DOCSLIB.ORG

Crimes of War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crimes of War A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION CRIMES OF WAR A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they con- front in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at http:// www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2014 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. ISBN-13: 978-1-940457-05-5 ISBN-10: 1-940457-05-X ABOUT FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES Facing History and Ourselves is a global nonprofit organization founded in 1976 by educators who wanted to develop a more effective and rewarding way to engage students. We’re guided by the belief that the lifeblood of democracy is the ability of every rising generation to be active, responsible decision makers who’ve learned to value compassion as much as reason. By integrating the study of history and literature with ethical decision mak- ing, innovative teaching strategies, and extraordinary resources, professional development opportunities, and coaching, our program enables second- ary school teachers to promote students’ historical understanding, critical thinking, and social and emotional learning, and to facilitate transformative dialogue in their classrooms. From the failure of democracy in Germany and the events leading to the Holocaust, to struggles for civil rights from the United States to South Africa, we trust students to wrestle with complex moments in human his- tory, and work to help them understand the range of human behavior. We encourage students to reflect on the choices they confront in their own lives, and to consider how they can make a difference today. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Primary Writer: Fran Sterling The publication of The Nanjing Atrocities: Crimes of War has been an extraordinarily collaborative effort within Facing History and Ourselves. We extend our deepest gratitude to all who contributed to the development of this resource. In particular we would like to thank Anla Cheng, Chair of the Facing History and Ourselves China Project, Cecilia Chan, Michelle Koo, Hui Li, Alice Mong, Tracy Palandjian, Florence Sloan, Michael Tse, Charlene Wang, Shirley Wang, members of the China Project, and China Overseas Holdings Limited for their vision, generous support and ongoing commitment to share the history of the Nanjing Atrocities in classrooms around the world. While writing this resource, Facing History and Ourselves greatly benefit- ed from the historical scholarship, guidance, and friendship of Joshua A. Fogel, Canada Research Chair and Professor of Chinese History. We would also like to thank Professor Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi of York University in Toronto, Professor Rana Mitter of Oxford University and Fan Ho of Nanjing University for their editorial support and scholarly contributions. We want to extend our gratitude to former Nuremberg prosecutor Ben Ferencz for his long time friendship and for his personal and insightful foreword to this resource. Thank you to author Gish Jen for her honest conversations on the role of culture and identity and to Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Luis Moreno Ocampo who greatly in- formed our understanding of the Tokyo Trials and their legacy today. Special thanks are extended to many scholars who generously contributed their expertise throughout the writing of this resource. These include Director Zhu Chengshan of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Museum, Steven Ting and Professor Liu Haiping, Chair of the Dept. of Foreign Studies at Nanjing University, Professor Su, Shanghai Normal University, Professor Richard Wasserstrom, University of California, Davis, Professor Frank Dikköter, University of Hong Kong, Professor Zhang, Nanjing University, Professor Zhang Lianhong, Nanjing Normal University and Professor Margaret Wells, University of Toronto. This resource would not have been lifted off the ground without the many contributions of several research interns who provided invaluable support to the publication: Shira Bartov, who greatly enhanced the section on the Nanjing Safety Zone, and Jason Kingdon and Jackson Tse, who researched and located essential documents during the early stages of this project. Special thanks go to Judy Katz and Grant Rhodes, John Zeljo from Teaching East Asia at the University of Colorado, and Karen Jungblut from the Shoah Visual History Foundation for their valuable insights, scholarship and con- tributions to the final resource book. Lastly, Facing History and Ourselves would like to acknowledge and express its gratitude to the tremendous