Islam: Empire of Faith

3 New Pieces of Content that you Learned

2 Questions you have

1 Thing that you learned that surprised you TODAY: Africa Unit Test (60 points) Find your cheat sheet/ TAKE YOUR TIME!

When you are finished:

1. Complete historical marker for Nelson Mandela if you haven’t already done this (DUE by end of class) 2. Complete Middle East MAPS from yesterday (DUE TODAY) 3. Complete KWL (LEARNED part) of chart Research for Africa (notebook DUE FRI 3/10) Paper DUE 4. Start Middle East Guided Reading MON 3/13

Fuel EXPORTS

Fuel IMPORTS Political Map C 9 Sec 1:

The Origins of Islam:

The word Islam means 'submission to the will of God'. Islam is the second largest religion in the world with over 1 billion followers.

Mecca Bedouins Medina Kaaba

Allah Know (ISLAM/ Middle East) Want to Know Learned__ Kaaba: large granite structure, measures approx. 13 meters high, sides are 11 x 12 meters

The Kaaba: 1880 Eastern Corner = black stone Qibla: Direction of Prayer Mosques contain a qibla wall Like Jews, the earliest Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem. According to Islamic tradition, when Muhammad was praying in Medina, he was ordered by God to change the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca and the Kaaba.

Covered by a silk curtain (kiswah) with gold embroidered calligraphy: replaced yearly

Returned and Conquered Mecca Muhammad settling a quarrel between Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone cornerstone in place. His solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, and then Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands. Died 632 CE Basic Tenets of Islam =

Five Pillars of Faith

May 27, 2017 June 25, 2017 May 27, 2017 June 25, 2017

Although Ramadan is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year, since the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar and the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. This difference means Ramadan moves in the Gregorian calendar approximately 11 days every year. The date of Ramadan may also vary from country to country depending on whether the moon has been sighted or not. TEST Corrections?

NEXT school day after the snow

½ credit: FIND and EXPLAIN the correct Reminders: answer in several sentences • AFRICA Notebook DUE TODAY (DO NOT REMOVE pages from the green master notebook.) (LEAVE YOUR NOTEBOOK ON YOUR DESK until I ask you to put it on back counter) 3rd marking period • DO NOT do an extra Free Choice for Africa: Your Historical ends on Marker will count for that. March 28th • RESEARCH PAPER DUE Tuesday 3/14 (100 points) (1 letter deducted for every day late) IF SNOW DAY, then • Beginning TODAY: Phones Back in cell phone pocket the paper is folder. YOU WILL be able to use your phones during due the desk work NEXT school BUT NOT when I am teaching day Qiblah direction of Philadelphia is Call to Prayer: Five Times a day 57.791518 degrees from North clockwise. Always recited 1. Sunset in Arabic no 2. Night (no shadow) matter where 3. Sunrise you are in the 4. Mid day (no shadow) world 5. Afternoon

August 30, 2017 September 4, 2017 Number of Hajj : Foreign Pilgrims: During last month of Islamic lunar 1996 - 1,080,465 calendar 1997 - 1,168,591 1998 - 1,132,344 2011: between November 4-9th 2001 - 1,363,992 2005 - 1,534,759 2006 - 1,654,407 2007 - 1,707,814 2008 - 1,729,841 2009 - 1,613,000 2010 - 1,799,601 (3million total) 2016- 1,325,000 Muhammad’s (1,862,000 total) Last Sermon

First Hajj: 631 CE “People of the Book” = Abraham Moses Jesus (messengers Qur’an Sunna Jihad Sharia From God, 114 Suras Hadith like Muhammad: The Final Prophet) C 9 Sec 2: The Spread of Islam

What problems can you predict will arise with the death of Muhammad?

