DOCSLIB.ORG

Nationalism and Internationalism (Ca

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nationalism and Internationalism (Ca Comparative Studies in Society and History 2012;54(1):65–92. 0010-4175/12 $15.00 # Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2012 doi:10.1017/S0010417511000594 Imagining Asia in India: Nationalism and Internationalism (ca. 1905–1940) CAROLIEN STOLTE Leiden University HARALD FISCHER-TINÉ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich What is this new cult of Asianism, at whose shrine more and more incense is being offered by vast numbers of thinking Asiatics, far and near? And what has this gospel of Asianism, rightly understood and properly interpreted, to do with the merely political cry of ‘Asia for the Asiatics’? For true it is, clear to all who have eyes to see and ears to hear, that Asia is fast developing a new consciousness of her specific mission, her orig- inal contribution to Euro-America. ———Nripendra Chandra Banerji1 INTRODUCTION Asianisms, that is, discourses and ideologies claiming that Asia can be defined and understood as a homogenous space with shared and clearly defined charac- teristics, have become the subject of increased scholarly attention over the last two decades. The focal points of interest, however, are generally East Asian varieties of regionalism.2 That “the cult of Asianism” has played an important Acknowledgments: Parts of this article draw on a short essay published as: Harald Fischer-Tiné, “‘The Cult of Asianism’: Asiendiskurse in Indien zwischen Nationalismus und Internationalismus (ca. 1885–1955),” Comparativ 18, 6 (2008): 16–33. 1 From Asianism and other Essays (Calcutta: Arya Publishing House, 1930), 1. Banerji was Pro- fessor of English at Bangabasi College, Calcutta, and a friend of Chittaranjan Das, who propagated pan-Asianism in the Indian National Congress in the 1920s. 2 Among others: Sven Saaler and Victor J. Koschmann, eds., Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism, and Borders (London: Routledge, 2007); Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931–1945 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Christopher W. A. Szpilman, “The Dream of One Asia: Ôkawa Shûmei and Japanese Pan-Asianism,” in Harald Füss, ed., The Japa- nese Empire in East Asia and Its Post War Legacy (München: Iudicium, 1997), 49–63; Victor J. 65 Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 30 May 2017 at 13:53:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417511000594 66 CAROLIEN STOLTE AND HARALD FISCHER- TINÉ role on the Indian subcontinent, too—as is evident from the quote above—is less understood. Aside from two descriptive monographs dating back to the 1970s, there has been relatively little scholarly engagement with this phenom- enon.3 In this article, we would like to offer an overview of several distinct con- cepts of Asia and pan-Asian designs, which featured prominently in both political and civil society debates in India during the struggle for Independence. Considering the abundance of initiatives for Asian unification, and, in a more abstract sense, discourses on Asian identity, what follows here is necessarily a selection of discourses, three of which will be subjected to critical analysis, with the following questions in mind: • What were the concrete motives of regional—in this case Indian—actors to appro- priate the concept of Asianism? Is the popularity of supranational frames of reference solely to be explained as an affirmation of a distinctive identity vis-à-vis the imagined powerful West, or are there other motives to be found? • What were the results of these processes of appropriation, and how were these man- ifested politically and culturally? • What tensions resulted from the simultaneous existence of various nationalisms in Asia on the one hand and macro-nationalistic pan-Asianism on the other? An important theoretical tool in the engagement with Indian Asianisms is provided by Prasenjit Duara, who has analyzed the interrelations between the expansion of anti-colonial nationalism and the transformation of concepts of civilization after the First World War.4 He argues that over the course of the nineteenth century the only accepted criteria for being “civilized” and for re- cognition of national sovereignty as such, had come to consist of the values of Christianity and Enlightenment. “Civilization” (with a capital C) was under- stood to be both singular and universal. In the late 1900s, the rhetoric of an Koschmann, “Asianism’s Ambivalent Legacy,” in P. J. Katzenstein und Takashi Shiraishi, eds., Network Power: Japan and Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); and Peter Duus, “Imperi- alism without Colonies: The Vision of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,” Diplomacy and Statecraft 7, 1 (1996): 54–72. 