochi-jp.blogspot.com/2012/12/midget- submarines-in-japan.html

Mike Calvert. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Calvert

Millard Fillmore Harmon. http://www.dmairfield.org/people/harmon_mf/index.html

Millard Fillmore Harmon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Harmon

Malinta Tunnel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinta_Tunnel

Milton Eisenhower. http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Milton_Eisenhower/

Mineichi Koga. World War II Database. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=580

Minoru Ota. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=311

2027 Minoru Sasaki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_Sasaki

Missing Marines. Colonel Frank Bryan Goettge. http://missingmarines.com/2012/07/01/colonel-frank- bryan-goettge/

Missing Marines. Major Lofton Russell Henderson. http://missingmarines.com/2012/02/12/major-lofton- russell-henderson/

Mitchell, Ralph J. (1889-1970). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/i/Mitchell_Ralph_J.htm

Mito Hisashi (1891-1967). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/i/Mito_Hisashi.htm

Mitsubishi G4M. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M

Mitsumasa Yonai. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=353

Mitsumasa Yonai. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai

Mitsumi Shimizu. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsumi_Shimizu

Mitsuo Fuchida. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=98

Mitsuo Fuchida. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida

Mitsuru Ushijima. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima Mitsuru Ushijima. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=306 Mizukami Genzu (-1944). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/i/Mizukami_Genzu.htm

Mohammad Hatta. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Mohammad_Hatta.aspx

Mohammed Hatta. Biography. http://www.biography.com/people/mohammed-hatta-9331107

Mohan Singh (general). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(general)

Montagu Stopford. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_Stopford

Monumental Deeds. http://www.army.mil.ph/Army_Sites/INFANTRY%20DIVISIONS/2ID_New/2ID%20About/BGEN%20 CAPINPIN.html

Monzo Akiyama. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monzo_Akiyama

Morale. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/o/Morale.htm

Morris, Basil Moorhead (1888-19750, by A.J. Sweeting http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/morris-basil-moorhouse-11169

Moore, Ernest M. (1907-1981). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/o/Moore_Ernest_C.htm

2028 Moore Ernest, Major-General (1907 – 1981) (USAAF/USAF). http://www.generals.dk/general/Moore/Ernest/USA.html

Mori Takeshi, Lieutenant-General (1894 – 1945). http://www.generals.dk/general/Mori/Takeshi/Japan.html

Mori Takeshi (1894-1945). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/o/Mori_Takeshi.htm

Morioka Susumu, Lieutenant-General. http://www.generals.dk/general/Morioka/Susumu/Japan.html

Morozumi Gyosaku. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/o/Morozumi_Gyosaku.htm

Morozumi Gyosaku, Lieutenant-General. http://www.generals.dk/general/Morozumi/Gyosaku/Japan.html

Mugikura, Shunsaburo, Lieutenant-General (1888 – 1969). http://generals.dk/general/Mugikura/Shunsaburo/Japan.html

Mulcahy, Francis P. (1894-1973). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/u/Mulcahy_Francis_P.htm

Murray, George Dominic (1889-1956). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/u/Murray_George_D.htm

Murray-Lyon, David Murray (1890-1975). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/u/Murray-Lyon_DM.htm

Mutaguchi Renya (1888-1966). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/u/Mutaguchi_Renya.htm

Mutaguchi Renya, Lieutenant-General (1888 – 1966). http://www.generals.dk/general/Mutaguchi/Renya/Japan.html

Muto Akira, Lieutenant-General (1892 – 1948). http://www.generals.dk/general/Muto/Akira/Japan.html

Muto Akira (1892-1948). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/u/Muto_Akira.htm

Nagai Mitsuru (1895-1978). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/a/Nagai_Mitsuru.htm

Nagano Osami (1880-1947). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/a/Nagano_Osami.htm

NakajimaNakajima C6N Saiun / MYRT. http://www.aviastar.org/air/japan/nakajima_c6n.php

Nanking. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/a/Nanking.htm

Naoki Hoshino. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Hoshino

2029 Naomasa Sakonju. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomasa_Sakonju

Naotake Sato. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naotake_Sat%C5%8D

Naotake Sato Politician from Japan. http://www.whoislog.info/profile/naotake-sato.html

