European Review of Social Cumulative Subject Index Volumes 1–25 (contains links to entries) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Locators in bold refer to figures/tables goal-based explanations (12) 201–235 – Action control, behavioural intentions Ability, praise and criticism (3) 259 283 (12) 21 Abnormal conditions focus model (2) 59–61 – Action control, regulation (23) Aboriginal Peoples, Canada (24) 15 16 146–156 Absentminded relapses (22) 20 Action initiation, implementation intentions Abstract language use (25) see Linguistic (4) 166–171 abstraction Action readiness (22) 116, 117; (22) 153 Abstract modelling, indirect intergroup Action for social change (24) 244 contact (25) 319, 375 Action-oriented personality factors (24) 146, Abstract reasoning (22) 169 146–147 Abstraction, intragroup variability (7) – Action tendencies, conflict resolution (25) 4, 111 113 9–10, 18 Abu Ghraib, prisoners (24) 2 Activation of attitudes (24) 270–273 Academic personnel selection (25) see Actor effects (22) 367, 369 Personnel selection Actor perspective, positive–negative Academic procrastination (24) 155, 156 asymmetry (1) 38–39 Access consciousness (22) 8–9 – – Actor observer Access dissociations (22) 4, 10 17 agent vs. recipient (16) 182–184 Acceptance of death, terror management – linguistic category model (LCM) (2) theory (25) 57, 58 59 17–18 Accessible knowledge prediction (6) 13–16 meta- (22) 185–186 – Actor-Partner Interdependence Model priming (22) 183 185 (APIM) (22) 350; (22) 367 Accessibility of thoughts Acute stress paradigm (23) 32 aggressive (25) 88, 93, 95 – – Adherence to treatment, healthcare disparities death-related (25) 36 37, 48 50 (24) 81, 83–84, 86–87 Acculturation (23) 93; (25) 156 Adjectives, linguistic category model and citizenship (25) 153 (25) 266 indirect intergroup contact (25) 351 Advantaged-groups, perceptions (24) and national identity (25) 215–216 – – 217 218 Achievement (23) 9 10, 18 Adjustment process (16) 354–357 Achievement behaviour, attributional – – Adolescence analysis (13) 220 221, 234 238 media use (25) 72, 74–75, see also Media Acquisition of attitudes (24) 267–270 – violence Act rationalization (8) 10 15 national identification (25) 207 Action – Adolescence, self-concept and social attitudes (18) 108 119 categorization (3) 285–308 attributional models (13) 223–225

1 2 SUBJECT INDEX

Advertising, humour (24) see Humour in Affective–cognitive inconsistency, meeting advertising the handicapped (1) 323–338 Advocacy, intergroup forgiveness (24) 9–10, Affect-outcomes relationship, 11 implementation intentions (23) 168–170 Affect Affiliation, under stress (1) 304–307; (5) attention (8) 71–73 215–231 attitude (8) 33–66; (10) 78–92;(11)2–3 (24) 203 attitude–behaviour models (8) 38–44 Affordances, behavioural variability (18) attributions (3) 194–196 286–287 behaviour (22) 11–13 Afghanistan (24) 2, 6, 17–21, 20, 26 core affect (20) 236 Afghanistan National Police (ANP) (24) 17, crossed categorization (13) 44–45, 51–56, 18–19, 20 62–64 Afterlife (25) see Immortality decision-making (8) 33–66 Age of apology (24) 1, see also Intergroup deservingness (17) 63–64 forgiveness interpretation (14) 295 (24) 197 and (22) 117 Age-related attitudes, IAT (18) 45–51 fluency–affect intuition model (FAIM) Age-related differences (22) 279–302 attitudes and stereotyping (18) 67–69 fluency-induced (22) 280, 290–293 feedback and perceived ability (3) and systematic processing (6) 277–279 44–49 Aggression (23) 107, 109–110 infusion (22) 119 accessibility (23) 120–124, 126–127 interpersonal preferences (3) 196–200 activation-inhibition (23) 115–116 judgemental cue (22) 294–295 catharsis (23) 117–119 memory (20) 280–284 direct emotion regulation (25) 6, 8 (16) 257–300; (20) 359–369, media violence (23) 228–229 372–373 and media use (25) 73, 87, 84–88, 93, 95 person perception (20) 208–210 related constructs (23) 119–124 (10) 79–84; (16) 129–131 suppression (23) 127–131, 134 priming (22) 119 violent computer games (23) 131–133, psychological consequences (22) 15–16 247 reattribution (22) 294–295, 296 see also Anger; Media violence responses to dehumanised people (20) Aggression, historiometry (9) 276–278 214–215 Aggression, inhibition (24) 163, see also social perception (3) 183–223 Morality stereotyping (22) 227 Aging, social comparison (12) 291–293 stimulus evaluation (22) 13 AIDS prevention programs (7) 266–270, unconscious (22) 10–11 275–277 Affects, indirect intergroup contact (25) 321, Airline fighter pilots (24) 203 321, 322, 353–355, 364–367, see also Alarm system, mortality salience (25) 63, Emotion see also Threat Affect-as-information theory (3) 206–207 Albanians, Kosovar (25) 352 Affective evaluations of behaviour (6) 88–90 Alcohol consumption (23) 232–233 Affective focus, process reliance (19) bingeing (23) 252 309–310 Alcohol, mind-wandering (22) 18–19 Affective priming (8) 67–103; (13) 44–45 Alcohol, opportunity to control (19) 301 Affective processing, advertising (24) 35–36, Algorithmic models of reasoning (2) 40, 40–41, 47, 49, 51, 53–62 121–122 Affective reactions, emotion-based social Algorithms, name-letter effect (25) 234–235, influence (22) 118–120, 122–123, 144 243–251, 249, 254 SUBJECT INDEX 3

Alienation (7) 19–20 Anticipated regret (8) 49–53; (12) 22 Alternative group memberships (4) 36–37 Anticipation (23) 1 Altruism (24) 163, 241, see also Helping Anti-collectivism (23) 344–346, 348, behaviour; Morality 361–365 Altruism mood congruency (1) 18 indirect emotion regulation (25) 10, reciprocal (10) 260–264 13–15 Altruistic rationalisation (3) 128–129; (18) intergroup contact (25) 317–318, 322, 193–194 347, 352, 354, 364, 377, see also Ambiguous information, attitude formation Indirect intergroup contact (11) 63–64 and mortality salience (25) 37, 42, 43, 44, Ambivalence and attitude (11) 35–74; (12) 59, 61, 62, 64 37–70; (12) 85–88 and self-esteem (25) 243 Ambivalent information, mood congruency see also Fear (1) 15 Anxiety and anxious behaviour in cross- America (24) see USA group encounters (22) 364, 366–367, 368, American flag experiment, terror 370, 371–373, 378–379 management theory (25) 42 Anxiety, healthcare disparities (24) 92–93 Americans, collective guilt (25) 125, see also Anxiety, implementation intentions (23) 164, Ethnic minorities; USA 166–167 Amygdala, dehumanised perception (20) Anxiety 216–218 intergroup anxiety (19) 20–21; (19) racial bias (21) 261–262, 263, 264, 246–247 266–267 threat (14) 255–256; (19) Amygdala, stereotyping (22) 248–250 243–244, 250–251 Anchoring (10) 136–139 Anxious attachment (25) see Attachment cue utilization (8) 143 style (8) 120–122 (24) 14, 196 self-anchoring (13) 15–16, 20–21, 25–26 Apartment renting scenario, inaction inertia Anchoring, inaction inertia (24) 127, 138 (24) 131 Anger Apology (24) 3, 6, 7, see also Intergroup adaptive response (22) 149–150 forgiveness evolution (22) 150 Apology, collective guilt (17) 23–24 social influence (22) 117, 125, 127–130, Apologies-by-proxy (24) 19, 20, 22, 23 132–134, 140, 142–143, 146–148, Appraisal patterns 149 emotions (22) 117, 121, 153 Anger, conflict resolution (25) 4, 5, 8, 8, 9, reverse appraisals (22) 122–123 see also Aggression Appraisal theories, emotion (20) 234–235; Anger, and helping behaviour (24) 244, (25) 3–10, 8, 11, 21, 22, 24 245–246 Approach (23) 28–30 Animalistic dehumanisation (23) 69–70 Approach behaviour, secondary emotions Animality (23) 71 (15) 286–287 ANOVA analogy, (5) 167–172 Approach–avoidance conflict (11) 50–52 Antecedents, extended and vicarious contact Approach/inhibition model (21) 15–16 (25) 320, 321, 322 Archival data analysis (9) 272–273 Antecedents, intergroup forgiveness (24) 5–6 Argumentation, attitude change (8) 5–7 Anterior cingulate cortex (22) 19, 21; (22) Armenians (17) 6 178; (22) 237–238 Arousal, cost–reward model (24) 227, 241 Anterior temporal lobe (22) 229 Arousal and emotion (20) 236 Anthropomorphism (20) 204 , 207–208 Arousal, dissonance (22) 41, 42 4 SUBJECT INDEX

Arousal, physiological (23) 117–118 Attentional processes, advertising (24) 33, Art and terror management (21) 114–154 35, 37, 39–46, 40, 43, 49–59, 55, 57, 59 Artificial grammar learning (22) 298 Attitude(s) Ashkenazi Jews, intergroup encounters (25) accessibility and affective priming (8) 114–115, 117, 126, 127, 129, 130 76–77 Asia (24) 235–236 affect (8) 33–66; (10) 78–92;(11)2–3 Asian cultures, death-defending behavior ambiguous information (11) 63–64 (25) 51 ambivalence (11) 35–74; (12) 37–70; (12) Assimilation 85–88 anchoring (10) 137–145 attribution paradigm (15) 191–195 intergroup variability (7) 118–120 behaviour link (7) 252;(11)16–26;(11) multicultural ideologies (25) 146, 61–63; (12) 53–59; (13) 293–323;(18) 146–148, 154–161, 155, 159 109–119 national identity (25) 215–216, 218, 220 cognitive information (10) 78–92 outgroup similarity (1) 146–151 conflict resolution (25) 7, 8, 18 question answers (2) 38–41 consistency (1) 188–189 social comparison (21) 84–85, 99–101 definition (10) 76–78 Assimilative beliefs, moderating discursive (9) 241–259 humanisation (23) 92–93 embeddedness (12) 89 Association (23) 68 ethnic minorities, national identity (25) future-reality (23) 31–34 197– 199, 212–216 reality-instrumental means (23) 34 evaluation (11) 2–3 Associationistic concepts, judgement (14) expectancy–value model (11) 4–8 39–41 expression, group polarization (7) Associative networks, attitude research (24) 173–207 264 habit and (10) 115–117 Associative processing model, advertising historiometry (9) 274–275 (24) 32, 34, 40, 40–41, 45–52, 46, implicit–explicit consistency (16) 56, 62 335–390 foundations (24) 37–39 inconsistency (12) 88–89 limitations (24) 60–61 and indirect intergroup contact (25) 351, merits (24) 59–60 367–369 Assumptive helping (24) 237 individual differences (18) 61–72 Assumptive world (4) 195–205 information processing (11) 4–8, 9–16; Athletes, doping (24) 8 (11) 60–61 Attachment, facial expression perception (14) intention (11) 61–63; (12) 53–59; (13) 58–65 297–306 Attachment style majority vs. minority influence (7) and death fears (25) 47 153–154 and self-esteem (25) 251–252 on-line formation (11) 5 Attendance (23) 53–54 open-ended measures (12) 71–101 Attention persuasion (10) 88–91; (18) 99–101 affect (8) 71–73 power (18) 284–285 implementation intentions (4) 160–162 process dissociation model (20) 289–295 judgement (1) 237 social context (18) 89–131 majority and minority influence (1) social identity theory (18) 93–108; (19) 246–247 189–191 self-related (4) 125–126 stability (11) 13–15;(11)59–60 stereotyping (11) 145–175 strength (11) 52–55; (19) 165–201 Attentional focus, and goal achievement (25) surveys, context effects (2) 31–50 266–267 values (10) 91–92 SUBJECT INDEX 5

see also Explicit attitudes; Implicit motivation (13) 222–248 attitudes prejudice (8) 264–267; (12) 168–177, Attitude change 182–183 argumentation (8) 5–7 processing (14) 293 convergent processing (7) 160–164 responses to criticism (16) 306–311 imagery (21) 190–191, 192–193 retraining (5) 155–156 indirect (8) 175–202 Attribution, dissonance (22) 52 negative feedback (8) 7–10 Attributional style, media violence (25) social identity (18) 98–108 89–90, 95 Attitudes (24) 252–254, 278–279, 282 Audience inhibition (24) 238, see also acquisition (24) 267–270 Bystander effect activation (24) 270–273 Audience, response to criticism (16) behaviour as proxy for (24) 253–257, 312–314, 321–325 261, 264, 268–269, 271 Australia (24) 2, 3, 7–8, 13, 14, 26–27 changing attitudes and emotion-based Authentic living, terror management theory social influence (22) 134–139, 145, (25) 58–59 147, 148 Automatic (24) see Implicit attitudes evaluation/evaluative responses (24) 252, Automatic processes/automaticity (11) 255, 258–263, 265, 273–275 18–26; (20) 273–277, 295–297 healthcare disparities (24) 79, 85, 87–88, action initiation (4) 169–171 93–100, 96, 98, 99, 105 forgiveness (19) 217–221 humour in advertising (24) 32, 45–54, 46, habit (10) 104–105 48, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62 impression formation (14) 26 impact on behaviour (24) 273–275 intentions (12) 24–29 implicit and explicit in cross-group social comparison (21) 89–91 encounters (22) 382–385 social evaluation (21) 248–254 mental representations (24) 275–277 social projection (18) 3–5 meta-consciousness in implicit attitudes Autonomy, contingencies of self-worth (15) (22) 27 164–165 neuroscientific perspectives (24) 281–282 Aversive Theory (24) 87, 97–99, see also Functional-cognitive framework 99 Attribution Aversive racists (22) 26 affect (3) 194–196 Avoidance (23) 28–30 ambiguity (12) 175–177; (14) 264–265 Avoidance ANOVA analogy (5) 167–172 secondary emotions (15) 286–287 antecedents and consequences (5) 152– social identity threat (17) 330–332 153, 156–162; (13) 218–222 Avoidance, decision-making (24) 123, dispositional (2) 56–57; (5) 119–122; (14) 154–155 19–22; (20) 169–170 Avoidance-of-regret (24) 131–132, 133 forgiveness (19) 221 Awareness functional value of realistic attributions implicit–explicit consistency (16) (5) 151–179 347–349 group status (9) 36–37 lay epistemics (20) 163–165 health education (7) 247–249 prejudice-related discrepancies (16) heuristic-systematic model (HSM) (6) 117–128 50–60 humanness (19) 66–72 Backbiting (1) 53 incomplete information (5) 172–175 Backward induction, discontinuity effect (18) linguistic category model (LCM) (2) 195–197 13–19 Balance theory, extended ‘‘man-the-scientist’’ analogy (2) 53–59 (25) 318–319 6 SUBJECT INDEX

Barnum effect (4) 119 Behaviour-trait schemas (5) 136–138 Baseline-correction algorithm, name-letter Beijing Olympics, opening ceremony (22) effect (25) 234, 249, 250, 251 164–165 Base-rate (2) 148–151; (4) 126; (14) 32–33 Belief disconfirmation (22) 56 Base-rate fallacy (2) 92–101 Beliefs (23) 2–4, 7 Base-rate neglect (20) 170–172 Beliefs Basic emotions (20) 235 congruence (1) 272–277;(11)22–23 Behaviour (23) 5–6 crystallization (8) 158–161 aggressive (23) 118–119, 122–124 fairness/justness (24) 196–199, 203, consequences (23) 110 205–206, 218 exercise (23) 49–50 healthcare disparities (24) 74–75, 82, 86 as function of attitudes (24) 253–257, historiometry (9) 274–275 261, 264, 268–269, 271 ‘‘in a dangerous world’’ (BDW) (14) 113, group (23) 349 116–121 norms (24) 161, 162, 164, 173–187, 176, Beliefs, shared (25) 168–170 180, 184, 185 Belongingness (22) 332–333 other-rated (23) 24 Belongingness, and mortality salience (25) risky (23) 242 60, 61 sexual (23) 232–233 Betting study, inaction inertia (24) 129, 142 study (23) 53 Between-group differences, overestimation Behaviour (3) 31–56 affect and attitude–behaviour models (8) BIAS (10) 2, 6, 10–36 38–44 Bias (2) 85–101 affective evaluations (6) 88–90 advertising (24) 33 attitude link (7) 252;(11)16–26;(11) hindsight bias (8) 108–115, 124–129 61–63; (12) 53–59; (13) 293–323; intergroup forgiveness (24) 17, 18 (18) 109–119 judgements (14) 30–38 ; (21) 305–310 automaticity (11) 18–26 outcome expectation (7) 51–53 determinants (7) 251–260 racial (24) 71, 73, 77, 168–169, 169, see expectations (12) 12 also Prejudice habit (11) 23–25 self-enhancement and self-protection (20) implementation intentions (4) 166–171 19–20 implicit measures (19) 285–338 Bias intentions and (12) 1–36 discussion (23) 317–322 intentions as predictors (4) 145–147 evaluation (23) 328 power (18) 256–295 individual (23) 327–328 power perception (21) 14–15 ingroup (23) 365, 371–372 self-esteem (16) 101–106 ownership (23) 328–329 Behaviour change preference consistency (23) 328–329 attribution theory (5) 162–164 processing (23) 325–330 attributional retraining (5) 155–156 shared information (23) 317–318 communication (7) 260–261 vs. intensity (23) 332–334 social identity threat (17) 335–336 Bias, against outgroups (25) 319–320, see Behavioural perspectives also Linguistic intergroup bias ethnic minorities, national identity (25) phenomenon 197– 199, 212–216 Biases indirect intergroup contact (25) 320, 321, cognitive biases in stereotype acquisition 321, 322, 324–341, 343, 345, 350, (22) 217–218 353–358 cross-group encounters (22) 367–368 Behavioural scripts (22) 103 381–382 Bi-conditional relations, behaviour and Behaviourism, radical (24) 279 attitudes (24) 255, 256 SUBJECT INDEX 7

Big four (23) 109 cultural norms of integration (25) Black sheep effect (5) 37–68; (11) 173, 166–168, 167 267–275 support for (25) Black sheep effect, linguistic abstraction (25) 154–155 282 Cancellation-and-focus model of choice (10) Blair, Tony (24) 19 169–197 Blame, collective guilt (17) 16–17 Cancer treatment settings (24) 89–90, Blindsight (22) 3, 10 106–107 Bobo Doll studies (25) 72 Cardiovascular responses (23) 37 Body perception (22) 231–233 Cardiovascular responses (24) 168 Bookkeeping model, stereotype change (5) Carers, reciprocity (10) 277–280 70–76 Carmageddon II video game (25) 89 Body-piercing (24) 211–212 Categorical information, evaluative Bootstrapping statistical method, attitude judgements (7) 66–67, 75–78, 83–87 research (24) 281 Catholic-Protestant conflict, Northern Ireland Bottom-up processing (24) 2, 5, 9, 17 decoding facial expressions (9) 204–206 Categorisation processes (23) 80 impression formation (14) 26–27 Categorization Boundaries cognitive models (2) 215–218 group (23) 79 different effects of simple and crossed ingroup humanisation (23) 88–90 categorization (2) 247–278 outgroup dehumanisation (23) 80–81 event prototypes (3) 153–182 Boundaries, social identity (24) 214–215, explanation and (3) 175–177 229–234, 230, 232, 244, 247 impression formation (14) 25–26 Boundary model of eating (19) 343–344 internal and external (14) 139–170 Boys Camp studies (23) 350 perceptual selectivity (1) 119–121 Brain mapping (22) 251, 252 social identity (1) 175–176 Brainstorming (5) 271–303; (21) 46, 69 social stereotyping (1) 115–118 social and cognitive influences (12) see also Self-categorization/self- 299–325 categorization theory; Social Brainteasers (24) 53–58 categorization Brand choice (24) 32–36, 38, 40 Categorisation theory Brand memory (24) 41–45, 49, 50, 52, 54, indirect intergroup contact (25) 322, 59–61 369–371 Breton, Andre´ (23) 4–345 multicultural ideologies (25) 146, 146 Bribery (22) 174 see also Mere categorization effect Britain, intergroup forgiveness , 2 Category-based perception, intergroup Bulgaria, national identity (24) 233–234 contexts (9) 77–106 Burnout (5) 220–222, 227–228 Category differentiation Bystander effect (23) 375 crossed categorizations (2) 250–251, Bystander effect (24) 225–7, 229, 241, 255–256, 258–260, 266–271 246–247 intergroup discrimination (1) 282–287 and group size (24) 238–240, 239 Category learning, overestimation of perpetrators (24) 245–246, 247 between-group differences (3) 36, 41–50 social identity theory (24) 227–237, 230, Catharsis (23) 107–108, 135–136 232, 236 alternate explanation (23) 127–131 see also Helping behaviour empirical evidence (23) 117–127 goal model (23) 111–117, 119–127, Canada (24) 2, 3, 6, 7, 14–16, 18–21, 23, 26 131–132 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 171–174, theoretical models (23) 108–111 173 Causal chains (12) 221–222 8 SUBJECT INDEX