3 Birendra Prasad, Indian Nationalism and Asia (1900–1947) (Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corpor- ation, 1979); and Stephen Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970). See also: T. A. Keenleyside, “Nationalist Indian Attitudes towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy,” Pacific Affairs 55, 2 (1982): 210–30; and Miroslav Krása, “The Idea of Pan-Asianism and the Nationalist Movement in India,” Archiv Orientálni 40 (1972): 38–60. For the resurgence of Asianist discourses in India since the 1990s, see Christophe Jaffrelot, “India’s Look East Policy: An Asianist Strategy in Perspective,” Indian Review 2, 2 (2003): 35–68. An excellent recent contribution, which unfortunately reached the authors too late for a thorough response, is Mark Frost, “‘That Great Ocean of Idealism’: Calcutta, the Tagore Circle and the Idea of Asia, 1900–1920,” in S. Moorthy and A. Jamal, eds., Indian Ocean Studies: Cultural, Social and Political Perspectives (New York and London: Routledge, 2010), 251–79. 4 Prasenjit Duara, “The Discourse of Civilization and Pan-Asianism,” Journal of World History 12 (2001): 99–130; and Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern (Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003). See also G. W. Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984). Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 30 May 2017 at 13:53:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417511000594 IMAGINING ASIA IN INDIA 67 imperial “civilizing mission” of the West became the single most important legitimation for colonial exploitation.5 However, this changed after the seminal catastrophe of the First World War, and an alternative understanding of civilization in a Spenglerian sense arose6: “An alternative discourse of civi- lization as multiple, spiritual, and moral … that had survived in the penumbra of the singular Civilization, received an important fillip towards the end of the war.… Western Civilization had forfeited the right to represent the highest goals of humanity, and the new national movements sought to turn towards their own civilizational traditions—often reconstructed in the image of Civili- zation—to found the ideals of the new nations and the right to sovereignty.”7 Through these complex interrelations between the postulates of nationalism and the transnational concept of civilization, says Duara, tensions and conflicts of loyalty are inherent in these new civilizational concepts. In addition, Sugata Bose has examined the role of extraterritorial identity and universalist aspiration among the people of the Indian Ocean in the age of global empire.8 He demonstrates that the dreams and goals of the colonized were never fully constrained by the borders of colonial states. Nationalism and universalism, far from being in an adversarial relationship, were bound in a strong symbiotic embrace.9 Anti-colonialism as an ideology was both teth- ered to the idea of homeland and, paradoxically, strengthened by extraterritorial affiliations. This, he maintains, is a powerful political theme, the importance of which has not been grasped by political theorists and historians obsessed with territorial nationalism.10 Using examples such as those of “expatriate patriots,” pilgrimage networks, and Islamic universalism, he demonstrates that there were, in fact, many transterritorial aspects to the “nation in formation.” This view is supported by several other theorists of both internationalism and trans- nationalism, who maintain that these phenomena do transgress but do not 5 See also Jürgen Osterhammel, “The Great Work of Uplifting Mankind: Zivilisierungsmission und Moderne,” in B. Barth and J. Osterhammel, eds., Zivilisierungsmissionen: Imperiale Weltver- besserung seit dem 18. Jahrhundert (Konstanz: UVK, 2005), 335–425; Duncan Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900 (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 2007), 202–6; Michael Mann, “Torchbearers upon the Path of Progress—Britain’s Ideol- ogy of ‘Material and Moral Progress’ in India: An Introductory Essay,” in H. Fischer-Tiné und M. Mann, eds., Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India (London: Anthem Press, 2004), 1–26; Andrew Sartori, “The Resonance of ‘Culture’: Framing a Problem in Global Concept-History,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, 4 (2005): 676–99. 6 Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Welt- geschichte, 2 Bde. (München: C. H. Beck, 1923). See also John Farrenkopf, “Spengler’s Historical Pessimism and the Tragedy of Our Age,” Theory and Society 22, 3 (1993): 391–412. 7 Prasenjit Duara, “The Imperialism of ‘Free Nations’: Japan, Manchukuo, and the History of the Present,” in A. L. Stoler, C. McGranahan, and P. C. Perdue, eds., Imperial Formations (Santa Fe, N. Mex.: School for Advanced Research Press, 2007), 214. 8 S. Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
    CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving the Past, Mobilizing the Indonesian Future Archaeological Sites, Regime Change and Heritage Politics in Indonesia in the 1950S