Naruhiko. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=500

Nathan Farragut Twining. General, United States Air Force. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ntwining.htm

Nathan Farragut Twining. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining

National Archives “American POWs on Japanese Ships Take a Voyage into Hell. By Lee A. Gladwin.” http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/winter/hell-ships-1.html

National Japanese American Student Relocation Council. http://encyclopedia.densho.org/National%20Japanese%20American%20Student%20Relocation%20Council/

Nauru. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru

Naval Aviation Chronology in World War II. Department of the Navy. Naval Historical Center. Washington D.C. http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/avchr5.htm

Naval Postgraduate School. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School

NavSource.org. Photo Archive Main. Paul R. Yernall. NavSource Naval History. http://www.navsource.org/

Navy Department Communiques and Pertinent Press Releases December 10, 1941 to May 24, 1945. http://ibiblio.org/pha/comms/

New Guinea-Papua Campaign, Phase 3. http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=48

New Guinea U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/new- guinea/ng.htm

Newton, John Henry (1881-1948). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/e/Newton_John_H.htm

Nineteenth Army (Japan). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Army_(Japan)

Nishimura Shoji (1889-1944). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/i/Nishimura_Shoji.htm

The Nobel Peace Prize 1945. Cordell Hull. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1945/hull-bio.html

Noboru Sasaki. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=444

Nobutake Kondo. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=13

2030 Noguchi Susumu, Major-General (1896 – 1965). http://www.generals.dk/general/Noguchi/Susumu/Japan.html

Norstad, Lauris (1907-1988). http://www.mnopedia.org/person/norstad-lauris-1907-1988

Northern Solomons. Stephen J. Lofgren. http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/northsol/northsol.htm

Northern Solomons. US Army Campaigns World War II. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/northsol/northsol.htm

Numata Takazo (1892-1961). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/N/u/Numata_Takazo.htm

Numata Takazo, Lieutenant-General (1892 – 1961). http://www.generals.dk/general/Numata/Takazo/Japan.html

NX3 / Major General Kenneth William Eather, CB, CBE, DSO. http://www.awm.gov.au/units/people_8143.asp

NZETC. The Pacific. Victoria University of Wellington. http://www.nzetc.org/etexts/WH2Paci/index.html

Obata Hideyoshi (1880-1944). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/b/Obata_Hideyoshi.htm

Obayashi Sueo (1895-1983). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/b/Obayashi_Sueo.htm

Official Web site of the United States Air Force: Major General . http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=4988

Ogata, Taketora (1888 - 1956). http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/357.html

Oi Class, Japanese Torpedo Cruisers. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/i/Oi_class.htm

Oikawa Koshiro (1883-1958). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/i/Oikawa_Koshiro.htm

Okada Umekichi, Major-General (1891 – 1967). http://www.generals.dk/general/Okada/Umekichi/Japan.html

Okabe Toru (1889-1961). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/k/Okabe_Toru.htm

Okabe Toru, Major-General (1889 – 1961). http://www.generals.dk/general/Okabe/Toru/Japan.html

Okawa, Shumei (1886 - 1957). http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/542.html

Okawa Shumei. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426437/Okawa-Shumei

2031 Onishi Takijiro (1891-1945). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/n/Onishi_Takijiro.htm

Oldendorf, Jesse Bartlett (1887-1974). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/l/Oldendorf_Jesse_B.htm

Old Japanese Navy Underground Headquarters. http://archive.scanwithstan.com/node/9391

Omori Sentaro (1894-1974). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/m/Omori_Sentaro.htm Operation Ichi-Go. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go

Opening Moves: Marines Gear Up for War. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series by Henry I. Shaw, Jr.1991. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Opening.html

Orde Charles Wingate. Major General, . http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/owingate.htm

Orde Wingate. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWwingate.htm

Orde Wingate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Wingate

Order of Battle, The Battle off Cape Engaño, 20-25 October 1944, Contributed by Eugene Cammeron. http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Cape_Engano.htm

Original Navy : World War II turns 100. http://www.dvidshub.net/news/printable/112866

Osami . http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=16

Osami Nagano. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osami_Nagano

Oscar Charles Badger II. Admiral United States Navy. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/obadger2.htm

Osachi Hamaguchi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi

Oscar Charles Badger II. Admiral United States Navy. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/obadger2.htm