effort of the staff who dedicat- ed their time and expertise in order to support the research, writing, and publication of this text. First, to Adam Strom, who read every word of the book many times and was a genuine partner from the very beginning of the book’s inception to its end. To the editorial team of Dimitry Anselme, Juan Castellanos, Karen Murphy, Marty Sleeper, Marc Skvirsky, and Margot Stern Strom: the book greatly benefited from your constructive criticism, contributions, and guidance along the way. A great deal of gratitude is ex- tended to Pam Haas, Erin Lee, Ellen Lempereur-Greaves, Kathleen Shugrue, and Brooke Harvey for their project leadership and organization of the overall project. Catherine O’Keefe, Samantha Landry, Ariel Perry, and our various editorial and design consultants graciously turned the page into a visually engaging resource for print and digital formats. Erin Kernen ensured that all licensing was intact. Tracy O’Brien provided ongoing research and publication support throughout the entire length of the project. Our com- munications team, led by Anne Burt, spread the word about the importance of this publication. We would also like to acknowledge the work of Wilkie Cook, Alexia Prichard, and Rob Tokanel as they developed the website and companion videos to accompany the book. FOREWORD BY BENJAMIN B. FERENCZ 1 INTRODUCTION 4 CHAPTER 1: IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND CULTURE 13 Introduction 14 Reading 1 Connecting to Our Past 16 Reading 2 To Carry History 18 Reading 3 Culture and Identity: East and West 20 Reading 4 Women, Tradition, and Social Custom 23 Reading 5 Honor 26 Reading 6 Learning About Difference 30 Reading 7 Coming of Age during War 34 CHAPTER 2: EMERGING NATIONS: 1868–1911 37 Introduction 38 Reading 1 Meiji Period in Japan 43 Reading 2 Shinto and Japanese Nationalism 49 Reading 3 Education and Nation Building in Japan 51 Reading 4 Seeds of Unrest: The Taiping Movement 55 Reading 5 Self-Strengthening Movement in China 59 Reading 6 Reforms 60 Reading 7 Rebels: The Boxer Rebellion 62 Reading 8 The Birth of the First Chinese Republic 65 Reading 9 An End of Two Millennia 67 Primary Sources: 72 (1) The Treaty of Nanking (summary); (2) The Boxer Protocol (summary); (3) Pamphlet, The Revolutionary Army (1903) (excerpt); (4) Newspaper Article Reporting on the Proclamation of the First Chinese Republic; (5) Edict of Abdication; (6) The Articles of Favorable Treatment [of the Great Qing Emperor After His Abdication] Map: Spheres of Influence (1850–1914) 81 CHAPTER 3: PRELUDE TO WAR: 1911–1931 83 Introduction 84 Reading 1 Expressions of Imperialism 90 Reading 2 Competition for the Region: The Russo-Japanese War 94 Reading 3 New Ways of Thinking: Racial Purity 96 Reading 4 Taisho Democracy in Japan: 1912–1926 98 Reading 5 Strengthening the Japanese Nation 102 Reading 6 First Decades of the Chinese Republic: 1911–1931 105 Reading 7 Internal Strife in China 108 Reading 8 Exclusion and Humiliation 111 Reading 9 Restoring the Status of Asia 115 Reading 10 Japan’s Expansion into Manchuria 118 Reading 11 Preparing for War: Alliances with Germany 122 Reading 12 Political Conflicts within China 126 Reading 13 The Road to War 127 Primary Sources: 132 (1) Treaty of Shimonoseki/Treaty of Maguan (excerpt); (2) National Anthem Kimagayo—Japan’s National Anthem; (3) Newspaper Article “Rich Land is Goal for Japanese Army”; (4) Excerpts of the Covenant of the League of Nations; (5) A Case for Japanese Expansion (close reading) Map Japanese Empire Building (1870–1942) 143 CHAPTER 4: THE NANJING ATROCITIES 145 Introduction 146 Reading 1 The Coming of War and Terror to Nanjing 152 Reading 2 December 13, 1937 154 Reading 3 A Failure of Leadership 158 Reading 4 Frontline Headlines 160 Reading 5 Wartime Stories 165 Reading 6 Voices of Soldiers 167 Reading 7 “I Will Never Forget”: Voices of Survivors 172 Reading 8 Hell on Earth: George Fitch 179 Reading 9 Politics and the Atrocities 183 Reading 10 Women in War 186 Reading 11 The Conduct of Soldiers 189 Reading 12 Prisoners of War in Nanjing 191 Reading 13 Living Under the Occupation 196 Reading 14 Chinese Resistance 200 Primary Sources: 204 (1) Song, “Eight Hundred Heroes”; (2) Secondary Source from Scholar—Dissenting Opinion of Radhabinod Pal (close reading); (3) Photograph, “100-Man Killing Contest”; (4) Eye- Witness Tells of Horror Seen in the Fall of Nanjing CHAPTER 5: RESCUE AND RESISTANCE IN NANJING 211 Introduction 213 Map Nanjing and its Safety Zone (1937–1939)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
    [Show full text]
  • Myth, Metatext, Continuity and Cataclysm in Dc Comics’ Crisis on Infinite Earths