Causal explanation, conversational model (2) intergroup ideologies (25) 151–154, 152 51–81 and national identity (25) 193–195 Causal questions (12) 217–221 City life, stimulus overload (24) 229 Causal relations, attitude research (24) Civic national identity (25) 194–195, 259–260, 262 200–206, 203 Causation, law (12) 204–206 Classical conditioning, racial bias (19) 9–13 Cautious reciprocation model (CRM) (17) Clinical interventions, intergroup forgiveness 185–232; (18) 200–202 (24) 5 CCTV, violent incidents (24) 229–230, 230, Cliometrics (9) 270–271 239, 239–240 Close others, including in the self (15) Central tendencies (3) 39–41 101–132 Centrality Closeness, forgiveness and (19) 212–213 impression formation (5) 131 Closure, cognitive (8) 133–173 personal change (4) 206–207 Coalition formation, anger (22) 148 Chain principle (1) 48–49 Coalition formation, and mortality salience Change (23) 347 (25) 60, 61, 62 leader led (23) 274–277 Coalitions (18) 132–174 see also Social change Coffee maker purchase, inaction inertia (24) Change, subjective assessments and 140, 145 evaluations (5) 181–210 Cognition, individualism vs. collectivism Charisma (23) 278–280, 293 (22) 179–180 social construction (23) 266–267 Cognition, socially shared (23) 202 Charity (23) 14 Cognition Cheats, altruism (10) 263–264 attitude (10) 78–92 Child-abuse (24) 2 attitude–behaviour link (18) 112–114 Children, disadvantaged (23) 45, 53–54 brainstorming (12) 299–325 Children drivers (18) 260–261 abuse during childhood (22) 28 interpersonal orientation (11) 323 affect and social judgements (3) 194 language (11) 78–79 childhood memories and happiness (22) person perception (20) 210–212 27–28 persuasion (20) 53–60 emotion sharing (9) 154–155 semantic procedural interface (SPI) model stereotype acquisition (22) 217 (15) 326–328 see also Parent–child relationships Cognitive alternatives (23) 353 Children, desire for and mortality salience Cognitive approach (25) 42 intragroup variability (7) 109–116, Chinese Canadian community (24) 14–15, 23 123–128 China (24) stereotype formation (2) 193–194 discrimination (24) 215–217, 217, 218 Cognitive biases, stereotype acquisition (22) intergroup forgiveness (24) 2, 18, 21 217–218 Chinese Americans see Ethnic minorities Cognitive capacity Choice judgement (14) 6 feature-matching model (10) 169–197 need for closure (8) 163–165 habit and (10) 122–123 opportunity to control (19) 297–299 Choice, inaction inertia (24) 143–145, 144 Cognitive closure (23) 283 Choice, perceived choice and dissonance (22) Cognitive closure (8) 133–173 50, 97 Cognitive constructivism, political Chronic regulatory focus (7) 6–14; (19) 309 orientation (13) 263–265 Cigarette smoking (24) 196, 207, 208, 209 Cognitive depletion (22) 368 Cigarette smoking, mortality salience (25) 53 Cognitive dissonance (24) Citizenship inaction inertia (24) 128–129 SUBJECT INDEX 9

spreading-of-alternatives effect (24) single-study, critical-experiments (22) 255–257 58–61 Cognitive dissonance theory (22) 36–113 single, unitary mediating mechanism (22) arousal (22) 41, 42 47–48 attribution (22) 52 structural equation modelling (22) 48, 49, classic dissonance variables (22) 50 61, 68–70, 76, 79–92 about others (22) 93–94 theoretical synthesis (22) 48–49 connectionist accounts (22) 99 Cognitive dissonance consequences (22) 51–52, 82, 95 attitude change (18) 101–106 continuous moderator variables (22) attitudinal ambivalence (11) 50–52 73–75 implicit–explicit consistency (16) 352– discomfort (22) 37, 41–42, 76, 79–80, 82, 353 95–96 radical view (8) 1–32 disconfirmed expectancies paradigm (22) system justification theory (13) 116 56, 86–87, 95–96 Cognitive explanations drive state (22) 40–46, 52–53 morality vs. competence (16) 159–160 effect sizes (22) 72–73, 75–76 poor-white racism effect (8) 259–261 embarrassment (22) 43 self-related biases (4) 123–128, Festinger’s original formulation (22) 133–134 37–38 Cognitive factors free choice paradigm (22) 57–58, 85–86 positive–negative asymmetry (9) 120–130 guilt (22) 42–46, 79–80, 82–84, 86, 87, stereotype change (5) 86–88 89–90, 91, 94–95, 98 Cognitive flexibility hypothetical construct (22) 41–42 creativity (21) 43–44, 45, 46, 47, 50, impact in social psychology (22) 38–39 56–58, 67–68 induced compliance paradigm (22) power (18) 267–271 53–54, 86, 87–90 Cognitive focus, process reliance (19) insufficient justification paradigm (22) 309–310 54–55, 85, 87 Cognitive illusions (2) 83–115 intervening variable (22) 40–41 Cognitive load, emotion-based attitude judged variables (22) 48, 49–53, 61–70, formation (22) 139 76, 93–96 Cognitive load justification of effort paradigm (22) 55–56 discrimination (14) 292–293 literature search (22) 70–72 stereotyping (11) 151–168 meta-analysis (22) 48, 61–70, 71 Cognitive load, physicians (24) 76, 77, 85, moderating and mediating variables (22) 88, 104, 107–108 46–47 Cognitive miser (11) 147–148; (21) 79–81 new look theory (22) 51 social comparison (21) 85–103 objective self-awareness (22) 51, 66, 91, Cognitive models 94–95 categorization (2) 215–218 perceived choice (22) 50, 97 stereotype change (5) 69–109 public/private (22) 50 stereotyping (3) 61–68 research paradigms (22) 53–58, 84–87 Cognitive persistence and creativity (21) resistance of cognitive elements to change 44–45, 46, 51–56 (22) 97–98 Cognitive perspectives revocability (22) 96–97 appraisal theories of emotion (25) 3–9, 8, selective exposure paradigm (22) 56–57, 21, 22, 24 86 indirect intergroup contact (25) 319–321, self-theories (22) 50–51, 80–81, 94–95 321, 322, 350–353, 359–364 10 SUBJECT INDEX

and language (25) 264, 266, 269, operationalisation (22) 170–171 304–305, see also Linguistic relationships (22) 179 abstraction self-concept (22) 176–179 media violence (25) 88–90 self-goals (22) 176–179 Cognitive processes (23) 30–41 situated and fixed effects (22) 181–182 Cognitive processes situated difference in salience (22) 180– intergroup contact (19) 247–249 181 linguistic category model (LCM) (2) social practices and structures (22) 172 20–24 values (22) 173–176 majority and minority influence (1) see also Individualism-collectivism 242–248 Colour perception, majority vs. minority Cognitive processing (24) influence (7) 152–153 attitudes (24) 252–257, 263–269, 271, Colourblindness, and national identity (25) 273–275, see also Functional- 218, 220, see also Multicultural cognitive framework intergroup ideologies healthcare disparities (24) 88, 92 Colourblind theory (16) 205–210, 212–213 humour in advertising (24) 35–36, 37, 40, Commitment (22) 50 40–41, 45 Commitment (23) 22 inaction inertia (24) 137 Commitment status quo, acceptance (24) 215–217, 217, cognitions (8) 27–29 218 group socialization (5) 307, 308–309, Cognitive resources, majority and minority 311–313 influence (7) 156–158 intentions (4) 147–154 Cognitive responses to dehumanized people self-regulation (20) 319–335 (20) 212–214 to compliance (8) 18–22 Cognitive variables, behavioural intentions Common category members, helping (12) 20–23 behaviour (24) 228–229, 230, see also Coherence intuitions (22) 277–279 Self categorisation theory Collective action Common in-group identity model (24) 227; dual-pathway model (15) 59–99 (25) 147, 148, 150, 161–162 group identification (4) 67–76 Common Ingroup Identity Model (22) 387 Collective action, intergroup encounters (25) Common ingroup identity model (23) 80 116, 117, 133, 133, see also Social Common ingroup identity change intergroup bias reduction (4) 1–26 Collective angst, conflict resolution (25) 4, 5 majority and minority group perspectives Collective guilt (17) 1–37; (24) 4–5; (25) 15– (18) 296–330 18, 17, 24, 125 Common resource dilemmas (23) 190–195, Collective identity (24) see Identification 203 Collective identity (15) 67–70, 73–75 Common understanding (23) 198–206 Collective identity (23) 368 Commonality mindset (22) 387–389 Collective responses (24) see Group-level Commonalities between groups, intergroup responses encounters (25) 116–119, 123, 125–131, Collective responsibility, entitativity (12) 128, 130, 135 159–161 Communal qualities, ascription to women (5) Collective self (23) 370 23–27 Collective self, minority–majority contexts Communalism, and helping behaviour (24) (9) 5–23 241, 242 Collectivism Communication anger expression (22) 125 behaviour change (7) 260–261 cognition (22) 179–180 identity construction (16) 19–24 cognitive procedures suited to (22) 172 language (11) 78–79 SUBJECT INDEX 11

medium of communication in cross-group Competitive victimhood, indirect intergroup encounters (22) 377–380 contact (25) 352 need for closure (8) 151–152 Complex reasoning, cultural mindset (22) of mental state (22) 7 204–206 top-down deduction of group identity Complexity–extremity hypothesis (5) 50–53 (16) 10–19 Compliance, emotion-based social influence see also Language; Linguistic abstraction (22) 139–141, 145, 147, 148 Communication, healthcare disparities (24) Compliance 79, 89–92, 95–96, 96, 104, 105 commitment (8) 18–22 Companionship in organizations (1) 314–317 majority and minority influence (1) Comparative fit principle (23) 359 252–254 Comparison Computer-mediated communication, distinctiveness–differentiation deindividuation (6) 180–184 relationship (14) 224–226 Computer-mediated interactions, cross-race downward (12) 277–280; (12) 306 encounters (22) 377 fairness in standards (13) 192–193 Computer-simulated betting study (24) 129, past, present and future (5) 189–193, 142 196–197 Conceptual knowledge, domain vs. sensory upward (12) 277–280, 283–285; (12) specificity (22) 228–230 307–308, 309–310 Concern for outcomes, negotiator frame see also Social comparison effects (6) 100–101, 105–108 Compartmentalized approach, reasoning (2) Concession making, conflict resolution (25) 117–164 7, 20, 20, 21, 21 Compatibility principle (11) 16–17 Conciliatory attitudes (25) 7, 8, 18 Compensation effect (21) 166, 168–179, Condom usage, racial disparities (24) 77 180–184 , social network analysis Compensation, and intergroup forgiveness (25) 348 (24) 16 Confirmation strategy (10) 202–215 Compensatory cognition (20) 127–129 Conflict (23) 350 Compensatory zeal, mortality salience (25) moderating dehumanisation (23) 85–87 60, 61, 62 Conflict escalation outcome frames (6) Competence (23) 75–77 116–119 moderating dehumanisation (23) 81–84 Conflict, intergroup forgiveness (24) 1, 2, 5, Competence 26 contingencies of self-worth (15) 161–163 Conflict resolution (25) 1–2, 15, 21–22, 25 group norms and behavioural choices (24) direct emotion regulation (25) 5–9, 8, 178, 179, 180, 183 21–22 healthcare disparities (24) 92, 102–103 intergroup emotions (25) 2–5 person perception and self-perception intergroup encounters (25) 118 (16) 155–188 research challenges/limitations (25) self-presentation (24) 165, 166, 167, 23–25 169 see also Indirect emotion social identity perspective (24) 170–172, Conformity, emotion-based social influence 171 (22) 141–144, 146, 147, 148 social judgements (24) 164–167 Conformity warmth and (21) 155–187 ingroup sources (1) 207 Competition, intergroup (23) 350 majority and minority influence (1) Competition 249–252 cooperation and (10) 231–257 resource management (2) 173–177 distinctiveness–differentiation salience (18) 97–98 relationship (14) 227–228 Congo, Belgian rule (17) 6–7 12 SUBJECT INDEX

Conjunction fallacy (2) 90–92; (22) 301 Context/comparison model, social influence Connectionist accounts, dissonance (22) 99 (8) 175–202 Connectionist networks, self and ingroup Context (13) 10–12 attitude surveys (2) 31–50 Conscious attitudes see Explicit attitudes biased judgements (21) 305–310 Consciousness causal explanation (2) 71–73 access consciousness (22) 8–9 choice (10) 180–181 access dissociations (22) 4, 10–17 decoding facial expressions (9) 217–224 dissociations (22) 4–5 discrimination (14) 285–287 first-order (22) 8 ingroup bias (17) 365–388 fringe of (22) 6; (22) 303 judgement and decision (2) 108–109 global ignition (22) 6 linguistic category model (LCM) (2) levels of (22) 3–4 21–22 meaning (22) 3 processing style (3) 201–202 meta-consciousness distinction (22) 5–6 social categorization (1) 128–129 neuroscience (22) 29–30 social dominance orientation (SDO) (17) parallel and serial processing (22) 6 288–292 phenomenal consciousness (22) 8–9 stereotyping (3) 36–37 robust and distinct representations (22) 6 see also Social context second-order (22) 8 Contextual factors (24) subjective availability (22) 3 activation of attitudes (24) 270–273 subjectively privileged (22) 3 indirect intergroup contact (25) 320, 321, synchronous cortical activation (22) 30 321, 322, 346–348, 367–369 temporal dissociations (22) 4–5, 17–24 intergroup encounters (25) 124–131, 128, translation dissociations (22) 5, 24–30 130 Consensus (1) 81–109; (16) 11–14 intergroup forgiveness (24) 3, 4, 21, 22, Conservatism (23) 88 24, 24 Consistency (1) 172–176 morality (24) 161, 162 minority influence (1) 238–239 multicultural ideologies (25) 143 Construal level theory, inaction inertia (24) romantic relationships (25) 286 149–150 terror management theory (25) 50–52, 56 Construal level theory, national identity (25) Contingencies of self-worth (15) 133–181 218– 219 Contingencies of Self-Worth (CSW) scale Construct activation, process reliance (19) (15) 143–151 311–313 Contingency awareness, advertising (24) Constructive memory, linguistic category 38–39, 54, 56, 58 model (LCM) (2) 23–24 Contrast Consumer behaviour, emotional contagion anchoring (10) 137 (22) 137 compensation effect (21) 183 Contact hypothesis (22) 394 outgroup similarity (1) 146–151 indirect intergroup contact (25) 363–364 question answers (2) 38–41 intergroup encounters (25) 109–111, Contrast effects, inaction inertia (24) 116 127–128, 129, 135 linguistic outgroup derogation (25) Control 282–284 basic needs (7) 32–34 multicultural ideologies (25) 147 counteractive (20) 106–107 see also Extended contact hypothesis; goal-based explanation (12) 214–217 Indirect intergroup contact information-seeking (7) 34–46 Contact theory (24) intention–behaviour relations (12) 9–11 healthcare disparities (24) 104, 105, 106 motivation to control (19) 304–307 intergroup forgiveness (24) 5, 25 opportunity to control (19) 294–303 SUBJECT INDEX 13

prejudice reduction (19) 42–44 cue utilization (8) 143–145 primary/secondary (20) 5–6 Correspondence bias, stereotype acquisition reputation (1) 186–187 (22) 217–218 social projection (18) 3–5 Cost-benefit ratio (10) 262–263 Control theory (23) 147 Costs, social self-enhancement and self- Convergent processing (7) 159–164 protection (20) 26–27 Conversation Counteractive control (20) 106–107 content of conversation in cross-group Counterfactual reasoning (2) 64–67 encounters (22) 380–382 Counterfactual thinking (23) 4–5 conversational intent and cultural mindset Counterfactual thoughts, inaction inertia (24) (22) 191–193 130, 133, 135, 137, 149, 150 Conversational inferences, assimilation Counterintentional habits (10) 114–115 anchoring (10) 140–141 Country-workers, Chinese (24) 215–217, Conversational model, causal explanation (2) 217, 218 51–81 Court testimony, social remembering (6) Conversational norms (2) 43–46 135–136 Conversion theory (7) 149 Covariation detection (22) 276, 304 stereotype change (5) 70–76 Covariation model, minority influence (6) Cooperation (23) 190, 196 51–55 employee cooperation (24) 174–177, 176 Cravings, mind-wandering (22) 19–20 neurobiological (23) 92 Creativity social functions (24) 163, 164, 166 ambivalence to (21) 131–133 Cooperation cultural specifics (22) 168 competition and (10) 231–257 dual pathway to creativity model (21) distinctiveness–differentiation 34–77 relationship (14) 227–228 intuition and (22) 305 efficacy in social dilemmas (7) 210–215, Crime 222–225 penalties (17) 54–58 leadership (13) 168–177 social dominance theory (17) 307–308 need for closure (8) 154–155 social remembering (6) 135–136 Cooperative interaction, bias reduction (4) Critical consumption, addressing media 14–19 violence (25) 96–97 Coordination games (23) 188–189, 216 Critical-experiments (22) 58–61 Co-ordination losses, group brainstorming (5) Criticism 275–276 perceived ability (3) 259–283 Coordination rules (23) 188, 216 predicting defensiveness (16) 301–334 fairness (23) 189–198 Cross Cultural Speech Acts Realisation Coordination situations, single- vs. multiple- Project (24) 3 trial (23) 215–216 Cross-cutting roles (9) 88–93 Coping Crossed categorization (2) 247–278 proactive coping (12) 268–269 dual-route model (13) 35–73 system justification theory (13) 146–147 Crossed intergroup affiliation (13) 40–42 Coping mechanisms, mortality salience (25) Cross-group friendship (18) 212–255; (25) 60–61 316–318, 344, 346–348, 356–358, 361, Core affect (20) 236 375–376, 378 Core appraisal, emotions (25) 10, 11, 11 Cross-group interactions see Interpersonal Core motives, terror management theory (25) perception in cross-group interactions 34 Cross-sectional studies, media violence (25) Core person perception network (22) 232 77 Corporate social responsibility (24) 175–176 Cue utilization, need for closure (8) Correspondence bias (15) 183–217 142–145 14 SUBJECT INDEX

Cultural competency training, physicians (24) Cyprus conflict (25) 13–14, 14 102–103 Cyrillic alphabet, name-letter effect (25) 236 Cultural contexts, morality (24) 161 Cultural mindset (22) 187, 190–206 complex reasoning (22) 204–206 Danish People’s Party (25) 107 conversational intent (22) 191–193 Daydreams (23) 1–3, 5 meaning (22) 165 Death (23) 90 memory (22) 202–204 Death-defending behaviour, Asian cultures mental procedures (22) 199–200 (25) 51 perception (22) 200–202 Death-related thoughts (25) 36–37, 48–50, priming (22) 184–185 57–59, see also Mortality salience; Terror relational sensitivity (22) 191 management theory relationship possibilities (22) 194–196 Decategorisation, multicultural ideologies self-concept (22) 196–199 (25) 148, 149 self-enhancement (22) 197–199 Decision making values (22) 190–191 general model (23) 315–336 Cultural perspectives in groups (23) 305–306 , 309–315 emotions and conflict resolution (25) 25 real world (23) 337–338 multicultural ideologies (25) 143, 144, synergy (23) 306–308 149, 153, 163–170, 165, 167, 169, 178 vs. (23) 339–340 Cultural solutions (22) 166–167 Decision making Cultural specifics (22) 167–169 affect (8) 33–66 Cultural universals (22) 166–167, 168–169 framing effects (1) 61–80 Cultural worldviews groups (18) 194–202 and self-esteem (25) 242 habit and (10) 119–124 terror management theory (25) 34–41, helping behaviour (24) 227 43–44, 46, 49–52, 54, 58, 59 inaction inertia (24) 123, 153–155 see also Norms, social and morality (24) 161 Culture process dissociation model (20) 285–289 as situated cognition (22) 165, 182–188, regret (8) 45–49 see also Collectivism; Individualism social context (2) 108–109 contingencies of self-worth (15) 146 Decisions (23) 187–188 cooperation and competition (10) Decoupling, inaction inertia (24) 141–143, 251–253 142, 145–147, 150 emotion sharing (9) 157–158 Deep vs. shallow thinking (24) 137 fluency cue (22) 187, 188–190 Defection (23) 190, 196 groups (5) 319–321 Defence mechanisms see Cultural operationalising (22) 166–170 worldviews; Terror management theory organising constructs (22) 169–170 Defence motivation (6) 41 perceived appropriateness of emotional Defensive derogation, social identity threat expressions (22) 125 (17) 333–334 self-enhancement and self-protection (20) Defensive self-esteem (25) 242 24–25 Defensive helping (24) 237 self-esteem (16) 97 Definitions (24) self-expansion model (15) 114–115 apologies (24) 3 semantic procedural interface (SPI) model associative processes (24) 37 (15) 324–326 attitude (24) 280 social sharing of emotions (3) 238–240 cognitive alternatives (24) 215 values (22) 173–176 discrimination (24) 202 Customer service settings, emotional evaluation/evaluative responses (24) 258– contagion (22) 136 262, 265, 266, 280 SUBJECT INDEX 15

evaluative conditioning (24) 269 Deprivation, motivation (20) 353–358, forgiveness (24) 3–4 365–369, 372–373 healthcare disparities (24) 71 Deprivation, relative (25) 281, 284 humour (24) 35–36 Deprovincialisation, intergroup contact (25) implicit attitude (24) 38 361– 362, 373–374 inaction inertia (24) 124 Derogation, outgroup (25) see Outgroup interpersonal/intrapersonal-level derogation processes (24) 78 Derogation, social identity threat (17) and morality (24) 160–161 333–334 propositional processes (24) 37 Descriptive action verbs, linguistic category Dehumanisation (19) 61–66, 72–80; (22) 242 model (25) 265 social neuroscience (20) 192–231 Desensitisation, media violence (25) 90–95, Dehumanisation (23) 64–65, 98–99 92, 94 attribute-based (23) 70, 72 Deservingness and emotion (17) 38–73 different approaches (23) 65–73 Desirability (23) 26, 30 differentiating animalistic/mechanistic Despair (25) 3, 18–19 (23) 69–70 Developmental trajectories, understanding in dimensions (23) 95–98 relationships (22) 353–354 metaphor-based (23) 70–72 Deviance in primary groups (4) 187–222 target-based (23) 72–95 Dichotic listening (22) 201 Deindividuation (23) 374 Dieting (23) 45–46 Deindividuation Dieting, self-regulation (19) 339–383 self-awareness (1) 217–218 Different and the Same (TV programme) (25) social identity model (6) 161–198 344 Delegitimisation (15) 269 Differentiation (23) 365 Deliberate action, habit and (10) 111–125 Diffusion of responsibility (24) 238, see also Deliberative processes Bystander effect forgiveness (19) 217–221 Direct emotion regulation (25) 5–9, 8, 21–22, implicit–explicit consistency (16) 350–352 see also Indirect emotion Demographic descriptions, multiculturalism Direct intergroup contact (25) 316, 368, (25) 151 377–379 Denmark, Danish People’s Party (25) 107 Direct self-esteem (25) see Name-letter effect Dependency, and helping behaviour (24) 237 as measure of self-esteem Depersonalisation (23) 355 Direct victims (24) 21–22 Depersonalisation Disabled people, overcoming prejudice (25) social attraction (4) 94–104 345, 369–370 social categorization (18) 96–97 -related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, uncertainty reduction (11) 231–234 53–54 Depressed entitlement (13) 121, 136–140 Disablement and stress (5) 222–224, Depression, symptoms (23) 13–14 228–230 Depression Disadvantaged group membership (24) 194, attributional analysis (13) 221–222, 195 238–248 Disadvantaged groups (25) see Power contingencies of self-worth (15) 168 dynamics non-attributional cognitive determinants Disadvantaged groups, perceived (13) 249–252 discrimination (12) 167–199 system justification theory (13) 141–142 Disappointment, social influence (22) Depression, and self-esteem (25) 242, 243, 130–131, 140–141 246 Disclosure (22) 355; (22) 381 16 SUBJECT INDEX

Discomfort, dissonance (22) 37, 41–42, 76, Dissonance ratio (8) 25–27; see also 79–80, 82, 95–96 Cognitive dissonance Disconfirmation strategy (10) 215–219 Dissonance see Cognitive dissonance theory Disconfirmed expectancies paradigm (22) 56, Dissonance, cognitive (24) see Cognitive 86–87, 95–96 dissonance Discontinuity effect (3) 121–151; (17) Distance, intergroup (24) 26 185–232; (18) 175–211 Distancing (22) 386 Discounting (5) 118–119; (12) 179–182 Distinctiveness, positive (23) 351 Discrepancy-associated effect (16) 129–131 Distinctiveness Discrimination (23) 351, 371 intergroup differentiation (14) 203–241 Discrimination (19) 269–271 crossed categorizations (2) 247–278 threat (18) 304–311 employment (24) 168, 196, 203, Distraction (24) see Attentional processes 205–211, 207, 215–217, 217, 218 Distributive justice (13) 191–199 gender-based (24) 194–199, 201, 203, social categorization approach (15) 205–207, 207, 209–211, 210, 219–257 214–215 Divergent processing (7) 159–160 group-based exclusion (24) 201, see also Diverse friends, prejudice (8) 254–258 Legitimacy individual (17) 278–279 cultural norms (25) 145–154 institutional (17) 276–278 social networks (25) 346–348, 350–351, intergroup processes (17) 279–281 367–368, 378 justifying (7) 120–121 Divorce (10) 270–271 perceived (12) 167–199 Doctor–patient interactions (22) 383–385 positive distinctiveness (9) 111–114 Domestic violence (24) 246 three stages in perception and response Dominant groups (9) 32–40 (14) 277–311 Door-in-the-face technique (22) 146 see also Healthcare disparities; Social Doping, athletes (24) 8 discrimination Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (22) 21; (22) Discursive social psychology (9) 233–266 237, 239, 240 Discussion bias (23) 317–322 Double-correction algorithm, name-letter Discussion intensity (23) 322–325 effect (25) 234, 249, 250, 251 primacy (23) 332–334 Double minorities (1) 240–241 Disease, perceived vulnerability to and Downward comparison (12) 277–280; (12) prejudice (14) 123–129 306 Disempowerment, group-based exclusion Drinking see Alcohol consumption (24) 213 Drive theory, dissonance (22) 40–46, Disengagement, stereotype threat (14) 261 52–53 Disgust, implementation intentions (23) Driving (23) 225–226, 232, 241, 243–244, 161–164 248–249, 252–253 Disinhibition, eating (19) 344–346 Driving Disparities, healthcare (24) see Healthcare drunk driving (7) 242 disparities theory of planned behaviour (TPB) (6) Dispersion measures (7) 99–100 72–76 Display rules (22) 125 Driving age (24) 196, 202 Dispositional attributions (2) 56–57; (5) Driving test experiment, terror management 119–122; (14) 19–22; (20) 169–170 theory (25) 40 Dispositional inferences (15) 183–217 Drugs, neuroenhancing (23) 15 Dispositional sources, interpersonal DSTAT (22) 72 orientation (11) 317–320 Dual Identity Model (22) 389 Dissent effect (23) 324 Dual identity SUBJECT INDEX 17