OSS DETACHMENT 101. By Francis Russell of Time-Life Books. http://www.cbi-history.com/part_vi_101_oss-3.html

Ota Minoru (1891-1945). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/t/Ota_Minoru.htm

Owada Noboru (1893-1960). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/w/Owada_Noboru.htm

Owens, Ray L., Brigadier-General (1891 – 1948) (USAAF). http://www.generals.dk/general/Owens/Ray_L./USA.html

Ozawa Jisaburo. http://militaria.forum-xl.com/viewtopic.php?f=76&t=774

2032 Ozawa Jisaburo (1886-1966). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/O/z/Ozawa_Jisaburo.htm

The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Alexander, Harold Rupert Leofric George (1891-1969). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/A/l/Alexander_Harold.htm

The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Japanese China Area Fleet. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/J/a/Japanese_China_Area_Fleet.html

The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Lo Cho-ying (1896-1961). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/L/o/Lo_Cho-ying.htm

Pacific Wrecks.com http//www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/png._ubili.html http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/bougainville_buin.html#yamamoto

Patrick J. Hurley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley

Peace Restored; the , September 2, 1945. http://www.ussmissouri.com/page.aspx?pid=404#sthash.RFOZbHI2.dpuf

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Pearl Harbor Attack. http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/Prelude23.html

Pendleton Air Museum. The Plan and the Man. http://pendletonairmuseum.org/doolittle04.html

Percival Arthur Ernest, Lieutenant-General (1887 – 1966). http://www.generals.dk/general/Percival/Arthur_Ernest/Great_Britain.html

Philippe Petain (1856-1951). http://library.thinkquest.org/15511/data/encyclopedia/petainphilippe.htm

Philippe Pétain. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=120

Poorten Hein ter, Major-General (1887 – 1968). http://www.generals.dk/general/Poorten/Hein_ter/The_Netherlands.html

Potts, Arnold William (1896-1968). http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/potts-arnold-william-11448

Pownall, Charles Alan (1887-1975). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/P/o/Pownall_Charles_A.htm

Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru (1878-1967). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX110.html

Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni

Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda. http://shelf3d.com/i/Prince%20Takeda%20Tsuneyoshi

Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Tsuneyoshi_Takeda

Production. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/P/r/Production.htm

2033

Prominent Russians: . http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/military/rodion-malinovsky/

Project . What is a Liberty Ship? http://www.liberty-ship.com/

Public-order crime. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order

Pye, William Satterlee (1880-1959). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/P/y/Pye_William_S.htm

Queenland Government. WWII Historic Planes. http://www.publicworks.qld.gov.au/sites/qldwwiiplaces/Pages/Home.aspx

R-20. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r1/r-20.htm

Radar Bulletin No. 1 (RADON) The Tactical Use of Radar. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/RADONE/index.html

Raemer Schreiber. http://www.atomicheritage.org/index.php/component/content/article/42-resources-tab-/270-raemer- schreiber.html

Raemer S. Schreiber. http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HF/Biographies%20-%20Men/schreiber.htm

Raizo Tanaka. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=42

Raizo Tanaka. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka

Ranger. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r2/ranger-ix.htm

Ralph C. Smith. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Smith

Raymond A. Spruance. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance

R.E. Schreiber, 88, Nuclear Bomb Physicist. By ERIC PACE, Published: December 31, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/31/us/re-schreiber-88-nuclear-bomb-physicist.html

Rear Admiral Husband Edward Kimmel, USN, (1882-1968). http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers- us/uspers-k/h-kimml.htm

Rear Admiral Jessie Oldendorf, 1887-1972. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_oldendorf_jessie.html

Rear-Admiral Kakaji Kakuta. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/kakuta.html

Rear-Admiral K.W.F.M. Doorman, RNN. http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/Men_doorman.htm

Rear-Admiral Raizo Tanaka. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/tanaka.html

Rear-Admiral Ruitaro Fujita. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/fujita.html

Rear-Admiral Shintaro Hashimoto. http://www.oocities.org/dutcheastindies/hashimoto.html

2034

Rear-Admiral Takeo Takagi. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/takagi.html Rear Admiral Thomas Withers, USN (ret.). http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/pioneers4.html#Thomas Withers

Rear Admiral Thomas Withers. http://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Perso n&ID=527303

