DOCSLIB.ORG

Post-Reversion Okinawa and U.S.-Japan Relations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Post-Reversion Okinawa and U.S.-Japan Relations ﾇ U.S.-Japan Alliance Affairs Series No. 1 May 2004 Post-Reversion Okinawa and U.S.-Japan Relations A Preliminary Survey of Local Politics and the Bases,1972-2002 Robert D. Eldridge Post-Reversion Okinawa and U.S.-Japan Relations A Preliminary Survey of Local Politics and the Bases, 1972-2002 Robert D. Eldridge ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ U.S.-Japan Alliance Affairs Division Center for International Security Studies and Policy School of International Public Policy, Osaka University May 2004 我胴やちょんわどの Wada ya chon wadu nu 儘ならぬ世界に Mama naran shike ni 彼ようらめゆる Ari yu urami yu ru よしのあるい Yushi nu arui --本部按司、１９世紀 In a world full of obstacles, One cannot steer his course at will. Why should I think ill of others, When they fail to suit me? --Prince MUTUBU Anji, 19th Century Table of Contents I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1 Purpose of Study Previous Research Materials Used Structure of Study Final Remarks and Acknowledgments II. Overview of Politics and Social Dynamics in Okinawa following Reversion………………7 A. The Reformist Years, 1972-1977 B. The Conservative Shift, 1977-1988 C. The Return of the Reformist Wave, 1988-1997 D. Accommodation, or the Return of the Conservatives, 1998-2002 E. Politics after 2002: Beyond the 30th Anniversary of the Return of Okinawa III. The Okinawa Base Problem and U.S.-Japan Relations after Reversion…………………. 58 A. U.S. Bases at the Time of Reversion B. Ensuring Land Usage—the Repeated Crises over Legislation for Compulsory Leasing C. The Arrival of the Self Defense Forces D. Base-related Frictions in the 1970s E. Base-related Frictions in the 1980s F. Base-related Frictions in the 1990s G. The 1995 Rape Incident and its Implications H. The SACO Agreement and Its Implementation I. The SOFA Dilemma IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….129 V. Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………133 Basic Documents Appendix 1 U.S.-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (1/19/60) Appendix 2 U.S.-Japan Status of Forces Agreement (1/19/60) Appendix 3 Okinawa Reversion Agreement (6/17/71) Appendix 4 List of Facilities at Time of Reversion (Memorandum of Understanding) Appendix 5 Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation (7/8/76) Appendix 6 East Asia Strategic Initiative (4/18/90) Appendix 7 East Asia Strategy Report (7/92) Appendix 8 East Asia Strategy Report (2/27/95) Appendix 9 Improvement of SOFA Implementation (10/2795) Appendix 10 U.S.-Japan Joint Declaration on Security (4/17/96) Appendix 11 SACO Interim Report (4/15/96) Appendix 12 SACO Final Report (12/2/96) Appendix 12a SACO Final Report on Futenma Air Station (supplement) Appendix 13 Revised Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation（9/23/97） Appendix 14 East Asia Strategy Report (11/23/98) Appendix 15 Prefecture SOFA Revision Request (8/29/00) People in U.S.-Japan-Okinawa Relationship following Reversion i Appendix 16 Post-Reversion Japanese Prime Ministers Appendix 17 Post-Reversion Japanese Foreign Ministers Appendix 18 Post-Reversion Japanese Ambassadors to the United States Appendix 19 Post-Reversion Directors of North American Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Appendix 20 Post-Reversion Japanese Ambassadors for Okinawa Affairs Appendix 21 Post-Reversion Defense Agency Directors General Appendix 22 Post-Reversion Directors of Defense Facilities Administration Agency Appendix 23 Post-Reversion Japanese Defense Facilities Administration Bureau (Naha) Directors Appendix 24 Post-Reversion Commanders of 1st Combined Brigade, Naha, SDF Appendix 25 Post-Reversion Directors of Okinawa Development Agency Appendix 26 Post-Reversion Chairman of Okinawa Special Committee of Diet Appendix 27 Post-Reversion U.S. Presidents Appendix 28 Post-Reversion U.S. Secretaries of State Appendix 29 Post-Reversion U.S. Ambassadors to Japan Appendix 30 Post-Reversion U.S. Consuls General in Okinawa Appendix 31 Post-Reversion U.S. Secretaries of Defense Appendix 32 Post-Reversion III MEF Commanders Appendix 33 Post- Reversion Governors and Prefectural Leadership Appendix 34 Directors of Base Affairs Office, OPG Appendix 35 Post-Reversion Prefectural Assembly Speakers Appendix 36 Post-Reversion Prefectural Assembly Base Committee Chairpersons Appendix 37 Post-Reversion Chairmen of Prefectural LDP Appendix 38 Post-Reversion Chairmen of Prefectural JSP/SDP Appendix 39 Post-Reversion Chairmen of Prefectural JCP Appendix 40 Post-Reversion Chairmen of OSMP Appendix 41 Post-Reversion Chairmen of Komeito Consultation Committees Appendix 42 Meetings of the Tripartite Liaison Committee (1979- ) Appendix 43 Meetings of the Okinawa Policy Committee (1996- ) Appendix 44 Meetings of the Futenma Replacement Facility Committee (2000-2002) Other Data Appendix 45 Base-related Revenues in Okinawa Appendix 