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 167, no. 4 (2011), pp. 405-436 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-101399 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0006-2294 MARIEKE BLOEMBERGEN AND MARTIJN EICKHOFF Conserving the past, mobilizing the Indonesian future Archaeological sites, regime change and heritage politics in Indonesia in the 1950s Sites were not my problem1 On 20 December 1953, during a festive ceremony with more than a thousand spectators, and with hundreds of children waving their red and white flags, President Soekarno officially inaugurated the temple of Śiwa, the largest tem- ple of the immense Loro Jonggrang complex at Prambanan, near Yogyakarta. This ninth-century Hindu temple complex, which since 1991 has been listed as a world heritage site, was a professional archaeological reconstruction. The method employed for the reconstruction was anastylosis,2 however, when it came to the roof top, a bit of fantasy was also employed. For a long time the site had been not much more than a pile of stones. But now, to a new 1 The historian Sunario, a former Indonesian ambassador to England, in an interview with Jacques Leclerc on 23-10-1974, quoted in Leclerc 2000:43. 2 Anastylosis, first developed in Greece, proceeds on the principle that reconstruction is only possible with the use of original elements, which by three-dimensional deduction on the site have to be replaced in their original position. The Dutch East Indies’ Archaeological Service – which never employed the term – developed this method in an Asian setting by trial and error (for the first time systematically at Candi Panataran in 1917-1918).
    [Show full text]
  • India's Asia Policy: a Late Look East
    ISAS Special Report No. 02 – 25 August 2010 469A Bukit Timah Road #07-01, Tower Block, Singapore 259770 Tel: 6516 6179 / 6516 4239 Fax: 6776 7505 / 6314 5447 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isas.nus.edu.sg India’s Asia Policy: A Late Look East Archana Pandya and David M. Malone1 Abstract Since the early 1990s, under the thrust of its ‘Look East’ policy, India’s ties with its Asian neighbours to the East have expanded significantly. After briefly describing India’s historical connections with East and Southeast Asia and their place in India’s foreign policy thinking until the 1990s, this report details India’s economic, political, geo-strategic, and ‘soft-power’ ties with the region since the end of the Cold War. Although India’s concerted thrust eastward has resulted in a thicker web of interactions, its medium and long-term strategy towards the region and its individual countries remains tentative and is still evolving. Silent competition with China is often present. India has not yet made the best of its soft-power assets in the region and can do much more on this front. Introduction India’s ties with countries in Asia date back many centuries. Indeed, India’s civilisational influence in the region through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism, and later the influence of its Islamic kingdoms and the Mughal Empire have marked many of the nations in the immediate South Asian region and well beyond to the east. During the colonial period, India’s long 1 Ms Archana Pandya is completing her MA in International Affairs, at Carleton University’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Ottawa, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of Lala Har Dayal As an Intellectual and Revolutionary
    CONTRIBUTIONS OF LALA HAR DAYAL AS AN INTELLECTUAL AND REVOLUTIONARY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ^ntiat ai pijtl000pi{g IN }^ ^ HISTORY By MATT GAOR CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2007 ,,» '*^d<*'/. ' ABSTRACT India owes to Lala Har Dayal a great debt of gratitude. What he did intotality to his mother country is yet to be acknowledged properly. The paradox ridden Har Dayal - a moody idealist, intellectual, who felt an almost mystical empathy with the masses in India and America. He kept the National Independence flame burning not only in India but outside too. In 1905 he went to England for Academic pursuits. But after few years he had leave England for his revolutionary activities. He stayed in America and other European countries for 25 years and finally returned to England where he wrote three books. Har Dayal's stature was so great that its very difficult to put him under one mould. He was visionary who all through his life devoted to Boddhi sattava doctrine, rational interpretation of religions and sharing his erudite knowledge for the development of self culture. The proposed thesis seeks to examine the purpose of his returning to intellectual pursuits in England. Simultaneously the thesis also analyses the contemporary relevance of his works which had a common thread of humanism, rationalism and scientific temper. Relevance for his ideas is still alive as it was 50 years ago. He was true a patriotic who dreamed independence for his country. He was pioneer for developing science in laymen and scientific temper among youths.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism in India Lesson
