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The Crusades: 1
17/06/2020 THE CRUSADES: 1. AN ALTERNATE VIEW. U3A Stonnington. 17th JUNE 2020. (Albert Isaacs) INTRODUCTION: An 1850 painting by A MODERN PERSPECTIVE ON J. J. Dassy, depicting the Siege of Antioch, THE CRUSADES. during the First Crusade, 1095. 1 2 WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? According to the Oxford Dictionary, the first definition of the word “crusader” Today, most people only know of the Crusades fought in the Middle East (and is: a fighter in the medieval Crusades. The Oxford Dictionary’s second in Europe by Crusaders on their way to the Middle East). However, there definition is: a person who campaigns vigorously for political, social, or were Crusades prior to 1095, the time of the First Crusade in the Levant. religious change; a campaigner. By the 20th century, the second definition was the commonly accepted meaning, and many people using the word Any battle designed to convert so-called heathens to Christianity was usually didn’t give a thought to the word’s derivation in conflict. described as a Crusade and, as we’ll discuss later, there were many such fights in Europe prior to 1095. Even so, this presentation will mainly concentrate on In September 2001, just after 9/11 and on the eve of the Second Iraqi War, the Middle East. President George W. Bush declared: “a crusade against terrorism”. Most European encounters continued after the last battles in the Holy Land had commentators believe that President concluded. In fact, it could be argued that the Inquisitions, established by the Bush naively meant this within the Catholic Church in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, etc., were really continuations of context of the second definition of the the Crusades (). -
THE LOGISTICS of the FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wester
FEEDING VICTORY: THE LOGISTICS OF THE FIRST CRUSADE 1095-1099 A Thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By William Donald O’Dell, Jr. Director: Dr. Vicki Szabo Associate Professor of Ancient and Medieval History History Department Committee Members: Dr. David Dorondo, History Dr. Robert Ferguson, History October, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members and director for their assistance and encouragements. In particular, Dr. Vicki Szabo, without whose guidance and feedback this thesis would not exist, Dr. David Dorondo, whose guidance on the roles of logistics in cavalry warfare have helped shaped this thesis’ handling of such considerations and Dr. Robert Ferguson whose advice and recommendations for environmental historiography helped shaped my understanding on how such considerations influence every aspect of history, especially military logistics. I also offer my warmest regards and thanks to my parents, brothers, and extended family for their continued support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 -
The Holy Lance of Antioch
The Holy Lance of Antioch A Study on the Impact of a Perceived Relic during the First Crusade Master Thesis By Marius Kjørmo The crucified Jesus and the Roman soldier Longinus with the spear that would become the Holy Lance. Portrait by Fra Angelico from the Dominican cloister San Marco, Florence. A Master Thesis in History, Institute of Archaeology, History, Culture Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Spring 2009. 2 Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................5 List of Maps..................................................................................................................................6 List of Illustrations.......................................................................................................................6 Cast of Characters.......................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................9 1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................9 1.2. Lance Historiography..........................................................................................................11 1.3. Terms and Expressions.......................................................................................................13 -
Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the First Crusaders
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1948 Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders. Marilyn Tyler Waggoner University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Waggoner, Marilyn Tyler, "Relations of the Emperor Alexius with the first crusaders." (1948). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2185. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2185 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF I,OU! SVILIE Relations of tbe Fmperor Alexius wi th the First Crusaders f. A dissertation submi tted to tr1e fa cuI ty of tbe Graduate School of the Fniverf'ity of Louisville in Partial fulfillment of tte ~equirements for t~e Degree of lla~ter of Arts • .' Department of History by lEarilyn Tyler Waggoner 1948 This PDF document is a scanned copy of a paper manuscript housed in the University of Louisville (UofL) Libraries. The quality of this reproduction is greatly dependent upon the condition of the original paper copy. Indistinct print and poor quality illustrations are a direct reflection of the quality of materials that are available for scanning. -
Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2019 Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Maria Carriere Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Carriere, Maria, "Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem" (2019). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 120. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/120 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Maria Carriere 2 Women’s participation in the crusades has been attributed mainly to ambiguity in Pope Urban II’s preaching and framing of the First Crusade as a kind of pilgrimage rather than a military excursion. A comparison between ranks of women during the People’s Crusade and the First Crusade has been lacking in the historiography of these crusade expeditions. By analyzing attitudes and perceptions toward women, we can connect women’s ability to participate in crusading to their economic status. A comparison between chroniclers and contemporaries’ attitudes toward and descriptions of women in the People’s and the First Crusades can provide insight into women’s economic status, religious affiliation, and actions and how these factors influenced the crusades themselves. -
Matt King Research Project.Pdf
1 We’re on a Mission from God: A Translation, Commentary, and Essay Concerning The Hierosolymita by Ekkehard of Aura Matthew LaBarge King A thesis presented to the History Department, University of Washington In completion of the History Honors Thesis Requirement Department of History University of Washington 7 March 2011 _____________________________ _____________________________ 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of people for their assistance in the writing of this senior thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dean Robert Stacey for his consistent help and feedback with any problems I might have had, whether relating to crusading historiography or the basics of thesis construction. His expertise in the field of history has proved invaluable, and I could not have been more honored to work with such a gracious adviser. For helping me with the intricacies of the Latin text, I owe an extreme debt to Professor Alain Gowing. I would also like to extend my thanks to Professor Purnima Dhavan, who oversaw this project over the last two quarters and was able to provide me with guidance as the project progressed from its infancy to completion. My fellow colleagues in the UW History Honors Program have also provided me with feedback about the course of my paper, and for that I also am indebted to them. Finally, I would like to thank my family, who has instilled in me a love of learning, through which this thesis was made possible. 3 Table of Contents Map of the First Crusade 1 Introduction to the Hierosolymita -
Project Aneurin
The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 6th June 2013. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 FORWARD IN TIME Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764-1815 Part -
Chapter Twentyfive. the Crisis of the Dar Al Islam
Chapter Twenty-five The Crisis of the Dar al-Islam, through the Wars of Timur the Lame While Christians and Judaeans were grimly coexisting in Catholic Europe‟s “Dark Age,” followers of all three Abrahamic faiths were faring much better in the Dar al-Islam. From several perspectives the tenth and eleventh centuries were the high-point of the Muslim world. Arabic learning and literature were flourishing, while Persian-speaking Muslims were creating their own literary culture. The material circumstances of the Middle East and North Africa were better than those in Orthodox Christendom and far above those of Catholic Europe. Politically and militarily the Muslims‟ fortunes were not quite what they had been during the califate of Harun al-Rashid, before their empire had begun to break apart. Nevertheless, the regional amirs cooperated sufficiently that the lands that they governed were secure. The relative positions of Catholic Europe and the Dar al-Islam began to change with the crusades. Although the crusades contributed to the decline of the Dar al-Islam, its principal cause was the devastation wrought by Mongolian raiders and conquerors in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The crusades were, however, of fundamental importance for the rise of Catholic Europe. Before reviewing the history of the crusades we must look at the worsening relations between Muslims and Christians in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The “Pact of Umar” It may have been in the ninth century that the so-called “Pact of Umar” began to take shape. The earliest references to the “pact” date from the tenth or eleventh century, and during the later Abbasid period it became increasingly important in Muslim law. -
Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures
ECA 2 (2005), p. 139-148; doi: 10.2143 / ECA.2.0.2004556 Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures Martine MEUWESE Although Jerusalem was considered to be the cen- maps by placing the east at the top instead of the tre of the world, it was so remote for most Chris- north, derived from the fact that Christ, like the tians in medieval Europe that the city was unimag- sun, was expected to rise in the east at the Last inable except in terms of their own familiar realities. Judgment. Europe appears in the lower part on the For spiritual reasons, too, representations of the city left of the circle with cities such as Rome and Paris, of Jerusalem in medieval Western manuscripts were while Asia is to the right; there the monstrous races, more symbolic than realistic, as I hope to demon- which were thought to exist at the edges of the strate in this article with some representative exam- earth, are stacked3. Africa takes up the whole upper ples, ‘zooming in’ from the representation of portion. Jerusalem on world maps, to regional maps of the The circular city of Jerusalem, the centre of Holy Land, city maps of Jerusalem, and representa- Christianity, is set as the ‘middle’ of the world. This tions of the city itself1. central position is based on Ezekiel 5:5, where God promises that he will establish Jerusalem in the MAPPAE MUNDI: MAPS OF THE WORLD midst of nations and the countries that are round about her. In the later Middle Ages this was inter- It is unlikely that anybody looking at a ‘world map’ preted literally as the centre of the earth, which in the Middle Ages would have thought that it por- caused a reorganisation of maps. -
Remembering the First Crusade
REMEMBERING THE FIRST CRUSADE: LATIN NARRATIVE HISTORIES 1099-c.1300 Barbara Packard Royal Holloway University of London PhD Thesis 1 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Barbara Packard, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ______________________ Date: 04/01/2011 2 ABSTRACT The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. -
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Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades Studies and Texts Edited by Suleiman A. Mourad (Smith College) Paul M. Cobb (University of Pennsylvania) Konrad Hirschler (SOAS University of London) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mwac Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades By Michael A. Köhler Translated by Peter M. Holt Revised, edited and introduced by Konrad Hirschler LEIDEN •• BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: One of the few surviving artifacts linked to Muslim-Frankish relations in the Eastern Mediterranean. This basin with Arabic and French inscription was presumably produced in Egypt (or Syria) for Hugh IV of Lusignan (d. 1359), King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. The Arabic inscription states that it was produced by the order of Hugh and the French inscription was probably subsequently added in Cyprus. Musée du Louvre, MAO101, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Hughes Dubois. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kohler, Michael. Alliances and treaties between Frankish and Muslim rulers in the Middle East : cross-cultural diplomacy in the period of the Crusades / by Michael Kohler; translated by Peter M. Holt; revised, edited and introduced by Konrad Hirschler. p. cm. — (The Muslim world in the age of the Crusades; v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24890-8 (e-book) 1. Latin Orient—Foreign relations—Islamic Empire. -
GURPS Crusades
CRUSADES TM Written by EUGENE MOYERS, with GRAEME DAVIS Edited by GRAEME DAVIS, ALAIN H. DAWSON, and JASON “PK” LEVINE Illustrated by PAUL DALY Cartography by ED BOURELLE An e23 Sourcebook for GURP S® STEVE JACKSON GAMES ® Stock #37-0608 Version 1.0 – November 2010 CONTENTS I NTRODUCTION . 3 THE FIFTH CRUSADE . 19 TEMPLATES . 31 Recommended Resources . 3 The Albigensian Crusade . 19 Suggested Equipment . 32 About the Author . 3 THE SIXTH CRUSADE . 20 Crusader Knight . 32 About GURPS . 3 THE SEVENTH CRUSADE . 20 Saracen Warrior . 33 The Shepherds’ Crusade . 21 Assassin . 33 HE ORLD OF 1. T W The Mongols . 21 A Wealth of Warriors . 34 THE RUSADES Religious Warrior . 34 C . 4 THE EIGHTH CRUSADE . 21 The Roman Empire . 4 THE NINTH CRUSADE . 22 5. BIOGRAPHIES . 35 THE FRANKS . 4 Other Crusades . 22 Richard I . 35 France . 4 Saladin . 36 England . 4 THE END COMES . 23 Reynald of Châtillon . 36 The Holy Roman Empire . 5 A T IMELINE OF THE CRUSADES . 23 Frederick II . 37 Spain . 5 Baldwin IV . 37 Italy . 5 Zengi . 38 The Norman Kingdoms . 5 Baibars . 38 The Latin Kingdoms . 5 This age is like Other Biographies . 38 The Military Orders . 5 no other . THE GREEKS . 7 6. CAMPAIGNS . 39 THE MUSLIMS . 7 – St. Bernard CAMPAIGN STYLES . 39 Shiites and Sunnis . 7 of Clervaux Realistic Campaigns . 39 The Assassins . 8 Action-Adventure The Turks . 8 Campaigns . 39 The Saracens . 9 Cinematic Campaigns . 39 Egypt . 9 3. LIFE DURING CAMPAIGN SETTINGS . 40 The Barbary Corsairs . 9 Fantasy Campaigns . 40 THE CRUSADES . 24 The Gnostic Gospels . 40 HE ISTORY OF 2.