46 Summary of USMC Community Relations and Volunteer Activities Appendix 47 Base-related Crimes Committed by SOFA Personnel Appendix 48 Overviews of trends in voting participation Appendix 49 Changes in Okinawan Public Opinion on Bases Appendix 50 Population and Households in Okinawa Appendix 51 Population Density in Okinawa Appendix 52 Population Growth in Okinawa Appendix 53 Ration of Unemployed in Okinawa Appendix 54 Layoffs of Military Base Workers Appendix 55 Number of Tourists and Tourism-related Income in Okinawa Appendix 56 Gross Prefectural Domestic Product by Industry Appendix 57 Economic Growth Rates in Okinawa Appendix 58 Comparison in Reductions of U.S./SDF Bases in Japan and Okinawa About the Author About the Center for International Security Studies and Policy ii I. Introduction revision of the 1960 Status of Forces Agreement, which symbolizes for Okinawans the“victimization”of Okinawa by the United Purpose of the Study States and the“weak-kneed diplomacy”of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs for not The so-called“Okinawa problem”historically “standing up”to the United States, grow in has been, currently is, and will likely continue intensity, literally, by the day. to be an issue that challenges policy-makers, Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of politicians, and civic leaders well into the Defense is in the final stages of completing a future. major review of its global posture, including The Okinawa problem, not to mention forces in Japan and the Asia-Pacific, which will Okinawa itself, is full of contradictions and have implications for Okinawa for years to certainly not one-dimensional in nature. The come (to what degree remains unclear). As part fundamental issues (bases, economic of this review, Secretary of Defense Donald H. development, social and administrative Rumsfeld visited Japan in mid-November 2003, integration with Japan, relations with the and went to Okinawa on November 16, being central government) inherent in the problem the first Defense Secretary to go there in more can be seen across years and decades, forming than 13 years. Governor Inamine Keiichi met seemingly endless cycles and patterns. At the Rumsfeld with a list of demands for resolving same time, frustratingly, no one solution seems the different base issues that he proceeded to to exist because the issues are so intertwined. read off during their meeting at the Prefectural Indeed, the“Okinawa Problem”is a like a knot. Government office.1 In late April 2004, during If you pull one string too hard, the knot only a meeting in Washington with leaders of the gets tighter. Untying the knot that the Okinawa ruling parties in Japan, Rumsfeld reportedly problem has become during the post-reversion stated that“ the concerns of the people of years (1972～ ) continues to require patience Okinawa Prefecture would also be taken into and skill (assuming the actors wish to move consideration”in the realignment planning.2 beyond simply the status quo), especially in an How policy-makers formulate answers to emotionally and politically charged these issues over the coming months will set the atmosphere. tone—hopefully one that is more positive and In 2004, for example, the return of Marine forward-looking—for the decades ahead. The Corps Futenma Air Station, agreed to in 1996 answers will reflect and be developed in light remains unrealized due to, among other things, of the many dimensions of the Okinawa local opposition to its relocation within the problem-- intra-community dynamics, prefecture. In April this year, residents in Nago, intra-prefectural politics, prefecture-central the site of the planned relocation, and government affairs, and Okinawa-Japan-U.S. representatives of citizens’ groups, clashed with relations, and a constantly changing officials who were about to start a drilling international environment. In light of these survey from the Defense Facilities complex issues, efforts to further the Administration Bureau in Naha, an organization that represents to Okinawans both a source of personal prosperity and a symbol of 1“Promoting Resolution of Issues Concerning U.S. Okinawa’s “victimization” by the central Military Bases on Okinawa,” government. Similarly, strong opposition of http://www3.pref.okinawa.jp/site/contents/attach/4587/ local residents has been seen to the planned Petition20031116.pdf . construction of an Army urban conflict training 2“Beigun Saihen: Bei Kokubochokan‘Kenmin Hairyo facility in Camp Hansen, set to be completed Mo’(U.S. Military Realignment: U.S. Secretary of within a year’s time. Defense [says]‘Concerns of People of Prefecture [Also On the other hand, demands by the to be Taken into Consideration]’,”Ryukyu Shimpo, May Okinawan Prefectural Government for the 30, 2004. 1 understanding of the historical and assembly, mayoral, and national Diet), contemporary aspects of the so-called“Okinawa base-related matters, and complicated dynamics problem”are vital.3 between Okinawa and the central government The following study was undertaken (as well as vis-à-vis U.S. representatives). precisely as an attempt both to begin to fill the Likewise, the study does not attempt to propose gap that exists in the literature regarding the extensive policy recommendations—again, the post-reversion history of Okinawa and more author has done this elsewhere—but rather to importantly to understand this history and what provide a better grasp of the events of it means for the contemporary importance in Okinawa following its Okinawa-Japan-U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Growing Democracy in Japan: the Parliamentary Cabinet System Since 1868