common ingroup identity model (18) self-enhancement and self-protection (20) 301–303 31–32 ingroup projection (18) 352–357 social categorization (7) 125–126 stereotype threat (19) 271–272 social projection (13) 16–17 Dual pathway to creativity model (DPCM) Elaboration, imagined contact (21) 204–207 (23) 28 Elaboration likelihood model (14) 9–10 Dual-force model (1) 19–24 Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) Dual-identity model, multiculturalism (25) advertising (24) 34 150 Elderly, emotion sharing (9) 155–156 Dual-mode processing model, MODE (11) Electroencephalography, dehumanized 19–22 perception (20) 219–221 Dual-process models (19) 288–289; (22) 122 Electromyography (22) 291 collective action (15) 59–99 Electronic brainstorming (5) 292–293; (12) crossed categorization (13) 35–73 313–315 impression formation (14) 27–30 Embarrassment, dissonance (22) 43 persuasion (14) 9–19 Emergency intervention (24) see Helping Dutch (24) 168, 235–236 behaviour Dutch Association of Social-Psychological Emotion Researchers (25) 230 action readiness (22) 116, 117, 153 Dwelling (23) 21–24, 26, 28, 30 affect and (22) 117 Dyadic Adjustment Scale (22) 350 appraisal patterns (22) 117, 121, 153 Dyadic approach (22) 365 appraisal theories (20) 234–235 arousal (20) 236 Ease of retrieval (20) 173–174 attributional models (13) 223–225 Eating, healthy (23) 50–52 basic emotions (20) 235 Eating regulation (19) 339–383 blends (mixed) (22) 153–154 EC (evaluative conditioning) (24) 268–270, complementary emotional experiences 278 (22) 119 Ecologically friendly products (24) 274 core affect (20) 236 Education, prejudice (8) 258–262 decoding from facial expressions (9) 191– Educational programmes 232 indirect emotion regulation (25) 23, 24 definitions (22) 116 media violence (25) 97–99, 99, 100 deservingness (17) 38–73 multicultural ideologies (25) 179 evolution (22) 149–151 EEG (electroencephalography) attitude functionality (22) 114–115, 149–151 research (24) 281–282 helping behaviour (24) 226, 243–246, Effect sizes, dissonance (22) 72–73, 75–76 247 Effect sizes, terror management theory (25) and inaction inertia (24) 123 44–46, 45 intensity and social sharing (9) 161–170 Efficacy, social dilemmas (7) 209–240 and intergroup forgiveness (24) 16–20, Efficiency experts (11) 148–149 22–24, 20, 27 Effort intergroup relations (19) 86–125, see inferences and ability (3) 266–267 also Emotion based social influence power (18) 271–272 long-lasting consequences (3) 225–258 withdrawal and stereotype threat (14) 261 memory for emotional expressions (14) Egalitarianism 66–71 bias inhibition (19) 29–30 moderator of facial expression perception motivation to control (19) 304 (14) 51–58 Ego justification (13) 121–122 mood and (22) 117 Egocentrism primary/secondary distinction (15) 261– linguistic category model (LCM) (2) 18–19 262 18 SUBJECT INDEX

regulation and social influence (22) 149 Emotional regulation (25) 10, 75 role of others in expression and Emotional sensitivity, regulatory focus (7) regulation (14) 178–191 12–15 secondary emotions, ingroups vs. Emotional stimuli (14) 176–178 outgroups (15) 270–289 Emotion-based social influence (22) 115 self-esteem (16) 101–106 affective reactions (22) 118–120, social-functional approach (22) 115, 118 122–123, 144 social influences (14) 171–201 attitude change (22) 134–139, 145, 147, social interactions (22) 150–151 148 social knowledge (9) 179–180 compliance (22) 139–141, 145, 147, 148 social sharing (3) 229–243, 249–252; (9) conformity (22) 141–144, 146, 147, 148 145–189 emotion regulation (22) 149 specific emotion (13) 66–67 emotional intelligence (22) 149 theories (22) 117 functional equivalence (22) 151–152 unconscious (22) 11, see also inferential processes (22) 120–121, Unconscious affect 122–123, 128, 130, 138–139, 144 unconscious unfolding (20) 232–271 information processing (22) 123–124, valence view (22) 153 129, 131, 132, 133 Emotion, direct (25) 5–9, 8, 21–22, see also leadership (22) 132–134, 145, 147, 148 Affects; Indirect emotion; Intergroup minority influence (22) 146 emotions; Negative emotions; Positive negotiation (22) 127–132, 145, 147, 148 emotions; and see specific emotions by perceived appropriateness (22) 124–126, name 129–130, 133–134, 140–141 Emotions (23) 135 social context (22) 124–126, 130 changeability (23) 150–151 monitoring (23) 149 conflict resolution (25) 5, 10 primary (23) 66–67 helping behaviour (24) 243, 244 secondary (23) 66–67 indirect intergroup contact (25) 365 Emotion as social information (EASI) theory intergroup forgiveness (24) 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, (22) 118–126 17, 23 Emotion regulation (23) 144–146 media violence (25) 91–95, 92 action control perspective (23) 146–156 need for closure (8) 147–151; (20) 156 enactment (23) 153–155 neural systems (20) 198–199 implementation intention strategy (23) social function (24) 163, 164 159–172 stereotype threat (19) 268–269 need for (23) 147–150 Employment discrimination (24) 168, 196, process model (23) 145–146 203, 205–211, 207, 215–217, 217, 218 strategy choice (23) 150–153 , and (25) 75, see Emotional contagion also Power dynamics affective reactions (22) 118–120 Encoding flexibility model of attitude change (22) 136–137 (11) 155–156 Emotional context (14) 176–178 Ending romantic relationships (25) 287–288, Emotional desensitisation, media violence 289 (25) 90–95, 92, 94 Energisation (23) 16–19, 22–23, 36–39 Emotional intelligence (22) 149 Energy (23) 109 Emotional outcomes, implementation Engagement hypothesis (19) 35–37 intentions (23) 168, 171–175 Enhancement, ingroup (25) see Ingroup Emotional prejudice, leading to enhancement infra-humanisation (15) 259–296 Enright Forgiveness Inventory (24) 8, 9, 10 Emotional recovery, social sharing (9) Entitativity 172–175 group perception (12) 139–166 SUBJECT INDEX 19

ingroup primacy (11) 259–263, 281–285 brainstorming (5) 275, 281–282; (12); Entity theories, outgroups (25) 12, 20 302 Environmental conditions, indirect contact stereotype threat (14) 256–257 (25) 320, 321, 322, see also Contextual Evaluation/evaluative responses (24) factors attitudes (24) 252, 255, 258–263, 265, Environmental moderators (24) see 273–275 Moderators of evaluation helping behaviour (24) 227 Environmental uncertainty, greed (2) humour in advertising (24) 37–40, 44, 45, 171–173 47–49, 54 Epistemic authority (20) 174–182 Evaluation norms (8) 78–79 Epistemic motivation (22) 123–124 Evaluation Equality discourse (24) group socialization (5) 307, 308 employment opportunities (24) 168 positive–negative asymmetry (1) 33–60 and health (24) see Healthcare disparities Evaluative conditioning (22) 120 intergroup forgiveness (24) 2 Evaluative judgements, moods and Equality, multiculturalism (17) 164 stereotypes (7) 66–83 Equality rule (23) 192–194, 200 Evaluative conditioning (EC) (24) 268–270, violation (23) 196 278 Equifinality (12) 203–204 Evaluative space model of attitudes (24) 39 Equity theory, intergroup discrimination (1) Event prototypes (3) 153–182 277–282 Event-related potentials (ERPs) (22) 228 Error, self-enhancement and self-protection error-related negativity (22) 237–238 (20) 19–20 N170 (22) 231, 234 Error-related negativity (22) 237–238 N200 (22) 235 Escape, social identity threat (17) 330–332 N400 (22) 235–237 Essay-writing experiment, terror management P600 (22) 237 theory (25) 41 person categorisation (22) 233–235 Essentialism (15) 260–261 person perception (22) 231 minority groups (17) 161–163 stereotype activation (22) 235–237 Ethnic minorities acculturation (25) 215–216 Evidence (14) 3–4; (20) 148–149 colourblindness (25) 149 Evolution, morality (24) 163 emotions and conflict resolution (25) Evolutionary perspective 13–14, 14 prejudice (14) 110–111 inequality (25) 118 reciprocity (10) 259–291 intergroup encounters (25) 117 Evolutionary psychology (14) 107–110 media violence (25) 83–84, 84 Exclusion (24) see Group-based exclusion national identity (25) 194–206, 203, 206, Executive control, power (18) 271–272 208–209, 212–215 Exemplars power dynamics, intergroup encounters black sheep effect (5) 53–58 (25) 107, 132, 135 category learning (3) 36 socio-cultural ideologies (25) 219 intragroup variability (7) 110–111 Ethnicity Exercise (23) 46 attitudes and stereotyping (18) 64–66 behaviour (23) 49–50 contingencies of self-worth (15) 146 Existential concerns, moderating hierarchies (6) 199–228 humanisation (23) 89–90 prejudice towards outgroups (14) Existentialist thinking, terror management 126–128 theory (25) 58 Ethnocentrism (8) 253 Expectancies Ethno-political conflicts (17) 7–8 affective priming (8) 83–87 European Canadians (24) 14–15 self-enhancement and self-protection (20) Evaluation apprehension 29–30 20 SUBJECT INDEX

stereotypes and prejudice (3) 57–89 see also Indirect intergroup contact Expectancies, indirect intergroup contact (25) External attribution (22) 52 363 External social identity (14) 139–170 Expectancy–value model (11) 4–8; (14) Extradyadic sex (10) 272–273 263–264 Extrastriate body area (22) 232, 239, 240 Expectation states theory (5) 244–246; (21) 9 Extremity Expectations (23) 7–12, 20, 23 goal-based explanations (12) 209–212 of success (23) 31, 38–39 impression formation (5) 131–134 Expectations Eye tracking, advertising (24) 42, 43, 44 behaviour (12) 12 consensus estimation (1) 97–103 Face perception, two dimensions (21) 160 healthcare disparities (24) 86, 87 Face perception intergroup forgiveness (24) 14, 15, 16 describing faces (22) 24–25 power perception (21) 11–12 neuroscience (22) 231–233 Explanans/explanandum, attitudes studies perceptual-expertise vs. social (24) 256–257, 264, 266 motivational account (22) 226 Experience, learning from (20) 178–181 Face-to-face contact (25) 315 Experientially conscious mental content (22) Facial electromyography (22) 291 3–4 Facial expressions (9) 191–232; (14) 50–71; Experimental social psychology, (20) 252–255 multicultural ideologies (25) 144, Facial expressions, attitude formation (22) 161–163 135–136 Explanation Facial proprioceptive feedback (22) categorization and (3) 175–177 285–286 event prototypes (3) 153–182 Facilitators, brainstorming (12) 313 generation model (2) 69–71 Fairness (23) 189–198 goal-based (12) 201–235 coordinating potential (23) 191–198 Explicit attitudes (24) leader (23) 287–290, 293–294 activation of attitudes (24) 271–272 rules (23) 192 healthcare disparities (24) 71, 93–100, 96, Fairness beliefs (24) 196–199, 203, 205–206, 99 218 humour in advertising (24) 38–39 False consensus effect (FCE) (1) 82–86, and intergroup contact (25) 322, 353 90–91; (4) 114–115, 127 national identity (25) 192, 195–197, 206, False uniqueness (4) 115–116 211, 213–214, 221 Familiarity Explicit attitudes in cross-group encounters perceived homogeneity in natural groups (22) 382–385 (11) 210, 211 Explicit memory, advertising (24) 41–45, 49, perceived variability (2) 233–239 50, 52, 54, 59–61 secondary emotions (15) 274–275 Exposure (20) 195–196 to risk glorification (23) 231 Familiarity hypothesis (23) 67 to risky media (23) 244–248 Fantasies (23) 1–5 Expressed emotion, intergroup (24) 16–20, negative (23) 28–30 22–24, 27 positive (23) 6–20 Extended contact (21) 191–192, 220–222 realisation (23) 24 Extended contact hypothesis (25) 315 Fantasy realisation theory (FRT) (23) 1, definition (25) 317 20–22 social norms (25) 360 Faulty theories (22) 27–28 theoretical premises (25) 317–320 Favouritism, ingroup (23) 351 SUBJECT INDEX 21

Fear, implementation intentions (23) Forecasting, affective (23) 4 164–165 Forgiveness (24) see Intergroup forgiveness Fear Forgiveness (19) 202–241 adaptive response (22) 149 conflict resolution (25) 5, 18 appeals (22) 146 and self-esteem (25) 242 discontinuity effect (18) 177–194 Fragile self-esteem (25) 242 fear of invalidity (21) 54–56 Framing effects Fear, conflict resolution (25) 4, 5, 8 judgement and preference (1) 61–80 Feasibility (23) 26, 30 negotiation (6) 97–125 Feature-matching model of choice (10) shifting standards model (12) 120–122 169–197 France (24) 8 Feedback, positive (23) 28 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 175–177, 176 Feedback cultural norms of integration (25) 169 negative feedback and attitude change (8) Free choice paradigm (22) 57–58, 85–86 7–10 Free-choice paradigm, inaction inertia (24) perceived ability (3) 274–277 128–129 self-regulation (20) 335–339 Free riding, group brainstorming (5) 274, Feeling of fluency (22) 280–281 276–279 Feeling of knowing (22) 276, 297–298, Free thoughts (23) 2–7 301–302 Frequent flyer study, inaction inertia (24) Feeling-as-information theory (22) 14, 17 126, 130 Fights, CCTV footage (24) 229–230, 230, Friendly fire incidents, intergroup forgiveness see also Violent incidents (24) 2, 18, 19, 26 Fighter pilots, discrimination (24) 203 Friendships File drawer problem (22) 70 interethnic and social identity threat (17) First-order consciousness (22) 8 348 First-order mental states (22) 9 prejudice (8) 254–258; (18) 212–255 Fitness scenario, inaction inertia (24) 131 reciprocity (10) 276 Flexibility, power (18) 267–271 Friendships, cross-group (25) 316–318, 344, Fluency (22) 185–186; (22) 280 346–348, 356–358, 361, 375–376, 378 cross-group communication (22) 377 Fringe of consciousness (22) 6; (22) 303 culture (22) 187, 188–190 Frustration-aggression hypothesis (23) intuition (22) 279–299 108–109, 117 Fluency–affect intuition model (FAIM) (22) Functional-cognitive framework, attitude 279–302 research (24) 254, 261–267, 277, 280 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance acquisition of attitudes (24) 267–270 imaging) attitude research (24) 281–282 activation of attitudes (24) 271–273 Focal reasoning, power (18) 265–266 impact of attitudes on behaviour (24) Focalizing (2) 133–134, 139–141 273–275 Focused attention, implementation intentions mental representations (24) 275–277 (4) 160–162 methodology (24) 278 Folk psychology (12) 224–225 neuroscientific perspectives (24) 281–282 Food new developments (24) 278 cravings (19) 349–350 objectivity (24) 279–280 dieting (19) 339–383 radical behaviourism (24) 279 hedonic value (19) 347–352, 355–359, statistical mediation analysis (24) 361–364 280–281 Foot-in-the-door technique (24) 124 Functional equivalence (22) 151–152 Foot-in-the-door technique (22) 146 Functional level of analysis, attitude research Forbearance, intergroup forgiveness (24) 3 (24) 252, 260–267, 269, 270, Forbidden fruit effect, media violence (25) 72 273–275 22 SUBJECT INDEX

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Gender identity, and helping behaviour (24) (fMRI) (22) 228 239, 239–241, 242, 243, 245 implicit associations (22) 249, 250–251 Gender, and leadership (23) 281–282 person categorisation (22) 235 Gender, moderator in cross-group encounters stereotype content (22) 229 (22) 393–394 stereotype violations (22) 238 Gender stereotypes (5) 5–14, 21–27 Function-to-structure deduction (22) 248 Gender stereotyping (22) 230 Fundamental attribution error (15) 184, Geneplore model (21) 38 208–209 General aggression model, media violence linguistic category model (LCM) (2) (25) 73, 87, 87–88 16–17 Genetic factors, health (24) 71 Fusiform body area (22) 232, 239, 240 General aggression model (GAM) (23) 111, Fusiform cortex (22) 235 228–230, 246, 251 Fusiform face area (21) 255–260; (22) 232, General learning model (GLM) (23) 235, 239 228–230, 243, 246, 251–252 Future Generation effect (1) 14–15 desired (23) 37 Genovese, Kitty (24) 227, 228, 239, 245 feared (23) 28–30 Germany and reality (23) 31–34 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 171–174, 173, thought (23) 1–2 175–177, 176 Future orientation, and mortality salience media violence (25) 74, 83–84, 84, 96 (25) 60, 61, 62–63 national identity (25) 200–201 Future outcome, social comparison (12) Germany, Jewish holocaust (24) 5 281 Gestalt Completion Task (21) 65–66 Gestalt intuitions (22) 298–299 Giving to others (23) 14 Gain frames, inaction inertia (24) 129–130 Glass ceilings (23) 281–282 Gain–loss asymmetry model (16) 44–48 Glass cliffs (23) 281–282 , 292 Games, social projection (18) 12–18 Globalisation, and national identity (25) See Gay couples (24) 196, 218 National identity Gaza, Israeli/Palestinian war see Global measures of variability (7) 100 Israeli- Palestinian conflict Global processing (20) 241–248; (21) 57 Gender Goal achievement (25) see Linguistic attitudes and stereotyping (18) 62–64 abstraction, role in goal achievement contingencies of self-worth (15) 146 Goal activation (23) 114–115 gender-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, Goal attainment, helping behaviour (24) 227 56–57 Goal commitment (23) 22, 24, 28 gender–role ideology (13) 206–207 Goal disengagement (23) 24 inequalities in division of family work Goal fulfilment (23) 115–116, 120–124, 134 (13) 185–216 aggressive (23) 129–131 power moderator (21) 21–22 moderated by thinking style (23) 124–126 social dominance orientation (SDO) (17) Goal intentions (23) 156–157 294 Goal model (23) 131–132 social dominance theory (17) 295–303 catharsis (23) 111–117 social motives (14) 188–191 intervention strategies (23) 133–134 Gender bias, personnel selection (25) Goal shielding (23) 41–42 291–292, 292, 301, 303 Goal-conflict model, restrained eating (19) Gender differences, media violence (25) 352–372 74–75, 79 Goal/expectation theory (17) 194–195 Gender discrimination (24) 194–199, 201, Goals 203–211, 207, 210, 214–215 actions and outcome (12) 201–235 SUBJECT INDEX 23

affect and discrepancies (16) 257–300 Group centrism, need for closure (20) 157–160 contingencies of self-worth (15) 153–155 Group cohesiveness (4) 85–111 implementation intentions (4) 141–185 black sheep effect (5) 58–63 implicit volition (20) 103–110 self-categorization (4) 91–98 manipulating in cross-group encounters social identity theory (4) 91–98 (22) 392 Group criticism (16) 301–334 non-conscious pursuit (16) 279–288; (20) Group culture (5) 319–321 369–372 Group cohesion, bystander effect (24) 238 orientation and outgroup similarity (1) Group decision-making, discontinuity effect 151–154 (18) 194–202 power (18) 280–281 Group development (5) 316–317 prediction (6) 16–22 Group differentiation, intergroup shielding (20) 106 distinctiveness (14) 203–241 understanding in relationships and goal Group discussion pursuit (22) 341 attitude expression and group polarization Goals (7) 190–196 approach (23) 29 social dilemmas (7) 229–230 avoidance (23) 29 Group distinctiveness (23) 371 emotion regulation (23) 145 Group distinctiveness, intergroup unfulfilled (23) 126–127 differentiation (14) 203–241 Goals, superordinate, intergroup encounters Group dynamics, historiometry (9) 278–279 (25) 116 Group dynamics, and morality (24) 160, 161, Goldberg paradigm (5) 14–19 181–187, 184, 185 Golden Dawn Party, Greece (25) 107 Group effectivity, illusion (5) 297–300 Good Samaritan experiment (24) 231 Group efficacy manipulations, emotion Government policy, multiculturalism (25) regulation (25) 10 151, 163, 163–168, 170–178, 172, 173, Group emotions (23) 376 176 Group heterogeneity, brainstorming (5) Grade point average (GPA) (23) 53–54 293–297 Gratification, relative (25) 281, 284 Group identification (24) see Identification Gratifications approach, media violence (25) Group identification 74–75 assumptive world (4) 197–200 Gratitude, understanding in relationships (22) attempted social influence (4) 65–67 348–351 blocking (12) 189–191 Greece, Golden Dawn Party (25) 107 collective action (4) 67–76 Greed, discontinuity effect (18) 177–194 distinctiveness–differentiation Greed, efficiency and fairness (GEF) relationship (14) 218–223 hypothesis (2) 165–187 group status (10) 57–66 Greed, and mortality salience (25) 58 intergroup perceptions (4) 60–67 Greek Cypriots, conflict resolution (25) multiculturalism and minority rights (17) 13–14, 14 165–167, 168–171 Greek Island trip study, inaction inertia (24) perceived prejudice (14) 93–95 144 psychological benefits (12) 188–189 Group behaviour (23) 349 self-regulation (20) 326–329 Group boundaries (23) 79 social change (16) 48–52 permeability (23) 352–353 social dilemmas (7) 231–233 Group boundary permeability (1) 139–140; stereotyping (4) 62–65 (4) 33–36 top-down deduction and communication Group brainstorming (5) 271–303 (16) 10–19 Group categorisation, indirect intergroup Group innovation (5) 317–319 contact (25) 322, 369–371 Group judgement biases (10) 6–9 24 SUBJECT INDEX

Group justification (13) 121–122 impermeability of group boundaries (24) Group-level responses, helping (24) 214–215 225–228, 230, 241, 242 individual vs. collective (24) 00, 202, Group membership (23) 264 204–217, 213 Group membership, social change (16) 52–55 misconceptions (24) 195–197 Group mergers (14) 234–235 pervasiveness (24) 204–214, 207, 209, Group motivation (11) 225–227 210, 213 Group norms (24) status quo, acceptance (24) 215–217, 217, behavioural choices (24) 161, 162, 164, 218 173–187, 176, 180, 184, 185 Group-based self-regulation (19) 126–164 helping behaviour (24) 245, 246 Group-based social hierarchy (17) Group norms (23) 262, 277–278 273–276 Group perception Group-level emotions (19) 86–125 dehumanisation (19) 72–80 Group variables entitativity (12) 139–166 indirect intergroup contact (25) 322, humanness (19) 72–80 370–371 Group polarization linguistic outgroup derogation (25) attitude expression (7) 173–207 277–281, 278, 284 discontinuity effect (18) 197–199 Groups social influence (1) 207–212 belief system of (23) 351 Group position model (25) 113 decision making by (23) 305–308 Group power (23) 348, 365–367 decision making model (23) 315–334 Group power (7) 46–50; (18) 304–319 hidden profile solving failures of (23) Group problem solving (23) 339–340 310–315 Group prototypes (18) 94–96 influence of (23) 346 Group prototypes (23) 262–263, 265 leader-member transactions in (23) Group recruitment (5) 329–332 280–281 Group size, and helping behaviour (24) liking in (23) 265 238–243, 239, 242 minimal (23) 349–352 Group socialization (5) 305–336 questioning in (23) 334–335 Group socialization model (5) 307–311 social (23) 262 Group status Groups group identification (10) 57–66 creativity (21) 68–69 homogeneity perceptions (9) 31–75 hindsight bias (8) 122–124 perceived group variability (10) 49–55; including in the self (15) 120–122 (11) 189–190 need for closure (8) 153–158 perceived prejudice (14) 98–99 response to group-directed criticism (16) stability (4) 42–45 325–329 Group variability (2) 211–245; (7) 99–101, social influence in small groups (16) 1–42 113–115; (10) 41–74;(11)177–221 social remembering (6) 127–160 Group-based exclusion (24) 194, 195–198, stereotype consensus (8) 203–239 220–221 Guilt, collective (17) 1–37 advantaged-groups, perceptions (24) Guilt 217–218 dissonance (22) 42–46, 79–80, 82–84, 86, exclusion criteria (24) 202–204 87, 89–90, 91, 94–95, 98 future research suggestions (24) 218–220 helping behaviour (24) 244 group-based exclusion, identifying (24) intergroup forgiveness (24) 2–5, 15, 16 200–202 social influence (22) 130–131 illegitimacy appraisals model (24) Guilt, group-based (25) 15–18, 17, 24, 198–204, 200 125 SUBJECT INDEX 25