    DC-1 SEM-2 Paper: Nationalism in India Lesson: Beginning of constitutionalism in India Lesson Developer: Anushka Singh Research scholar, Political Science, University of Delhi 1 Institute of Lifelog learning, University of Delhi Content: Introducing the chapter What is the idea of constitutionalism A brief history of the idea in the West and its introduction in the colony The early nationalists and Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 1892 More promises and fewer deliveries: Government of India Acts, 1909 and 1919 Post 1919 developments and India’s first attempt at constitution writing Government of India Act 1935 and the building blocks to a future constitution The road leading to the transfer of power The theory of constitutionalism at work Conclusion 2 Institute of Lifelog learning, University of Delhi Introduction: The idea of constitutionalism is part of the basic idea of liberalism based on the notion of individual’s right to liberty. Along with other liberal notions,constitutionalism also travelled to India through British colonialism. However, on the one hand, the ideology of liberalism guaranteed the liberal rightsbut one the other hand it denied the same basic right to the colony. The justification to why an advanced liberal nation like England must colonize the ‘not yet’ liberal nation like India was also found within the ideology of liberalism itself. The rationale was that British colonialism in India was like a ‘civilization mission’ to train the colony how to tread the path of liberty.1 However, soon the English educated Indian intellectual class realised the gap between the claim that British Rule made and the oppressive and exploitative reality of colonialism.Consequently,there started the movement towards autonomy and self-governance by Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Visiting a Hindu Temple: a Description of a Subjective
    Ciencia Ergo Sum ISSN: 1405-0269 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México Gil-García, J. Ramón; Vasavada, Triparna S. Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 13, núm. 1, marzo-junio, 2006, pp. 81-89 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10413110 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations J. Ramón Gil-García* y Triparna S. Vasavada** Recepción: 14 de julio de 2005 Aceptación: 8 de septiembre de 2005 * Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, Visitando un Templo Hindú: una descripción de la experiencia subjetiva y algunas University at Albany, Universidad Estatal de interpretaciones preliminares Nueva York. Resumen. Académicos de diferentes disciplinas coinciden en que la cultura es un fenómeno Correo electrónico: [email protected] ** Estudiante del Doctorado en Administración complejo y su comprensión requiere de un análisis detallado. La complejidad inherente al y Políticas Públicas en el Rockefeller College of estudio de patrones culturales y otras estructuras sociales no se deriva de su rareza en la Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany, sociedad. De hecho, están contenidas y representadas en eventos y artefactos de la vida cotidiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Greater India Basin Hypothesis and a Two-Stage Cenozoic Collision Between India and Asia
    Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergena,b,1, Peter C. Lippertc,d, Guillaume Dupont-Nivete,f,g, Nadine McQuarrieh, Pavel V. Doubrovinea,b, Wim Spakmani, and Trond H. Torsvika,b,j,k aPhysics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; bCenter for Advanced Study, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, 0271 Oslo, Norway; cDepartment of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; dDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; eGéosciences Rennes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6118, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; fPaleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; gKey Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; hDepartment of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; iDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; jCenter for Geodynamics, Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and kSchool of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Edited by B. Clark Burchfiel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved March 29, 2012 (received for review October 19, 2011) Cenozoic convergence between the Indian and Asian plates pro- (Fig. 2; SI Text) as well as with an abrupt decrease in India–Asia duced the archetypical continental collision zone comprising the convergence rates beginning at 55–50 Ma, as demonstrated by Himalaya mountain belt and the Tibetan Plateau.