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Kentucky University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian Studies Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Studies 5-15-2014 Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Georgia Institute of Technology Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Woodall, Brian, "Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868" (2014). Asian Studies. 4. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_studies/4 Growing Democracy in Japan Growing Democracy in Japan The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868 Brian Woodall Due to variations in the technical specifications of different electronic reading devices, some elements of this ebook may not appear as they do in the print edition. Readers are encouraged to experiment with user settings for optimum results. Copyright © 2014 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodall, Brian.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Way of Traditional Cloth Makings and the Weavers’ Contribution in the Ryukyu Islands Toshiyuki Sano Nara Women’S University, Too [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2014 Changes in the Way of Traditional Cloth Makings and the Weavers’ Contribution in the Ryukyu Islands Toshiyuki Sano Nara Women’s University, [email protected] Yuka Matsumoto Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons, and the Art Practice Commons Sano, Toshiyuki and Matsumoto, Yuka, "Changes in the Way of Traditional Cloth Makings and the Weavers’ Contribution in the Ryukyu Islands" (2014). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 885. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/885 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Changes in the Way of Traditional Cloth Makings and the Weavers’ Contribution in the Ryukyu Islands Toshiyuki Sano and Yuka Matsumoto This article is based on a fieldwork project we conducted in 2013 and 2014. The objective of the project was to grasp the current state of how people are engaged in the traditional ways of weaving, dyeing and making cloth in the Ryukyu Islands.1 Throughout the project, we came to think it important to understand two points in order to see the direction of those who are engaged in manufacturing textiles in the Ryukyu Islands. The points are: the diversification in ways of engaging in traditional cloth making; and the importance of multi-generational relationship in sustaining traditional cloth making.
    [Show full text]
  • Nansei Islands Biological Diversity Evaluation Project Report 1 Chapter 1
    Introduction WWF Japan’s involvement with the Nansei Islands can be traced back to a request in 1982 by Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh. The “World Conservation Strategy”, which was drafted at the time through a collaborative effort by the WWF’s network, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), posed the notion that the problems affecting environments were problems that had global implications. Furthermore, the findings presented offered information on precious environments extant throughout the globe and where they were distributed, thereby providing an impetus for people to think about issues relevant to humankind’s harmonious existence with the rest of nature. One of the precious natural environments for Japan given in the “World Conservation Strategy” was the Nansei Islands. The Duke of Edinburgh, who was the President of the WWF at the time (now President Emeritus), naturally sought to promote acts of conservation by those who could see them through most effectively, i.e. pertinent conservation parties in the area, a mandate which naturally fell on the shoulders of WWF Japan with regard to nature conservation activities concerning the Nansei Islands. This marked the beginning of the Nansei Islands initiative of WWF Japan, and ever since, WWF Japan has not only consistently performed globally-relevant environmental studies of particular areas within the Nansei Islands during the 1980’s and 1990’s, but has put pressure on the national and local governments to use the findings of those studies in public policy. Unfortunately, like many other places throughout the world, the deterioration of the natural environments in the Nansei Islands has yet to stop.