Rensuke Isogai. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensuke_Isogai

Reports of General MacArthur. Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area. Volume II-Part I. Chapter VII. Threat to Australia: The Papua Offensive, Invasion of the Bismarcks. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/ch7.htm#p124

The Rest of the Story. By Gary Stephens. http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewshortstory.asp?id=51475

Richard Jaquelin Marshall. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marshall_(general)

Richard Jaquelin Marshall, Major General, United States Army. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rmarshal.htm

Richard K. Sutherland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_K._Sutherland

Richard Kerens Sutherland. Lieutenant General, United States Army. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rksuther.htm

Richard Marshall (general). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marshall_(general)

Richard Peirse. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peirse

Richard Sorge. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERsorge.htm

Richard Sorge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sorge

Richmond K. Turner. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner

RNZAF/NZETC. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-021245.html

Robert Alfred Theobald. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Theobald

Robert C. Richardson, Jr. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson,_Jr.

Robert P. Patterson. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson

Robert Henry English. Rear Admiral,United States Navy. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rhenglish.htm

Robert Menzies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies

Robert Menzies. http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/

Robertson, Sir Horace Clement Hugh (1894-1960). By Jeffrey Grey. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robertson-sir-horace-clement-hugh-11542

2035 Rockwell, Francis Warren (1886-1979). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/R/o/Rockwell_Francis_W.htm

Rodion Malinovsky. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky

Roto Wing History. 1941-1945. Born of War. http://www.helicopter-history.org/1941.html

Rowell, Sir Sydney Fairbairn (1894–1975). By A.J. Hill. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rowell-sir- sydney-fairbairn-11575

Royal, Forrest Beton (1893-1945). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/R/o/Royal_Forrest_B.htm

Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich

Russell Willson. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Willson

Russian cruiser Bayan (1900). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Aso

Sadao Araki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Araki

Sadatoshi Senda. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadatoshi_Senda

Saburo Kurusu. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Kurusu

Saburo Kurusu. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=101

Sadamichi Kajioka. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadamichi_Kajioka

Sakaguchi Shizuo. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sakaguchi_Shizuo.htm

Sakai Takashi (1887-1946). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sakai_Takashi.htm

Sakai Yasushi (1892-1986). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sakai_Yasushi.htm

Sakai Yasushi, Lieutenant-General (1892 – 1986). http://www.generals.dk/general/Sakai/Yasushi/Japan.html

Sakaibara Shigematsu (1894-1947). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sakaibara_Shigematsu.htm

Sakonju Naomasa (1890-1948). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sakonju_Naomasa.htm

Saito Yoshitsugu (1890-1944). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Saito_Yoshitsugu.htm

Samuel Murray Robinson. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Murray_Robinson

2036 Sanada Joichiro, Major-General (1897 – 1957) . http://www.generals.dk/general/Sanada/Joichiro/Japan.html

Sanji Iwabuchi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanji_Iwabuchi

Sasaki Minoru (1893-1961). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sasaki_Minoru.htm

Sato Kotoku (1893-1959). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/a/Sato_Kotoku.htm Sato, Naotake (1882 - 1971). http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/413.html

Savige, Sir Stanley George (1890–1954). by Gavin Michael Keating. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/savige-sir-stanley-george-11617

Scoones, Geoffrey Allen Percival (1893-1975). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/c/Scoones_Geoffrey_AP.htm

Scoones, Sir Geoffry Allen Percival, General (1893 – 1975) (). http://www.generals.dk/general/Scoones/Sir_Geoffry_Allen_Percival/Great_Britain.html

Scouting Fleet. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_Fleet

A Second Sun Rises, By Mike Bennighof, Ph.D. June 2007. http://www.avalanchepress.com/Second_Sun.php

Seiichi Ito. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiichi_It%C5%8D

Seishiro Itagaki. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki

Senda Sadatoshi. The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/e/Senda_Sadatoshi.htm Sengoku, Kotaro(1874 - 1950). http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/533.html

SENSUIKAN! Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Submarines. By Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp. http://www.combinedfleet.com/sensuikan.htm http://www.combinedfleet.com/Japan.htm http://www.combinedfleet.com/sensuikan.htm#tromsihttp://www.combinedfleet.com/sensuikan.htm#troms ro http://www.combinedfleet.com/sensuikan.htm#tromsha

