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Exploring the Impact of Asian Stereotype Endorsement, Multicultural Counseling Competence, and Motivation to Respond Without

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Exploring the Impact of Asian Stereotype Endorsement, Multicultural Counseling Competence, and Motivation to Respond Without Exploring the impact of Asian stereotype endorsement, multicultural counseling competence, and motivation to respond without prejudice on White therapists’ clinical judgment Yi-Jung Lee Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2012 © 2012 Yi-Jung Lee All rights reserved ABSTRACT Exploring the impact of Asian Stereotype Endorsement, Multicultural Counseling Competence, and Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice on White Therapists’ Clinical Judgment Yi-Jung Lee People have the tendency to rely on stereotypes while making judgments due to limitations of cognitive capacity. The shifting standards model suggests that people tend to use stereotypes as a standard when they make subjective judgments about members of stereotyped groups and that they unconsciously shift their standards based on stereotypes they hold for particular groups. Researchers have found that White therapists tend to shift their standards while making clinical judgment of their clients of Color. The majority of the research to date has focused on White therapists and Black clients, while the research on White therapists and Asian clients is scant. The current study investigated whether White psychology trainees shift standards in making subjective clinical judgment based on race and residency status of a fictitious White, Asian and Asian-American clients described in a vignette. The study also examined the potential relationships among White psychology trainees' level of self-reported Asian stereotype endorsement, multicultural counseling competence, and motivation to respond without prejudice and their impact on White trainees' initial clinical judgment. Participants included 439 (350 females, 89 males) White psychology trainees across the US. It was expected that White trainees would show less concern regarding symptom severity and a more optimistic prognosis for Asian target clients compared to a White target client. Furthermore, it was expected that White trainees would show less concern for symptom severity and a more optimistic prognosis for an Asian international student target compared to an Asian American target client. Results of an ANOVA revealed that White trainees did show less concern for symptom severity and more optimistic prognosis for an Asian international target client compared to a White target client. However, the results showed no difference between the ratings of symptom severity and prognosis for an Asian international student versus an Asian American student target client. For ratings of prognosis, regression analyses identified interaction effects between target client race and Asian competence stereotype endorsement, and also between target client race and participants' age. For ratings of symptom severity, no interaction effects were found. However for White trainees who responded to Asian international student target client there was a main effect for multicultural awareness on ratings of symptom severity. Similarly, for White trainees who responded to the Asian American target client vignette, main effects were found for multicultural awareness and Asian competence stereotype endorsement on ratings of symptom severity. Implications for training, practice, and research are discussed. Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................vi Chapter I INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW…………………….…………….................................12 Clinical judgment…………..……………………………………….....................12 Information processing…………………..................................................14 Heuristics……………………………………...…......................14 Social schemas……………………….........................................15 Types of bias in clinical settings……………………................................19 Stereotypes..…………..……………………………………….............................21 Overview of stereotypes………………......................................................21 Asian stereotypes……………………………............................................26 Impact of Asian stereotypes……………………………...........................29 General attitudes toward Asians…………………………............29 Perceptions of Asian mental health………………………...........31 Attitudes toward discrimination against Asians………….............32 Prejudice reduction................................................................................................33 Automatic and controlled processes…………………….………….........35 Multicultural counseling competence .……………………………..........36 Motivations to be nonprejudiced..….........................................................40 Summary/Statement of problem…………………………...................................45 Hypotheses and research questions………………………………………..........48 i Chapter III METHOD……………………..………………………...………..……...............50 Pilot study 1 ..........................................................................................................50 Participants ...............................................................................................50 Procedure...................................................................................................50 Instrument..................................................................................................50 Results........................................................................................................50 Conclusion.................................................................................................51 Pilot study 2 ..........................................................................................................52 Participants ................................................................................................52 Procedure ..................................................................................................52 Instruments ................................................................................................52 Manipulation .............................................................................................54 Results .......................................................................................................55 Conclusion ................................................................................................56 Main study ............................................................................................................56 Participants……………............................................................................56 Procedure...................................................................................................59 Instruments…………………………........................................................59 Clinical vignettes………………………………...........................59 Initial Client Impression Inventory-Revised………......................59 Clinical Judgment Scale………………………………….............60 Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes…...............................60 Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale….....61 ii Internal and External Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice Scale……………...............................................................63 The Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale Form C…............64 Demographic questionnaire……...................................................66 Chapter IV RESULTS ................................................................................................................67 Preliminary analyses ..........................................................................................67 Analyses testing hypotheses ..............................................................................73 Hypotheses 1 and 2........ ....................................................................................73 Analysis for ratings of concern..................................................................74 Analysis for ratings of prognosis...............................................................74 Research question A1 ........................................................................................75 Research question 1............................................................................................76 Research question 2............................................................................................76 Analysis for ratings of concern with whole sample..................................77 Analysis for ratings of concern with subset groups...................................80 Analysis for ratings of prognosis...............................................................83 Chapter V DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................89 Impact of client race/residency status.................................................................90 Impact of multicultural counseling competence, Asian stereotype endorsement, and motivation...........................................................................................92 Ratings of prognosis..................................................................................92 Interaction effects: Asian competence stereotype endorsement
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