Habit (10) 101–134;(11)23–25; (12) 24–29; boundaries, social identity (24) 229–234, (19) 313–314 230, 232, 244, 247 Habituation, risk (23) 231–232 contents, social identity (24) 234–235, Handedness, sunk cost effect (24) 152–153 244, 247 Handicapped people, meeting (1) 323–338 emotion, intergroup (24) 226, 243–246, Happiness 247 childhood memories and (22) 27–28 group size (24) 238–243, 239, 242 social influence (22) 127–129, 132–133, perpetrators (24) 245–246, 247 142 143 salience, social identity (24) 228–232, Hardiness, and death fears (25) 48–49 235, 239, 240, 247 Hatred social identity and bystander intervention cognitive reappraisal (25) 8 (24) 226–227 emotions and conflict resolution (25) 1, 3, strategic interests, social identity (24) 4, 5 235–237, 240, 244, 247 indirect emotion regulation (25) 11–13, Helping, mood congruency (1) 18 13, 15 Helping relations (23) 27 Healing, intergroup forgiveness (24) 22 Hemispheric lateralisation Health person categorisation (22) 235 contingencies of self-worth (15) 166–169 stereotype violations (22) 240 Health Belief Model (HBM) (7) 251 Heterogeneity of irrelevancies (22) 61 perceived vulnerability to disease and Heterogeneous settings, intergroup contact prejudice (14) 123–129 (25) 346–347, 367–368 preventive health behaviour (12) 291–293 (2) 85–86, 101–103; (2) 122–123, self-enhancement and self-protection (20) 124–126; (21) 80–81 26 ‘how-do-I-feel-about–it?’ heuristic (5) socially-shared emotion (9) 170–171 201–203 Health (23) 9–10 judgements (14) 30–38 behaviour (23) 45–46 social comparison as heuristic in self- Health education (7) 241–282 judgement (21) 86–89 Health literacy (24) 74–75 subjective assessments of change (5) Health promotion (7) 241–242 182–183, 197–198 Healthcare disparities, racial (24) 70–73, Heuristics vs. intuitions (22) 305–306 109–110 Heuristic-systematic model (HSM) (6) causes (24) 73–75 33–68; (14) 9–10 interpersonal processes (24) 76, 77–79, majority and minority influence (6) 89–100, 96, 99, 104–109, 109 50–60; (7) 147–148 intrapersonal processes (24) 76, 79–88, Hidden covariation detection (22) 276, 304 101–104 Hidden profile paradigm (23) 305, 309–310, multilevel processes (24) 75–79, 76 312 social psychological analysis (24) 75, Hidden profiles (23) 308–315 100–109, 109 impairment classification (23) 316 see also Prejudice, racial in real world (23) 338–339 Healthcare professionals (23) 44–45 Hierarchical structure, societies (25) 112–114 Healthy eating (23) 50–52 Hierarchy formation (21) 9–10 Healthy lifestyles (23) 49–50 behavioural outcomes (21) 15–17 Hedonic monitoring (22) 23 Hindsight bias (8) 105–132 Hedonic need states, motivation to control Hiring staff (25) see Personnel selection (19) 306 Hispanic Americans (25) see Ethnic Hedonic value, food (19) 347–352, 355–359, minorities 361–364 Historical perspectives, national identity (25) Helping behaviour (24) 225–226, 246–247 190–191, 207 26 SUBJECT INDEX

Historiometry (9) 267–293 Hypothesis testing (22) 251, 252 Holier than thou effect (24) 167 Hypothesis testing, confirmation and Holistic person perception (22) 219–220 disconfirmation (10) 199–230 Holocaust (17) 5–6 Hysteria (23) 108 Holocaust, Jewish (24) 5, 233–234 Homeostatic theories, obesity (19) 342–347 Homogeneity, ideology of assimilation (25) IAM (interactive acculturation model) (25) 146 216 , and intergroup contact (25) IAPS (International Affective Picture 345, 373 System) (24) 57 Homosexual couples (24) 196, 218 IAT (Implicit Association Test) (25) 195, Homosexual relationships (10) 273–274 202, 229, 240, 354 Honesty (24) 165, 166, 167, 170, see also Iconic memory (22) 4 Idea generation Morality – Hope, conflict resolution (25) 5, 7, 18–21, creativity (21) 45 48 groups vs. individuals (5) 271–303 20, 21 – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Ideal self (22) 341 346 Identification (HADS) (23) 167 – Hostile attributional styles, media violence ingroup (23) 88 89 (25) 89–90, 95 superordinate (23) 80 – Identification, group (24) Hostility (23) 112 113, 117 – Hostility traits, media violence (25) 79–80 healthcare disparities (24) 108 109, 109 helping behaviour (24) 226, 230–231, Human culture (22) 166 – Human essence (15) 260–261 242, 243, 245 246 Human nature (23) 69, 95 intergroup forgiveness (24) 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, 25, 26 Human uniqueness (23) 69, 95 – Humanisation (23) 64 Identification, ingroup (25) 361 362, 373–374 Humanitarian aid (25) 7, 10, 18 – Humanity Identity (23) 267 268 attribution of (23) 73–78 superordinate (23) 374 – Identity coefficients (23) 75 76 – Humanness (19) 55–85 indirect emotion regulation (25) 15 18, Humanness (23) 65, 95 17, 23 – leadership in social dilemmas (13) intercultural (23) 96 97 – Humour, definition (24) 35–36 162 163 – media violence (25) 74 Humour in advertising (24) 32 33, 59, 63 – explicit vs. implicit brand memory (24) self-presentation (14) 151 158 41–45, 43, 44 national (25) see National identity threat, future research suggestions (24) 61–62 and self-esteem (25) 252 negative responses (24) 32, 33, 39–41, see also Social identity/social identity 44, 47–59, 48, 55, 63 theory positive responses (24) 45–52, 46, 48, 51, Identity-based motivation model (24) 84, see 52, 57 also Social identity theory – Identity–emotion relationship (24) 244–245 prior research(24) , 33 34 – research approaches (24) 34–36 Identity, gender (24) 239, 239 241, 242, 243, 245 see also Associative processing model – Hutus population, Rwanda (25) 1–2 Identity, national (24) 233 234 Hypertension, healthcare disparities (24) 77 Ideological beliefs, conflict resolution (25) 4, Hypothesis-consistent testing (10) 145–146 see also Multicultural intergroup Hypothesis generation, knowledge formation ideologies (8) 141 Ideologies (23) 79 SUBJECT INDEX 27

moderating dehumanisation (23) 87–88 Implicit Association Test (IAT) (23) 66–67, moderating humanisation (23) 92–93 246 Ideology critique (17) 74–147 asymmetry (17) 280–281 virtual laboratory (18) 36–88 dissonance reduction (13) 122–123, Implicit Association Test (IAT) (24) 95, 168; 142–144 (25) 195, 202, 229, 240, 354 gender–role ideology (13) 206–207 Implicit attitudes Marxist-feminist theories (13) 117 attitude research (24) 253, 255, 257, 264, perceived prejudice (14) 97–98 269, 271–273 Ignorance about outgroup (25) 363–364, see beliefs about outgroups (25) 11, 12, 13, also Contact hypothesis 14, 19, 20, 20, 21 Illusion of choice (22) 50 cross-group encounters (22) 382–385 Illusion of group effectivity (5) 297–300 healthcare disparities (24) 71, 79, 85, Illusory correlation, stereotype formation (2) 87–88, 93–100, 96, 98, 99, 105 197–203; (21) 286, 287–300, humour in advertising (24) 32, 35, 37–53, 317–320 56, 59–63 Illusory superiority (4) 117 and intergroup contact (25) 322, 353–354 Image, group (24) 173 meta-consciousness (22) 27 Images (23) 2–4 national identity (25) 192, 195–197, 206, Imagination, vivid (23) 40 211, 213–214, 221 Imagined contact (21) 188– 236; (22) 381–3 see also Bias; Unconscious mind 82 Implicit coordination (23) 217 Imagined political community (25) 190 vs. tacit coordination (23) 216–217 Imitation Implicit–explicit consistency (16) 335–390 decoding facial expressions (9) 199–204 Implicit motivation (20) 345–381 unconscious unfolding of emotion (20) Implicit racial bias, social neuroscience (19) 255–258 5–22 Imitation, media violence (25) 72 Implicit reaction time (25) 213 Immigrant groups (25) see Ethnic minorities Implicit stereotyping (5) 19–21; (19) Immortality (16) 241–248; (25) 34–35, 42, 14–19 50–51, 53, 54, 55, 58 Implicit theories, change (5) 198–203 Impermeability, group boundaries (24) Implicit verb causality, linguistic category 214–215 model (LCM) (2) 14–16 Implementation, health education (7) Implicit volition, stereotyping (20) 97–145 270–277 Importance, perceived (1) 74–77 Implementation intentions (23) 5–6, 43, Impression formation (24) 160, 162, 164, 47–54, 156–159 165–168 166, see also Self-presentation on affect-outcomes relationship (23) Impression formation (5) 126–136, 138; (8) 168–170 142; (14) 22–30 on anxiety (23) 164, 166–167 affective reactions (22) 120 on disgust (23) 161–164 stereotype violation (22) 238–240 effect of forming (23) 159–172 Impression management on emotional outcomes (23) 168, poor-white racism effect (8) 261 171–175 social identity (1) 174–175 on fear (23) 164–165 Impression motivation (6) 41–42 future directions (23) 175–177 Impulsivity, opportunity to control (19) Implementation intentions 296–297 goal achievement (4) 141–185 Inaction inertia (24) 123–124, 140–141, 147– habit and (10) 117–119 148, 155, 156 intention–behaviour link (12) 12–16 cognitive dissonance/self-perception prejudice control (19) 32–34 theory (24) 128–129 28 SUBJECT INDEX

contrast effects (24) 127–128, 129, 135 Indirect intergroup contact (25) 314–317, and decision avoidance (24) 123, 379–380 154–155 affective mechanisms/mediators (25) 321, decoupling (24) 141–143, 142, 145–147, 321, 322, 353–355, 364–367 150 cognitive mechanisms/mediators (25) future research suggestions (24) 148–150, 319–321, 321, 322, 350–353, 151–155 359–364 loss frame (24) 129–130 vs. direct contact (25) 316, 377–379 manifestations/consequences (24) future research directions (25) 374–377 124–127, 125 moderators (25) 320, 321, 321, 322, moderators (24) 141–147, 142, 144, 146 324–341, 367–374 multiple options (24) 143–145, 144 new theoretical model of (25) 320–323, personality factors (24) 146, 146–147 321, 322, 379 practical implications (24) 150–151 research studies (25) 323, 324–341, 342– and procrastination (24) 123, 155–156, 345 156 social network analysis (25) 315, 321, regret (24) 123, 130–140, 149 322, 346–350, 376 and sequential decision making (24) 123, variables (25) 320–323, 321, 322, 153–154 350–358 and sunk cost effect (24) 123, 151–153 see also Extended contact hypothesis; valuation (24) 123, 136–139, 139–140 Vicarious contact Inclusion of other in the self (IOS) (25) Indirect measures, self-esteem (25) 228–229, 359–360 238–240, see also Name-letter effect Inclusion and procedural justice (15) 45–50 Indirect social influence (8) 184–190, Inclusive categorizations (24) 194–196 helping behaviour (24) 229, 230, 231, Individual differences 232–234 accessibility to and interpretation of intergroup forgiveness (24) 5 discrimination (14) 287–290, 293–295 see also Self-categorisation attitudes (18) 61–72 Inclusive identity, distributive justice (15) cognition, affect and attitude (10) 84–88 228–232, 239–247 importance of reciprocity (10) 282–284 Incongruity-resolution theory, humour (24) stereotypes (11) 127; (13) 99–101; (18) 35–37, 40, 40, 41, 59 61–72 Inconsistent information uncertainty reduction (11) 228–230 about persons (5) 111–149 Individual differences, indirect intergroup stereotyping (7) 73–74 contact (25) 321, 321, 322, 329, 367, Independence, majority and minority 370–374 influence (1) 249–252 Individual discrimination (17) 278–279 Indian Residential Schools (IRS) (24) Individual self, minority–majority contexts 15–16 (9) 5–23 Indigenous peoples, national identity (25) Individual–group discontinuity effect, 197 cautious reciprocation (17) 185–232 Indirect emotion, regulation (25) 9–10, 11, Individualism 22–23 anger expression (22) 125 and conflict resolution (25) 1 cognition (22) 179–180 targeted at conflict situation (25) 18–21, cognitive procedures suited to (22) 171 20, 21, 22 operationalisation (22) 170–171 targeted at ingroup (25) 15–18, 22 relationships (22) 179 targeted at outgroup (25) 11–15, 13, 14, self-concept (22) 176–179 17, 22 self-goals (22) 176–179 theory and applications (25) 22–23 situated and fixed effects (22) 181–182 SUBJECT INDEX 29

situated difference in salience (22) Information, lay epistemics (20) 165–174 180–181 Information processing, emotion-based social social practices and structures (22) 171 influence (22) 123–124, 129, 131, values (22) 173–176 132–133 Individualism-collectivism, multicultural Information processing ideologies (25) 163, 163–164 ambivalence (12) 61–62 Individualism, and helping behaviour (24) attitude (11) 4–8, 9–16;(11)60–61 241, 242, 243 judgements (14) 35–37 Individual-level responses, group-based knowledge formation (8) 139–140 exclusion (24) 200, 202, 204–217, 207, mood (6) 44–49; (7) 67–70 209, 213 morality and competence (16) 165–181 Individuality motivation (6) 40–42 prejudiced personality (17) 233–270 power (18) 260–264, 267–271 social identity (16) 27–33 self-anchoring in ingroup judgements Individuating information, evaluative (13) 20–21 judgements (7) 66–67, 75–78 social stereotyping (1) 111–135 Individuation (24) 106–108 Informational negativity effect (1) 45–50 Induced compliance paradigm (22) 53–54, Information-seeking 86, 87–90 control (7) 34–46 Indulging (23) 21–24, 26, 28, 30, 40 outcome expectation (7) 51–53 Inequality (24) see Equality discourse; shared reality (7) 20–22 Healthcare disparities under stress (5) 217–224, 227–228, Inequality, internalization of (13) 120–121, 230–231 130–136 Infrahumanisation (15) 259–296; (19) 56–57; Inequality, Maori people (25) 118 (20) 201–202 Inference Infrahumanisation theory (23) 64, 66–69, 72, dispositional (15) 183–217 78 inconsistent behaviour (5) 116–126 Ingroup ambivalence (13) 140–141 judgement (1) 237–238 Ingroup bias (23) 365, 371–372 majority and minority influence (1) 248 Ingroup bias motivational inference model (MIMO) of asymmetrical (17) 279 post–suppressional rebound (15) 1–32 ethnic hierarchies (6) 205–211 negativity (1) 49–50 social functions (17) 359–396 Inferential processes, emotion-based social Ingroup co-variation effect simulation (10) influence (22) 120–121, 122–123, 128, 23, 27–29 130, 138–139, 144 Ingroup exemplar-based knowledge, black Influence (23) 261–263 sheep effect (5) 53–58 and liking (23) 265 Ingroup favouritism (23) 351 Infrahumanisation, outgroups (24) 16, 17, 18, Ingroup favouritism (9) 112–113 20, 22, 27; (25) 363 black sheep effect (5) 61–62 Information system justification theory (13) 120–121, discussion (23) 305 134–136 individual processing bias (23) 327–328 Ingroup glorification (23) 80–81 processing (23) 305 Ingroup homogeneity (11) 263–267 recall (23) 331–332 intergroup context (3) 1–30; (10) 23, shared (23) 307, 317–318 , 320 29–31 socially validated (23) 328–330 personal and social identity salience (11) unshared (23) 307–310 207–209 Information integration status hierarchies (9) 40–65 habit (10) 123–124 Ingroup humanisation (23) 65, 73–78, 94 implicit–explicit consistency (16) 350–353 moderators (23) 79, 88–93 30 SUBJECT INDEX

Ingroup enhancement, role in goal Integration, cultural norms (25) 168–170 achievement (25) 277–284, 300–301, Integrative attributional model, motivation 302, see also Symbolic goals (13) 225–248 Ingroup identification (23) 88–89 Integrative bargaining (23) 46–48 group-level emotions (19) 110–118 Integrative model, interpersonal orientation group variability (10) 55–57 (11) 302–308 infra-humanisation (15) 276–278 Intelligence, motivational (23) 56 intergroup differentiation link (4) 60–62 Intensity, vs. bias (23) 332–334 Ingroup identification, and intergroup contact Intentional action (12) 203–204 (25) 361–362, 373–374 Intentional agency, dehumanisation (20) Ingroup leadership (23) 270–272 200–202 In-group identity model (24) 227, see also Intention Out-groups/in-groups acts of willing (4) 142–144 Ingroup love, role in goal achievement (25) attitude (11) 61–63; (12) 53–59; (13) 265 297–306 Ingroup membership, collective guilt (17) behaviour and (12) 1–36 11–13 behaviour prediction (4) 145–147 Ingroup overexclusion effect (11) 275–281 goal achievement (4) 141–185 Ingroup primacy (11) 257–295 imagery (21) 202–204, 206 Ingroup projection model (18) 331–372 multiple causes (13) 306–319 Ingroup projection model (23) 73–74, 374 needs (4) 144–145 Ingroup secondary emotions (15) 270–279, source of commitment (4) 147–154 283–289 Interactive acculturation model (IAM) (25) Ingroup variability judgements (7) 95–144 216 Ingroup-favouring norm, discontinuity effect Interdependence dilemmas (22) 325 (18) 188–193 Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya (25) 7 Ingroup-outgroup polarisation, terror Interest regulation, self-enhancement and management theory (25) 34–41, 56, 57 self-protection (20) 5–18 Inhibition, power (18) 261–264 Interethnic interactions, social identity threat Initials, name-letter effect (25) 243–246, 244, (17) 321–358 247 Intergroup animosity, immigrant groups (25), Injustice, experiencing (4) 223–244 107 Innovation (23) 265–266, 274–277 Intergroup anxiety (19) 246–247 credit (23) 274 social neuroscience (19) 20–21 Innovation in groups (5) 317–319 Intergroup anxiety, indirect intergroup Insecurity (23) 353 contact (25) 317–318, 322, 347, 352, 354, Insecurity, terror management theory (25) 43, 364, 377 56, 61 Intergroup anxiety theory (24) 92–93 Insight (21) 65–66 Intergroup approach-avoidance, goal Insight, intuition and (22) 304–305 achievement (25) 302–303 Inspiration, upward comparison (12) Intergroup behaviour, indirect intergroup 283–285 contact (25) 357 Institutional discrimination (17) 276–278 Intergroup bias Instrumental means (23) 34 common ingroup identity model (4) Insufficient adjustment, assimilation 1–26 anchoring (10) 139–140 ethnic hierarchies (6) 199–228 Insufficient justification paradigm (22) 54– imagined contact (21) 197–200 55, 85, 87 linguistic (8) 155–158; (10) 35–36 Insula, dehumanised perception (20) stereotype formation (2) 189–209 216–218 Intergroup bias, linguistic abstraction (25) Integrated threat theory (ITT) (25) 366–367 267–270 SUBJECT INDEX 31

Intergroup conflict (16) 314–318; (18) trust-based model (24) 23–27, 24 331–372; (21) 125–128 Intergroup ideologies in a multicultural world Intergroup conflict resolution (25) see (25) see Multicultural intergroup Conflict resolution ideologies Intergroup consensus, ethnic hierarchies (6) Intergroup interactions see Interpersonal 216–221 perception in cross-group interactions Intergroup contact Intergroup negotiation, power dynamics (25) category-based processing (9) 86–95 118–124, 120, 121, 122, 123, 132 imagined contact (21) 188–236 Intergroup perceptions, group including other in the self (15) 122–127 identification (4) 60–67 stereotype threat reduction (19) 242– 284 two dimensions (21) 158–160, 165–166 Intergroup contact, linguistic abstraction (25) Intergroup processes, healthcare disparities 282–284, see also Indirect intergroup (24) 71, see also Evaluation/evaluative contact Intergroup contexts responses category-based vs. person-based Intergroup relational identity (23) 291, 294 perception (9) 77–106 Intergroup relations (23) 65, 373 consensus estimation (1) 87–103 Intergroup relations ingroup and outgroup homogeneity (3) discontinuity effect (3) 121–151 1–30; (10) 23, 29–31 distinctiveness–differentiation perceived group variability (10) 47–49 relationship (14) 227–230 Intergroup differentiation emotion (19) 86–125 intergroup distinctiveness (14) 203–241 ingroup projection model (18) 331–372 intergroup identification (4) 60–62 intergroup contact model (19) 242–284 social identity (1) 137–169 lay theories (16) 189–220 Intergroup discontinuity (18) 175–211 linguistic category model (LCM) (2) Intergroup discrimination 19–20 category differentiation (1) 282–287 social neuroscience (19) 1–54 equity theory (1) 277–282 Intergroup sensitivity effect (16) 302–306 positive distinctiveness (9) 111–114 Intergroup threat (25) see Threat social dilemmas (18) 22–29 Inter-individual variability see Individual Intergroup distance (24) 26 differences Intergroup distinctiveness, intergroup Internal attribution (22) 52 differentiation (14) 203–241 Internal social identity (14) 139–170 Intergroup emotions, intractable conflicts Internalization (7) 16–17 (25), 2–5 inequality (13) 120–121, 130–136 Intergroup emotion theory (23) 375; (24) majority and minority influence (1) 243–246, 247 252–254 Intergroup empathy (25) 5, 10, 365 International Affective Picture System Intergroup encounters (25) 107–111, (IAPS) (24) 57 116–118, see also Power dynamics Internet addiction, and self-esteem (25) Intergroup expectancies, indirect intergroup 242–243 contact (25) 363 Interpersonal encounters, power dynamics Intergroup forgiveness (24) 1–3, 27–28 (25) 108, 111 definitions (24) 3–4 Internship experiment, inaction inertia (24) effectiveness of apology (24) 6–16, 7, 9, 140 10, 11, 12 Interpersonal behavioural variability, power limitations/future directions (24) 21–23 (18) 276–278 measures (24) 8, 9 Interpersonal distancing (22) 386 moderators of success/failure (24) 16–20, Interpersonal hierarchy expectation (21) 13– 20 14 research (24) 4–6 Interpersonal-level processes (24) 32 SUBJECT INDEX

forgiveness (24) 4 Interpretive action verbs, linguistic category healthcare disparities (24) 76, 77–79, 89– model (25) 265 100, 96, 99, 104–109, 109 Intersubjective approach, multicultural Interpersonal orientation, propositions (11) ideologies (25) 164 297–331 Intervention strategies, goal model (23) Interpersonal perception in cross-group 133–134 interactions (22) 364–401 Intervention studies (23) 1 anxiety and anxious behaviour (22) 364, Interventions (23) 43 366–367, 368, 370, 371–373, Interview methodologies (24) 22 378–379 Interview sequence (11) 84–94, 98–100 biases (22) 367–368 Intimacy cognitive depletion (22) 368 as a transactional process (22) 375–376 commonality mindset (22) 387–389 intimacy-building behaviours (22) communication medium (22) 377–380 373–374 concern with appearing prejudice (22) understanding in relationships (22) 320, 369–370 325–326 content of conversation (22) 380–382 Intractable conflicts, intergroup emotions disrupted communication (22) 377–380 (25) 2–5 dyadic approach (22) 365 Intragroup regulation (24) 160, 161, gender as moderator (22) 393–394 181–187, 184, 185 goal manipulation (22) 392 Intragroup variability, judgements (7) 95–144 implicit and explicit attitudes (22) Intra-individual level of analysis (7) 129–130 382–385 Intrapersonal-level processes, healthcare improving (22) 387–393 disparities (24) 76, 79–88, 101–104 intimacy-building behaviours (22) 373– Intraperson variability and differentiation (5) 374 123–124 learning form successful relationships Intrapsychic processes, forgiveness (24) 4 (22) 393 Introjection (7) 16–17 meta-concerns (22) 368–370 Introspection, choice (10) 185–186 meta-expectations (22) 368 Intrusive behaviour, understanding in model (22) 366–367 relationships (22) 340–341 moderators (22) 376–387 Intrusive thoughts, stereotype threat (14) 256 negative expectations (22) 368 Intuition (22) 274–315 overestimating interest in contact (22) causal sequences vs. common effects (22) 376 306–308 partner-level factors (22) 371–376 characterisation (22) 275 perceiver-level factors (22) 367–370 coherence intuitions (22) 277–279 perspective taking (22) 390–391 conjunction fallacy (22) 301 salience of group distinctions (22) creativity and (22) 305 387–390 feeling of knowing (22) 276, 297–298, status differences (22) 394–395 301–302 tracking accuracy and directional bias fluency–affect intuition model (FAIM) (22) 393 (22) 279–302 Interpersonal power and behaviour model fringe of consciousness (22) 303 (21) 1–33 Gestalt intuitions (22) 298–299 Interpersonal preferences, affect (3) 196–200 heuristics vs. (22) 305–306 Interpersonal regulatory fit (22) 346–348 hidden covariation detection (22) 276, Interpersonal relations (23) 9–10 304 Interpersonal relationships insight and (22) 304–305 discontinuity effect (3) 121–151 mood (22) 297 socially-shared emotion (9) 178 moral intuitions (22) 302 SUBJECT INDEX 33