    [Show full text]
  • Institute O F Southeast Asian Studies
    Annual Report 2002–03 Institute of Southeast A sian Studies THE INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES WAS ESTABLISHED AS AN AUTONOMOUS ORGANIZATION IN 1968. IT IS A REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE DEDICATED TO THE STUDY OF SOCIO-POLITICAL, SECURITY, AND ECONOMIC TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ITS WIDER GEOSTRATEGIC AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT i PB EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I SEAS is a regional research centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends in Southeast Asia and its wider geo-strategic and economic environment. Within this broad mission framework, ISEAS continued in FY 2002–03 to conduct research and analysis on academic and policy-relevant issues, public outreach activities to promote a better understanding among the public of trends and developments in the region, and networking with scholars and other research institutes. The world, in particular our region, has witnessed dramatic developments over the past few years. These have, as is to be expected, affected the research agenda of ISEAS. While the study of Southeast Asia will continue to be the focus of ISEAS research, there has been an emphasis on new issues such as political Islam, terrorism, and the economic dynamics arising from the fallout from the regional economic crisis and the rise of China. Among the major research projects initiated at the Institute were “Demographic Trends in Indonesia and their Ethnic, Religious and Political Implications”; “Ethnicity, Demography and Political Economy in Malaysia: Current Trends and Future Challenges”; “Corporate Governance in ASEAN”; and “ASEAN Economic Integration”. Also initiated were studies on the ASEAN-China, ASEAN-India, and ASEAN- Japan relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Hinduism and Hindu Philosophy
    Essays on Indian Philosophy UNIVE'aSITY OF HAWAII Uf,FU:{ Essays on Indian Philosophy SHRI KRISHNA SAKSENA UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS HONOLULU 1970 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78·114209 Standard Book Number 87022-726-2 Copyright © 1970 by University of Hawaii Press All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Contents The Story of Indian Philosophy 3 Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy 18 Testimony in Indian Philosophy 24 Hinduism 37 Hinduism and Hindu Philosophy 51 The Jain Religion 54 Some Riddles in the Behavior of Gods and Sages in the Epics and the Puranas 64 Autobiography of a Yogi 71 Jainism 73 Svapramanatva and Svapraka!;>atva: An Inconsistency in Kumarila's Philosophy 77 The Nature of Buddhi according to Sankhya-Yoga 82 The Individual in Social Thought and Practice in India 88 Professor Zaehner and the Comparison of Religions 102 A Comparison between the Eastern and Western Portraits of Man in Our Time 117 Acknowledgments The author wishes to make the following acknowledgments for permission to reprint previously published essays: "The Story of Indian Philosophy," in A History of Philosophical Systems. edited by Vergilius Ferm. New York:The Philosophical Library, 1950. "Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy," previously published as "Are There Any Basic Tenets of Indian Philosophy?" in The Philosophical Quarterly. "Testimony in Indian Philosophy," previously published as "Authority in Indian Philosophy," in Ph ilosophyEast and West. vo!.l,no. 3 (October 1951). "Hinduism," in Studium Generale. no. 10 (1962). "The Jain Religion," previously published as "Jainism," in Religion in the Twentieth Century. edited by Vergilius Ferm.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Asianism: Rabindranath Tagore, Subhas Chandra Bose and Japan’S Imperial Quest
    Karatoya: NBU J. Hist. Vol. 11 ISSN: 2229-4880 Pan-Asianism: Rabindranath Tagore, Subhas Chandra Bose and Japan’s Imperial Quest Mary L. Hanneman 1 Abstract Bengali intellectuals, nationalists and independence activists played a prominent role in the Indian independence movement; many shared connections with Japan. This article examines nationalism in the Indian independence movement through the lens of Bengali interaction with Japanese Pan-Asianism, focusing on the contrasting responses of Rabindranath Tagore and Subhas Chandra Bose to Japan’s Pan-Asianist claims . Key Words Japan; Pan-Asianism; Rabindranath Tagore; Subhas Chandra Bose; Imperialism; Nationalism; Bengali Intellectuals. Introduction As Japan pursued military expansion in East Asia in the 1930s and early 1940s, it developed a Pan-Asianist narrative to support its essentially nationalist ambitions in a quest