The Dome of the Rock Jerusalem The dome commemorates the spot where Muhammad ascended into heaven. Muhammad made the night journey (al-Miraj) to Jerusalem on a legendary white winged-beast, part donkey, part mule. 10/9/15: Jewish authorities ‘forbid Muslim men under 50 yrs old to enter the Temple Mount in light of recent suicide bombings there

Only Jewish citizens, tourists, And citizens of Old City may enter ______Jews are allowed to enter the Temple Mount but must NOT pray and must wear appropriate clothing

HOWEVER: Muslim authorities propose limiting access to Temple Mount for all Jews

Al Aqsa Mosque = where Mohammed first arrived in Jerusalem on his scared night journey from Mecca

Western “Wailing” Wall= Western Wall = the holiest place where Jews are allowed to pray

• AFRICA Test Corrections? • Late Research Papers? • Please put your phones in the pocket holder now

• 3rd MP ends on 3/28 • Muhammad • The Quran is and his written down followers by • Muhammad are forced to Muhammad’s is visited by move to followers an Angel, Medina Gabriel who where Islam • Five Pillars claims to be gains of Islam Allah’s followers prophet • Muhammad • The Sunna and his Sahria law army return provide and religious overtake guidance Mecca Section 2:The Spread of Islam

Abu Bakr became the first caliph “successor” (Muhammad’s close companion and advisor) Abu Bakr became the first caliph “successor” (Muhammad’s close companion and advisor) FIRST BOX Abu Bakr reunited forces and headed north Abu Bakr became the first caliph “successor” (Muhammad’s close companion and advisor)

Abu Bakr reunited forces and headed north

Arab army attacked wealthy Byzantine Empire Byzantines lost Damascus, Syria and Jerusalem

642: victory over Persia Empire and entire province of Egypt (part of Byzantine Empire)

661: caliphate stretched from northern Africa to eastern Persia SECOND BOX Battle of Tours 732 CE

Umayyad state established in Spain (Al-Andalus)

Numerous achievements In the arts and sciences (calculus, trig, decimals, fractions, surgery, orthopedics, “Arabic” numerals Internal Conflict and Division:

Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) finally appointed 4th caliph Later killed by Umayyad Dynasty

Shia: Sunni: •“party of Ali” •“followers of the •Leader must be a prophet” blood relative of •Leader can be Muhammad respected member •Only imams can of community interpret the •Quran can be Quran individually interpreted Sufis Late 740s: Abbasids wipe out nearly all of the Umayyad leadership- move the capital to Baghdad THIRD BOX

Muslim traders take Islam to West Africa (MALI and GHANA remember?) and Southeast Asia FOURTH BOX

• Religious tolerance (tax on non-Muslims) • Some restrictions on religious lives • Popularity of the Sufi missionaries

Any Research Papers? All test corrections are IN HAC MP ends 3/28 By 1200 CE Seniors??

Fall of Baghdad in 1258, an event often considered as the single most catastrophic event in the history of Islam. You have this already

 Quran improves the status of women Gender Issues  outlawed female infanticide  brides, not husbands, claim dowries  women could inherit property, engage in business, divorce their Husbands  women are equal to men in the eyes of Allah

 BUT male dominance persisted  patrilineal descent  polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice (household restrictions/ seclusion)  lives of women become more Restrictive under Sharia law and as the Islamic empire Sharia Law? spreads and encounters more profound patrilineal traditions Chador models: Damascus, Syria Hijab: refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by Muslim women and modest Islamic styles of dress in general Hijab: Arab = “cover , to veil or sheltar”

Chador: most commonly worn by Sunni Muslims

Burqa Chadri: most commonly worn in Western Pakistan and Afghanistan

Burqa: Full body garment to cover women in some Islamic societies when they go out in public Shown in red are German states banning the wearing of headscarves by female teachers (as of 2007)

Italy 1957

France 2016 Find your C 9 graphic organizer, your reading guide, and a friend.

1. READ the reading guide and answer all of the questions associated with the reading 2. COMPLETE the Venn Diagram about Society/Arts and Scholarship 3. READ the Primary Source: The Duties of the Caliph. WRITE an R (religious)or an N (non-religious) next to each listed duty. WHY was it important to have these duties listed out in such detail? C 9 section 3: Muslim Civilization

“Scholarship thrived… one reason was that Islam commanded its followers to examine their world and seek evidence of Allah in its wonders.” Society Society

•Guidance for behavior, culture, customs: Islamic texts

•PATRIARCHAL: polygamous, had to treat each wife equally

•Role of women = equal in the eyes of Allah could inherit property, could divorce

•Slavery allowed but must be treated fairly and could attain their freedom

•Trade important to Islamic economies (Commerce), use of coins, credit, banking

The Arts The Arts

•Wide variety of materials and expressions

•NO form of religious art contains human or animal figures

•Instead designs are geometric, floral patterns, calligraphy

•Architecture = mosques, domes, minarets

•Literature = QURAN, Arabian Nights, Rumi C 29 Q/V/A due Friday 3/24

• You need a PENCIL and a PEN today!