    [Show full text]
  • Okinawa's GI Brides
    Volume 17 | Issue 21 | Number 1 | Article ID 5322 | Nov 01, 2019 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Okinawa’s G.I. Brides: Their Lives in America Etsuko Takushi Crissey Translated by Steve Rabson Excerpted from the book Okinawa's G.I. Kōbunken in 2000. The English version based Brides: Their Lives in America (Honolulu: on it was completed in 2016 and published in University of Hawai'i Press, 2017) with an 2017. introduction by the author. Readerships of the English and Japanese editions have been different so, naturally, reactions have differed as well. If one word Author’s Introduction could sum up readers’ reaction to the Japanese edition, it would be “sympathy;” for readers of Okinawa Prefecture comprises more than one the English edition, it would be “surprise.” hundred islands with a population of about Many readers of the Japanese edition felt 1,400,000. The islands reach to thesympathy because they knew women among southernmost tip of Japan where the climate is their relatives or friends who had married subtropical. In 1945, after the end of the Pacific American soldiers, and could picture what War, the U.S. placed Okinawa under military things were like during the U.S. occupation. occupation and constructed an extensive Readers of the English edition were surprised network of bases there. The American military because most of them had no idea so many seized many privately-owned lands for this Okinawan women had married American purpose, violating basic human rights and soldiers and lived in the United States. They igniting widespread protests. Relationsmight have heard of Okinawa, but knew between the American military and local nothing about its complex relationship with the residents were strained, to say the least.
    [Show full text]
  • July 16-31, 1973
    RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL RECORD DOCUMENT DOCUMENT SUBJECT/TITLE OR CORRESPONDENTS DATE RESTRICTION NUMBER TYPE 1 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/22/1973 A Appendix “A” 2 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/27/1973 A Appendix “A” 3 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 7/29/1973 A Appendix “A” COLLECTION TITLE BOX NUMBER WHCF: SMOF: Office of Presidential Papers and Archives RC-13 FOLDER TITLE President Richard Nixon’s Daily Diary July 16, 1973 – July 31, 1973 PRMPA RESTRICTION CODES: A. Release would violate a Federal statute or Agency Policy. E. Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or B. National security classified information. financial information. C. Pending or approved claim that release would violate an individual’s F. Release would disclose investigatory information compiled for law rights. enforcement purposes. D. Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy G. Withdrawn and return private and personal material. or a libel of a living person. H. Withdrawn and returned non-historical material. DEED OF GIFT RESTRICTION CODES: D-DOG Personal privacy under deed of gift -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION *U.S. GPO; 1989-235-084/00024 NA 14021 (4-85) _.- _.--. --------. THE: WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON'S DAILY DIARY (See Travel Record for Trnel AdiYity) -P PLAcE DAY BEGAN DATE (No., bay, Yr.) JULY 16. 1973 NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER TlVI! DAY BETHESDA, MARYLAND 8:00 a.m. MONDAY PHONE TIME P=Pl.ctd R~Rcctiftcl ACTlVJTY la Oat 10 LD The President met with: 8:00 8:06 Robert J. Dunn, Chief Hospital Corpsman (HMC) 8:05 8:30 Susan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting the Anti-Access and Area-Denial Challenge
    Meeting the Anti-Access and Area-Denial Challenge Andrew Krepinevich, Barry Watts & Robert Work 1730 Rhode Island Avenue, NW, Suite 912 Washington, DC 20036 Meeting the Anti-Access and Area-Denial Challenge by Andrew Krepinevich Barry Watts Robert Work Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 2003 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND BUDGETARY ASSESSMENTS The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent public policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking about defense planning and investment strategies for the 21st century. CSBA’s analytic-based research makes clear the inextricable link between defense strategies and budgets in fostering a more effective and efficient defense, and the need to transform the US military in light of the emerging military revolution. CSBA is directed by Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich and funded by foundation, corporate and individual grants and contributions, and government contracts. 1730 Rhode Island Ave., NW Suite 912 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 331-7990 http://www.csbaonline.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... I I. NEW CHALLENGES TO POWER PROJECTION.................................................................. 1 II. PROSPECTIVE US AIR FORCE FAILURE POINTS........................................................... 11 III. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY AND ASSURED ACCESS: A CRITICAL RISK ASSESSMENT .29 IV. THE ARMY AND THE OBJECTIVE FORCE ..................................................................... 69 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 93 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY During the Cold War, the United States defense posture called for substantial forces to be located overseas as part of a military strategy that emphasized deterrence and forward defense. Large combat formations were based in Europe and Asia. Additional forces—both land-based and maritime—were rotated periodically back to the rear area in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Nature of Bureaucracy and Governing Structure in Japan
