JOURNAL OF P-ISSN: 2086-2636 E-ISSN: 2356-4644 Journal Home Page: http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA

THE IMPACT OF HOLY CUBIC SHAPE ON THE INCORPOREAL SPACE

| Received May 4th, 2018 | Accepted July 27th, 2018 | Available Online December 15th, 2018 | | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v5i2.5040 |

Hiba Alhawasli ABSTRACT Department of Architecture Engineering The Holy Kaaba is the house of ; the home of greatness secrets, wisdom Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, and divine beauty, which is reflected in all his creatures. This study aims to [email protected] find the role of the shape of holy Kaaba in producing such kind of spaces and discovering the characteristics possessed by its form which has an impact in Mohammad Reza Bemanian creating such incorporeal space. In this study, scientific articles and Department of Architecture Engineering research were used to achieve the rules of research theory with taking into Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran account considering the position of Islamic theoretical and practical wisdom. [email protected] In the process of creating works of art, architecture and joint issues with urbanization, and by using the rational method to find out, in the end, the study shows the space of Holy Kaaba is a sign of divine glory from visualization and embodiment material. The nature veil in this space shines the divine light in human conscience. Human perception of space is related to his knowledge of himself and the world. Human in the use of space is approaches to percepts the true meaning of it. His intellectual device with a personal intelligent device that space is created will be compatible. The holy Kaaba spiritual space makes human feel poverty in front of the richness of the homeowner. Also, a sense of peace and sustainability due to a connection felt with God and seeking to reach the perfection that has been formed by the cube-shaped of holy Kaaba. .

KEYWORDS: Holy Kaaba; the geometry of Kaaba; cubic shape of Kaaba; spiritual space; squaring the circle INTRODUCTION to the four human faces and the purity of his soul. The means accepting the commands of God vacuum created by the existence of the Kaaba is a and the commandment. Islam came as an achievement revival of the constant feeling of God's presence in the for all the heavenly religions. Before building Islam and human soul [6] [1] [7]. , the Kaaba was the first house to accept Human mostly feels confused and emotioned 's repentance and the place of worship and when they surround the outskirts of Kaaba. During prayer. Its wall was a crust with a door open to the , pilgrims participate in the completion of the inside. Its shape was a simple cube (the most Tawaf circle to achieve integration, homogeneity, organized form with "equal and equal" surfaces to disposal of additives, repetition, and elements [8]. ensure human comfort and stillness)[1][2]. Many people asked why they have to move As a simple, four‐faced, cubic building, the that way. All indicate a close connection between the Kaaba is the metaphorical core and literal focal point of Kaaba and the surrounding area. It is an Islamic order Islam. A lack of decoration on the neutral, earth‐toned to regulate the path in this space as stated in the Koran surface adds to the unassuming air of this building, and and support the theory of the approach of though its implication is far from that. space architecture. It is considered by looking at the In essence, it embodies all that is Islamic – concepts of architectural space and emotions of simple, pure, and non‐changing. It acts as a central humanity. focus point for the entire Islamic community. Unity is Some researchers said that psychologically significant within the faith since every follower must there was an intricate connection between religion, bow to the same single zenith, bringing everyone place, identity, and attachment. The location is together regardless of the distance between them [3]. acknowledged as an essential component of the link The Kaaba was re‐dedicated as an Islamic house [9]. Another researcher said that it is a geometrical of worship, and henceforth, the annual pilgrimage was shape or pattern which forms the feeling of a sacred to be a muslim rite, the Hajj [4][5]. Its four faces apply place [10]. Kaaba is one of the holy places in this world,