natural assessments (22) 303 biases and heuristics (14) 30–38 paranormal phenomenon (22) 277 framing effects (1) 61–80 procedural accounts (22) 277–304 information processing (14) 35–37 social perceptions at zero acquaintance injustice (4) 229–234 (22) 275–276 intragroup variability (7) 95–144 thin-slices of behaviour (22) 275–276, lay epistemics (20) 161–174 303 parametric unimodel and dual mode unconscious thought (22) 277, 304 alternatives (14) 1–47 Intuition, preference for (19) 308 polarization and entitativity (12) 155–157 Intuitive statisticians (2) 106–107 process dissociation model (20) 285–289 Invisible hand (11) 298–299 social context (2) 108–109 IOS (inclusion of other in the self) (25) stereotypes (11) 135–136 359–360 Judgements, expectancy (23) 2–4, 7 Ipsatised double-correction algorithm, jus domicile/sanguinis/solis models of name-letter effect (25) 234, 249, 250, 251 citizenship (25) 193, 194 Ireland, potato famine (24) 19, see also Just world (13) 115–116 Religious conflict discrimination interpretation (14) Irrelevance, humour in advertising (24) 37 297–298 Irrelevant contrasting (23) 28 Justice (23) 288 Israel (24) 23–24 Justice Israeli Jews, intergroup encounters (25) emotions (17) 64 114–115, 115, 117, 126, 127 experiencing injustice (4) 223–244 Israeli–Palestinian conflict (24) 237 forgiveness and (19) 210–212 conflict resolution (25) 7–13, 8, 13, 16, perceived, gender-related inequalities (13) 17, 19–21 189–199, 207–210 power dynamics (25) 116, 118–120, 120, psychology (15) 220–222 121–123, 123, 134 social categorization approach to Italy (24) 172, 181, 183 distributive justice (15) 219–257 Iterative reprocessing model of evaluation social standing and procedural justice (21) 240–241, 242 (15) 33–58 ITT (integrated threat theory) (25) 366–367 unjust events (4) 225–229 Justification of effort paradigm (22) 55–56 Jackass (23) 225–226, 253 Justification Japan (24) 8, 10–13, 21, 27 discrimination (7) 120–121 Jewish holocaust (24) 5, 233–234 fairness (13) 193–194 Jewish power dynamics, intergroup Justification-suppression model (24) 87, see encounters (25) 114–115, 115, 117, 126, also System justification theory 127 Justness, beliefs (24) 196–199, 203, Jigsaw Classroom (25) 116 205–206, 218 Jigsaw technique (24) 105–106 Job hiring, national identity study (25) King, Martin Luther (25) 148–149 198–199, 199 Kitchen appliances store scenario (24) 151 Jokes (24) see Humour Knowledge, indirect intergroup contact (25) Judged variables, dissonance (22) 48, 49–53, 318, 344, 346 61–70, 76, 93–96 Knowledge, understanding as (22) 317, 319, Judgemental anchoring (10) 135–167 320–324 Judgemental parameters (14) 4–9 Knowledge Judgemental process analysis, majority and consensus estimation (1) 97–103 minority influence (1) 229–261 formation (8) 139–142 Judgement lay epistemics (20) 146–191 34 SUBJECT INDEX

stereotype threat (19) 266, 268 transactional processes (23) 280–281 structure approach (12) 206–209 trust (23) 272–274, 288, 293 utilization and need for closure (8) and uncertainty (23) 282–288, 293 145–146 visionary (23) 279 Kosovar Albanians and Serbs, competitive Leadership, emotion-based social influence victimhood (25) 352 (22) 132–134, 145, 147, 148 Leadership Language, cultural specifics (22) 168 cooperation (13) 168–177 Language historiometry (9) 279–280 cognition (11) 78–79 social dilemmas (13) 155–184 communication (11) 78–79 Leadership, and morality (24) 167, 172, 186 need for closure (20) 154–155 Learned helplessness, attributional`analysis structuring resource (11) 75–104 (13) 221–222 Language abstraction (25) see Linguistic Learning, self-relevant (23) 244 abstraction Learning Language effects, terror management theory contingencies of self-worth (15) (25) 56–57 161–163 Language proficiency, and healthcare from experience (20) 178–181 disparities (24) 74 Least effort principle (6) 38–39 Latent inhibition and creativity (21) 40–41 Left hemisphere Lateralisation person categorisation (22) 235 person categorisation (22) 235 stereotype violations (22) 240 stereotype violations (22) 240 Legitimacy (24) see Group-based exclusion Law of effect (23) 110 Legitimacy (23) 265–266 Law Legitimacy, intergroup encounters (25) 112, causation (12) 204–206 124–131, 128, 130, 132 social remembering (6) 135–136 Legitimising myths (17) 275–276 Lay epistemics (20) 146–191 Legitimising myths, multicultural ideologies Lay theories, intergroup relations (16) 189– (25) 159 220 Leiden University studies, morality (24) 171, LCM (25) see Linguistic category model 171 Learning, media violence (25) 72 Lenience, and mortality salience (25) 52 Leader member exchange (LMX) theory (23) Lesbian relationships (10) 273–274 261, 280–281 Letter ordering/preference/rating/selection Leaders tasks (25) 231–235, 236, 239 apparent influence (23) 265 Levels of analysis, intragroup variability identity entrepreneurs (23) 267–268 judgements (7) 128–135 Leadership (23) 259, 261–263, 366–367 Levels of explanation , attitudes(24) 252 charismatic (23) 278–280, 293 Lexical decision task, affective priming (8) dark side of (23) 286 93–94 effectiveness (23) 273–274 Lexical decision task (LDT) (23) 119–123, fairness (23) 287–290, 293–294 126, 128, 130–132 and gender (23) 281–282 primed (23) 32–33 group (23) 264 Life events, contingencies of self-worth (15) innovative (23) 274–277 151–153, 156–159 intergroup (23) 290–291, 294 Life events, and self-esteem (25) 242 prototypical (23) 264–272, 279, 283–285, Life management (23) 44–45 288–289 Life stresses (24) see Stress social identity theory (23) 258–259 Liking, in groups (23) 265 study of (23) 260–261 Linda problem (22) 301 theories (23) 261 Linguistic abstraction, role in goal SUBJECT INDEX 35

achievement (25) 263–265, 284–285, impression formation (5) 130–131 302–305 Majority group ingroup enhancement/outgroup perceived group variability (11) 188–189 derogation (25) 277–284, 278 perspectives and preferences (18) liking (25) 295, 296 303–319 minimal groups study paradigm (25) Majority influence 270– 277, 273, 275, 283, 284 categorization (1) 203–204 outgroup derogation/ ingroup dual role interpretation (7) 145–172 enhancement (25) 277–284, 278, dualist and monist explanations (1) 284 231–232 personnel selection (25) 288–294, 292, judgemental process analysis (1) 229–261 294, 299–301, 300, 303–304 Malleable theories, outgroups (25) 12, 13, 14, political communication (25) 294–299, 19, 20, 20, 21 297, 299, 300, 301, 304 Manchester United football fans study (24) romantic relationships (25) 285–288, 289, 231–232, 232 299, 300, 303 Manifest profile (23) 308, 313, 326–327 socially embedded research rationale (25) ‘‘Man-the-scientist’’ analogy (2) 53–59 266–267 Many-to-one transgressions, intergroup Linguistic category model (LCM) (2) 1–30; forgiveness (24) 21 (25) 264, 265–266, 285, 290, 304 Maori people, New Zealand (25) 118, 197 Linguistic expression, need for closure (20) Marginalisation, immigrant groups (25) 216 154–155 Marital conflicts Linguistic human bias (25) 282, 283 affiliation (5) 218–220, 226–227 Linguistic intergroup bias (10) 35–36 division of labour (13) 200–201 need for closure (8) 155–158 Marital relationships, reciprocity (10) Linguistic intergroup bias phenomenon (25) 267–274 267– 270, 276, 281–282, 284, 289–294, Marital status, legitimacy (24) 197 291, 292, 300, 301, 303 Marxist-feminist theories, ideology (13) 117 Linguistic polarization, personnel selection Mass media see Media (25) 293–294, 294 Mass media, indirect intergroup contact (25) Linking (2) 134–138, 141–156 320–321, 321, 322, 343–344, 376–377, List-context effects, affective priming (8) see also Media violence 83–87 Mastery, self-esteem (16) 98–99 Literacy, health (24) 74–75 Meaning change (5) 118–119, 129–135, Liverpool football fans study (24) 231–232 136–138 Locomotion, interpersonal orientation (11) Meaning maintenance model (21) 138–140, 323–324 142, 143–145 London terrorist bomb attacks (24) Meaning maintenance, and mortality salience 228–229 (25) 41, 60, 61, 62 Loss frames, inaction inertia (24) 129–130 Meaning seekers (11) 149–151 Lost SMS paradigm (23) 67–68 Meaningful social categorization, Love, ingroup (25) 265 minority–majority contexts (9) 8–10 Low involvement consumer decisions (24) Meaningful sub-groups (7) 113–114 36 Measures of dispersion (7) 99–100 Low status (4) 45–51 Measures of stereotypicality (7) 100 Mechanistic dehumanisation (23) 69–70 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), Medial prefrontal cortex (22) 21; (22) 178; continuous (23) 40–41 (22) 229, 238–239, 242 Majority effect Medial prefrontal cortex, social cognition context/comparison model (8) 178–179, (20) 195, 197, 199 180–181 Media 36 SUBJECT INDEX

formats (23) 234 social and affective influences (20) risk glorifying (23) 225 280–284 Mediation hypothesis (8) 245, 268–269 social information (6) 127–160 Media socially-shared emotion (3) 232–234; (9) reporting social neuroscience studies (22) 176–178 245–247 spurious correlations (21) 310–312, Media violence (25) 71–73, 76, 86, 101–102 315–316 cognitive responses (25) 88–90 stereotype maintenance (11) 136–137 cross-sectional studies (25) 77 working memory (19) 294–295; (22) 7 emotional desensitisation/reduced Memory empathy (25) 90–95, 92, 94 episodic (23) 40 extent of (25) 73–74 working (23) 40 general aggression model (25) 87, 87–88 Memory, collective, conflict resolution (25) 4 interventions to address (25) 96–99, 99, Memory processes, advertising (24) 33, 35, 100 37–38, 40, 49, 59, 61 longitudinal studies (25) 77–82, 78, 79, explicit vs. implicit (24) 41–45, 43 80, 81, 97 Mental attainment (23) 15–16 measurement of use (25) 75–76 Mental contrasting (MC) (23) 6, 20–30, migrant groups (25) 83–84, 84 44–47 and prosocial behaviour (25) 85–86 cognitive processes (23) 30–41 prosocial media (25) 100–101 helping relations (23) 27 and relational aggression (25) 84–85 with implementation intentions (MCII) uses and gratifications approach (25) (23) 43, 47–55 74–75 interventions (23) 43 Mediation analysis, statistical (24) 280–281, motivational processes (23) 30–41 see also Attitudes origins of (23) 42–43 Medical discrimination see Healthcare performance effects (23) 24–27 disparities Mental distributions, perceived variability (7) Membership salience, indirect intergroup 114–115 contact (25) 317, 318, 322, 356, Mental health, contingencies of self-worth 369–371 (15) 168–169 Memory Mental illness, prejudice (25) 337, 345, childhood memories and happiness (22) 354–355, 357 27–28 Mental imagery, imagined contact (21) cognitive load (11) 160–162 188–236 constructive, linguistic category model Mental procedures, cultural mindset (22) (LCM) (2) 23–24 199–200 creativity (21) 37–39 Mental representations (25) 145–146, 164 cultural mindset (22) 202–204 Mental representations, attitudes (24) for emotional expressions (14) 66–71 252–257, 263–269, 271, 273–277, see group status (9) 40–43 also Functional-cognitive framework hindsight bias (8) 107–108, 112–113, Mental representations, past, present and 114–115 future (5) 183–193 iconic memory (22) 4 Mental sluggards (11) 148 illusory correlations (21) 289, 291–300 Mental states imagined contact (21) 209–210 communication (22) 7 mood (1) 11–14 first and second order (22) 9 person memory (5) 112–114; (9) meta-consciousness (22) 5–6 80–86 self-awareness (22) 7 self-enhancement and self-protection (20) Mentalising (20) 195, 210–212 30–31 Mentally handicapped, meeting (1) 323–338 SUBJECT INDEX 37

Mentoring, pervasiveness of discrimination Method of agreement (2) 57–59 (24) 211, 211 Method of difference (2) 57–59 Mere categorization effect (13) 23–25 Michelangelo phenomenon (22) 341–346 Mere categorization effect, linguistic Migrant groups (25) see Ethnic minorities abstraction (25) 270–277, 273, 275, 281, Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) 283 (25) 165, 165, 168, 178 Mere ownership hypothesis, name-letter Milgram’s obedience to authority paradigm effect (25) 229–231 (22) 63 Meritocratic ideology (13) 145–146 Military action, conflict resolution (25) 4, 5, Meta-analyses 6–7, see also Israeli-Palestinian conflict indirect intergroup contact (25) 363–364 Mimicry, face perception (14) 56–58 media violence and aggression (25) 76, Mimicry-based emotional contagion (22) 85 118–119 name-letter effect (25) 229, 241 Mind, social nature (23) 344 Meta-analysis, cognitive dissonance theory Mindfulness, and death fears (25) 49–50 (22) 48, 61–70, 71 Mindfulness, implicit–explicit consistency Meta-cognition (22) 2 (16) 349 sense of accessible knowledge (22) Mindsets (23) 5 185–186 Mind-sets, habitual (10) 124–125 Metacognition Mind-wandering (22) 17–23 cognitive load (11) 162–164 Minimal group paradigm (1) 263–292; (6) hindsight bias (8) 118–120 184–186; (9) 109–110 script availability (21) 211–213 Minimal group paradigm, helping behaviour Metacognitive inferences (20) 173–174 (24) 241 Meta-concerns (22) 368–370 Minimal groups Meta-consciousness (meta-awareness) (22) 4 ingroup and outgroup homogeneity (9) communication (22) 7 50–54 consciousness distinction (22) 5–6 internal identities (14) 143–144 distinct mental state (22) 5–6 self as heuristic (13) 1–33 faulty theories (22) 27–28 Minimal groups study paradigm, linguistic gradual or abrupt transition (22) 6 abstraction (25) 270–277, 273, 275, 283, implicit attitudes (22) 27 284 mind-wandering (22) 17–23 Minimally conscious state (22) 30 motivation (22) 19–20, 25 Minority group orientation of thought (22) 6 group identity (17) 165–167 self-awareness (22) 7, 18–19 perceived group variability (11) 188–189 stereotyping (22) 26 perspectives and preferences (18) triggers (22) 6–7 303–319 unconscious distinction (22) 28–30 rights and multiculturalism (17) unwanted thoughts (22) 23–24 154–163 verbal reflection (22) 24–25 Minority groups, linguistic abstraction (25) well-being appraisals (22) 23 298–299, see also Ethnic minorities without language (22) 7 Minority influence, emotion-based social Meta-expectations (22) 368 influence (22) 146 Meta-knowledge (22) 321 Minority influence Metaphors attitude change (18) 107–108 animal (23) 71 categorization (1) 203–204 dehumanising (23) 70–72 covariation model (6) 51–55 Metastereotypes, indirect intergroup contact dual role interpretation (7) 145–172 (25) 363 dualist and monist explanations (1) Meta-theory (23) 360–367 231–232 38 SUBJECT INDEX

heuristic–systematic model (HSM) (6) Morality (23) 78 50–60 Morality (24) 160–162, 186–188 judgemental process analysis (1) 229–261 behavioural regulation (24) 173–186, multiple plausible causes framework (6) 176, 180, 184, 185 55–60 future research suggestions (24) 187–188 persuasion (20) 80–81 group norms and behavioural choices (24) social change (16) 43–73 177–181, 180, 187 social frames of reference (1) 219–220 helping behaviour (24) 244 Missed opportunities (24) 124, 125, 127, see intergroup forgiveness (24) 2 also Inaction inertia neural systems (20) 198 Mixed stereotypes (21) 165, 170–175, norm adherence/intragroup respect (24) 180–181 181–186, 184, 185 Mizrahi Jews, power dynamics (25) 114–115, organisational ethics (24) 174–177, 176 115, 117, 126, 127 person-perception and self-perception Mobile phone purchase study, inaction inertia (16) 155–188 (24) 143–144, 144 relationship to political orientation (13) Mobilisation, social movement participation 259–291 (15) 62–63 self-presentation (24) 167–170, 169, 181, Mobility, improvement (23) 52–53 182–183, 187 MODE model (11) 19–22 social function of (24) 162–167 Moderators of evaluation, attitude research social identity perspective (24) 160–164, (24) 275–277 168, 170–173, 171, 175, 177, statistical mediation analysis (24) 186–187 280–281 social judgements (24) 164–168, 166 Mood induction (23) 42 Morph task (14) 53–54 Mood monitoring (23) 149 Mortality salience (19) 300–301; (21) Mood-and-general-knowledge assumption 117–119 (7) 70–72 Mortality salience (23) 90–91; (25) 57–58 Mood and self-esteem (25) 242, 251–252, see creativity (21) 41, 58–63 also Terror management theory emotion and (22) 117 Motivated tacticians (11) 148–149 information processing (6) 44–49; (7) Motivation 67–70 affect (16) 257–300; (20) 359–369, intuitive judgements (22) 297 372–373 leader mood and team functioning (22) attitude–behaviour link (18) 114–115 132 attributional models (13) 222–248 maintenance (22) 119–120 behaviour representations (20) 349–352 positive–negative asymmetry (1) 54–55 brainstorming (12) 303 process reliance (19) 310–311 closure (8) 135–139 processing style (3) 207–209 competition and cooperation (10) selectivity in social cognition (1) 1–32 233–236 social behaviour perception (3) 190–192 contingencies of self-worth (15) 15 9–161 stereotyping (3) 202–204; (7) 63–93 control (19) 304–307 unconscious unfolding of emotion (20) deprivation of crucial resources (20) 258–263 353–358, 365–369, 372–373 Mood management, media violence (25) 75 epistemic motivation and information Moral attribution paradigm (15) 201–204 processing (22) 123–124 Moral exclusion (15) 269 helping behaviour (24) 226 Moral hypocrisy (24) 164 hindsight bias (8) 108 Moral integrity (24) 164 implicit (20) 345–381 Moral intuitions (22) 302 information processing (6) 40–42 SUBJECT INDEX 39

intergroup forgiveness (24) 8, 9, 10, 11, prejudice and discrimination (25) 22, 25 144–145 judgement (1) 236–237; (14) 5–7, 37–38 Multicultural recognition (17) 148–184 majority and minority influence (1) Multiculturalism, and national identity (25) 242–245 218, 220 meta-awareness (22) 19–20, 25 Multifaceted self (4) 118 need for closure (8) 135–139, 146–153, Multi-method perspective, media violence 163–165 (25) 75, 80 needs (20) 372–373 Multinomial models (20) 300 non-conscious goal pursuit (16) 279–288; Multiple attention pools (11) 166 (20) 369–372 Multiple hypothesis approach, death fears prejudice (3) 59–61 (19) 34–35 (25) 59–60, 64 proactive comparison (12) 273–274 Multiple identities (14) 154–155, self-enhancement and self-protection (20) 158–159 19–25 Multilevel perspectives (24) social identity threat (17) 337–338 healthcare disparities (24) 75–79, 76 social movement participation (15) 63–65 helping behaviour (24) 242 stereotype acquisition (22) 218, 224 prosocial behaviour (24) 226 stereotype change (5) 82–86 Multiple options, inaction inertia (24) Motivational approach 143–145, 144 intragroup variability (7) 116–128 Multiple person construal (22) 220 morality vs. competence (16) 160–165 Multiple plausible causes framework, poor-white racism effect (8) 259–261 minority influence (6) 55–60 self-related biases (4) 128–131 Multiple regression approach, attitude social identity (11) 223–255 research (24) 281 stereotype formation (2) 190–192 Multiple social categories (13) 36–40 Motivational inference model (MIMO), Murder, bystander effect (24) 227, 228, 239, post-suppressional rebound (15) 1–32 245 Motivational intelligence (23) 56 Music lyrics (23) 226 Motivational mechanisms, role in goal Muslims achievement (25) 263, 266, 267, mortality salience (25) 51 269–270, 304 national identity (25) 207–208 Motivational processes (23) 30–41 prejudice against (25) 145, 170–177, 172, Motives, core (25) 34 173, 176 Motor resonance (22) 241 Muslim women, racial bias (24) 168–169, Multicultural Attitude Scale (25) 163 169 Multicultural intergroup ideologies (25) Mutual Intergroup Differentiation Model (22) 142–143, 177–180 389; (25) 147 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 170–177, 172, Mutual production blocking, brainstorming 173, 176 (5) 275–276, 282–297 assimilation (25) 146, 146–148, 154–161, Mutual suppressor effects (23) 10–12 155, 159 citizenship (25) 151–154, 152 N170 (22) 231, 234 colourblindness (25) 148–150, 154–161, N200 (22) 235 155,159 N400 (22) 235–237 contextual factors (25) 143 Name-letter effect (NLE) cultural norms (25) 143, 163–170, 165, algorithms (25) 234–235, 243–251, 249, 167, 169, 178 254 experimental paradigm (25) 161–163 as measure of self- esteem (25) 228–229, measures (25) 150–151, 154–161, 155, 236, 238–240, 255 159 40 SUBJECT INDEX

confounding factors (25) 233–235 perceived homogeneity (11) 210–211 future research directions (25) 253–254 Navon task (22) 201 general phenomenon of (25) 235–238 Navon task, modified (23) 124–125 initials (25) 243–246, 244, 247, 253–254 NDErs (near death experiences), and letter tasks (25) 231–233, 236, 239 mortality salience (25) 57 mere ownership hypothesis (25) 229–231 Need for closure (8) 133–173; (20) 150–161 state vs, trait self-esteem (25) 251–253, Need for closure (NfC) (23) 283 252 Need for closure (NFC), and intergroup validity (25) 240–243 contact (25) 372 Narcissism, contingencies of self-worth (15) Need for cognition (NFC), motivation to 168–169 control (19) 304–305 Narcissism, and self-esteem (25) 242, 245 Need for structure (21) 54–56 Nation states (25) 189 Need to Evaluate Scale (22) 240 National identity (24) 233–234 ; (25) 189, Needs (23) 19–20 192, 216–217, 221 unsatisfied (23) 18–19 acculturation into the mainstream Needs nationality (25) 215–216 intentions (4) 144–145 attitudes/behaviour of ethnic minorities motivation (20) 372–373 (25) 212–216 non-specific closure, majority and attitudes/behaviour towards ethnic minority influence (1) 245 minorities (25) 197–199 specific closure, majority and minority citizenship (25) 193–195 influence (1) 242–244 conceptions of national identity (25) Negative emotions, conflict resolution (25) 1, 217–218 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 ethnic vs. civic national identity (25) Negative extended intergroup contact (25) 194–195, 200–206, 203, 206, 315, 343, 345, 376 212–215 Negative feedback, attitude change (8) history of nations (25) 190–191 7–10 implicit/explicit attitudes (25) 192, Negative state relief (22) 119–120 195–197, 199, 206, 211, 213–214, Negativity effect (1) 33–60 221 Negativity effects, social judgements (24) national identification (25) 206–209, 165 212–215, 220–221 Negativity political ideology (25) 209–212 impression formation (5) 131–134 psychological perspectives (25) 191–193 inference (1) 49–50 socio-cultural ideologies (25) 218–220, Negotiation, emotion-based social influence 220 (22) 127–132, 145, 147, 148 National policy (25) see Government policy Negotiation National stereotypes, helping behaviour (24) need for closure (20) 156–157 236, 236 outcome frames (6) 97–125 Nationalism (23) 80–81 Negotiation, intergroup power dynamics (25) Nations, history of (25) 190–191 118–124, 120, 121, 122, 123, 132 Natural assessments (22) 303 Neo-behaviourist theory (23) 2 Natural disasters (24) 230, see also Helping Nested social dilemmas (18) 23–29 behaviour Netherlands (24) 168, 235–236 Natural groups Network models (8) 191 ingroup and outgroup homogeneity (9) Neural correlates (23) 39–41 43–50 Neural ‘‘footprints’’ (22) 253 internal identities (14) 143–144 Neurobiological cooperation (23) 92 perceived group variability (11) Neuroscientific perspectives, attitude 186–187 research (24) 281–282 SUBJECT INDEX 41