    WORLDS WILL LIVE, WORLDS WILL DIE: MYTH, METATEXT, CONTINUITY AND CATACLYSM IN DC COMICS’ CRISIS ON INFINITE EARTHS Adam C. Murdough A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2006 Committee: Angela Nelson, Advisor Marilyn Motz Jeremy Wallach ii ABSTRACT Angela Nelson, Advisor In 1985-86, DC Comics launched an extensive campaign to revamp and revise its most important superhero characters for a new era. In many cases, this involved streamlining, retouching, or completely overhauling the characters’ fictional back-stories, while similarly renovating the shared fictional context in which their adventures take place, “the DC Universe.” To accomplish this act of revisionist history, DC resorted to a text-based performative gesture, Crisis on Infinite Earths. This thesis analyzes the impact of this singular text and the phenomena it inspired on the comic-book industry and the DC Comics fan community. The first chapter explains the nature and importance of the convention of “continuity” (i.e., intertextual diegetic storytelling, unfolding progressively over time) in superhero comics, identifying superhero fans’ attachment to continuity as a source of reading pleasure and cultural expressivity as the key factor informing the creation of the Crisis on Infinite Earths text. The second chapter consists of an eschatological reading of the text itself, in which it is argued that Crisis on Infinite Earths combines self-reflexive metafiction with the ideologically inflected symbolic language of apocalypse myth to provide DC Comics fans with a textual "rite of transition," to win their acceptance for DC’s mid-1980s project of self- rehistoricization and renewal.
    [Show full text]
  • On Celestial Wings / Edgar D
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitcomb. Edgar D. On Celestial Wings / Edgar D. Whitcomb. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. United States. Army Air Forces-History-World War, 1939-1945. 2. Flight navigators- United States-Biography. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Pacific Area. 4. World War, 1939-1945-Personal narratives, American. I. Title. D790.W415 1996 940.54’4973-dc20 95-43048 CIP ISBN 1-58566-003-5 First Printing November 1995 Second Printing June 1998 Third Printing December 1999 Fourth Printing May 2000 Fifth Printing August 2001 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. Digitize February 2003 from August 2001 Fifth Printing NOTE: Pagination changed. ii This book is dedicated to Charlie Contents Page Disclaimer........................................................................................................................... ii Foreword............................................................................................................................ vi About the author ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Germany, International Justice and the 20Th Century
    Paul Betts Dept .of History University of Sussex NOT TO BE QUOTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR: DRAFT VERSION: THE FINAL DRAFT OF THIS ESSAY WILL APPEAR IN A SPECIAL ISSUE OF HISTORY AND MEMORY IN APRIL, 2005, ED. ALON CONFINO Germany, International Justice and the 20th Century The turning of the millennium has predictably spurred fresh interest in reinterpreting the 20th century as a whole. Recent years have witnessed a bountiful crop of academic surveys, mass market picture books and television programs devoted to recalling the deeds and misdeeds of the last one hundred years. It then comes as no surprise that Germany often figures prominently in these new accounts. If nothing else, its responsibility for World War I, World War II and the Holocaust assures its villainous presence in most every retrospective on offer. That Germany alone experienced all of the modern forms of government in one compressed century – from constitutional monarchy, democratic socialism, fascism, Western liberalism to Soviet-style communism -- has also made it a favorite object lesson about the so-called Age of Extremes. Moreover, the enduring international influence of Weimar culture, feminism and the women’s movement, social democracy, post-1945 economic recovery, West German liberalism, environmental politics and most recently pacifism have also occasioned serious reconsideration of the contemporary relevance of the 20th century German past. Little wonder that several commentators have gone so far as to christen the “short twentieth century” between 1914 and 1989 as really the “German century,” to the extent that German history is commonly held as emblematic of Europe’s 20th century more generally.1 Acknowledging Germany’s central role in 20th century life has hardly made things easy for historians, however.