Journal of Islamic Architecture, 5(2) Desember 2018 | 103 The Impact Of Holy Kaaba Cubic Shape On The Incorporeal Space so the space around it would probably be shaped by house" word in another verse (al‐Maidah 97) [12]: the psychological connection of Islam or the “Allâh has made the Kabah, the Sacred House, geometrical form of itself. It becomes the focus of this an asylum of security and benefits (e.g., Hajj research. and ) for mankind, and also the Sacred Therefore, the questions of this research are: Month and the animals of offerings and the What kind of nature of space is formed by the garlanded (people or animals marked with the existence of the Kaaba? What are the characteristics of garlands on their necks made from the outer the geometric shape of the Kaaba and its role in the part of the stem of the Makkah trees for their formation of this space? What kind of feelings are security), that you may know that Allâh has generated in the human soul and inspired by the knowledge of all that is in the heavens and all spiritual space of the holy Kaaba? that is in the earth and that Allâh is the All‐ Knower of each and everything .” METHODS Some methods were used in this study to be "The house" was also called on holy Kaaba in consistent with the research topics. Literatures, another verse (al‐Anfal 35) [12]: scientific articles, and research were used to achieve “Their Salât (prayer) at the House (of Allâh, i.e., the rules of research theory that include objectives and the Kabah at Makkah) was nothing but definition of the Sacred and Kaaba building. whistling and clapping of hands. Therefore The study was done by considering the position taste the punishment because you used to of Islamic theoretical and practical wisdom, and using disbelieve.” the rational method as used in philosophical texts of Ibn Sina. The acquired sensations and resulting impact “Al‐Masjid‐Al‐Harâm” also called on holy Kaaba on incorporeal space and the effect of Holy Kaaba in al‐Baqarah 149 [12]: cubic shape on the spiritual area have been reached a ”And from wheresoever, you start forth (for research result. prayers), turn your face in the direction of Al‐ Masjid‐Al‐Harâm (at Makkah), that is indeed the RESULT AND DISCUSSION truth from your Lord. And Allâh is not unaware of what you do.” THE “HOLY KAABA” OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION: WHY KAABA CALLED BY THIS NAME? THE SACRED MOSQUE AND KAABA BUILDING Kaaba in Al moeen dictionary means any house Kaaba is a building at the center of Islam's most that has four corners, a room, and a home of God‐ sacred mosque; Al‐Masjid al‐, in , al‐, Sacred house. While Alaamid dictionary mentions . It is the holiest The sanctuary around anything has a cubic shape [11]. The reason for naming Kaaba is called Al‐Masjid al‐Haram (Sacred Mosque). Kaaba by this name is because Kaaba is elevated above Kaaba is a cube structure that is made of granite. the ground, and Kaaba in language also means rising. Kaaba is approximately 13.1 m (43 ft) high, with sides In addition to the fact that Kaaba is a square‐shaped, measuring 11.03 m (36.2 ft) by 12.86 m(42.2 ft). Inside and ancient used this name for any house with Kaaba, the floor is made of marble and limestone. The four corners. interior walls, measuring 13 m (43 ft) by 9 m (30 ft), are Later and in the frequent usage, "The house of clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with God Almighty" singled out by Kaaba, so anywhere darker trimmings along the floor. Kaaba name stated it refers to the house of God The floor of the interior stands about 2.2 m (7.2 Almighty. In the Holy , the word Kaaba came ft) above the ground area where tawaf is performed. naturally alone in some verses, as it is mentioned in al‐ The wall, directly adjacent to the entrance of Kaaba, Maidah 95 [12] : has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are “O you who believe! Kill not the game while several more tablets along the other walls. Along the you are in a state of Ihrâm [for Hajj or Umrah top corners of the walls runs a green cloth (pilgrimage)], and whosoever of you kills it embroidered with Quranic verses. Caretakers intentionally, the penalty is an offering, brought anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil to the Kabah, of an eatable animal (i.e. sheep, used to anoint the outside. Three pillars goat, cow) equivalent to the one he killed, as stand inside Kaaba, with a small altar or table set adjudged by two just men among you; or, for between one and the other two. expiation, he should feed Masâkîn (poor Lamp‐like objects (possible lanterns or crucible persons), or its equivalent in Saum (fasting), censers) hang from the ceiling. The ceiling itself is of a that he may taste the heaviness (punishment) darker color, similar in hue to the lower trimming. A of his deed. Allâh has forgiven what is past, but golden door‐(Babut Taubah meaning ”Door of whosoever commits it again, Allâh will take Repentance") ‐ on the right wall (right of the entrance) retribution from him. And Allâh is All‐Mighty, All opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, ‐Able of Retribution.” which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling are made of stainless steel‐capped teak wood The sentence is combined with "the sacred [4] [13]. This explanation can be seen in Figure 1.