Neuroticism, system justification theory (13) Observation, indirect intergroup contact (25) 141–142 318, 344, 346 New Car task (23) 46–47 Obstacle perception (23) 34–36 New Zealand (24) 2 Occipital face area (22) 232 New Zealand, Maori people (25) 118, 197 Occupational status, moderating 9/11 terrorist attacks (25) 4 humanisation (23) 91–92 Nixon, US. President (24) 62 Occupational stress (1) 293–322; (10) 275 NLE (25) see Name-letter effect Oil spills, intergroup forgiveness (24) 2, 16 Noise blast paradigm (25) 93 One-to-many/to-one transgressions, Non-cooperation (23) 190 forgiveness (24) 21 ‘‘Non-analytic’’ strategies, decoding facial Openness, and mortality salience (25) 57 expressions (9) 199–201 Opinion validation (7) 121–122 Non-correspondent allocation tasks (3) Opportunities, missed (24) 124, 125, 127, see 124–127 also Inaction inertia Non-natural groups Optimal distinctiveness theory (23) 371 perceived group variability (11) Optimal intergroup encounters (25) 109, 116, 187–188 135, 136 perceived homogeneity (11) 209–210 Optimism Non-verbal behaviour perceived prejudice (14) 96–97 opportunity to control (19) 297 unrealistic (4) 117–118, 126–127 persuasion (20) 84–85 Orbitofrontal cortex (21) 267–269 Norm formation Order (23) 32 category emergence (1) 212–214 Organising constructs (22) 169–170 social identity (16) 21–24 Organisational ethics (24) 174–177, 176 Norm talk (23) 263, 277–278 Organizational environment, reciprocity (10) Normative fit principle (23) 359 280–282 Normative fit, social categorization (11) Oriented goal theory (21) 158, 161–162, 164 114–117 Outcome dependency (7) 42–46 Norms, group (23) 262 Outcome expectation, information-seeking Norms, social (7) 51–53 extended contact hypothesis (25) Outcome frames in negotiation (6) 97–125 319–320 Outcome indirect intergroup contact (25) 360–361 risk-related (23) 234–236 media violence (25) 88–89, 95 vs. process (23) 5, 12–13 and multiculturalism (25) 151, 168–170 Outcomes Northern Ireland, Catholic-Protestant conflict concern for and negotiator frame effects (24) 2, 5, 9, 17 (6) 100–101, 105–108 Nuclear power plant leaks (24) 2 goal-based explanations (12) 201–235 Nuclear tests (24) 8 hindsight bias (8) 115–117 Numeric priming, assimilation anchoring improvement and proactive comparison (10) 141–144 (12) 285–288 Numerical size, minority/majority groups Out-groups/in-groups (24) (16) 45–47 healthcare disparities (24) 76, 77, 82, 84, 88, 91, 93, 99, 103, 106 Obesity, homeostatic theories (19) 342–347 helping behaviour (24) 229–232, Object vs. person perception (20) 204–207 234–236, 241, 244–247 Object-related actions, attitude research (24) group-based exclusion (24) 201, 218, 220 254, 273–275, 276 intergroup forgiveness (24) 5, 8, 11, Objective self-awareness, dissonance (22) 51, 16–20, 22, 23, 25–27 66, 91, 94–95 morality (24) 162, 164, 169, 171–3, 184, Objectivity, attitude research (24) 279–280 185–187 42 SUBJECT INDEX

racial prejudice (24) 263 dismissal of perspective (17) 332–334 Outgroup contact, ingroup status (6) 211–213 distinctiveness–differentiation Outgroup co-variation effect simulation (10) relationship (14) 227 22–29 infra-humanisation (15) 262–269 Outgroup dehumanisation (23) 65, 73–78, secondary emotions (15) 279–282, 93–94 283–289 boundaries (23) 80–81 Outgroups moderators (23) 78–87 leadership (23) 270–272 Outgroup derogation (9) 112–113; (14) low-status (23) 83–84 130–131 Outrage, group-based exclusion (24) 212, intergroup encounters (25) 116 213 linguistic abstraction (25) 265, 277–284, Overweight individuals, group-based 300–301, 302 exclusion (24) 197 terror management theory (25) 36, 37 Overconfidence bias (2) 87–90 see also Symbolic goals Oxytocin (23) 92 Outgroup exemplar-based knowledge, black sheep effect (5) 53–58 P600 (22) 237 Outgroup favouritism, system justification Pair bonding (10) 267–274 theory (13) 120–121, 130–136 Pain, healthcare disparities (24) 86, 87, 88 Outgroup homogeneity (11) 263–267 Palestine (24) 23–24 black sheep effect (5) 49–63 Palestinian–Israeli conflict (17) 7–8, see also intergroup context (3) 1–30 ; (10) 23, Israeli-Palestinian conflict 29–31 Palliative function, system justifying personal and social identity salience (11) ideology (13) 144–147 191–207 Parallel-constraint satisfaction model (12) simulation (10) 1–40 124–130 status hierarchies (9) 40–65 Paranormal phenomenon (22) 277 Outgroup homogeneity effect (22) 226 Parent–child relationships responsiveness Outgroup infrahumanisation, indirect (22) 326 intergroup contact (25) 363 secrecy (22) 336, 337–338 Outgroup norms in identity expression (14) understanding (22) 355 152–154 Paris trip study, inaction inertia (24) 138 Outgroup polarisation, terror management Partner affirmation (22) 342 theory (25) 34–41, 56, 57 Partner effects (22) 367, 369 Outgroup predictability (7) 122–123 Passion (23) 345 Outgroup prejudice, western Europe (8) Pathogen levels (22) 174 241–273 Paternalistic helping (24) 244 Outgroup projection, imagined contact (21) Patients, back pain (23) 52–53 194–195 Patient-centredness, healthcare disparities Outgroup schema (3) 129–135 (24) 95, 97, 104, 105 Outgroup similarity, intergroup Peace, intergroup forgiveness (24) 1 differentiation (1) 142–156 Peace promotion (25) 22–23, 24, see also Outgroup threat (11) 285–287; (16) 357–358 Conflict resolution Outgroup trust, indirect intergroup contact Penalties, deservingness (17) 54–58 (25) 365–366 Perceived ability, praise and criticism (3) Outgroup type, indirect intergroup contact 259–283 (25) 368–369 Perceived appropriateness, emotion-based Outgroup variability judgements (7) 95–144 social influence (22) 124–126, 129–130, Outgroup variability, and stereotyping (25) 133–134, 140–141 350–351 Perceived behavioural control (6) Outgroup 76–80 SUBJECT INDEX 43

Perceived choice, dissonance (22) 50, 97 Personal need for structure (21) 54–56 Perceived discrimination (12) 167–199 Personal norms, theory of planned behaviour Perceived group variability (2) 211–245; (7) (TPB) (6) 86–88 99–101, 113–115; (10) 41–74;(11) Personal profitability (14) 147–148 177–221 Personalisation model, multicultural Perceived importance (1) 74–77 ideologies 147, 148 Perceived justice, gender-related inequalities Personality factors (23) 148–149 (13) 189–199 Personality traits, implicit–explicit Perceiver readiness principle (23) 359 consistency (16) 335–390 Perception Personality cultural mindset (22) 200–202 behavioural intentions (12) 20–23 understanding in relationships (22) emotion sharing (9) 156–157 326–330, 352–353 epistemic motivation (22) 124 Perceptual readiness, implementation perceived appropriateness of emotional intentions (4) 163–165 expressions (22) 125, 133–134 Perfectionism (25) 242 power moderator (21) 22–24 Performance (23) 6–15, 22–30 prejudice (17) 233–270 effects (23) 24–27 social dominance orientation (SDO) (17) Performance expectancy, stereotype threat 293–294 (14) 258–260 spurious correlations (21) 312–316 Performance prediction and improvement, Personality factors, inaction inertia (24) 146, social comparison (12) 282–283 146–147 Peripheral processing, persuasion (24) 32, 34 Personality variables, and intergroup contact Permanence tendency (8) 139 (25) 371–372 Permission to forgive (24) 9, 10, 22 Personalization instructions (9) 87–88 Perpetrators, bystander effect (24) 245–246, Personnel selection (25) 288–294, 291, 292, 247 294, 299–301, 300, 303–304 Person categorisation (22) 221–222, gender linguistic bias (25) 289–291, 292, 225–227, 233–235 301, 303 Person memory (5) 112–114 linguistic polarization (25) 293–294 intergroup contexts (9) 80–86 selection linguistic bias (25) 289–291, Person perception (22) 219–220, 225–227, 291 231–233, 250, 253 personnel selection, linguistic bias (25) Person perception 289–294, 291, 301, 303 intergroup contexts (9) 77–106 Person-organization fit, social dominance morality and competence (16) 155–188 theory (17) 305–307 neural systems (20) 195–197, 204–207, Perspective taking (23) 214–215 208–212 Perspective taking in cross-group encounters processing inconsistent information (5) (22) 390–391 111–149 Perspective-taking, indirect intergroup social categorization (1) 122–123 contact (25) 362Peer groups, adolescence stereotypes (3) 51 (3) 285–308 two dimensions (21) 156–158 Perspective taking injustice (4) 234–240 Personal agency, dehumanisation (20) need for closure (8) 147–151 200–202 secondary emotions (15) 284–285 Personal change (4) 190–192, 200–217 stereotype threat (19) 268–269 Personal fear of invalidity (21) 54–56 Perspectivization (11) 80 Personal identity Persuasion perceived group variability (11) 177–221 attitude (10) 88–91; (18) 99–101 perceived prejudice (14) 88–91 minority influence (20) 80–81 see also Identity need for closure (8) 152–153; (20) 155 44 SUBJECT INDEX

non-verbal behaviour (20) 84–85 power multicultural ideologies (25) 143 (20) 81–84 national identity (25) 209–212 self-validation (20) 49–96 negative emotions (25) 4 source factors (20) 49–96; (20) 166–169 terror management theory (25) 39–40, 46 unimodel and dual-process models (14) Political orientation 9–19 attitudes and stereotyping (18) 70–71 Persuasion, advertising (24) 32–34, 40, 53, relationship to morality (13) 259–291 45, 58–62 Political science (21) 160, 164–165 Persuasive arguments theory, group Political struggles, helping behaviour (24) polarization (7) 175–177, 197–198 243, 244 Pervasive vegetative state (22) 30 Poor-white racism effect (8) 258–262 Pervasiveness, discrimination (24) 204–214, Post-decisional dissonance (24) 255–257 207, 209, 210, 213 Position extremity Phenomenal consciousness (22) 8–9 majority and minority influence (1) Phenotype, prejudice (8) 264–267 239–240 Physical appearance, prejudice (8) 264–267 motivation (1) 244–245 Physical disability, prejudice (14) 124–126 Positional level of analysis (7) 132–134 Physical distancing (22) 386 Positive affect, motivation (16) 257–300; Physical health, contingencies of self-worth (20) 359–369, 372–373 (15) 166–168 Positive emotions, conflict resolution (25) 3, Physically handicapped, meeting (1) 323–338 5, 18–21, 20, 21 Physicians, race (24) 79–89, 89–90, 102– Positive and Negative Affect Scales 104, see also Healthcare disparities (PANAS) (23) 240 Physiological responses Positive ingroup default (13) 6–9 extended and vicarious contact (25) 322, Positive ingroup distinctiveness (13) 22–23 337, 354–355 Positive ingroup evaluation (13) 9–21 media violence (25) 73, 90, 95 Positive self-regard, discrimination Pictorial quality, emotion decoding (9) interpretation (14) 295–297 211–217 Positive social identity, need for (7) 116–118 Picture memory (1) 11–12 Positive–negative asymmetry evaluation (1) Place metaphor (9) 25–27 33–60 Planned behaviour, habit and (10) 111–115 social discrimination (9) 107–143 Planned health education (7) 242–244 Positivity, impression formation (5) 134–135 Planning (23) 5 Post-auricular startle reflex (22) 16 Pluralistic ignorance (24) 238 Posterior cingulate cortex (22) 21; (22) 229 Pluralistic ignorance (4) 116–117 Posterior superior temporal sulcus (22) 232 Polarization, linguistic (25) 293–294, 294 Postlexical mechanisms, affective priming (8) Police interrogations, social remembering (6) 87–88 136–157 Post-suppressional rebound, motivational Policy, governmental (25) see Government inference model (MIMO) (15) 1–32 policy Potato famine, Irish (24) 19 Polish Americans (25) see Ethnic minorities Potency, impression formation (5) 134–135 Political attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, 57 POW (prisoner-of-war) camps (24) 8, 10, 11, Political communication, linguistic 12–13, 21 abstraction (25) 294–299, 297, 299, 300, Power (23) 346 301, 304 moderating dehumanisation (23) 84–85 Political conservatism (8) 253–254 Powerless groups, placating (13) 127–130 Political factors, intergroup forgiveness (24) Power 27 accuracy in assessing (21) 17–20 Political identity (13) 279–285 approach/inhibition model (21) 15–16 Political ideology conceptual definitions (7) 54–56 SUBJECT INDEX 45

forgiveness and (19) 213–215 Prejudice (23) 347, 363 group power (7) 46–50; (18) 304–319 contact theory/contact hypothesis (25) interpersonal power and behaviour model 109 (21) 1–33 cross-group friendship (25) 357–358 perception (21) 11–15 and intergroup contact (25) 314, 318, persuasion (20) 81–84 344–348 Situated Focus Theory (18) 256–295 multicultural ideologies (25) 144–145, social identity threat (17) 338–339 147 social power and attitude strength (19) reduction (23) 373 186–189 social norms (25) 360 Power differentials, linguistic outgroup see also Indirect intergroup contact derogation/ingroup enhancement (25) Prejudice control 278, 279–280, 284 motivation to control (19) 305–306 Power dynamics, intergroup encounters (25) social neuroscience (19) 22–39 108, 109, 110, 111, 131–136 Prejudice, racial (24) contact hypothesis (25) 109–111, 116 attitude research (24) 263 content of encounters (25) 116–118, 125, healthcare disparities (24) 82–83, 126, 129–132 101 insecure status relations (25) 125–131 and helping behaviour (24) 234–235 intergroup negotiation (25) 118–124, 120, legitimacy (24) 196 121, 122, 123, 132 against Muslim women (24) 168–169, Israeli Jews (25) 114–115, 115 169 Israeli-Palestinian conflict (25) 116, Prejudice reduction 118–120, 120, 121–123, 123, 134 cross-group friendship (18) 212–255 and social change (25) 112–115 self-categorization (21) 271–273 stability and legitimacy (25) 112, social identity threat (17) 349–352 124–131, 128, 130, 132 social neuroscience (19) 39–45 Power manipulations, indirect emotion Prejudice regulation (25) 10 accuracy and expectancy-confirming Power relations (24) processing orientations (3) group-based exclusion (24) 198 57–89 helping behaviour (24) 237 affect (10) 79–84; (16) 129–131 Pragmatic influences on explanations (12) against women (5) 1–35 212–214 attributions (8) 264–267; (12) 168–177, Praise, perceived ability (3) 259–283 182–183 PRECEDE/PROCEED model (7) 242–243 awareness of prejudice-related Precision (23) 345 discrepancies (16) 117–128 Preconscious processing (22) 9 blatant (8) 246–252 Precuneus (22) 21 confronting (16) 143–149 Prediction (6) 1–32 disadvantaged groups (12) 183–187 Preference consistency (23) 328–329 education (8) 258–262 Preference emotional prejudice leading to framing effects (1) 61–80 infra-humanisation (15) 259–296 similarity and (10) 187–191 ethnic outgroups (14) 126–128 Prefrontal cortex (PFC) evolutionary models (14) 110–111 prejudice control (19) 31–35 interventions (14) 132–133 social cognition (20) 195, 197, 199 motivation (3) 59–61; (19) 34–35 Prefrontal cortex outgroup prejudice in western Europe (8) dorsolateral (22) 21; (22) 237, 239, 240 241–273 medial (22) 21; (22) 178; (22) 229, perceived vulnerability to disease (14) 238–239, 242 123–129 46 SUBJECT INDEX

perceived vulnerability to injury (14) Private self-consciousness, implicit–explicit 111–123 consistency (16) 348–349 personality (17) 233–270 Privileged groups, perceived phenotype (8) 264–267 discrimination (12) 167–199 physical disability (14) 124–126 Privileged groups, helping behaviour (24) role congruity theory (21) 21–22 244 self-esteem of target (14) 77–104 Proactive comparison (12) 267–298 self-regulation (16) 131–143 Proactive coping (12) 268–269 social class (8) 258–262 Probabilistic mental models (PMM) theory specificity (14) 132 (2) 104–106 stereotypes (10) 82–84 Problem solving, thinking aloud (22) 25 subtle (8) 246–252 Problem solving, vs. decision making (23) symbolic beliefs and affective responses 339–340 (10) 79–84 Problem-driven applied social psychology (7) threats (14) 131 245–250 transactional model (14) 86–87 Problem-solving and creativity (21) 37–39 Prescriptive national stereotypes (25) 191 Procedural accounts, intuition (22) 277–304 Prevention focus (22) 343 Procedural justice, social standing (15) 33–58 Preventive health behaviour (12) 291–293 Process dissociation (20) 272–314 Pride, group (24) 171, 174, 175, 176, 177 Process reliance (19) 308–314 Primacy effects, impression formation (5) Process uniformity (1) 232–235 130; (8) 142; (14) 25 Processing bias (23) 325–330 Primary emotions (24) 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, Processing fluency see Fluency 23, 27 Processing intensity (23) 330–332 Primary emotions, compared to secondary Processing style emotions (15) 261–262 context (3) 201–202 Primary group deviance (4) 187–222 mood (3) 207–209 Primary victims (24) 21–22 Processing time, opportunity to control (19) Priming (24) 299 attitude research (24) 255, 257, 260, 262, Process 264–265 cognitive (23) 30–41 healthcare disparities (24) 86 motivational (23) 30–41 humour in advertising (24) 47–50, 48, 49, positive fantasy (23) 15–19 54, 55, 55, 55, 56 social identity (23) 349–352 intergroup forgiveness (24) 5 vs. outcome (23) 5, 12–13 Priming (23) 111–115 Procrastination, and inaction inertia (24) 123, risk behaviour (23) 228, 230, 237, 243, 155–156, 156 250 Product recall, brand memory (24) 41–45, Priming, affective (8) 67–103; (13) 44–45 43, 44 Priming Production blocking, brainstorming (5) accessible knowledge (22) 183–185 275–276, 282–297; (12) 303–304 affect priming (22) 119 Production gains and losses, brainstorming Primitive emotional contagion (22) 119 (12) 299–325 Principled reasoning (13) 266–267 Production matching, brainstorming (5) Prioritisation, power (18) 273–2724 274–275, 279–281 Prisoner’s dilemma (18) 12–15 Productive tasks, mood congruency (1) 5–19 Prisoners, group-based exclusion (24) Productivity loss, group brainstorming (5) 196 271–303 Prisoner of war (POW) camps (24) 8, 10, Professional carers, reciprocity (10) 277–280 11–13, 21, 27 Promotion focus (22) 343 Private identity (1) 215–217 Promises, forbearance (24) 3 SUBJECT INDEX 47

Promotional interdependence, black sheep Public good dilemmas (23) 190, 192, effect (5) 60–61 194–196, 204 Pronunciation task, affective priming (8) Public identity (1) 215–217 94–95 Public/private domain, dissonance (22) 50 Propositional features of language (11) Public transport, terrorist bomb attacks (24) 79–80, 84–86, 94–98 228–229 Propositional knowledge, automatic retrieval , terror management theory (24) 273 (25) 46 Propositional processes (24) 37–39 Proprioceptive feedback (22) 285–286 Qualitative methodologies, intergroup Pro-relationship behaviour (22) 325 forgiveness (24) 22 Prosocial behaviour Question answering (2) 32–46;(11)84–94, action for social change (24) 244 98–100 mood congruency (1) 18 Question–answer paradigm, linguistic multilevel perspectives (24) 226 abstraction (25) 264 secondary emotions (15) 283–284 Questioning, in group discussions (23) Prosocial behaviour, media influences (25) 334–335 85–86, 86 Quiz-role paradigm (15) 198–201 Prosocial growth, interpersonal orientation (11) 309–316 – – Race-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46 51, 52, Prosocial media (25) 100 101 55 Prospect theory (1) 62–66; (5) 193–196; (6) – Race-related differences, attitudes and 101 102 stereotyping (18) 64–66 Protestant work ethic (16) 193–205, 212–213 – – Racial bias, social neuroscience (19) 5 22 Prototypes, group (23) 262 263 Racial healthcare disparities (24) see Prototypes Healthcare disparities categorization and explanation (3) – Racial prejudice (25) see Prejudice 153 182 Racism (23) 365 distinctiveness–differentiation – Racism relationship (14) 223 224 categorization vs. pro-ingroup bias (4) distributive justice (15) 232–239 – – 4 5 event prototypes (3) 153 182 confronting (16) 144–145 intergroup evaluation (18) 335–338 – – poor-white racism effect (8) 258 262 rape (2) 297 303 Radical behaviourism (24) attitude research, social groups (18) 94–96 – 279 uncertainty reduction (11) 241 243 Rage, and helping behaviour (24) 244 Prototypical citizens, national identity (25) Rank-ordering task, name-letter effect (25) 191, 193, 197, 198, 199, 201, 206, 210 – 233, 239 Proxies, behavioural (24) 253 257, 261, 264, Rape (2) 279–309 268–269, 271, 273–275, 281–282 – Rape, bystander effect (24) 239 Pseudo-contingencies (21) 320 324 Rapport, need for closure (8) 151–152 Psychobiography (9) 270 Ratings creep (25) 73 Psychodynamic theory, terror management Rational self-interest (11) 299 (25) 33, 35, 54 Rationalisation of status quo (13) 119–120, Psychohistory (9) 270 123–130 Psychological distance, inaction inertia (24) – Reaction time, implicit (25) 213 149 150 Reactions, functionality (13) 227–229 Psychological factors, media violence (25) – – Reactive comparison (12) 269 272 81 82 Reactive distinctiveness (14) 206–207, 209– Psychological well-being (25) see Well-being 210, 213–215 48 SUBJECT INDEX

Realistic accuracy model (22) 353 theory of planned behaviour (8) 49–53 Realistic group conflict theory (25) 114 Regulation of emotion (25) 10, 75 Reality (23) 23, 34 Regulation, need for (23) 147–150 and future (23) 31–34 Regulatory focus theory (22) 342–343 Reappraisal theories of emotion (25) 3–10, 8, Regulatory focus 11, 21, 22, 24 group-based self-regulation (19) 126–164 Reasoning process reliance (19) 309, 311 abstractions (22) 169 shared (7) 6–15 choice (10) 185–186 shared reality (7) 3–6 compartmentalized or generic processes Reincarnation (25) see Immortality (2) 117–164 Reinforcement, media violence (25) 72, 74 complex reasoning and cultural mindset Reinforcing homogeneity, multicultural (22) 204–206 ideologies (25) 158 power (18) 265–266 Rejection–Identification Model (12) 184–191 Rebound effect (23) 128 Rejection-identification model, group-based Recall test (23) 331–332 exclusion (24) 219 Recall Relapse behaviours (22) 20 cognitive load (11) 160–162 Relational aggression, and media violence implementation intentions (4) 158–160 (25) 84–85, 86 Reciprocity (10) 259–291; (18) 199–200 Relational values, self-esteem (16) 86–96 Recognition, cognitive load (11) 160–162 Relationships Recognition memory, intergroup orientation contingencies of self-worth (15) 163–164 (9) 81–83 cultural universals (22) 168–169 Reconciliation, intergroup (24) 1, 2, 4, 12, gender-related inequalities (13) 185–216 14, 22, 24, 27 including close others in the self (15) Reconnaissance, group socialization (5) 101–132 321–329 individualism vs. collectivism (22) 179 Reconstruction interdependency (22) 319–320 hindsight bias (8) 108–115, 124–129 and intergroup contact (25) 372–373 of the past (5) 198–203 interpersonal orientation (11) 324–325 Redescription (2) 102 outcome prediction (6) 22–27 Referent informational influence (RII) (24) predicting outcomes of dissolution (15) 230 117–120 Referent informational influence (18) 98 pro-relationship behaviour (22) 325 black sheep effect (5) 60–61 reciprocity (10) 267–274 social categorization (1) 206–218 relational sensitivity and cultural mindset Reflection effect (1) 66–74 (22) 191 Reflective distinctiveness (14) 207–210, relationship possibilities and cultural 213–215 mindset (22) 194–196 Regression-based algorithm, name-letter romantic (25) 285–288, 289, 299, 300, effect (25) 234, 250 303 Regression-based approaches, attitude self (12) 237–265 research (24) 281 uncertainty reduction (22) 333–334 Regret, anticipated (23) 4 see also Understanding in relationships Regret Relationships-as-bound hypothesis (12) 240 anticipated (8) 49–53; (12) 22 Relationships-as-enabler hypothesis (12) decision-making (8) 45–49 240–241 inaction inertia (24) 123, 130–136, Relations 137–138, 139–140, 149 intergroup (23) 79 intergroup forgiveness (24) 13 moderating dehumanisation (23) 81–87 post-choice (10) 177–180 moderating humanisation (23) 90–92 SUBJECT INDEX 49