    [Show full text]
  • The Media World After Wikileaks and News of the World Salle IV, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris 16-17 February 2012
    The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World Salle IV, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris 16-17 February 2012 Organizers: World Press Freedom Committee, in cooperation with the UNESCO Communication & Information Sector. Co-sponsors: the World Association of Newspapers & News Publishers (WAN-IFRA), World Editors Forum and the International Press Institute. With the support of: JP-Politiken Publishing Group (Copenhagen, Denmark); Open Society Foundation’s Network Media Program (London, UK) and Nicholas B. Ottaway Foundation (New York, USA). Background With a stunning 2 billion persons estimated to be using the Internet and producing 156 million public blogs in 2011, there has been a surge of social networks, user-generated content and micro-blogging that has enabled all Internet users to become public communicators. Along with the spread of the Internet, WikiLeaks' release of a massive number of classified government documents and its initial collaboration with traditional news media has modified the media landscape and raised crucial questions for journalism. Following a conference organized by the World Press Freedom Committee (WPFC) and the World Association of Newspapers & News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) at UNESCO HQ on “New Media: The Press Freedom Dimension” in February 2007, there is a need to explore further the future of traditional media and professional journalism -with their established practices, traditions and standards- as challenged by emergence of new actors and approaches like WikiLeaks. Objectives The WikiLeaks episode raised
    [Show full text]
  • Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1
    Honolulu Advertiser & Star-Bulletin Obituaries January 1 - December 31, 1995 M Paul Lawrence Madison Jr. , a jazz tenor saxophonist who played with such greats as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, died Jan. 22, 1995 at his Wahiawa home. He was 64. Madison was born Nov. 11, 1930 in Hutchinson, KA. His father was a musician and he received his first saxophone – a toy one – at age 3. Two years later he got a real one. By the time he was 15, Madison was heading up his own band. Among his musical associates were some of the greatest names in jazz. They included bassist Charles Mingus, Nat King Cole, guitarist Joe Comfort and pianist Art Tatum. “And of course Charlie Parker was his mentor,” said Madison’s wife, Classie. “He sort of sat at his knee and learned from him.” “From Gillespie, she said, Madison learned more than just blow.” He had a feel for quality and that’s what he tried to do in his music.Madison came to Hawaii in 1963 with a band, Classie said, and “stayed because he met me.” She was living in Haleiwa she said and was introduced to Madison by a close friend. They married on Jan. 19, 1965 and celebrated their 30th wedding anniversary a few days before Madison’s death. In Hawaii, Madison started a roofing business, but he condinued playing as often as possible. He played with the Doug McDonald Trio at the Ilikai Hotel and various other hotels, clubs and restaurants, including the Sheraton Waikiki’s Hanohano room. He once recorded a cassette with McDonald.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History Interview with Roy Emerson Stryker, 1963-1965
    Oral history interview with Roy Emerson Stryker, 1963-1965 Funding for the digital preservation of this interview was provided by a grant from the Save America's Treasures Program of the National Park Service. Contact Information Reference Department Archives of American Art Smithsonian Institution Washington. D.C. 20560 www.aaa.si.edu/askus Transcript Preface The following oral history transcript is the result of a tape-recorded interview with Roy Stryker on October 17, 1963. The interview took place in Montrose, Colorado, and was conducted by Richard Doud for the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Interview Side 1 RICHARD DOUD: Mr. Stryker, we were discussing Tugwell and the organization of the FSA Photography Project. Would you care to go into a little detail on what Tugwell had in mind with this thing? ROY STRYKER: First, I think I'll have to raise a certain question about your emphasis on the word "Photography Project." During the course of the morning I gave you a copy of my job description. It might be interesting to refer back to it before we get through. RICHARD DOUD: Very well. ROY STRYKER: I was Chief of the Historical Section, in the Division of Information. My job was to collect documents and materials that might have some bearing, later, on the history of the Farm Security Administration. I don't want to say that photography wasn't conceived and thought of by Mr. Tugwell, because my backround -- as we'll have reason to talk about later -- and my work at Columbia was very heavily involved in the visual.