• EXTRA CREDIT political cartoons (Before/After ONE revolution) DUE by TUES 3/28 (10 points)

• Review Books?

• MET Artifact Presentations BEGINNING w 4/5 Alphabetical Order ….. TODAY: you will create your own Islamic Calligraphy

• Choose a VOCAB word (term/person/place/idea etc) WHEN you are done, begin OR a phrase/quote reading C 31 guided reading (From Quran, from Muhammad etc) (DUE Friday 3/24) (DO NOT do “Taking Notes • Translate it into Arabic (I can help you) Write the section” or timeline) English translation on the BACK 20 points (w your name) 5 points = appropriate word • Stylize the translation/ use COLOR 10 points = creative style/presentation 5 points = colorful! • TIPS: outlining the script in BLACK will make the design POP • If you CAN NOT draw, find someone in class who can help you 20 points

5 points = appropriate word 10 points = creative style/presentation 5 points = colorful!

Free Choice: Middle East

• Choose a vocab term/person/place from the Islamic world • Stylize that word using a calligraphy/ graffiti approach • Make it colorful! Word DOES not have to be in Arabic but could be! Muhammad, shown with a veiled face and halo (16th century Ottoman illustration)

Find this poem on back of C 9 graphic organizer sheet

There is a way between voice and presence

where information flows.

In disciplined silence it opens.

With wandering talk it closes Umayyad Dynasty Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain Al- Andalus

Court of the Lions, the Alhambra (1300s CE) 124 slender marble columns surround an Granada, Spain open court- the walls and arches are decorated with tiles and delicately carved designs

Mosque Isfahan, Persia (Iran) Built entirely of mud Covers an area equal to a city block Mud walls: 16-24 inches thick Five stories and three minarets Each spring the people of Djenne plaster the mosque with fresh mud

Great Mosque of Djenne (1200s CE)

Mali, Africa Scholarship Scholarship

•Islam requires its followers to examine the world and seek evidence of Allah

•Many Islamic scholars= studied works of Aristotle, early Christianity, early Judaism •Translated classic Greek texts>Latin and then were used in European universities

•Astronomy/ Astrolabe •History/ Geography •Medicine (eye (cataract)surgery, plastic surgery, brain surgery, world’s first hospitals, studied smallpox and measles, understood origins of disease, first to describe blood flow to heart and lungs, importance of medical counseling, medical8th and 9th ethics) centuries

 Quran improves the status of women Gender Issues  outlawed female infanticide  brides, not husbands, claim dowries  women could inherit property, engage in business, divorce their Husbands  women are equal to men in the eyes of Allah

 BUT male dominance persisted  patrilineal descent  polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice (household restrictions/ seclusion)  lives of women become more Restrictive under Sharia law and as the Islamic empire Sharia Law? spreads and encounters more profound patrilineal traditions

Chador models: Damascus, Syria Hijab: Arab = “cover , to veil or sheltar”

Chador: most commonly worn by Sunni Muslims

Burqa Chadri: most commonly worn in Western Pakistan and Afghanistan

Burqa: Full body garment to cover women in some Islamic societies when they go out in public Shown in red are German states banning the wearing of headscarves by female teachers (as of 2007) Islamic capital moved to Damascus Syria is capital of Umayyad Dynasty : Collapse Muslim Empire Umayyad leadership 661 – 750 CE # 1 Abbasids challenge Umayyad leadership

Baghdad is center of Abbasid Empire from 750-1258 CE Umayyad state established in Spain Muslim Empire (Al-Andalus) reaches its Numerous “Golden Age” achievements 900-1200CE In the arts and sciences Sejuik Turks challenge (calculus, trig, decimals, fractions, Abbasid leadership surgery, orthopedics, Abbasid Dynasty “Arabic” numerals