Relative deprivation theory intragroup (24) 181–186, 184, 185 multicultural ideologies (25) 144 Response–frequency measure, habit (10) outgroup derogation/ingroup 108–109 enhancement (25) 281, 284 Response satisfaction, forgiveness (24) 8–10, Relevance judgement (14) 4–5 9, 10, 11, 25 Religion-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, Responsibility 52–53 collective (12) 159–161 Religious beliefs (22) 56 collective guilt (17) 13–17 Religious conflict, Northern Ireland (24) 2, 5, deservingness (17) 60–61 9, 17 diffusion of (24) 238, see also Bystander Religious tolerance (25) 207–208 effect Religious worldviews, terror management intergroup forgiveness (24) 2, 3 theory (25) 51–52 rape (2) 281–293 Remarriage (10) 270–271 Responsiveness, understanding as (22) 317, Remorse (24) 3, 8–11, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 319, 324–326 19, 25 Retrospective reports (22) 29 Remote Associates Test (21) 66 Retrospective self-reported behavioural Remote associations and creativity (21) frequency (10) 107–108 39–41 Revenge (23) 130, 135 Reparation, intergroup forgiveness (24) 1, 3, Revenge, and forgiveness (24) 4 4 Reverse contrasting (23) 21–24, 26, 30, 32 Reparations, conflict resolution (25) 16–18, Reverse inference (22) 248 17 Revocability, dissonance (22) 96–97 Replication (23) 134–135 Reward (22) 45 Representations, mental, attitudes research Reward cues (24) 275–277 risk taking (23) 231 Representations, social (25) 145–146, 164 risky media (23) 243–244 Representativeness (14) 32–33 Reward, neural systems (20) 197–198 Repression (22) 25 Rhetoric (23) 268 conflict resolution (25) 6 identity (23) 277–278 death fears (25) 34, 35, 37–38, 44 Right to forgive (24) 10–11, 11 Reproductive strategies (17) 301–302 Right wing authoritarianism (RWA) (23) 87; Reproductive tasks, mood congruency (1) (25) 322, 333, 371 5–19 RII (Referent informational influence) (24) Republicanism (25) 149 230 Reputation (1) 171–193 Risk-aversive political tendencies (25) 5 Research artefacts, terror management theory Risk glorification (23) 224–225, 231 (25) 45, 44–46, 51 evidence for (23) 232–233 ‘Reservoir Dogs’ (film) (25) 92, 101 exposure (23) 231 Resistance, advertising (24) 35, 40, 49, meta-analysis (23) 234–236 52–56, 55, 58–60 research limitations (23) 233–234 Resource availability, informational impact Risk habituation (23) 231–232 (20) 166 personal (23) 248–249 Resource depletion, cognitive (25) 352–353 Risk perception (7) 245–247 Resource depletion, healthcare disparities Risk-seeking behaviour, conflict resolution (24) 88, 92 (25) 2, 5 Resource management, greed, efficiency and Risk taking (23) 225, 249 fairness (GEF) hypothesis (2) 165–187 excessive (23) 227–228 Resource theory (11) 165–166 reward cues (23) 231 Respect (24) Risk tolerance, negotiator frame effects (6) healthcare disparities (24) 91 100–101, 103–105 50 SUBJECT INDEX

Risky media Sample-based consensus estimates (1) 94–97 exposure (23) 244–248 Satisfaction, intergroup forgiveness (24) reward cues (23) 243–244 8–10, 9, 10, 11, 25 Risky media effect Satisfaction, post-choice (10) 177–180 causal power (23) 236–242 Satisficing (21) 80 evidence review (23) 232–233 Schelling, Thomas C. (23) 188–189, practical implications (23) 252–253 191–192, 213–214 socio-cognitive perspective (23) Schema-based distrust (18) 178–182 228–232 Schema incongruity, humour in advertising strength of (23) 234–236 (24) 35–37, 40, 40 theoretical implications (23) 251–252 Schematic approach, reasoning (2) underlying psychological processes (23) 123–126 243–249 Schizophrenia, healthcare disparities (24) Role ambiguity (23) 283–284 84–85 Role congruity theory (21) 21–22 School performance (23) 45 Role models, cross-group friendship (25) 344 Scientometrics (9) 271–272 Role transitions, group socialization (5) 307, Schizophrenia, overcoming prejudice (25) 309, 313–316 337, 345, 354–355, 357 Romantic relationships, linguistic abstraction Scottish participants, helping behaviour (24) (25) 285–288, 289, 299, 300, 303 236, 236 Romantic relationships, outcome prediction School-based intervention programme, (6) 22–27 aggression and media violence (25) Rome trip study, inaction inertia (24) 97–99, 99, 100 see also Educational 135–136, 139–140, 146, 146–147 programmes A Room of One’s Own (Virginia Woolf) (24) Scotland, national identity (25) 200 194–195 Script availability (21) 204–206, 207, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (25) 240, 241, 209–213, 215–216 243, 252 Script theory (23) 111 Rubicon model of action phases (MAP) (23) Scripts (22) 381–382 156 SDO (25) see Social dominance orientation Rule following SDT (social dominance theory) group-based criticism (16) 311–318 exclusion (24) 198 judgement (14) 39–41 Secondary emotions lay epistemics (20) 161–163 compared to primary emotion (15) Rumination (23) 4 261–262 Rumination (3) 243–252 ingroups vs. outgroups (15) 270–289 RWA (right-wing authoritarianism) (25) 322, Secondary emotions, intergroup forgiveness 333, 371 (24) 16–20, 20, 27 Rwanda (25) 1–2, 3, 357 Secondary victims, intergroup forgiveness Rwanda conflict (24) 5–6 (24) 21–22 Second-order consciousness (22) 8 Sad mood (23) 42–43 Second-order mental states (22) 9 Sadness and social influence (22) 117 Secrecy and understanding in relationships Safe sex determinants (7) 257–260 (22) 333–340 Safety, group (24) 173 Segregation Salience acculturation of immigrant groups (25) majority and minority influence (1) 246 216 social identity (18) 96–97 and citizenship (25) 152, 153–154 Salience of group distinctions (22) 387–390 indirect intergroup contact (25) 346–347, Salience of social identity, helping behaviour 367–368 (24) 228–232, 235, 239, 240, 247 multicultural ideologies (25) 146 SUBJECT INDEX 51

Selection hypothesis, media violence (25) Self-concept (23) 244–248, 368–369 77–78, 78, 83, 86 changes in (23) 243–244, 250 Selection linguistic bias (25) 289–291, 291, Self-concept 293, 300, 300 adolescence (3) 285–308 Selective accessibility (SA) model (10) cultural mindset (22) 196–199 145–161 individualism vs. collectivism (22) Selective attention (24) see Attentional 176–179 processes proactive comparison (12) 274–275 Selective attention, self-related biases (4) Self-concepts, intergroup forgiveness (24) 25 125–126 Self-construal immortality (16) 241–248 Selective exposure paradigm (22) 56–57, 86 Self-Construal Scales (22) 196 Self (23) 367–370 Self-control (23) 18, 154 collective (23) 370 automatic (23) 41 Self-affirmation, dissonance theory (22) 51 counteractive (23) 41 Self-affirmation theory, indirect emotion Self-control, opportunity to control (19) 296 regulation (25) 15–18, 17, 23 Self-correction algorithms, name-letter effect Self-anchoring (13) 15–16, 20–21, 25–26 (25) 234, 243, 244, 246, 248, 250, 251 Self-aspect model of self-interpretation (9) Self-debilitation (17) 279–280 3–5 Self-deception, self-enhancement and Self-awareness self-protection (20) 21–22 access to mental states (22) 7 Self-defeating humour, and self-esteem (25) meta-consciousness (22) 7, 18–19 243 objective (22) 51, 66, 91, 94–95 Self-disclosure standards (22) 95 indirect intergroup contact (25) 362 Self-beliefs, shared vs. unshared (7) 15–22 romantic relationships (25) 287–288, 289 Self-categorisation theory (24) Self-discrepancy (19) 128–154 group-based exclusion (24) 205 Self-efficacy (23) 151 helping behaviour (24) 226, 227, 230, Self-efficacy 244, 246 behavioural determinant (7) 252 and morality (24) 161 social identity threat (17) 337–338 Self-categorisation theory (SCT) (23) Self efficacy manipulations, emotion 261–262, 344–345 348, 354–360, 364, regulation (25) 10 374 Self-enhancement (20) 1–48 Self-categorization/self-categorization theory self-related biases (4) 129–130, 133–134 group cohesiveness (4) 91–98 social comparison under stress (5) 215– group polarization (7) 179–182, 199–200 217 group-level emotions (19) 107–110 Self-enhancement, cultural mindset (22) ingroup member (13) 13–14 197–199 levels of categorization (7) 126–128 Self-esteem (24) personality and prejudice (17) 239–241, cognitive alternatives (24) 217 245–264 healthcare disparities (24) 82 shifting standards model (12) 119–124 Self-esteem hypothesis (23) 371 social behaviour (9) 100–101 Self-esteem, stereotype application (22) 224 social group (1) 112–115 Self-esteem social identity (1) 196–197; (4) 92–94; behaviour (16) 101–106 (11) 224–227; (21) 244–247 cognitive control (16) 99–101 social neuroscience approach (21) contingencies of self-worth (15) 159–170 239–244 creative self-expression (21) 135–137 stereotype consensus (8) 208–216 culture (16) 97 uncertainty reduction (11) 231–234 emotion (16) 101–106 Self-Concealment Scale (22) 337 fragile/defensive (25) 242 52 SUBJECT INDEX

mastery monitor (16) 98–99 relationships (12) 237–265 multiculturalism (17) 171–173 semantic procedural interface (SPI) model prejudice (14) 77–104 (15) 297, 333 relational value (16) 86–96 social neuroscience (20) 197 self-esteem motive (16) 96–97 Self-perceived ability (3) 271–274 social identity (16) 227–232 Self-other merging (24) 244 sociometer theory (16) 75–111 Self-Perceived Racial and Ethnic system justification theory (13) 141–142 Discrimination Scale (24) 83 terror management theory (25) 35, 38–39, Self-perception, morality and competence 41, 46–48, 59, 60 (16) 155–188 uncertainty reduction (11) 243–244 Self-perception theory (23) 250–251 see also Name-letter effect as measure of Self-perception theory, inaction inertia (24) self-esteem 128–129 Self-evaluation, social comparison under Self-persuasion (20) 85–86 stress (5) 212–215 Self-presentation Self-expansion model (15) 103–115 attitude–behaviour link (18) 115–119 Self-focused distress, collective guilt (17) healthcare disparities (24) 92 19–20 identity expression (14) 151–158 Self-fulfilling prophecies (14) 262–263 and morality (24) 167–170, 169, 187 Self-generated consensus estimation (1) 87– self-enhancement and self-protection (20) 94 30 Self-generation effect (10) 157–159 self-related biases (4) 130–131 Self-goals, individualism vs. collectivism social support (3) 135–138 (22) 176–179 see also Impression formation Self-humanisation (23) 69–70 Self-preservation, stereotypes (11) 132–137 Self-improvement, social comparison under Self-protection (20) 1–48 stress (5) 215–217 Self-reassurance, self-related biases (4) Self-interest (23) 191 130–131 Self-interest Self-reference, mood congruency (1) 16–18 coalition formation (18) 132–174 Self-referencing effect, attitude research (24) discontinuity effect (18) 183–187 269–270 justice (15) 237–239 Self-regulation (23) 21, 146–147, 176 self-interest assumption (11) 299 need for (23) 147–153, 177 Self-interest, and mortality salience (25) 52 Self-regulation Self-interpretation, self-aspect model (9) 3–5 contingencies of self-worth (15) 165–166 Self-judgements coping (12) 268–269 social comparison (21) 86–91 dieting (19) 339–383 standard selection (21) 91–98 dynamics (20) 315–344 Self-nurturing, intergroup forgiveness (24) 22 group-based (19) 126–164 Self–other assimilation and differentiation (7) opportunity to control (19) 299–300 118–120 prejudice (16) 131–143 Self–other asymmetry effect (4) 119–120 proactive comparison (12) 273–274 Self-perception theory, vicarious (25) 320 social comparison (12) 289–290 Self social nature (7) 1–29 as anchor for ingroup judgements (13) Self-regulation, healthcare disparities (24) 88, 15–20 92, 93, 95, 98, 100 as heuristic for defining minimal ingroups Self-regulatory conflict (7) 17–19 (13) 1–33 Self-regulatory focus (7) 4–6; (22) 342–343 including close others (15) 101–132 Self-related judgements, power (18) 285–286 including groups (15) 120–122 Self-related superiority biases (4) 113–139 minority–majority contexts (9) 1–30 Self-relevance, dissonance theory (22) 50–51 SUBJECT INDEX 53

Self-relevance, group-level emotions (19) Shame, intergroup forgiveness (24) 16, 19 105–120 Shared beliefs, cultural norms (25) 168–170 Self-relevant learning (23) 244 Shared cognition (23) 202 Self-reports, cultural studies (22) 171 Shared emotion (3) 229–243, 249–252; (9) Self-report measures, humour in advertising 145–189 (24) 34–35, 38, 58 Shared norm of the self-contained individual Self-representations, category-based and (9) 34–36 personalized (9) 95–101 Shared reality, self-system (7) 1–29 Self-schemas, behavioural intentions (12) 22 Shared regulatory focus (7) 6–15 Self-serving bias (SSB) (12) 238, 239–260 Shared self-beliefs (7) 15–22 Self-stereotyping (23) 355 Shifting standards model (12) 103–137 Self-stereotyping Sibling numbers, interpersonal orientation minority–majority contexts (9) 5–8, (11) 309–316 14–17 Sincerity, intergroup forgiveness (24) 14–15 social comparison (9) 97–100 Singlism, legitimacy (24) 197 social projection (18) 5–7 Signal detection theory (SDT) (20) 299–300 Self-theories, dissonance (22) 50–51, 80–81, Silent interview paradigm (15) 195–197 94–95 Similarity, as threat to distinctiveness (14) Self-uncertainty (23) 286–287 , 293 206–207 Self-validation Similarity-attraction paradigm persuasion (20) 49–96 linguistic abstraction (25) 295, 296 self-related biases (4) 129–130 multicultural ideologies (25) 147 Self-worth (22) 199 Similarity judgements, preference and (10) Self-worth contingencies (15) 133–181 187–191 SEM (25) see Structural equation modelling Simple structure, need for closure (8) Semantic associations, racial bias (19) 8 165–167 Semantic coherence (22) 281–282 Simulations mental (23) 4 Semantic priming outcome (23) 5, 12–13 affective priming (8) 81–88 process (23) 5, 12–13 selective accessibility (SA) model (10) Situated cognition, culture as (22) 165, 146–147 182–188 Semantic procedural interface (SPI) model of Situated Focus Theory (18) 256–295 self (15) 297–333 Situational constancy, habit (10) 105–106 Sense makers (11) 149–151 Situational correction (15) 206–208 Sensitive self (4) 118 Situational cues, habit and (10) 120–122 Sentence verification, linguistic category Situational level of analysis (7) 130–132 model (LCM) (2) 22–23 Situational perceptions, indirect intergroup Sequential decision making, inaction inertia contact (25) 321, 321, 322, 367, 369–371, (24) 123, 153–154 374 Serbs, Kosovar (25) 352 Situational sources, interpersonal orientation SES (24) see Socioeconomic status (11) 317–320 Sesame Street (TV programme) (25) 344 Situational theory (15) 185–191, 205–206 , confrontation (14) 303–304; (16) Situations, weak vs. strong (23) 200 144–145 Situationism, attitude research (24) 280 Sexist attitudes (22) 242 Size differentials, linguistic outgroup Sexual abuse (22) 28 derogation/ ingroup enhancement (25) Sexual behaviour, risky (23) 232–233 280–281, 284 Sexual orientation, and helping behaviour SJT (24) see System justification theory (24) 243 Ski pass purchase, inaction inertia (24) 124, Sexuality-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, 127, 137, 142 54 Skin tone attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51 54 SUBJECT INDEX

Slave trade, intergroup forgiveness (24) 2 Social change Small groups, social influence in (16) 1–42 black sheep effect (5) 62–63 Smiling and power (21) 24 collective action (4) 68–75 Smoking (24) 196, 207, 208, 209 group identification (16) 48–52 Smoking (23) 232, 252 group membership (16) 52–55 chronic (23) 29 indirect intergroup contact (25) 355–356 Smoking individual mobility (1) 138–142 determinants (7) 254–257 intergroup encounters (25) 112–117, 119, prevention programs (7) 262–265, 121–122, 135 272–275 minority influence (16) 43–73 Smoking, mortality salience (25) 53 prejudice against women (5) 28–29 Snacking habits (23) 48–49 social context (16) 55–57 Social anxiety (23) 167 uncertainty reduction (11) 246–247 Social attraction, depersonalized (4) 94–104 Social class, prejudice (8) 258–262 Social bias, social categorization (18) Social cognition 297–298 mood-dependent selectivity (1) 1–32 Social categorization neural systems (20) 195–197 accessibility (11) 111–113, 116–117 process dissociation and related models adolescence (3) 285–308 (20) 272–314 collective guilt (17) 9–11 self-regulation in dieters (19) 339–383 competitive (11) 119–121 social context (7) 31–61 context dependence (1) 128–129 Social cognitive theory, extended contact depersonalisation (18) 96–97 hypothesis (25) 319–320 distributive justice (15) 219–257 Social cohesion, multiculturalism (17) egocentric (7) 125–126 164–165 functional perspective (11) 105–144 Social comparison (11) 225–226, 244–246; group processes (1) 112–119 (21) 81–85 minority–majority contexts (1) 203–204; brainstorming (12) 304–310 (9) 8–10 cognitive miser’s view (21) 85–103 multiple categorization (21) 274–275 group polarization (7) 177–179, 198–199 normative fit (11) 114–117 heuristic in self-judgements (21) 86–91 person perception (1) 122–123 overriding comparisons over time (5) prototypes (18) 94–96 196–197 referent informational influence (1) proactive comparison (12) 267–298 206–218 self-related superiority biases (4) 113–139 representation of variability information self stereotyping (9) 97–100 (2) 211–245 stress (5) 211–241 salience (18) 96–97 Social comparison, inaction inertia (24) selective activation (1) 123–127 134–135 simple and crossed (2) 247–278 Social competition (23) 352–353 social bias (18) 297–298 Social consensus estimation (1) 81–109 social neuroscience approach (21) Social constructions, cultural worldviews 239–244 (25) 34, 36 social projection (18) 7–11 Social context, emotion-based social spontaneous (11) 109–111 influence (22) 124–126, 130 stereotypical expectancies (11) 113–114 Social contexts, multicultural ideologies (25) see also Categorisation theory 143 Social categorisation, healthcare disparities Social context (24) 70, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85–86 attitude (18) 89–131 Social change (23) 344, 348, 352–353, consensus estimation (1) 81–109 365–367 emotional control (14) 173–176, 191–193 SUBJECT INDEX 55

judgement and decision (2) 108–109 Social hierarchy, social dominance theory social change (16) 55–57 (17) 273–276 social cognition (7) 31–61 Social identity (23) 261–263, 346, 352–355 social dominance (17) 288–292 management (23) 367 Social cooperation (1) 161–164 model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) Social creativity (23) 352 (23) 364 Social Darwinist doctrine of assimilation (25) processes (23) 349–352 148 shared (23) 366, 374–375 Social dilemmas (23) 189–191 Social identity theory (SIT) (23) 344–346, asymmetric (23) 193–194, 196, 199–200 348–353, 372–373 give-some (23) 195 group-based exclusion (24) 194, keep-some (23) 195 198–199, 212 leave-some (23) 195 healthcare disparities (24) 81–82, 84, step-level vs. continuous (23) 215 90–91, 99 strong-weak (23) 200–201 helping behaviour (24) 225–247, 230, symmetric (23) 191, 193 232, 236, 239, 242 trust crises (23) 274 intergroup forgiveness (24) 25 Social dilemmas of intergroup relations (23) 261, 290–291, efficacy (7) 209–240 350 leadership (13) 155–184 of leadership (23) 29, 258, 263–266, 274, social projection (18) 12–29 291–294, 375 Social discrimination media violence and aggression (25) 74 disadvantaged groups (25) 117 morality (24) 160–164, 168, 170–173, linguistic (25) 270–277, 273, 275, 284 171, 175, 177, 186–187 multicultural ideologies (25) 144–145, multicultural ideologies (25) 144, 147, 147 162 Social discrimination, positive–negative power dynamics, intergroup encounters asymmetry (9) 107–143 (25) 124, 125, 132 Social distance, prejudice (8) 264–267 Social Identity/Deindividuation (SIDE) Social dominance orientation (SDO) (23) model (6) 175–180 87 Social identity/social identity theory (4) Social dominance orientation (SDO) 28–33; (9) 110–111 construct (17) 281–294 attitudes (18) 93–108; (19) 189–191 Social dominance theory (17) 271–320 black sheep effect (5) 58–63 gender (17) 295–303 categorization (1) 175–176 system justification theory (13) 117–118 consistency (1) 174–176 Social dominance theory (23) 373 crossed categorizations (2) 251–252, Social dominance theory (SDT) group-based 258–260, 266–271 exclusion (24) 198 deindividuation (6) 161–198 Social distance, indirect intergroup contact discontinuity effect (3) 138–144 (25) 351 distributive justice (15) 224–225 Social dominance orientation (SDO) (25) group cohesiveness (4) 91–98 133–134, 144, 157, 159 impression management (1) 174–175 Social dominance theory (25) 113–114 individuality (16) 27–33 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 171, 172, 173, infra-humanisation (15) 268 174, 175 interactive model (16) 8–10 multicultural ideologies (25) 144, interethnic interactions (17) 321–358 158–160, 180 intergroup differentiation (1) national identity (25) 209, 211–212 137–169 Social frames of reference, social influence internal and external (14) 139–170 (1) 218–221 levels of categorization (7) 126–128 56 SUBJECT INDEX

management, psychological costs (14) Social motives, emotion expression and 156–158 regulation (14) 183–191 motivational theory (11) 223–255 Social movement participation (15) 61–70 multiculturalism (17) 148–184 Social network analysis, indirect intergroup norm formation (16) 21–24 contact (25) 315, 321, 322, 346–350, 376 outgroup discrimination (1) 269–271 Social networks, attitude strength (19) perceived group variability (10) 41–74; 179–186 (11) 177, 221 Social neuroscience positive, need for (7) 116–118 brain mapping (22) 251, 252 provider of existence (16) 232–241 causality (22) 250 self-categorization (1) 196–197; (4) data interpretation problems (22) 92–94;(11)224–227; (21) 244–247 247–251 self-esteem (16) 227–232 dehumanisation (20) 192–231 shifting standards model (12) 119–124 ecological validity of studies (22) social influence in small groups (16) 1–42 244–245 social movement participation (15) 66–70 function-to-structure deduction (22) 248 system justification theory (13) 114–115 hypothesis testing (22) 251, 252 threatened and interethnic interactions intergroup relations (19) 1–54 (17) 321–358 media interest (22) 245–247 Social influence (1) 197–206 reporting guidelines (22) 251 attempted (4) 65–67 reverse inference (22) 248 behavioural determinant (7) 252 self and social categorization (21) brainstorming (12) 299–325 239–244 context/comparison model (8) 175–202 social perception and evaluation (21) emotion (14) 171–201 254–269 small groups (16) 1–42 statistical analysis of data (22) 250 social frames of reference (1) 218–221 stereotyping (22) 227–242, 248–250 status (5) 243–269 structure-to-function deduction (22) 248 stereotype consensus (8) 208–216 Social norms (1) 195–228; (16) 20–21 Social influence (23) 356–358 Social norms (23) 231–232 mutual (23) 358 perceived (23) 248–249 Social influence, definition (22) 116 , see see also Norms, social also Emotion-based social influence Social order (13) 266–267 Social information (23) 206–213 Social perception Social information affect (3) 183–223 heuristic and systematic processing (6) multiple social categories (13) 36–40 33–68 neural substrates (21) 254–269 memory for (6) 127–160 power (18) 278–284 , socially-shared emotion top-down influences (14) 49–76 (9) 178 Social perceptions at zero acquaintance (22) Social interaction (23) 356 275–276 Social interaction, social comparison Social power, attitude strength (19) 186–189 under stress (5) 212–215 Social preferences, social projection (18) Social judgements (24) 164–168, 166, see 18–19 also Impression formation Social projection (13) 16–17; (18) 1–35 Social judgement, stereotypes (3) 91–120 Social psychology (23) 4–5, 367 Social learning theory (SLT) (23) 110 Social psychology, experimental (25) 144, Social mind (23) 367–370 161–163 Social mobility (1) 138–142 Social psychology, healthcare disparities (24) Social mobility (23) 352 75, 100–110, 109 SUBJECT INDEX 57