Sent the Japs Reeling. US Battleship Destroys 32 Jap Planes in Fight. http://www.rpadden.com/o_star/SDakota.htm

Sentaro Omori. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentar%C5%8D_%C5%8Cmori

Sentaro Omori. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=345

Sergio Osmeña Facts. http://www.yourdictionary.com/sergio-osmena

Sergio Osmeña. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434010/Sergio-Osmena

2037 Sharp, William Frederick (1885-1947). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Sharp_William.htm

Shaw. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s11/shaw-i.htm

Shelakhov, Georgii Akimovich, Lieutenant-General (1899 – 1987). http://www.generals.dk/general/Shelakhov/Georgii_Akimovich/Soviet_Union.html

Shibuya Kiyomi (1895-1985). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Shibuya_Kiyomi.htm

Shigekazu Shimazaki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigekazu_Shimazaki

Shigematsu Sakaibara. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigematsu_Sakaib

Shigetaro Shimada. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigetar%C5%8D_Shimada

Shigeru Fukudome. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=174

Shigeru Fukudome. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Fukudome

Shigenori Togo. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D

Shirgenori Togo. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWtogo.htm

Shigeyoshi Inoue. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeyoshi_Inoue

Shima Kiyohide (1890-1973). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Shima_Kiyohide.htm

Shimizu Mitsumi (1888-1971). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Shimizu_Mitsumi.htm

Shintarō Hashimoto. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintar%C5%8D_Hashimoto

Shinyo! http://www.combinedfleet.com/JapanEMB.htm

Ships and Tonage Sunk or Damaged in WW II by U.S. Submarines. http://www.rddesigns.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html

Shiro Ishii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Ishii

Shiro Ishii. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/weapon-biography-shiro-ishii/

Shizuichi Tanaka. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=372

Shizuo Yokoyama. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuo_Yokoyama

Shoji Nishimura. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=46

Shōjirō Iida. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djir%C5%8D_Iida

2038 Shumei Okawa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa

Shun'ichi Kase. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun'ichi_Kase

Shunichi Matsumoto. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunichi_Matsumoto

Shunroku Hata. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=677

Shigeru Yoshida. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida

Sino-Japanese Air War 1937 – 1945. http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1938.htm

Sir John Greer Dill British Field Marshal, British Army. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jgdill.htm

Slim, Sir William Joseph (1891-1970). By Michael D. De B. Collins Persse. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/slim-sir-william-joseph-11713

Slim, William Joseph (1891-1970). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/l/Slim_William_J.htm

Smith, Holland McTyeire (1882-1967). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/m/Smith_Holland_M.htm

Smith vs. Smith, By Sharon Tosi Lacey. http://www.historynet.com/smith-vs-smith.htm

Smith, Ralph Corbett (1893-1998). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/m/Smith_Ralph_C.htm

Sorties into Hell: The Hidden War on Chichi Jima (review). Stanley l. Falk. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jmh/summary/v068/68.2falk.html

Sosaku Suzuki. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dsaku_Suzuki

South East Asia Under Japanese Occupation. http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_sumatra4.htm

South Pacific. http://www.guykemper.com/bougainville.html

Spencer B. Akin. Major General, United States Army. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/sbakin.htm

Spruance, Raymond Ames (1886-1969). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/p/Spruance_Raymond_A.htm

The Spy Who Doomed Pearl Harbor, by Edward Savela. http://www.historynet.com/the-spy-who-doomed-pearl-harbor.htm

SS Mariposa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mariposa

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cosmopolitanism. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/

Stanley Internment Camp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Internment_Camp

Stanley Savige. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Savige

2039 St. Clair Streett. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Streett

St. Clair Streett. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1228881

Stopford, Sir Montagu George North. http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=61479&back=

Stopford, Montagu George North (1892-1971). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/t/Stopford_Montagu_GN.htm

Stratemeyer, George Edward (1890-1969). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/t/Stratemeyer_George_E.htm

Streett, St. Clair, Major-General (1893 – 1970) (USAAF/USAF). http://www.generals.dk/general/Streett/St._Clair/USA.html