to create an “Asia for the Asiatics,” and to unite all of Asia under “one roof”. Because it was backed by military aggression and brutal colonial policies, this Pan- Asianist narrative failed to win supporters in East Asia, and instead inspired anti- Japanese nationalists throughout China, Korea, Vietnam and other areas subject to Japanese military conquest. The Indian situation, for various reasons which we will explore, offered conditions quite different from those prevailing elsewhere in Asia writ large, and as a result, Japan and Indian enjoy closer and more cordial relationship during WWII and its preceding decades, which included links between Japanese nationalist thought and the Indian independence movement. 1 Phd, Modern East Asian History, University of Washington, Tacoma, Fulbright –Nehru Visiting Scholar February-May 2019, Department of History, University of North Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Address by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee to Members of Both Houses of Parliament
    ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA, SHRI PRANAB MUKHERJEE TO MEMBERS OF BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT January 31, 2017 Central Hall, Parliament House Honourable Members, 1. In this Basant season of renewal and resurgence, I welcome you all to this Joint Session of both Houses of Parliament. This is a historic session heralding the advancement of the Budget cycle and merger of the Railway Budget with the General Budget for the first time in independent India. We gather once again to celebrate democracy, a cherished value and culture that has prospered throughout the long history of our nation. Indeed, a culture that guides my government towards Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas. 2. The ideal of saha na vavatu, saha nau bhunaktu - May we be protected together and blessed together with bliss - has inspired our civilisation from time immemorial. This year marks the 350th birth anniversary of the great Sikh Guru - Guru Gobind Singhji. We are also observing the one thousandth birth anniversary of the great saint-philosopher Ramanujacharya. The luminous path of social transformation and reform shown by them serves as a beacon for all, and is an inspiration to my government. Page 1 of 27 3. This year marks the Centenary year of Champaran Satyagraha, which gave a new direction to our freedom struggle and channelised janashakti in the fight against colonial power. Mahatma Gandhi's ideals of Satyagraha instilled in every Indian an indomitable self-belief, and spirit of sacrifice for the larger good. This janashakti is today our greatest strength. 4. The resilience and forbearance demonstrated by our countrymen, particularly the poor, recently in the fight against black money and corruption, is remarkable.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the History of Ancient India: the Need for a New Vision – G
    Gérard FUSSMAN revisiting the history ofthe ancientneed for a new india vision seventeenth gonda lecture royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences revisiting the history of ancient india: the need for a new vision – g. fussman Ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues, I consider it a great – and unexpected – honour to have been asked to deliver the 17th Gonda Lecture, funded by one of the main 20th c. Indian scholars, a great specialist of Vedic and Sanskrit literature, which I am not, a very good exponent of Hindu religions, which are not my preferred subject, the more so in a country which has trained so many first-class young scholars that it is forced to export them abroad for the great benefit of those countries wise enough to give them a position. In these circumstances, the safest for me is to avoid the intricacies of Sanskrit philology and literature and talk mainly about what I feel ablest to teach, i-e Indian history. It is exactly what I tried to do 25 years ago, when I was elected at a chair in College de France which up to that time was called ‘langues et littératures sanskrites’, a name which I changed, as it was my privilege, into ‘Histoire du monde indien’, i.e. in Anglo- Indian ‘History of India and Greater India.’ The innovation was mainly in the name and in the limitations, if I dare say so, I pretended to respect, which of course I did not do. Indeed, I was trying to follow the example of Sylvain Lévi and Jean Filliozat who, in the same institution, did not hesitate to behave as true and good historians and who taught, like Hendriks Kern and Jan Gonda, that India extends much farther than the frontiers of British India and much beyond the areas where Sanskrit had been an indigenous language.
    [Show full text]