The social psychology of prosocial behaviour Societal-level processes, healthcare (Dovidio et al.) (24) 225 disparities (24) 76, 76–79 Social reality (10) 49–55 Society Social referencing (22) 121 beliefs and representations, level of Social regulatory focus (7) 3–6 analysis (7) 134–135 Social remembering (6) 127–160 interpersonal orientation (11) 325–326 Social representation, ethnic hierarchies (6) Socio-cognitive models, of risky media (23) 207–211 228–230 Social representations, multicultural Socio-cultural ideologies, national identity ideologies (25) 145–146, 164 (25) 218–220, 220 see also Assimilation; Social reward, neural systems (20) 197–198 Multicultural intergroup ideologies Social scripts (22) 381 Sociodemographic factors, media violence Social self (25) 81–82 category-based and personalized Socio-genetics, morality and politics (13) self-representations (9) 95–101 265–275 regulation (19) 139–150 Socioeconomic status (SES) healthcare Social sharing (3) 229–243, 249–252; (9) disparities (24) 71–75, 85, 94, 103, 145–189 104–106 Social solidarity, helping behaviour (24) 240 Sociometer theory, self-esteem (16) 75–111 Social stability, multiculturalism (17) Socio-structural contexts, group-based 164–165 exclusion 204 Social standard selection (21) 82–83 Sofa purchase, inaction inertia (24) 145, 155 self-judgements (21) 91–98 Soft drink market (24) 36, 46, 46–47, 50–51, Social standing, procedural justice (15) 52 33–58 Source factors, persuasion (20) 49–96; (20) Social stereotyping, information processing 166–169 (1) 111–135 South Africa, intergroup encounters (25) 110, Social support 117 discontinuity effect (3) 135–138 ; (18) South African Truth and Reconciliation 183–187 Commission (24) 14 occupational stress (1) 293–322 South Pacific peoples, intergroup forgiveness reciprocity (10) 274–276 (24) 2 Social systems, multiculturalism (17) Specific emotion (13) 66–67 163–165 Specific processing (20) 241–244 Social utility approach, coalition formation Speed of responses, power (18) 273 (18) 132–174 Spontaneous helping (24) see helping Social validation processes (1) 157–160 behaviour Social value orientation (SVO) (23) 196–197, Spreading activation, affective priming (8) 200–201, 206 82–83 Social-development perspective, lay theories Spreading of alternatives (22) 58 and intergroup relations (16) 189–220 Spreading-of-alternatives effect, attitudes Sociability (24) 164–166, 170–172, 171, (24) 255–257, 260, 264, 265 172 Spirituality, and mortality salience (25) 58 Socialization Spurious correlations, stereotype formation social dominance orientation (SDO) (17) 294 (21) 286, 300–320 social regulatory focus (7) 3–4 Srebrenica (25) 16–17, 17 Socialisation hypothesis, media violence (25) Stability, intergroup encounters (25) 112, 77–78, 78, 83, 86 124–131, 128, 130, 132 Social-learning, stereotype acquisition (22) Stability Influence Model (22) 372 218 Staff selection (25) see Personnel selection Socially embedded research (25) 266–267 Staircase model of forgiveness (24) 27 58 SUBJECT INDEX

Standard selection (21) 82–83 subtyping model (5) 70–76, 77–82, self-judgements (21) 91–98 91–93, 98–101 Standards, self-awareness (22) 95 Stereotype content model (23) 83 Standing and procedural justice (15) 33–58 Stereotype content model (SCM) (20) Startle-eyeblink (22) 250 208–210; (21) 160, 161–162 State-oriented personality factors (24) 146, Stereotype threat (14) 243–275 146–147 imagined contact (21) 195–197 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (23) intergroup contact model (19) 242–284 167 Stereotypes (23) 74–78 , 348 State vs, trait self-esteem, name-letter effect gender (23) 281–282 (25) 244, 244, 251–253, 252 Stereotypes and stereotyping (22) 215–273 State-verbs, linguistic category model (25) acquisition (22) 217–218, 230–231 265–266 activation (22) 222–223, 235–237 Statements of regret (24) 13 affect (22) 227 Statistical mediation analysis (24) 280–281, application (22) 223–225, 237–242 see also Attitudes Black men as aggressive (22) 395 Status, group brain-damage (22) 229 intergroup encounters (25) 109 children (22) 217 linguistic abstraction (25) 277–279, 278, cognitive biases (22) 217–218 284 coherence (22) 278 Status, group, and behavioural choices (24) content (22) 217, 228–230 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183–185, 185 control (22) 237–238, 250 Status, individual see Socioeconomic status correspondence bias (22) 217–218 Status differences in cross-group encounters defining (22) 216–217 (22) 394–395 disconfirmation, fluency–affect link (22) Status quo 300–301 group power (18) 311–319 distribution of resources (22) 224 rationalisation (13) 119–120, 123–130 economising effects (22) 223–224 Status quo, group-based exclusion (24) 198, egalitarian attitude (22) 223 199, 214–217, 217 expectancy violations (22) 238–240 Status feedback loops (22) 225–227 enhancement (4) 37–41 gender stereotyping (22) 230 inequality and collective action (4) 67–68 implicit/explicit (22) 225 low (4) 45–51 intervention programmes (22) 225 procedural justice (15) 41–45 meta-consciousness (22) 26 protection (4) 37–41 motivational needs (22) 218, 224 social identity threat (17) 338–339 person categorisation (22) 221–222, social influence (5) 243–269 233–235 stability (1) 140–142; (4) 42–45 person perception (22) 219–220, Status 231–233, 250, 253 moderating dehumanisation (23) 81–84 self-esteem (22) 224 moderating humanisation (23) 91–92 social-cognitive perspective (22) and tacit coordination (23) 207–210 216–225 Stereotype change social-learning perspective (22) 218 and development (13) 96–99 social neuroscience perspective (22) bookkeeping model (5) 70–76 227–242, 248–250 cognitive factors (5) 86–88 societal consequences (22) 224–225 cognitive models (5) 69–109 stereotype threat (22) 386 conflict resolution (3) 51–53 subcomponents (22) 218–225, 231–242, conversion model (5) 70–76 243–244 motivation (5) 82–86 TV consumption (22) 218 SUBJECT INDEX 59

Stereotypes/stereotyping accuracy (13) rationalisation (13) 124–127 75–109 self-preservation (11) 132–137 accuracy and expectancy-confirming shifting standards model (12) 105–118, processing orientations (3) 57–89 125–130 activation and application (11) 122–132; social judgement approach (3) 91–120 (20) 99–102, 110–136 spurious correlations (21) 286, 300–320 attention (11) 145–175 structural fit (11) 117–119 biased memory (11) 136–137 structural interference (11) 167–168 biased perception (11) 134–136 unconscious (5) 19–21 cognitive load (11) 151–168 Stereotypicality measures (7) 100 cognitive models (3) 61–68 Stereotyping (23) 358–360 compensation and stereotype change (21) group-based exclusion (24) 197–198 183–184 healthcare disparities (24) 85–86 consensus (8) 203–239 helping behaviour (24) 236, 236 consequences of use (13) 101–104 and intergroup contact (25) 322, determinants of stereotype content (11) 350–351, 369–370, 373 127, 131 multicultural ideologies (25) 145 encoding flexibility (11) 155–156 national stereotypes (25) 191 ethnic hierarchies (6) 213–216 terror management theory (25) 40–41 expectancies and social categorization S-Theory (15) 185–191, 205–206 (11) 113–114 Stigma, discrimination attribution (14) filtering devices (11) 133–134;(11) 301–303 154–155 Stigma, healthcare disparities (24) 77, 82 functional perspective (11) 105–144 Stimulation (23) 109 group homogeneity (3) 18–23 Stimulus context (24) see Contextual factors group identification (4) 62–65 Stimulus history, acquisition of attitudes (24) humanness (19) 78–81 267–270 IAT (18) 46–51, 55–57 Stimulus intensity, negativity effect (1) 42–45 illusory correlations (2) 197–203; (21) Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) (8) 74, 286, 287–300, 317–320 79–80 implicit (5) 19–21; (19) 14–19 Stimulus overload, city living (24) 229 and implicit volition (20) 97–145 Stimulus–perception–response model, individual differences (11) 127; (18) prejudice and self-esteem (14) 80–86 61–72 Stimulus–response model, prejudice and self- information processing (1) 111–135 esteem (14) 79–80 intergroup biases and cognitive dynamics Stock-market simulation game (24) 133–134 (2) 189–209 Story reading interventions, indirect judgements (11) 135–136 intergroup contact (25) 344–345, learning and change (3) 35–41 350–351, 369, 379 maintenance (11) 135–137 Strain-test situations (22) 325 metaphors and metatheories (11) 147–151 Strangers, bystander effect (24) 228–231, mixed stereotypes (21) 165, 170–175, 238, 241 180–181 Strategic interests of social identity (24) moderators of intergroup differences (13) 235–237, 240, 244, 247 90–95 Strength model of self-control (23) 154 mood (3) 202–204; (7) 63–93 Stress need for closure (8) 145–146 social comparison (5) 211–241 person perception (3) 51 social support (1) 293–322 power (18) 279–280 work-related (1) 293–322; (10) 275 prejudice (10) 82–84 Stress, and self-esteem (25) 242, 252 process dissociation model (20) 289–295 Stroop colour task (22) 201 60 SUBJECT INDEX

Stroop paradigm, affective priming (8) 88–90 Suppression, motivational inference model Stress, and healthcare disparities (24) 73, 76, (MIMO) of post-suppressional rebound 77, 88, 92–93, 100, 104, 107 (15) 1–32 Structural equation modelling (SEM) Surplus structure of the environment (2) anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 173–174 107–108 Structural equation modelling, cognitive Surprise, humour in advertising (24) 37, 49 dissonance theory (22) 48, 49, 61, 68–70, Surveys, attitude surveys and context effects 76, 79–92 (2) 31–50 Structural features of language (11) 79–80, Symbolic beliefs, prejudice (10) 79–84 84–86, 94–98 Symbolism in art (21) 141–142 Structural fit, stereotypes (11) 117–119 Sympathy, helping behaviour (24) 244 Structure-to-function deduction (22) 248 Symbolic goals, linguistic abstraction (25) Students 264, 265, 267, 284, 284, 300, 301, 302, dieting (23) 45–46 303, see also Ingroup enhancement; disadvantaged (23) 13 Outgroup derogation Study behaviour (23) 53 Symbolism, linguistic (25) see Linguistic Subjective availability (22) 3 abstraction Subjective construal, attitude research (24) Synergy (23) 305–306 280 general model (23) 315–334 Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory (8) in group decision making (23) 309–315 44–45 preconditions (23) 306–308 Subjective experiences, power (18) System justification theory (13) 111–153 281–283 compensation effect (21) 181–183 Subjective uncertainty (11) 227–244 infra-humanisation (15) 267–268 Subjective well-being, socially-shared System justification theory (SJT) (24) 198 emotion (9) 170–171 System justification theory (23) 373 Subjectively privileged (22) 3 Systematic processing Subliminal processing (22) 9 majority vs. minority influence (7) Subliminal stimulation (22) 11–13 154–164 Subordinate groups (9) 32–40 social information (6) 33–68 Subtyping model (5) 70–76, 77–82, 91–93, subjective assessments of change (5) 98–101 182–197 Success, expectation of (23) 31, 38–39 Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (23) 17, 37, Sufficiency principle (6) 39–40 41, 117–118 Suicidal ideation, and self-esteem (25) 243 Sunk cost effect, inaction inertia (24) 123, Tacit coordination (23) 187–189, 202, 206, 151–153 213 Superiority biases, self-related (4) 113–139 boundary conditions (23) 189 Superiority, illusory (4) 117 perspective taking (23) 214–215 Superordinate categorizations distinctiveness prerequisites (23) 189 differentiation relationship (14) 228–230, and status (23) 207–210 232–234 vs. implicit coordination (23) 216–217 ingroup and outgroup inclusion (18) Taiwan people, mortality salience (25) 50–51 360–363 Tajfel, Henri (23) 344–346, 350–353, 357, ingroup projection (18) 357–359 371–373, 375 Superordinate goals, intergroup encounters Take-some game (23) 195 (25) 116 Tall poppies (17) 49–54 Superordinate identities (18) 331–372 Target specificity (23) 126–127 Superordinate identity, intergroup forgiveness Task orientation, need for closure (8) (24) 21, 26 154–155 Suppression (25) see Repression Task-switching paradigm (23) 34–35 SUBJECT INDEX 61

Teams, tacit vs. implicit coordination (23) Thought 216–217 counterfactual (23) 4 Television consumption and stereotyping free (23) 2–7 (22) 218 future (23) 1–2 Temperament, social dominance orientation self (23) 4 (SDO) (17) 293–294 self-regulatory (23) 21 Temporal dimension of forgiveness (24) 5, 6, suppression (23) 128–129 9, 10, 10, 12–16 Threat Temporal dissociations (22) 4–5, 17–24 disadvantaged groups (25) 114 Temporary regulatory focus (7) 14–15 existential (23) 89–90 Temporoparietal junction (22) 21; (22) indirect intergroup contact (25) 366–367 238–239 intergroup encounters (25) 124, see also Terror management theory (16) 223–227; Social identity theory (21) 114–154 moderating dehumanisation (23) 85–87 Terror management theory (TMT) (23) 89–90 mortality salience (25) 63 Terror management theory (25) 32–35, 45, and self-esteem (25) 242, 251–252 61, 63–64 Thrill-seeking, adolescents (25) 72 accessibility of death-related thoughts Time prediction (6) 3–22 (25) 36–37, 48–50 Tobacco smoking (24) 196, 207, 208, 209 basic assumptions (25) 36–39, 59 Tobacco smoking, mortality salience (25) 53 coalition formation (25) 60, 62 Tokenism (24) 244 cultural perspectives (25) 50–52 Tolerance evidence for and against (25) 42–43, and mortality salience (25) 52 52–54, 58–59 religious (25) 207–208 falsifiability (25) 39–42 Too close (15) 115–117 language effects (25) 56–57 Top-down processing moderators/effect sizes (25) 44–46, 48–49 decoding facial expressions (9) 204–206 other models addressing death fears (25) group identity (16) 10–19 59–64, 61 impression formation (14) 26–27 proximal vs. distal defences (25) 37–38, social perception (14) 49–76 59 Tourist destination studies (24) 132, 133, real-life mortality salience effects (25) 135–140, 144, 146, 146–147 57–58 Toy safety, intergroup forgiveness (24) 2, 18 self-esteem (25) 35, 38–39, 41, 46–48, Trait attributions (5) 116–126, 127–129 59, 60 Trait hostility, media violence (25) 79–80, 92 uncertainty effects (25) 54–56, 58, 60, 61, Trait self-esteem, name-letter effect (25) 244, 62–63 244, 251–253, 252 Terrorist attacks (24) 5, 228–229 Trait-situation schemas (5) 138 Terrorist attacks 9/11 (25) 4 Transaction decoupling, inaction inertia (24) Thai alphabet, name-letter effect (25) 236 141–143, 142 Theory of planned behaviour (24) 254 Transactional model, responses to Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) (6) prejudice (14) 86–87 69–95;(11)17–18; (13) 294–297; (21) Transactional theories of leadership (23) 216–217 280–281 regret (8) 49–53 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Theory of reasoned action (13) 294–297 (22) 228, 250 Theory-driven applied social psychology (7) Transcranial magnetic stimulation, attitude 245 research (24) 282 Thinking aloud (22) 25 Transgressions, intergroup forgiveness (24) Thinking style (23) 124–126 1, 5, 11, 14–18, 21, 25–26 Thin-slices of behaviour (22) 275–276, 303 Translation dissociations (22) 5, 24–30 62 SUBJECT INDEX

Trust (24) reduction (11) 227–244, 246–247 healthcare disparities (24) 75, 77, 80–84, social comparison under stress (5) 81, 86, 91–100, 105, 108, 109 217–224 intergroup forgiveness (24) 5, 18, 19, 21, Uncertainty, intergroup forgiveness (24) 23–27, 24 12–13 Trust (22) 130–131 Unconscious affect (22) 10–11 Trust (23) 265–266 behaviour (22) 11–13 leadership (23) 272–274 , 288, 293 psychological consequences (22) 15–16 Trust, outgroup (25) 365–366 stimulus evaluation (22) 13 Trustworthiness (24) 165, 170, see also Unconscious mind, role Morality mortality salience (25) 60, 61, 63 Truth telling, dissonance (8) 16–18 terror management theory (25) 34 Tsunami, Asian (24) 235–236 see also Implicit attitudes Turkey, Armenian suffering (17) 6 Unconscious thought (22) 277, 304 Turkish Cypriots, conflict resolution (25) Unconscious 13–14, 14 alternative states of (22) 9 Turner, John (23) 344–370, 376–378 mental content (22) 3 impact and influence of (23) 371–376 not meta-conscious distinction (22) 28–30 TV consumption and stereotyping (22) 218 Understanding hypothesis (23) 129–130 TV shows (23) 225 Understanding in relationships (22) 316–363 Tuscany trip study, inaction inertia (24) 132, accurate knowledge (22) 320–324, 329 133 as knowledge (22) 317, 319, 320–324 TV purchase study, inaction inertia (24) 124, as responsiveness (22) 317, 319, 324–326 142, 142 beneficial processes (22) 341–351 Twenty Statements Task (22) 196 closeness (22) 325 20-Item Short Form Health Survey (24) developmental trajectories (22) 353–354 83 different types of relationships (22) 355 Typicality (5) 77–82 dyadic process (22) 317 dynamic process (22) 317 experimental research (22) 354 UK goal pursuit (22) 341 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 171–174, 173, gratitude (22) 348–351 175–177, 176 harmful processes (22) 332–341 cultural norms of integration (25) interpersonal regulatory fit (22) 346–348 166–168, 167 intimacy development (22) 320, 325–326 Ultra-right-wing politics (25) 107, 322, 333, intrusive behaviour (22) 340–341 371 meanings (22) 318–320 Uncertainty effects, mortality salience (25) Michelangelo phenomenon (22) 341–346 54–56, 58, 60, 61, 62–63 perception/accuracy relationship (22) Uncertainty management theory (21) 330–332, 352–353 138–140, 142, 143–145 perception vs. reality (22) 326–330 Uncertainty reduction in relationships (22) relational and relational-specific (22) 317 333–334 relationship duration (22) 322–324 Uncertainty-identity theory (23) 282–287, secrecy and (22) 333–340 293 too much understanding (22) 355–356 Uncertainty (23) 198–206 ways of acquiring knowledge (22) asymmetric (23) 203 321–322 environmental (23) 198–199 Unexpectedness, humour in advertising (24) and leadership (23) 282–288 37, 49 Uncertainty Uniformity, black sheep effect (5) 47–49 process reliance (19) 313 Uniformity, ideology of assimilation (25) 146 SUBJECT INDEX 63

Unimodel of human judgements (20) cross-group friendship (25) 357–358 161–174 definition (25) 317 United Kingdom, intergroup forgiveness (24) ingroup identification and 2 deprovincialisation (25) 361 United States (24) 5, 6, 36, 72, 94 intergroup behaviour (25) 357 Universality hypothesis (8) 245, 267–268 situational perceptions (25) 370 University of Connecticut study, intergroup see also Indirect intergroup contact encounters (25) 128–129, 130 Vicarious dissonance (18) 104–106 Unrealistic optimism (4) 117–118, 126–127 Vicarious dissonance theory, extended Unsafe sex determinants (7) 257–260 contact hypothesis (25) 319 Unwanted thoughts (22) 23–24 Vicarious self-perception theory, extended Upward comparison (12) 277–280, 283–285; contact hypothesis (25) 320 (12) 307–308, 309–310 Victim groups, forgiveness (24) 5, 11, 14–16, Urgency tendency (8) 139 21–22, 24, 25, 28 Us versus them distinctions (24) Victimhood, competitive, indirect intergroup group-based exclusion (24) 205, 209 contact (25) 352 healthcare disparities (24) 108–109, 109 Video games (23) 225, 229, 239–241, USA 243–250 anti-Muslim prejudice (25) 171–174, 173 Video games, and aggression (25) see Media collective guilt (25) 125 violence media violence (25) 74, 83–84, 84 Vienna Test System (WRBTV) (23) 241, national identity (25) 200–201 244–246, 248 Uses and gratifications approach, media Violation of expectations, majority and violence (25) 74–75 minority influence (7) 155–156 Violence, historiometry (9) 276–278 Validating opinions (7) 121–122 Violence, moderating dehumanisation (23) Valuation, inaction inertia (24) 123, 136–139, 86–87 139–140 Violent computer games (23) 131–133 Values Violent incidents (24) attitude (10) 91–92 group size and helping behaviour (24) cultural mindset (22) 190–191 239, 239–240 fairness (13) 192 helping behaviour (24) 227–230, 230, individualism vs. collectivism (22) 239, 245, 246 173–176 Virtual interactions, cross-race interpersonal Values-affirmation exercises, healthcare perceptions (22) 377 disparities (24) 101 Visual agnosia (22) 10 Values, national identity (25) 192 Voting patterns, national identity study (25) Vampire effect (24) 45 199 Variability measures (7) 99–101 Variability perception, social categorization Waiting time, brainstorming (5) 290–291 (2) 211–245 Wants, fairness (13) 192 Verbal endorsements, ecologically friendly Warmth (23) 75–77, 82–83 products (24) 274 Warmth (24) 94, 98, see also Sociability Verbal memory, mood congruency (1) 11–12 Warmth, competence and (21) 155–187 Verbal overshadowing (22) 25 War zones, conflict resolution (25) 4, 5, 6–7, Verbal reflection (22) 24–25 see also Israeli-Palestinian conflict Vicarious aggression, media violence (25) 72, Wason selection task (10) 220–224 74 We-ness (24)227, 241 Vicarious contact (25) 315, 318 Weapon identification task (22) 237–238 close relationships (25) 372–373 Weapons effect (23) 112 64 SUBJECT INDEX

Weapons-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, Work colleagues, intergroup contact (25) 375 55 Work environment Weight loss (23) 8–9 reciprocity (10) 275, 280–282 Weight-related attitudes, IAT (18) 46–51, stress (1) 293–322 ; (10) 275 54–55 Work recruitment (25) see Personnel Well-being selection and national identity (25) 192 Working memory (22) 7 and self-esteem (25) 242 Working memory, opportunity to control (19) Well-being appraisal (22) 23 294–295 Well-being, socially-shared emotion (9) World knowledge, causal explanation (2) 59– 170–171 67 Will, intentions (4) 142–144 World War II, intergroup forgiveness (24) 5, Willingness to help (24) see Helping 8, 10–13, 27 behaviour, Worldviews, religious (25) 51–52, see also Winsorising (22) 75 Cultural worldviews Wish outcome obstacle plan (WOOP) (23) 54 Within-category fluency (21) 46, 47, 50 (23) 29 Women, objectification (23) 95 Women, prejudice against (5) 1–35 Yoked study design, name-letter effect (25) Women with/without headscarves, bias (24) 231–232, 245 168–169, 169 Woolf, Virginia (24) 194–195 Zauberdenken (23) 3 Word stem completion task, death-related Zeitgeist effects, majority and minority thoughts (25) 36–37 influence (1) 242–243