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from groundwater. 5. Hatim (also romanized as hateem) is a low wall originally part of Kaaba [14]. It is a semi‐circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north‐ west wall of Kaaba. It is 90 cm (35 in) in height and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width and is composed of white marble. At one time the space lying between the hatīm and Kaaba belonged to Kaaba itself, and for this reason, it cannot be entered during the tawaf. 6. Al‐Multazam is the roughly 2‐meter space along the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door [14]. It is sometimes considered pious or

Figure 1. A technical drawing of Kaaba showing desirable for a pilgrim to touch this area of dimensions and element. Kaaba, or perform prayer there. 7. The Station of ( Ibrahim) is a Each numbered item in the following list and a metal enclosure with what is said to corresponds to features noted in the diagram image. be an imprint of Abraham's feet. Abraham is 1. Al‐Hajaru al‐Aswad (the Black Stone) is located said to have stood on this stone during the on Kaaba's eastern corner. Its northern edge is construction of the upper parts of Kaaba, known as the Ruknu l‐Īrāqī (the Iraqi corner), its raising Ismail on his shoulders for the western as the Ruknu sh‐Shāmī (the Levantine uppermost portions. corner), and its southern as Ruknu l‐Yamanī 8. Corner of the Black Stone (East). (the Yemeni corner). The four corners of Kaaba 9. Corner of (South‐West). Pilgrims roughly point toward the four cardinal traditionally acknowledge a sizeable vertical directions of the compass. Its major (long) axis stone that forms this corner. is aligned with the rising of the star 10. Corner of (North‐West). toward which its southern wall is directed, 11. Corner of (North‐East). This inside corner, while its minor axis (its east‐west facades) behind a curtain, contains Babut Taubah (Door roughly align with the sunrise of the summer of Repentance) that leads to a staircase to the solstice and the sunset of the winter solstice. roof. 2. The entrance is a door set 2.13 m (7 ft) above 12. (the embroidered covering) is a black the ground on the north‐eastern wall of Kaaba, silk and gold curtain that is replaced annually which acts as the façade. during the Hajj pilgrimage. Two‐thirds of the 3. Meezab‐i Rahmat is a rainwater spout made of way up is a band of gold‐embroidered Quranic gold; added in the rebuilding of 1627 after the text, including the Shahada (the Islamic previous year's rain caused three of the four declaration of faith). walls to collapse. 13. Marble stripe is marking the beginning and end 4. Gutter, added in 1627 to protect the foundation of each circumambulation. [Figure 2]

Figure 2. the Element of Kaaba

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THE GEOMETRIC SHAPE OF KAABA directions. Or as three original axes: length, width, and Kaaba is a cubic‐shape building and has six height, where these six faces are consist of three square surfaces because it is near to the houses in surfaces each one corresponds with a parallel surface square‐shaped. Why they formed in the square shape and completely applies to it. In turn, these faces is because there are four words in Islam: glory is to represent the three main axes, which also converge in God, praise is to God, there is no god but God, and God central point that is the weight of the whole world and is the greatest [14]. The overall shape of Kaaba is the appearance of celestial appearances [14]. [Figure composed of six faces: top, bottom, and the four 3]

Figure 3. The geometric shape of Kaaba

Virtual characteristics of Kaaba shape: direction". Cube is the only shape that combines the  Equalizer: arising from Justice. Cubic shape six directions and represents them all. All directions with various trends gives the viewer a sense of mean non‐determination of specific direction. stability and also quantitative, mathematical “And to Allâh belong the east and the west, so and physical strength. wherever you turn (yourselves or your faces),  Symmetry: holy Kaaba has a visible symmetric there is the Face of Allâh (and He is High above, shape. over His Throne)”. (Al‐Baqarah: 115) [12]. Furthermore, the straight line also has its  Simplicity: cubic is the simplest known shape, willingness and susceptibility to the guidance and making human feels poverty in front of the integration. As such, square shape which is formed richness of the homeowner; i.e., spiritual sense from a set of straight lines – also has the awareness to ‐ which does not need such a complexity in guidance, integration, and switching to circle. The form and ratios to be shown. circle is the closest thing to visualize the absolute. It  Balance: optical balance appears thoroughly in emanated from one point and started to multiply. all Kaaba faces, except the northwest face due During Hajj, pilgrims participate in the process of to the presence of black stone which brings a completing the circle of Tawaf to reach integration, higher number of chaperones around it. The homogeneity, and getting rid of additives, redundancy, thing that ostensibly breaks the optical and corners. The circle is the symbol of the psyche and balance, but at the same time, reminds human a statement of psychological safety from its whole of holy aspects, including the relationship between human  Kaaba entry method and that the black stone is and nature. The circle is the symbol of protection; such from . While “Hejer Ismail” at the as owning a ring, necklace, belt, circle of life and death, other side of holy Kaaba restores balance by influx and flowing [16]. gathering chaperones to pray near it.  Unity: The most important beauty assets; unity THE OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION OF EXISTING of life, afterlife, the oneness of the Creator, APPROACHES OF “INCORPOREAL SPACE” unity of shapes despite its plentiful, uniformity Architectural space can be defined through of the Islamic nation, and unity of humanity different views. There are two ways in thinking and along the time [15]. architectural space approach:

1‐ Studies and researches based on three‐ KAABA ON EARTH IS A SYMBOL OF THE CREATOR dimensional geometry basis. In these studies, which OF THE WORLD conducted using the absolute geometric method, Kaaba is a simple cube because God Almighty space was considered as a system combines human's has neither shape, nor color, nor any similar. Any relationship with surroundings. design or any shape that can leap to mind is not God 2‐ Studies and opinions according to almighty. God is absolute without any direction. We psychology (consider space as a field of perceptual). By can show "no direction" in the earth only in the the closer look on architectural space and human following way; collecting all contradictory directions emotions concepts in these studies, the human role with each other to make each direction negates its gives greater importance. In these studies also, space opposite. In that state, the mind will be oriented to "no was defined as one of the human existence dimensions

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[17]. Choosing the fact that the holy Kaaba space is taken from the heavenly model which was derived empty of things indicates that the Creator is far above from the vision of Prophet at Maraj night. finitude, and evidence of his presence in all places. It The symbolic geometric language shows the geometric also shows that the Creator is far above materialistic formation of the universe and the connection between and incarnation. The matter that raises in the human its elements. Geometric shapes refer to the permanent soul, the divine light which removes the covers and presence of God Almighty. The presence of system in allows divine light to radiate from the heart. Each creation world, guides to the most important origin of space has particular characteristics: Substance, shape, Islam, the monotheism. Universe creation is based on and dimensions; Properties are resulting from form, proportionality and systems. Grandeur and vastness of substance, sizes, and space proportionality, which all the universe are manifestations of God's justice. Cube leave an impact in the human mind; Incorporeal is a symbol of the stability, perfection, and strength. It properties, which regenerate particular values since its is associated with the only pole of existence. The circle being influenced by the global visions, community comprises all shapes and is attributed to the first light culture, and design methods. or the eternal spirit. Human understanding of space is related to his understanding level of himself and surroundings. Taking advantage of a particular area leads to convergence between personal thinking style of the individual, and thinking style generated from space usage, things that make human closer to knowing the space fact.

KAABA INCORPOREAL SPACE, THE COSMIC SECRET OF SQUARING THE CIRCLE Square like a circle always had symbolic value too; the number four expresses four directions of the sky and also four seasons of a year. For this reason, it is considered as a cosmic number. Symbolic content of number four is something very ancient that has found a way to Christianity: The four , and four blades of the cross. According to the shape of the cross, we can see that number four has affected on religious architecture of the west and through this way has affected the entire architecture, at least till Figure 5. Prajnaparamita Old Mandala Renaissance period. Unlike a circle, the square has two directions; the direction of two symmetry axes of the Kaaba is formed from each of the squares and shape or the direction of its diameters. However, none circle with its four corners represents the model of of these directions dominates the other one [18]. mosque building that contains , square Kaaba space is formed from two geometric construction, triangles, angles, and octagon. It was shapes: square or cube (Kaaba building himself) and taken from the heavenly model which was derived circle (circular Tawaf area around holy Kaaba). from the vision of Prophet Muhammad at Maraj night. Inevitably there are basis and secret for selecting these The symbolic geometric language shows the geometric two geometric forms (square and circle). Architects formation of the universe and the connection between are trying to uncover it to detect its proportion and its elements. Geometric shapes refer to the permanent aesthetics to use these meanings and concepts in their presence of God Almighty. The presence of system in designs. Kaaba (House of God) is earth center symbol, creation world, guides to the most important origin of a generic term for any diagram, chart or geometric Islam, the monotheism. Universe creation is based on pattern that represents the cosmos metaphysically or proportionality and systems. Grandeur and vastness of symbolically. the universe are manifestations of God's justice. Cube Kaaba is a center world symbol and concentric is a symbol of the stability, perfection, and strength. It circles around it (Tawaf circles) symbolize the sky is associated with the only pole of existence. The circle rotation around this center. Space formed from holy comprises all shapes and is attributed to the first light Kaaba presence is qualitative space associated with or the eternal spirit. polar geometry. All of them (triangle, square, and In other words, in the science of cosmic circle) have qualitative geometric, and through knowledge, the point shows the first symbol refers to understanding them, the human can realize the ideal creator, the line indicates the second symbol refers to world to end up with the realization of truth. (mind), and the triangle points out the third symbol Kaaba is formed from each of the squares and refers to (soul). The square means the fourth symbol circle with its four corners represents the model of that indicates to four moods, four directions, four mosque building that contains dome, square quarters of the world, four seasons, and four doors. construction, triangles, angles, and octagon. It was Moreover, the Cube as a symbol refers to the body, six directions, and six movement that forces bottom, top,

Journal of Islamic Architecture, 5(2) Desember 2018 | 107 The Impact Of Holy Kaaba Cubic Shape On The Incorporeal Space back, front, right and left [19]. link between the Holy Kaaba cubic shape and its The results of this research that described the incorporeal space are given in the Table 1.