    Washington International Law Journal Volume 28 Number 2 4-1-2019 The Changing Nature of Bureaucracy and Governing Structure in Japan Mayu Terada Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, President/Executive Department Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Recommended Citation Mayu Terada, The Changing Nature of Bureaucracy and Governing Structure in Japan, 28 Wash. L. Rev. 431 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol28/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Compilation © 2019 Washington International Law Journal Association THE CHANGING NATURE OF BUREAUCRACY AND GOVERNING STRUCTURE IN JAPAN Mayu Terada* Abstract: This paper analyzes and criticizes changes in the relationship between politics and the bureaucracy, in Japan up to the present from the viewpoint of administrative organizations and related public law system. Drastic changes in the legal system, or legal reform, may sometimes undermine the true intention of the policy and its implementation. Thus, bringing political leadership in administrative decision-making bodies cannot be easily concluded as better or worse than the complete separation of administration and government. To analyze this matter in
    [Show full text]
  • The US-Japan Alliance in Transformation: the Management of the US Marine Corps Futenma Airfield Relocation Facility (FRF)
    The US-Japan Alliance in Transformation: The Management of the US Marine Corps Futenma Airfield Relocation Facility (FRF) by Jenny Lin Issues & Insights Vol. 15-No. 3 Honolulu, Hawaii February 2015 Pacific Forum CSIS Based in Honolulu, the Pacific Forum CSIS (www.pacforum.org) operates as the autonomous Asia-Pacific arm of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. The Forum‟s programs encompass current and emerging political, security, economic, business, and oceans policy issues through analysis and dialogue undertaken with the region‟s leaders in the academic, government, and corporate areas. Founded in 1975, it collaborates with a broad network of research institutes from around the Pacific Rim, drawing on Asian perspectives and disseminating project findings and recommendations to opinion leaders, governments, and members of the public throughout the region. ii Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ v Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 US-Japan Alliance .......................................................................................................................... 5 US forces in Okinawa ................................................................................................................... 12 Challenges in the Alliance: The US Marine Corps (USMC) Futenma
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Political Parties
    JAPANESE POLITICAL PARTIES Lecturer: Masayo Goto, PhD 1 Ruling and opposition RULING COALITION z Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) – largest ruling party z New Komeito (Clean Party) OPPOSITION z Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) – largest opposition party z Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDP) z Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 2 Strength of Political Groups in both houses Before election After election HOR HOC HOR HOC Liberal Democratic Party 212 114 296 112 New Komeito 34 24 31 24 (Ruling coalition in total) (246) (138) (327) People’s New Party (LDP rebels) (Kokumin shinto) 4 - 4 3 New Party Japan (LDP rebels) (Nippon) 3 - 1 Independent rebels 30 - 13 Democratic Party of Japan and Club of Independents 175 84 113 82 Japanese Communist Party 9 9 9 9 Social Democratic Party 6 6 7 6 Independents 4 5 6 5 Vacancy 1 3 MEMBERSHIP 480 242 480 242 Liberal Democratic Party z Established in November 1955 through the merger of the Liberal Party and the Japan Democratic Party z The LDP held uninterrupted power in Japan from 1955 until 1993, when it briefly lost government to an eight-party coalition z The LDP returned to power in June 1994 as the major partner in a coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDP) z Since 1998 it has strengthened its position in the Diet by forming a coalition with New Komeito z The current party president is Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi. He was elected as party president in 2001. z The party will celebrate the 50th anniversary of its founding in November 2005 5 New Komeito Komeito originally formed in 1964 the political wing of Soka Gakkai Komeito merged with other parties in 1994 to form the New Frontier Party, but split off again and eventually joined with the New Peace Party in 1998 to become New Komeito.
