Remembering the First Crusade
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God and Moral Humans in Leviathan, Book
God and the moral beings –A contextual study of Thomas Hobbes’s third book in Leviathan Samuel Andersson Extended Essay C, Spring Term 2007 Department of History of Science and Ideas Uppsala University Abstract Samuel Andersson, God and the moral beings –A contextual study of Thomas Hobbes’s third book in Leviathan. Uppsala University: Department of History of Science and Ideas, Extended Essay C, Spring Term, 2007. The question this essay sets out to answer is what role God plays in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan, in the book “Of a Christian Common-wealth”, in relationship to humans as moral beings. The question is relevant as the religious aspects of Hobbes’s thinking cannot be ignored, although Hobbes most likely had rather secular and sceptical philosophical views. In order to answer the research question Leviathan’s “Of a Christian Common-wealth” will be compared and contrasted with two contextual works: the canonical theological document of the Anglican Church, the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571), and Presbyterian-Anglican document the Westminster Confession (1648). Also, recent scholarly works on Hobbes and more general reference works will be employed and discussed. Hobbes’s views provide a seemingly unsolvable paradox. On the one hand, God is either portrayed, or becomes by consequence of his sceptical and secular state thinking, a distant God in relationship to moral humans in “Of a Christian Common-wealth”. Also, the freedom humans seem to have in making their own moral decisions, whether based on natural and divine, or positive laws, appears to obscure God’s almightiness. On the other hand, when placing Hobbes in context, Hobbes appears to have espoused Calvinist views, with beliefs in predestination and that God is the cause of everything. -
Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, and Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien De Troyes’S Cligés
Otterbein University Digital Commons @ Otterbein Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship Modern Languages & Cultures 2013 The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés Levilson C. Reis Otterbein University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.otterbein.edu/mlanguages_fac Part of the French and Francophone Literature Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, and the Modern Languages Commons Repository Citation Reis, Levilson C., "The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross-Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés" (2013). Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship. 14. https://digitalcommons.otterbein.edu/mlanguages_fac/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages & Cultures at Digital Commons @ Otterbein. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Languages & Cultures Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Otterbein. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Romanische Forschungen , 125 (3), 2013 The “Other” Medieval Alexander The »Other« Medieval French Alexander: Arthurian Orientalism, Cross- Cultural Contact, And Transcultural Assimilation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés Résumé/Abstract En tenant compte du climat xénophobe des croisades cet article recense la réception de Cligés , roman de Chrétien de Troyes dont la plus grande partie de l’action se passe en Grèce, et explore les stratégies dont l’auteur se serait servi pour en déjouer un mauvais accueil. On examine d’abord les idées que les Francs se faisaient des Grecs par le biais de la réception contemporaine de l’ Énéide et du Roman d’Alexandre . On examine par la suite comment Cligés cadre avec ces perspectives. -
Was There a Custom of Distributing the Booty in the Crusades of the Thirteenth Century?
Benjámin Borbás WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? MA Thesis in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies Central European University Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2019 WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, -
The Crusades: 1
17/06/2020 THE CRUSADES: 1. AN ALTERNATE VIEW. U3A Stonnington. 17th JUNE 2020. (Albert Isaacs) INTRODUCTION: An 1850 painting by A MODERN PERSPECTIVE ON J. J. Dassy, depicting the Siege of Antioch, THE CRUSADES. during the First Crusade, 1095. 1 2 WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? According to the Oxford Dictionary, the first definition of the word “crusader” Today, most people only know of the Crusades fought in the Middle East (and is: a fighter in the medieval Crusades. The Oxford Dictionary’s second in Europe by Crusaders on their way to the Middle East). However, there definition is: a person who campaigns vigorously for political, social, or were Crusades prior to 1095, the time of the First Crusade in the Levant. religious change; a campaigner. By the 20th century, the second definition was the commonly accepted meaning, and many people using the word Any battle designed to convert so-called heathens to Christianity was usually didn’t give a thought to the word’s derivation in conflict. described as a Crusade and, as we’ll discuss later, there were many such fights in Europe prior to 1095. Even so, this presentation will mainly concentrate on In September 2001, just after 9/11 and on the eve of the Second Iraqi War, the Middle East. President George W. Bush declared: “a crusade against terrorism”. Most European encounters continued after the last battles in the Holy Land had commentators believe that President concluded. In fact, it could be argued that the Inquisitions, established by the Bush naively meant this within the Catholic Church in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, etc., were really continuations of context of the second definition of the the Crusades (). -
INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aiy type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photogrq>hs, print bleedthrou^ substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogr£q)hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aiy photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ivll 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9517109 Unofficial histories of France in the late Middle Ages. (Volumes I and n) Zale, Sanford C., Ph.D. -
Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman Times, Many People – Not Just Rich Kings and Bishops
THE CRUSADES: A FIGHT IN THE NAME OF GOD. Timeline: The First Crusade, 1095-1101; The Second Crusade, 1145-47; The Third Crusade, 1188-92; The Fourth Crusade, 1204; The Fifth Crusade, 1217; The Sixth Crusade, 1228-29, 1239; The Seventh Crusade, 1249-52; The Eighth Crusade, 1270. Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman times, many people – not just rich kings and bishops - went to the Holy Land on a Pilgrimage, despite the long and dangerous journey – which often took seven or eight years! When the Turks conquered the Middle East this was seen as a major threat to Christians. [a] Motives for the Crusades. 1095, Pope Urban II. An accursed race has violently invaded the lands of the Christians. They have destroyed the churches of God or taken them for their own religion. Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, subject to those who do not know God – the worship of the heathen….. He who makes this holy pilgrimage shall wear the sign of the cross of the Lord on his forehead or on his breast….. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned….let those who have been fighting against their own brothers now fight lawfully against the barbarians…. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1098. My dear wife, I now have twice as much silver, gold and other riches as I had when I set off on this crusade…….. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1190. Alas, my darling! It breaks my heart to leave you, but I must go to the Holy land. -
“Liberated by God's Grace”
“LIBERATED BY GOD’S GRACE” Assembly Report LWF Twelfth Assembly, Windhoek, Namibia, 10–16 May 2017 “Liberated by God’s Grace” Assembly Report ASSEMBLY REPORT © The Lutheran World Federation, 2017 Published by The Lutheran World Federation – A Communion of Churches Route de Ferney 150 P. O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Design: Edwin Hassink/Brandious Concept, editing, translation, revision, layout and photo research: LWF Office for Communication Services, Department for Theology and Public Witness and Department for Planning and Operations ISBN 978-2-940459-74-2 2 LWF Twelfth Assembly Contents Foreword ...........................................................................................................................4 Address of the President .....................................................................................................6 Report of the General Secretary ........................................................................................20 Report of the Chairperson of the Finance Committee ..........................................................38 Liberated by God’s Grace – Keynote Address .....................................................................48 Message ..........................................................................................................................56 Public Statements and Resolutions ...................................................................................64 Salvation—Not for Sale .....................................................................................................86 -
THE CRUSADES Toward the End of the 11Th Century
THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CRUSADES Toward the end of the 11th century (1000’s A.D), the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land!!! Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.) ‘Papal’ = Relating to The Catholic Pope (Catholic Pope Pictured Left <<<) The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century (1400’s A.D). No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. They did make ordinary Catholics across Christendom feel like they had a common purpose, and they inspired waves of religious enthusiasm among people who might otherwise have felt alienated from the official Church. They also exposed Crusaders to Islamic literature, science and technology–exposure that would have a lasting effect on European intellectual life. GET THE INFIDELS (Non-Muslims)!!!! >>>> <<<“GET THE MUSLIMS!!!!” Muslims From The Middle East VS, European Christians WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa. -
THE LOGISTICS of the FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wester
FEEDING VICTORY: THE LOGISTICS OF THE FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 A Thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By William Donald O’Dell, Jr. Director: Dr. Vicki Szabo Associate Professor of Ancient and Medieval History History Department Committee Members: Dr. David Dorondo, History Dr. Robert Ferguson, History October, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members and director for their assistance and encouragements. In particular, Dr. Vicki Szabo, without whose guidance and feedback this thesis would not exist, Dr. David Dorondo, whose guidance on the roles of logistics in cavalry warfare have helped shaped this thesis’ handling of such considerations and Dr. Robert Ferguson whose advice and recommendations for environmental historiography helped shaped my understanding on how such considerations influence every aspect of history, especially military logistics. I also offer my warmest regards and thanks to my parents, brothers, and extended family for their continued support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 -