Table 1. The impact of holy Kaaba cubic shape on the incorporeal space (1 of 2) Kaaba cubic shape properties incorporeal space (the acquired sensations) The resulting impact on

Simplicity Cubic is the simplest Holy Kaaba spiritual space makes a human feel poor in front of the richness of homeowner.

Symmetry

A sense of order and Holy Kaaba has an obvious greatness creation, a sense symmetric shape of discipline in human life

viewer a sense The human sense of justice of makes human feel absolute submission to God's will physical strength and his wisdom.

Remind people that they appears always should have a wise thoroughly in look balanced in their life

shape to grow out of orthogonally (two Makes human feel need to pursuit of development, complementarity, improving, and perpetual motion for the better Static form

The feeling of tranquility, The form is characterized by stability, and resistance in four equal sides and front of difficulties that may be faced Focus on

The overall shape of Kaaba is composed of six faces: top, Strengthen the relationship bottom, with God almighty

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Table 1. The impact of holy Kaaba cubic shape on the incorporeal space (2 of 2)

Kaaba cubic shape properties incorporeal space (the acquired sensations) The resulting impact on

between the

The human can understand the ideal world to end up with the realization of truth Unity These beauty assets make a human feel beauty. Unity is moving away from the the causes of discord and oneness of division because there is no difference between humans and preference unity of mankind criterion is their religiousness CONCLUSION look. Also, a sense of peace and sustainability due to a The holy Kaaba is a building with cubic shape connection felt with God and seeking to reach the and six square Surfaces. The chosen of this name perfection that has been formed by the cube‐shaped Kaaba for the house of God refers to the special of holy Kaaba. geometric shape of it. It has many virtual properties, e.g.: balance, symmetry, simplicity, harmony, and ACKNOWLEDMENT unity. Cube Kaaba is a symbol of stability, integrity, and The author would like to thank Mr. Hasan Al‐ linked to the origin of creation, and the globe (a space hawasli for all support and assistance with the that provides a circle of Tawaf), includes all forms. The publication of this research by providing language intrinsic polarity of the circle is attributed to the first help. light or eternal soul. The centrality of Kaaba causes the space to acquire polarity, and the space in the REFERENCES presence of Kaaba is a qualitative space, which is [1] S. Fatima, “Striving for God’s Attention: associated with the polar geometry. Gendered Spaces and Piety,” Hypatia, A J. Fem. The geometric shape of square and circle is Philos., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 605–619, 2016. linked with qualitative geometry. And human, through its understanding by interpretation, leads to the ideal [2] R. Jamil, “Role of a Dome‐Less Mosque in perfect world and finally, the truth. The architectural Conserving the Religious and Traditional Values space can be defined based on psychosocial, cognitive of : An Innovative Architecture of Shah thoughts (area as a field of perceptual), i.e. area arises Faisal Mosque, Islamabad,” Int. J. Archit. Eng. as a dimension of human existence. Cnstruction, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 40–45, 2017. The space of Holy Kaaba is a sign of divine glory from visualization and embodiment material. The [3] Z. Merod, “Architectural Importance Within the nature veil in this space shines the divine light in Islamic Tradition,” Symposium, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. human conscience. Negation and absence of objects in 48–51, 2017. this space manifestation of the glory of God, the blessed and the exalted, and presents him in all things. [4] A. Imhotep, “Reexamining the Kaaba of Islam,” Human perception of space is related to his the MOCHA‐Versity Institute of Philosophy and understanding of himself and the world. Human in the Reserch, 2012. use of space is approaches to percepts the true meaning of it. His intellectual device with a personal [5] D. A. King, “The Sacred Geography of Islam,” in intelligent device that space is created will be Mathematics and the Design, A Historical compatible. The holy Kaaba spiritual space makes Study, T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, Eds. human feel poor in front of the richness of the Elsevier, 2005, pp. 163–178. homeowner, a sense of order and greatness creation, a sense of peace, an absolute surrender and a balanced [6] J. Herlihy, “The Metaphoric Ascent Of Prayer

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