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Mamluk Studies Review Vol. III (1999) MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW III 1999 MIDDLE EAST DOCUMENTATION CENTER (MEDOC) THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW Published by the MIDDLE EAST DOCUMENTATION CENTER (MEDOC) THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Mamlu≠k Studies Review is an annual refereed journal devoted to the study of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (648-922/1250-1517). The goals of Mamlu≠k Studies Review are to take stock of scholarship devoted to the Mamluk era, nurture communication within the field, and promote further research by encouraging the critical discussion of all aspects of this important medieval Islamic polity. The journal will include both articles and reviews of recent books. Submissions of original work on any aspect of the field are welcome, although the editorial board will periodically issue volumes devoted to specific topics and themes. Mamlu≠k Studies Review also solicits edited texts and translations of shorter Arabic source materials (waqf deeds, letters, fata≠wá and the like), and encourages discussions of Mamluk era artifacts (pottery, coins, etc.) that place these resources in wider contexts. Transliterated Middle Eastern languages should conform to the system utilized by the Library of Congress. All questions regarding style should be resolved through reference to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition. All submissions should be typed double-spaced. Submissions must be made on labeled computer disk together with a printed copy. Note: Readers of Mamlu≠k Studies Review who have access to the World Wide Web are referred to the MEDOC home page http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/LibInfo/SourcesBySubject/MiddleEast/ medoc.html. This site provides a link to the searchable Mamluk bibliography maintained by MEDOC and has information about subscribing to the Mamluk listserv. The Mamluk listserv is an open forum for discussions of all aspects of the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Editors of Mamlu≠k Studies Review encourage readers to use the listserv to comment upon and discuss issues raised in the Review. ISSN 1086-170X. Copyright © 1999 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Middle East Documentation Center. The logo that appears on the cover and title page was created by John E. Woods. The editor wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Barbara Gamez Craig in the design and production of the present volume. All communications should be sent to: The Editor, Mamlu≠k Studies Review, 5828 South University Avenue, 201 Pick Hall, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW Editor BRUCE D. CRAIG, The University of Chicago Associate Editors JOHN L. MELOY, American University of Beirut WARREN C. SCHULTZ, DePaul University Review Editor W. W. CLIFFORD, The University of Chicago Editorial Board MARLIS J. SALEH (Secretary), The University of Chicago DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, University of Munich ANNE F. BROADBRIDGE, The University of Chicago LI GUO, The University of Chicago ULRICH HAARMANN, The Free University of Berlin R. STEPHEN HUMPHREYS, University of California, Santa Barbara DONALD P. LITTLE, McGill University RAFAAT M. M. EL NABARAWY, Cairo University CARL F. PETRY, Northwestern University JOHN E. WOODS, The University of Chicago Production Manager MARK L. STEIN, The University of Chicago © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf CONTENTS OBITUARY David Ayalon, 1914-1998 1 REUVEN AMITAI ARTICLES "Quis Custodiet Custodes?" Revisited: 13 The Prosecution of Crime in the Late Mamluk Sultanate CARL F. PETRY Mamluk Art and Architectural History: 31 A Review Article JONATHAN BLOOM Saving Muslim Souls: The Kha≠nqa≠h and 59 the Sufi Duty in Mamluk Lands TH. EMIL HOMERIN Academic Rivalry and the Patronage System in 85 Fifteenth-Century Egypt: al-‘Ayn|, al-Maqr|z|, and Ibn H˛ajar al-‘Asqala≠n| ANNE F. BROADBRIDGE Environmental Hazards, Natural Disasters, 109 Economic Loss, and Mortality in Mamluk Syria WILLIAM TUCKER © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf vi CONTENTS Qa≠ytba≠y's Madrasahs in the Holy Cities 129 and the Evolution of H˛aram Architecture DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF Shams al-D|n Muh˛ammad ibn Makk| "al-Shah|d 149 al-Awwal" (d. 1384) and the Shi‘ah of Syria STEFAN H. WINTER Mamluk Monetary History: A Review Essay 183 WARREN