    [Show full text]
  • Reposturing the Force V
    NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 26 N A Reposturing the Force V AL U.S. Overseas Presence in the Twenty-first Century W AR COLLEGE NE WPOR T P AP ERS N ES AV T A A L T W S A D R E C T I O N L L U E E G H E T R I VI IBU OR A S CT MARI VI 26 Carnes Lord, Editor Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Cover Preparations for evening flight operations on board the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) in March 2005. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate Airman Ryan O’Connor. T:\Academic\Newport Papers\Newport Paper Lord\Ventura\NPLord.vp Tuesday, February 07, 2006 10:14:03 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Reposturing the Force U.S. Overseas Presence in the Twenty-first Century Carnes Lord, Editor NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Newport, Rhode Island T:\Academic\Newport Papers\Newport Paper Lord\Ventura\NPLord.vp Tuesday, February 07, 2006 10:14:13 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Naval War College The Newport Papers are extended research projects that the Newport, Rhode Island Editor, the Dean of Naval Warfare Studies, and the Center for Naval Warfare Studies President of the Naval War College consider of particular Newport Paper Twenty-six interest to policy makers, scholars, and analysts. February 2006 The views expressed in the Newport Papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the President, Naval War College Naval War College or the Department of the Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • Tokyo-Cambridge Gazette: Politico-Economic Commentaries No
    Tokyo-Cambridge Gazette: Politico-Economic Commentaries No. 11 (September 1, 2014) Toshimichi Nagaiwa and Jun Kurihara1 Japan-China Military Confidence Building Measures (Part II) —The Role of the Future Japan-China Chu-sei-kon CBM to Avoid Competitive Irrationality— Abstract A spectacular rise of China, setting aside the issue of being peaceful or oppositely clamorous, has changed the image of China held by surrounding countries because of its sheer size and the rapid pace of its economic development and military modernization. Japan, the United States, and China have long searched for amicable paths for their military-to-military relationships through their confidence building measures (CBMs) since the end of the Cold War. The three countries have to transform the current state of competitive irrationality to competitive rationality by discouraging escalatory confrontations. To date, however, these paths have been fragile and sometimes unfruitful. This short essay tries to briefly review military-to-military CBMs among the three countries to overcome the asymmetric nature of the trilateral relationships. First, the essay examines briefly the current geopolitical backdrops to gain a better understanding of the trilateral CBMs. Then it assesses the effectiveness of U.S.-China CBMs, and analyzes factors ascribable to CBM successes and failures. Having understood the difficulties associated with the CBMs, it tries to identify the significance of Japan-China CBMs, with a special emphasis of the current and future role of the Chu-sei-kon
    [Show full text]
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Accord
    GENERAL AGREEMENT ACCORD GENERAL SUR RESTRICTED ON TARIFFS AND LES TARIFS DOUANIERS ™<$2^ TRADE ET LE COMMERCE Special Distribution MINISTERIAL MEETING REUNION MINISTERIELLE Tokyo, 12-14. September 1973 Tokyo, 12-14- septembre 1973 LJEST_QF jŒPRESENTATIVES LISTE" DES REPRESENTANTS Chairman: Mr. Masayoshi OHIRA, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Président: ALGERIE Représentants S.E. M. Mustapha Belhocine, Ministre plénipotentiaire, Ministère des Affaires étrangères M. Mohamed Bouzarbia, Conseiller, Ministère des Affaires étrangères M. Abderahmane Charef, Directeur des Relations extérieures, Ministère du Commerce M. Mohamed Kamel Achour, Conseiller technique, Ministère du Commerce, M. Mustapha Dadou, Deuxième secrétaire, Ambassade à Tokyo Secretary of Meeting: Mr. H. van Tuinen, Room 319, Tel. ext 14-06 Press Officer: Mr. J. Croome, Matsu Room, 2nd Floor, Tel. ext. 362 -437-6904. (direct line) MIN(73)lHP/4/Rev.l Page 2/3 ARGENTINA Représentantes Sr. Gabriel Martinez Emba ador Représentante Especial para las Negociaciones Comerciales del-GATT, Sub-secretario de Comercio Exterior Sr. Fernando Lerena Ministro, Représentante Especial Alterno, Director de Tratados y Negociaciones de la Sub-secretaria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Sr» Jorge Livingston Consejero ante el GATT, Misidn permanente ante la Oficina de las Naciones Unides en Ginebra AUSTRALIA Representatives The Eon. J.F. Cairns Minister of Overseas Trade and Minister for Secondary Industry Leader of Delegation H.E. Mr. G. Warwick Smith Ambassador, Special Trade Representative Mr. F.C. Pryor Secretary, Department of Secondary Industry Mr. S.F. Harris Deputy Secretary, Department of Overseas Trade Mr. J.C. Taylor First Assistant Secretary, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Mr. F.M. Collins First Assistant Secretary, .
    [Show full text]