Love of God Or Hatred of Your Enemy? the Emotional Voices of the Crusades O Amor De Deus Ou O Ódio Ao Seu Inimigo? As Vozes Emocionais Das Cruzadas Sophia MENACHE 1
BLASCO VALLÈS, Almudena, e COSTA, Ricardo da (coord.). Mirabilia 10 A Idade Média e as Cruzadas La Edad Media y las Cruzadas – The Middle Ages and the Crusades Jan-Jun 2010/ISSN 1676-5818 Love of God or Hatred of Your Enemy? The Emotional Voices of the Crusades O amor de Deus ou o ódio ao seu inimigo? As vozes emocionais das Cruzadas Sophia MENACHE 1 Abstract : The present paper attempts to investigate three cornerstones of the history of the early crusades from a wider range of emotions while focusing on [1] the call to the crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem, [2] the fall of Edessa and, subsequently, the Second Crusade and its outcomes, and [3] the Christian defeat at the Horns of Hattin. Less than a century before the crusades, different groups in Christian society had been the target of the same pejorative emotions that were later used to denounce and reproach the Moslems. These terms should therefore be seen and analyzed, not to produce a superficial moral reading of the vilification of the Moslems, but as an essential part of the thesaurus in which Christian society analyzed itself. In fact, the use of the same Augustinian emotional index transforms negative attitudes toward the Moslems into an act of inverted inclusion of the Moslems within the Christian sphere; in other words, using illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion means that within its inner discourse, Christian society defeated the Moslems symbolically, independently of the real outcome on the battlefield. The transformation of the crusaders from Westerners into Easterners in Fulcher’s eschatology (note 45) is a conscious practice of erasing the “other” by expropriating its identity. -
Epistle Dedicatory
EPISTLE DEDICATORY TO THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY PRINCE JAMES BY THE GRACE OF GOD KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, There are infinite arguments of this right Christian AND IRELAND and religious affection in Your Majesty; but none is DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c. more forcible to declare it to others than the ve- hement and perpetuated desire of accomplishing The Translators of the Bible wish Grace, Mercy, and publishing of this work, which now with all and Peace through JESUS CHRIST our Lord humility we present unto Your Majesty. For when Great and manifold were the blessings, most dread Your Highness had once out of deep judgment ap- Sovereign, which Almighty God, the Father of all prehended how convenient it was, that out of the mercies, bestowed upon us the people of England, Original Sacred Tongues, together with comparing when first he sent Your Majesty’s Royal Person to of the labours, both in our own, and other foreign rule and reign over us. For whereas it was the ex- Languages, of many worthy men who went before pectation of many, who wished not well unto our us, there should be one more exact Translation of Sion, that upon the setting of that bright Occidental the holy Scriptures into the English Tongue; Your Star, Queen Elizabeth of most happy memory, some Majesty did never desist to urge and to excite those thick and palpable clouds of darkness would so have to whom it was commended, that the work might be overshadowed this Land, that men should have been hastened, and that the business might be expedited in doubt which way they were to walk; and that in so decent a manner, as a matter of such impor- it should hardly be known, who was to direct the tance might justly require. -
La Recepción De La Obra De Vicente De Beauvais En España
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Dehesa. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Extremadura CAURIENSIA, Vol. IX (2014) 375-405, ISSN: 1886-4945 375 LA RECEPCIÓN DE LA OBRA DE VICENTE DE BEAUVAIS EN ESPAÑA FRANCISCO JAVIER VERGARA CIORDIA Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) BEATRIZ COMELLA GUTIÉRREZ Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) RESUMEN Parece que la biografía y amplia obra del dominico francés Vicente de Beauvais ha sido poco difundida en España hasta fechas muy recientes. Sin embargo, en los archivos y bibliotecas de nuestro país existen al menos 19 manuscritos y 90 obras impresas loca- lizadas (65 de ellos incunables), según el Catálogo Colectivo del Patrimonio Bibliográ- fico Español. La historiografía demuestra que la influencia de Beauvais, entre los siglos XIII y XX, es más intensa de lo que hasta ahora se había investigado. A través de estas páginas se pone de manifiesto que el número de obras conserva- das de Beauvais es importante, pero más el hecho de que su obra y pensamiento, unida a la tradición clásica y cristiana previa, se ha proyectado en multitud de autores hispanos desde el siglo XIII hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: Vicente de Beauvais, impacto de su obra, Catálogo Colectivo del Patrimonio Bibliográfico Español, historiografía sobre Beauvais en España. ABSTRACT It seems that biography and extensive work of the French Dominican Vincent of Beauvais has been poorly disseminated in Spain until very recently. However, in the archives and libraries of our country there are at least 19 manuscripts and 90 (65 incu- nabula of them) printed works are located, according to the Collective Catalogue of the 376 FRANCISCO JAVIER VERGARA CIORDIA-BEATRIZ COMELLA GUTIÉRREZ Spanish Bibliographic Heritage.