Sturdee, Sir Vernon Ashton Hobart, Lieutenant-General (1890 – 1966). http://www.generals.dk/general/Sturdee/Sir_Vernon_Ashton_Hobart/Australia.html

Sturdee, Sir Vernon Ashton Hobart (1890-1966), by James Wood. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/sturdee-sir-vernon-ashton-hobart-11798

Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy

Submarine Pioneers, Biographies. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/pioneers4.html

Sugiyama Gen (1880-1945). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/u/Sugiyama_Gen.htm

Sultan, Daniel Isom (1885-1947). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/u/Sultan_Daniel_I.htm Sultan, Daniel I. http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=EMHIII0221&SID=2&DatabaseName=American+ History+Online&InputText=%22Joseph+W+Stilwell%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Sultan%2C+Daniel+I.& TabRecordType=All+Records&BioCountPass=6&SubCountPass=2&DocCountPass=0&ImgCountPass=1 &MapCountPass=0&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=1&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=3&American Data=Set&WomenData=&AFHCData=&IndianData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&GovernmentData=

Sumner Welles (1892-1961). http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/welles-sumner.cfm Sumner Welles. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Welles Sumner Welles. http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00696.html

Supreme War Council (Japan). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)

Sutherland, Richard Kerens (1893-1966). http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/u/Sutherland_Richard.htm

Suzuki Kantaro (1867-1948). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/u/Suzuki_Kantaro.htm

Suzuki Kantaro. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Kantar%C5%8D

2040 Suzuki Sosaku (1891-1945). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/u/Suzuki_Sosaku.htm

Swift, Innis Palmer (1882-1953). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/w/Swift_Innis_P.htm . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Rowell

Tachibana Yoshio (1890-1946). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/a/Tachibana_Yoshio.htm

Tachibana Yoshio, Lieutenant-General. http://www.generals.dk/general/Tachibana/Yoshio/Japan.html

Tadamichi Kuribayashi. Contributor: C. Peter Chen. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=21

Tadamichi Kuribayashi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadamichi_Kuribayashi

Takagi Takeo (1892-1944). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/a/Takagi_Takeo.htm

Takahashi Ibo (1888-1947). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/a/Takahashi_Ibo.htm

Takeo Itō. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general

Takeo Kurita. http://www.sarna.net/wiki/Takeo_Kurita

Takeo Kurita. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita

Takeo Takagi. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=672

Takeo Takagi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Takagi

Takeo Yoshikawa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Yoshikawa

Takeo Yoshikawa. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=534

By Takeo Yoshikawa, Former Ensign, Imperial Japanese Navy, with Lieutenant Colonel Norman Stanford, USMC. http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1960-12/top-secret-assignment

Takeo Yoshikawa: World War II Japanese Pearl Harbor Spy. http://www.historynet.com/takeo-yoshikawa-world-war-ii-japanese-pearl-harbor-spy.htm

Takeshi Mori (commander). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Mori_(commander)

Takashi Sakai. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Sakai

Takeshi Takashina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Takashina

Taketora Ogata. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketora_Ogata

Takijiro Onishi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D_%C5%8Cnishi

2041 Takijiro Onishi. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=170

Talambuhay ni Jose P. Laurel. http://aboutfilipino.com/list-of-presidents-of-the-philippines/talambuhay-ni- jose-p-laurel

Tanaka, Shizuichi. http://www.generals.dk/general/Tanaka/Shizuichi/Japan.html

Tanaka Raizo (1892-1969). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/a/Tanaka_Raizo.htm

Tanaka, Shizuichi. http://www.generals.dk/general/Tanaka/Shizuichi/Japan.html

Teraoka Kinpei (1891-1984). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/e/Teraoka_Kinpei.htm ter Poorten, Hein (1887-1968). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/e/ter_Poorten_Hein.htm

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Vice-Admiral Ibo Takahashi. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/Takahashi.html

2045

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World War II Database. Tomitaro Horii. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=339

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2048

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World War II in Color. General Rensuke Isogai. http://www.ww2incolor.com/japan/Isogai_Rensuke.html

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Yoshio Tachibana. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Tachibana

Yoshijiro Umezu. http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=813

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Xu Yongchang. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Yongchang

Xu Yongchang, General 1st Rank. http://www.generals.dk/general/Xu_Yongchang/_/China.html

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Z Special Unit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Special_Unit

2050