A History of the Architecture and its Culture
Doris Behrens-Abouseif
I.B.TAURIS List of Illustrations ix 6. Treasures, Status and Style 35 Treasures 35 Preface xv Status and style 38
Acknowledgements xvii 7. Construction: Organization and Cost 43 Supervisors, master builders and builders 43 Note to the Reader xix Time and money 45 The cost of a mosque 47 1. The Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) 1 The Mamluk system 1 8. The Growth of the Metropolis 51 The Mamluks in history 2 Urban visions and building zeal 51 The cultural environment 4 9. The Metropolitan Architectural Style 65 2. Pious Patronage 9 The singularity of Cairo 65 Institutions, scholars and waqf 9 10. The Evolution of Mamluk Architecture 3. Motivation and Perception of in Cairo 71 Monumental Patronage 15 The formation of an architectural identity 71 Prestige, memory and urban development 15 The layout 73 Minarets 77 4. The Patronage of the Civilian Elite 21 Domes 80 Functionaries, shaykhs and merchants 21 Facades and fenestration 84 Portals and entrances 86 5. Ceremonial Culture 25 Materials and techniques of decoration 90 The spectacle of the Sultan 25 Epigraphy 97 The Sultan in the city 28 Oddities 99 The Sultan as overseer 32 CONTENTS
Appendix to Chapter 10: Building Materials 18. The mosque of Emir Qawsun (1330) 171 and Construction Methods 19. The mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad at the by Philipp Speiser 101 Citadel (1318-35) 173 Building materials IOI 20. The mosques of Emirs Almalik al-Juqandar Construction methods 102 (1319) and Ahmad al-Mihmandar (1325) 178 Conclusion 105 21. The funerary mosque of Emir Ulmas al-Hajib (1330) 180 11. The Successors of the Ayyubids 113 22. The Friday mosque of Emir Altinbugha 1. The mausoleum of al-Salih Najm al-Din al-Maridani (1339-40) 183 Ayyub (1250) 113 . 23. The funerary mosque of Emir Aslam 2. The mausoleum of Shajar al-Durr (1250) 114 al-Baha'i al-Silahdar (1345) 185 3. The madrasa of al-Mu'izz Aybak (1256-7) 116 24. The mosque of Emir Aqsunqur al-Nasiri (1346-7) 187 12. The Reign of al-Zahir Baybars 119 4. The madrasa of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars 16. The Reign of al-Nasir Hasan and After 191 (1263) 119 25. The mosque and khanqah of Emir Shaykhu 5. The Great Mosque of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars al-'Umari (1349-57) 191 at Husayniyya (1267-9) 121 26. The madrasa of Emir al-Sayfi 6. The mausoleum of the Abbasid caliphs 126 Sarghitmish (1356) 197 27. The madrasa and Friday mosque of Sultan 13. From al-Mansur Qalawun to al-Nasir Hasan (1356-63) 201 Muhammad 129 28. The Sultaniyya mausoleum (1350s) 214 7. The mausoleum of Fatima Khatun (Umm 29. The madrasa of Emir Sabiq al-Din Mithqal al-Salih) (1283-4) 129 al-Anuki (1361-9) 217 8. The funerary complex of Sultan al-Mansur 30. The madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha'ban, Qalawun (1284-5) 132 Khawand Baraka (1368-9) 218 9. The funerary madrasa of Sultan al-Ashraf 31. The madrasa of Emir Uh'ay al-Yusufi (1373) 221 Khalil (1288) 142 32. The funerary complex of Sultan Barquq 10. The mausoleum and ribat of Ahmad Ibn (1384-6) 225 Sulayman al-Rifa'i (c.1291) 143 11. The so-called mausoleum of Mustafa 17. The Reign of al-Nasir Faraj Ibn Barquq 231 Pasha or ribat of Emir Janibak (thirteenth 33. The funerary khanqah of Sultan Faraj Ibn century-c.1465) 145 Barquq (1400-11) 231 34. The mosque and sabil-maktab called 14. The Early Period of al-Nasir Duhaysha (1408) 237 Muhammad's Reign 149 12. The zawiya of Shaykh Zayn al-Din Yusuf 18. The Reign of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 239 (1298-1325) 149 35. The funerary complex of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad 13. The funerary madrasa of Sultan al-Nasir (1415-20) 239 Muhammad Ibn Qalawun (1295-1303) 152 36. The hospital of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad (1420) 244 14. The funerary complex of Emir Sanjar 37. The madrasa of'Abd al-Ghani al-Fakhri al-Jawli (1303-4) 156 (1418) 246 15. The funerary khanqah of Sultan al-Muzaffar 38. The mosque of Qadi 'Abd al-Basit (1420) 247 Baybars (al-Jashnakir) (1307-10) 161 16. The funerary khanqah of Emir Sunqur 19. The Reign of al-Ashraf Barsbay 251 al-Sa'di (1315-21) 166 39. The funerary complex of Sultan Barsbay in the city (1423-4) 251 15. Al-Nasir Muhammad's Third Reign 40. The funerary khanqah of Sultan Barsbay in and After 171 the northern cemetery (1432) 253 17. The New Mosque (al-Jami' al-Jadid) of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (1312) 171 CONTENTS
20. The Reign of al-Zahir Jaqmaq 259 53. The sabil-maktab of Sultan Qaytbay in Saliba 41. The madrasa of Sultan jaqmaq at Darb street (1480) 290 Sa'ada (1451) 259 54. The mosque of Emir Azbak al-Yusufi 42. The funerary complex of Emir (1494-5) 292 Taghribirdi (1440) 261 55. The cistern of Emir Ya'qub Shah 43. The mosque of Qadi Zayn al-Din Yahya al-Mihmandar (1495-6) 294 along the Khalij (Azhar street) (1444) 262 44. The mosque of Qadi Yahya at Bulaq 23. The Reign of al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri 295 (1448-50) 263 56. The funerary complex of Sultan al-Ghawri 45. The mosque of Qadi Yahya at Habbaniyya (1502-4) 295 (1452) 265 57. The two mosques of Sultan al-Ghawri near the hippodrome (1503,1509-10) 303 21. The Reign of al-Ashraf Inal 267 58. The funerary mosque of Emir Qanibay 46. The funerary complex of Sultan Inal Qara (1506) 304 (1453-61) 267 59. The funerary complex of Emir Qurqumas (1506-7) 306 22. The Reign of al-Ashraf Qaytbay 273 60. The funerary madrasa of Emir Khayrbak 47. The funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay (1502-21) 312 (1472-4) 273 48. The dome of Emir Yashbak at Matariyya Appendix: The Mamluk Sultans 317 (today Qubba) (1477) 278 49. The domed mosque of Emir Yashbak at Glossary 319 Husayniyya/Raydaniyya, Qubbat al-Fadawiyya (1480-2) 281 Notes 321 50. The zawiya of Shaykh Damirdash (1470S-90S) 283 Bibliography 337 51. The mosque of Qadi Abu Bakr Ibn Muzhir (1479-80) 284 Index 347 52. The funerary mosque of Emir Qijmas al-Ishaqi (1479-82) 286