    [Show full text]
  • Macarthur, DOUGLAS: Papers, 1930-41
    DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS MacARTHUR, DOUGLAS: Papers, 1930-41 Accession: 03-17 Processed by: TB Date Completed: June 24, 2003 The microfilm copy of the papers of Douglas MacArthur, 1935-41 were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Archives and Library in June, 2003. Approximate number of items: 3 reels of microfilm The original documents remain with the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Archives and Library of Norfolk, Virginia as RG-1 Records of the U.S. Military Advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth, 1935-1941. Researchers should contact that repository directly regarding copyright restrictions. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE This collection consists of microfilm copies of correspondence, orders, speeches, reports, newspaper clippings and other printed material relating to MacArthur’s work as military adviser to the Philippine Commonwealth during 1935-41. This collection contains materials relating to the creation of a Philippine Army, Philippine Defense, Philippine politics, and general correspondence with MacArthur’s contemporaries. This collection is described at the document or case file level; each folder description contains many individual entries. Reels 1 and 2 contain documents within the MacArthur papers; some of these letters and telegrams are authenticated copies, and not originals. Reel 3 contains photocopies of selected documents from the Official Military Personnel File of Douglas MacArthur, also known as a “201” file. The original documents currently are held by the National Archives and Records Administration at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri, but the documents contained in this microfilm were copied when the file was housed at the Washington National Record Center in Suitland, Maryland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific War As Total War
    [Chairman’s Summary] The Pacific War as Total War Junichiro Shoji The Forum of this fiscal year is the fifth project on the Pacific War starting from FY2007 and its theme was set as the “Pacific War as Total War”. In this year, the word called “post disaster” was born instead of “postwar” because of the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011. This shows that the great earthquake had a considerable impact on the Japanese society and it is still in our mind. On the other hand, this year is the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of the Pacific War and the 150th anniversary of the U.S. Civil War that occurred in the U.S. mainland and caused a total of about 600,000 deaths from the two armies. This war is said to be a precedent of total war. Nowadays the word “total war” is used vaguely without careful consideration in many cases, and it is occasionally used as a pronoun that means “put all efforts”. For example, a commentator described the championship game between Japanese team and the U.S. team in the FIFAWomen’s World Cup as the “total war”. A person who introduced the concept of “total war” for the first time in the history is French politician Leon Daudet. He published La guerre totale (The Total War) in 1918 based on the lessons learnt from the battle with Germany in the First World War. In the background, there was recognition that World War I was a totally different type of war from traditional wars in which only armies participated.
    [Show full text]
  • History of China and Japan from 1900To 1976 Ad 18Bhi63c
    HISTORY OF CHINA AND JAPAN FROM 1900TO 1976 A.D 18BHI63C (UNIT II) V.VIJAYAKUMAR 9025570709 III B A HISTORY - VI SEMESTER Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (Chinese: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty, becoming the Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916). He tried to save the dynasty with a number of modernization projects including bureaucratic, fiscal, judicial, educational, and other reforms, despite playing a key part in the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform. He established the first modern army and a more efficient provincial government in North China in the last years of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the last monarch of the Qing dynasty, in 1912. Through negotiation, he became the first President of the Republic of China in 1912.[1] This army and bureaucratic control were the foundation of his autocratic. He was frustrated in a short-lived attempt to restore hereditary monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor (Chinese: 洪憲皇帝). His death shortly after his abdication led to the fragmentation of the Chinese political system and the end of the Beiyang government as China's central authority. On 16 September 1859, Yuan was born as Yuan Shikai in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, China. The Yuan clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend against bandits. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; lit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan
    W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2010 Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan Jordan Dickson College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Dickson, Jordan, "Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan" (2010). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 752. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/752 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Politics Shifts Right: The Rise of Nationalism in Millennial Japan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelors of Arts in Global Studies from The College of William and Mary by Jordan Dickson Accepted for High Honors Professor Rachel DiNitto, Director Professor Hiroshi Kitamura Professor Eric Han 1 Introduction In the 1990s, Japan experienced a series of devastating internal political, economic and social problems that changed the landscape irrevocably. A sense of national panic and crisis was ignited in 1995 when Japan experienced the Great Hanshin earthquake and the Aum Shinrikyō attack, the notorious sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway. These disasters came on the heels of economic collapse, and the nation seemed to be falling into a downward spiral. The Japanese lamented the decline of traditional values, social hegemony, political awareness and engagement.
    [Show full text]