C. SCHULTZ BOOK REVIEWS Sato Tsugitaka, State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqta‘s and Fallahun (Amalia Levanoni) 207 S˛a≠’ib ‘Abd al-H˛am|d, Ibn Taym|yah: H˛aya≠tuhu wa-‘Aqa≠’iduhu and ‘Abd Alla≠h ibn Rash|d ibn Muh˝ammad al-H˛awsha≠n|, Manhaj Shaykh al-Isla≠m Ibn Taym|yah f| al-Da‘wah ilá Alla≠h Ta‘a≠lá (David Reisman) 210 Ibn al-‘Ad|m, Zubdat al-H˛alab min Ta’r|kh H˛alab (Michael Chamberlain) 213 Majd al-Afand|, al-Ghazal f| al ‘Asr al-Mamlu≠k| al-Awwal (Thomas Bauer) 214 Sala≠h˝ al-D|n Muh˝ammad Nawwa≠r, al-T˛awa≠’if al-Mughu≠l|yah f| Mis˝r (Reuven Amitai) 219 Muh˝ammad al-H˛ab|b al-H|lah, Ta’r|kh Makkah wa-Mu’arrikhuha≠ (Frederic Bauden) 223 Taq| al-D|n Ah˝mad ibn ‘Al| al-Maqr|z|, Durar al-‘Uqu≠d al-Far|dah f| Tara≠jim al-A‘ya≠n al-Muf|dah: Qit¸‘ah minhu, edited by ‘Adna≠n Darw|sh and Muh˝ammad al-Mis˝r| (Donald P. Little) 231 Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Mamluk and Post-Mamluk Metal Lamps (Nuha Khoury) 233 Ya≠s|n al-Ayyu≠b|, A±fa≠q al-Shi‘r al-‘Arab| f| al-‘As˝r al-Mamlu≠k| (Th. Emil Homerin) 237 © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf CONTENTS vii Mah˝mu≠d al-Sayyid, Ta≠r|kh ‘Arab al-Sha≠m f| al-‘As˝r al-Mamlu≠k| (Stefan Winter) 240 al-Bayyu≠m| Isma≠‘|l al-Shirb|n|, Mus˝a≠darat al-Amla≠k f| al-Dawlah al-Isla≠m|yah: ‘As˝r Sala≠t¸|n al-Mama≠l|k (Marlis J. Saleh) 242 ‘As˝im Muh˝ammad Rizq, Kha≠nqa≠wa≠t al-S˛u≠f|yah f| Mis˝r, 1:F| al-‘As˝rayn al-Ayyu≠b| wa-al-Mamlu≠k| (567-923 H./1171-1517 M.); 2: F| ‘As˝r Dawlat al-Mama≠l|k al-Burj|yah (787-920 H./1385-1516 M.) (Th. Emil Homerin) 245 © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf David Ayalon, 1914-1998 © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf REUVEN AMITAI HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM David Ayalon, 1914-1998 On 25 June 1998 Professor David Ayalon, emeritus professor of Islamic history at the Hebrew University, passed away in Jerusalem, after a long illness. David Ayalon is best known for his seminal studies on the nature of military slavery in the medieval Islamic world and the history of the Mamluk Sultanate. At the same time his interests and studies ranged from the beginnings of Islam up to the modern, even contemporary, history of the Middle East. He was also celebrated as a lexicographer: his Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary of Modern Arabic, compiled with his friend and colleague Pessah Shinar in 1947, has continued in print for over 50 years and remains a mainstay for the study of Arabic in Israel. Born David Neustadt in Haifa in 1914, Ayalon (who changed his surname in the late 1940s) spent his childhood in Zikhron Ya‘akov and Rosh Pinah. It was in the latter town that he came into extensive contact with local Arab children and his first exposure to the Arabic language. Upon completing his secondary education in Haifa, Ayalon arrived in Jerusalem in 1933 to study at the recently founded Hebrew University. His chosen subjects were Arabic language and literature, Islamic culture, and Jewish history, and he was the first locally-born student in the newly-formed Institute of Oriental Studies (today the Institute of Asian and African Studies). As part of his studies, and encouraged by Prof. S. D. Goitein, Ayalon went off to spend a year at the American University of Beirut. His experiences there became the basis of his first article, "Some Characteristics of Educated Arab Youth," published in Hebrew in ha-Po‘el ha-Tsa‘ir in 1935; in it Ayalon gave a prominent place to the impression made by European fascism on his Lebanese classmates. Returning to Jerusalem, Ayalon appears to have devoted himself to the Jewish aspect of the medieval Islamic world. In the late 1930s he published in Hebrew two pieces of research in Zion: "Notes on the Economic History of the Jews and their Settlement in Egypt in the Middle Ages" (1937) and "On the Office of Nagid in the Middle Ages" (1939). Subsequently, he turned towards Islamic history, and specifically the study of the Mamluk institution, primarily during the time of the Sultanate. Ayalon's studies were disrupted by service in the British army during World War II, but at times during these years (1941-45), he was in circumstances which enabled him to return to his work, at least partially. His doctorate was Middle East Documentation Center. The University of Chicago. © 1999, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_III_1999.pdf 2 REUVEN AMITAI, DAVID AYALON, 1914-1998 awarded in 1946.
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