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Japan, Hikari Kikan, and Subhash Chandra Bose's Indian Policy Brief JuneFeb 5,1, 20212018 Dr. Monika Chansoria is a Japan, Hikari Kikan, and Subhash Tokyo-based Senior Fellow at The Japan Institute Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army: of International Affairs. The Defining, Yet Unfinished 1940s Previously, she has held Connect appointments at the Sandia National Laboratories (U.S.), Dr. Monika Chansoria Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Japan), and Fondation Maison January 2021 marks the commemoration of Subhash des Sciences de l’Homme Chandra Bose’s 125th birth anniversary, commencing on the (Paris). Dr. Chansoria has day of his birth, January 23. authored five books including her latest work, China, Japan, India gained freedom from the British rule following a long, and Senkaku Islands: Conflict protracted independence struggle, which had many phases, and defining moments. A significant one amongst them was the role of in the East China Sea Amid an the Indian National Army (INA) under Subhash Chandra Bose with American Shadow (Routledge crucial assistance and aid from Imperial Japan. Bose’s view of India’s © 2018). struggle for independence differed radically from Mahatma Gandhi’s. For him, the war presented a golden opportunity to reach out to the adversaries of Britain, namely Germany and Japan, and seek their assistance to free India from under the oppressive British rule. Gandhi opposed this realist mode of thought and as a consequence Bose found himself marginalized within the Congress.1 Subhash Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji (Respected Leader) among Indians the world over, became the undisputed leader of this militant wing of India’s nationalist movement, over the disagreement of using force against the British Empire with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Notably, despite the opposition of Gandhi, Bose was elected President of the Indian National Congress in 1938, and once again in 1939.2 Bose was convinced that the Second World War had provided a golden, once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for India to gain its freedom. This was India’s last and desperate chance. It was then or never. Nurtured in a family on reformist doctrines prevalent in Bengal at 1 Fordetailssee,GDBakshi,BoseorGandhi:WhoGotIndiaHerFreedom?(New Delhi:KWPublishersPvtLtd.,2019)Chapter2:AnOverviewoftheFreedom Struggle. 2 JoyceChapmanLebra,TheIndianNationalArmyandJapan(Singapore:Asia PacificPressPte.Ltd.,1971)Introduction,p.xiv. 1 Feb 5, 2021 Policy Brief the turn of the century, Bose was a Bengali The Indian National Army and Japan. In the revolutionary. He advocated the use of force course of her book, Lebra argued that from as the only means to rid the Indian motherland the Indian standpoint, the struggle throughout of British imperial power. Placed under house Asia during that time period was directed at arrest in 1940, Bose managed to elude the gaining independence, with the roots of Indian authorities and escaped to Afghanistan and nationalism extending back into the 19th century thereafter to Germany which was under the under the British Raj (British Rule).6 During the rule of the Nazis at that time.3 Lebra’s study early decades of the 20th century, the political displays intense focus on the interaction mainstream of Indian nationalism followed the between Japan and the Indian independence Gandhian doctrine of non-violent disobedience. movement in East and Southeast Asia. The logic But there was another concurrent tradition, of the alliance was the existence of a common a heterodox political vision that was equally enemy, Britain. The version of cooperation rooted in history, calling for armed resistance. between Empire of Japan’s pan-Asian push southward and Indian nationalism was limited Situating India in the Greater East Asia in a sense.4 The initiative was exhibited by both Co-Prosperity Sphere: sides: on the Indian side by Subhash Chandra Japan’s Perception and Approach Bose and his revolutionary predecessors, Mohan Singh and Pritam Singh, and on the For Japan there were strategic considerations Japanese side by a young major sent by the vis-à-vis the total war. India, as far as Japan was Imperial General Headquarters to Bangkok concerned, remained a peripheral concern and on an intelligence mission. This young officer, was not as clearly defined as Tokyo’s aims and Major Iwaichi Fujiwara brought India to the objectives for Southeast Asia, or, for that matter, attention of the Imperial General Headquarters in the grand design for Greater East Asia Co- (IGHQ) and instrumentally helped organize the Prosperity Sphere which was first conceived INA. Archives reveal that it was Fujiwara who in 1940.7 According to the latter, Greater East established the initial credibility of Japanese aid Asia would sweep through Southeast Asia for the Indian independence struggle and that it westward to the then Indo-Burmese border. was Captain Mohan Singh, a young Sikh POW The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (prisoner of war) from the British-Indian Army, sought to constitute an economically self- who cooperated with Fujiwara in the nascent sufficient entity under Japan’s leadership, both, inception of the INA.5 by diplomatic and military means.8 Lebra’s account acknowledges that Japan’s military This paper focuses on reviewing the primary administration was to respect existing local arguments made in the 1971 seminal study organizations and customs9 and that by late on the subject by Joyce Chapman Lebra titled 1941, control of resources necessary for the war 3 Ibid.,p.xv. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid.,p.xiv. 7 Lebra,n.2,ChapterFive:JapanesePolicytowardIndia,p.60. 8 Ibid. 9 LiaisonConference,“EssentialsofPolicyRegardingtheAdministrationoftheOccupiedareasintheSouthern Regions”November20,1941;alsosee,NobutakaIke,Japan’sDecisionforWar,(StanfordUniversityPress,1967) pp.249-253. 2 Feb 5, 2021 Policy Brief Policy Brief effort became a focal point of this plan.10 India to the attention of IGHQ: 1) Japanese military bordered the western perimeter of the Greater successes in Malaya and Thailand, particularly East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, with Japan the capture of Singapore with thousands of being at war with Britain – the colonial power Indian POWs; and 2) reports by Major Fujiwara that was occupying India. of the creation of a revolutionary Indian Army eager to fight the British out of India. Prime Geography dictated strategy and thinking in Minister Hideki Tōjō and Chief of General that India lay west of the expanding periphery of Staff Sugiyama took passing notice of India, Japan’s wartime Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity when the campaigns in the Pacific were piling Sphere. By early 1941 when the portents of up impressive victory after victory for the war in the Pacific were unmistakable, Japan’s Japanese. In the first four months of 1942, ōT jō diplomatic communiqués from Calcutta to called upon Indians to rise and shrug off the Tokyo sent detailed descriptions of India’s oppressive grip of British rule, several times independence movement, particularly the one in Japanese Diet. Moreover, the IGHQ called that was brewing in Bengal.11 The attention Indian representatives from Southeast Asia to of Imperial Japan’s Foreign Ministry [the Tokyo in March for a conference on the means Gaimushō] was drawn to Subhash Chandra to encourage the independence struggle.15 Bose, the Indian revolutionary in exile in Berlin, by both Calcutta and the Japanese Embassy in ‘Asia for Asians’ Berlin.12 The IGHQ in Tokyo took notice of the independence movement in 1941. The Japanese ‘Asia for Asians’ was the overarching goal military attaché in Berlin was instructed to and shibboleth and Japan wished to see Britain contact exiled Bose and submit a report on purged from Asia. This fell much in line with him. It was nearly during the same time, when Indian nationalists, who, too, aspired to free Major Fujiwara was sent to Bangkok by the India. India remained a peripheral interest Intelligence Bureau of Headquarters on an for Japan in terms of 1) the Greater East Asia intelligence mission carrying instructions by Co-Prosperity Sphere and 2) major action of the Chief of General Staff, Hajime Sugiyama.13 and during the war. Another key aspect of Fujiwara’s instructions were general, keeping in Japanese policy, this toward the INA, was that mind the situation of India in relation to the total Japan desired to use and support the INA Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, thus particularly to foster anti-British sentiment.16 allowing him much leeway in the use of his own Japan’s reckoning with India was much to the initiative, in line with Japanese Army policy of mutual advantage of both nations. Lebra’s assigning important projects to middle-ranking book posits that for the INA and Azad Hind officers.14 (Free India) Government, the singular goal to be achieved was that of independence which Once hostilities broke out in the Pacific, took precedence over all other considerations. two events primarily ended up forcing India It appeared that Japan was willing to grant the 10 Lebra,n.2,p.60. 11 Forfurtherreadinganddetailssee,RadhanathRath,ed.,RashBehariBasu:HisStruggleforIndia’sIndependence, (Calcutta,1963),p.484;alsosee,Sivaram,TheRoadtoDelhi,p.160. 12 Lebra,n.2,ChapterThirteen:Retrospect,p.210. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid.,pp.211-212. 16 Lebra,n.2,ChapterFive:JapanesePolicytowardIndia,p.65. 3 Feb 5, 2021 Policy Brief form, but not the substance of independence Oshima, posted to Berlin, who also sent to the Azad Hind Government. The INA communiqués regarding the Indian cooperated because without Japanese aid there revolutionary Bose and his desire to go to East was no real hope for any effective military action Asia, as Lebra’s research notes in The Indian against Britain. Japan had its share of limitations National Army and Japan. By January 1941, in so far as supplying material and military Bose had begun visiting Oshima and military support to the INA was concerned.17 attaché Bin Yamamoto in Berlin with detailed proposals for military cooperation with Japan At the time, Japan had no ambassador in against Britain in Asia.
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