Taking Behavioralism Too Seriously? the Unwarranted Pessimism of the New Behavioral Analysis of Law
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Hegel and the Metaphysical Frontiers of Political Theory
Copyrighted material - provided by Taylor & Francis Eric Goodfield. American University Beirut. 23/09/2014 Hegel and the Metaphysical Frontiers of Political Theory For over 150 years G.W.F. Hegel’s ghost has haunted theoretical understanding and practice. His opponents first, and later his defenders, have equally defined their programs against and with his. In this way Hegel’s political thought has both situated and displaced modern political theorizing. This book takes the reception of Hegel’s political thought as a lens through which contemporary methodological and ideological prerogatives are exposed. It traces the nineteenth- century origins of the positivist revolt against Hegel’s legacy forward to political science’s turn away from philosophical tradition in the twentieth century. The book critically reviews the subsequent revisionist trend that has eliminated his metaphysics from contemporary considerations of his political thought. It then moves to re- evaluate their relation and defend their inseparability in his major work on politics: the Philosophy of Right. Against this background, the book concludes with an argument for the inherent meta- physical dimension of political theorizing itself. Goodfield takes Hegel’s recep- tion, representation, as well as rejection in Anglo-American scholarship as a mirror in which its metaphysical presuppositions of the political are exception- ally well reflected. It is through such reflection, he argues, that we may begin to come to terms with them. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and readers of polit- ical theory and philosophy, Hegel, metaphysics and the philosophy of the social sciences. Eric Lee Goodfield is Visiting Assistant Professor at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. -
The Situational Character: a Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal , 93 93 Geo L
Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 11-2004 The ituaS tional Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal Jon Hanson Santa Clara University School of Law David Yosifon Santa Clara University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Part of the Law and Economics Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Automated Citation Jon Hanson and David Yosifon, The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal , 93 93 Geo L. J. 1 (2004), Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Articles The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal JON HANSON* & DAVID YOSIFON** Th is Article is dedicated to retiring the now-dominant "rational actor" model of human agency, together with its numerous "dispositionist" cohorts, and replacing them with a new conception of human agency that the authors call the "situational character." Th is is a key installment of a larger project recently introduced in an article titled The Situation: An Introduction to the Situational Character, Critical Realism, Power Economics, and Deep Capture. 1 That introduc tory article adumbrated, often in broad stroke, the central premises and some basic conclusions of a new app roach to legal theory and policy analysis. -
BEHAVIORAL and POST BEHAVIORAL APPROACH to POLITICAL SCIENCE Sunita Agarwal1 and Prof
ISSN: 2455-2224 Contents lists available at http://www.albertscience.com ASIO Journal of Humanities, Management & Social Sciences Invention (ASIO-JHMSSI) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2015: 18-22 BEHAVIORAL AND POST BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Sunita Agarwal1 and Prof. S K Singh2 1Govt. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 2Department of Political Science, Govt. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The Behaviourailsts had laid too a great deal significance on value-free research. Review Article History In fact it was one of their essential points. They stood for value neutrality in research at all levels. Values for all practical purposes were out of their consideration. Post Behaviourailsts however, did not agree with this perspective Corresponding Author: and stressed on value loaded political Science. According to them all information Sunita Agarwal† stands on values and that unless value is considered as the basis of knowledge there is every threat that knowledge will become meaningless. They are of the view that in political research values have big role to play. The behaviouralists Govt. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India argue that science had some ideal commitments and that behaviouralism shared these ideal commitments of science. This thesis of the behaviouralists is not acceptable to the post-behaviouralists. They think that the technical research and scientific knowledge pursued by the behaviouralists should not be cut off from the realities of life. It should be related to vital social problems and aim at solving some problems. It is a reform movement of Behaviouralism which appreciates the work done by Behaviourailsts in developing tools, techniques and methods of research but wish that those should be used for the good of the society. -
Working Memory, Cognitive Miserliness and Logic As Predictors of Performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test
Working Memory, Cognitive Miserliness and Logic as Predictors of Performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test Edward J. N. Stupple ([email protected]) Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby Kedleston Road, Derby. DE22 1GB Maggie Gale ([email protected]) Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby Kedleston Road, Derby. DE22 1GB Christopher R. Richmond ([email protected]) Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby Kedleston Road, Derby. DE22 1GB Abstract Most participants respond that the answer is 10 cents; however, a slower and more analytic approach to the The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) was devised to measure problem reveals the correct answer to be 5 cents. the inhibition of heuristic responses to favour analytic ones. The CRT has been a spectacular success, attracting more Toplak, West and Stanovich (2011) demonstrated that the than 100 citations in 2012 alone (Scopus). This may be in CRT was a powerful predictor of heuristics and biases task part due to the ease of administration; with only three items performance - proposing it as a metric of the cognitive miserliness central to dual process theories of thinking. This and no requirement for expensive equipment, the practical thesis was examined using reasoning response-times, advantages are considerable. There have, moreover, been normative responses from two reasoning tasks and working numerous correlates of the CRT demonstrated, from a wide memory capacity (WMC) to predict individual differences in range of tasks in the heuristics and biases literature (Toplak performance on the CRT. These data offered limited support et al., 2011) to risk aversion and SAT scores (Frederick, for the view of miserliness as the primary factor in the CRT. -
From Modernism to Messianism: Liberal Developmentalism And
From Modernism to Messianism: Liberal Developmentalism and American Exceptionalism1 Following the Second World War, we encounter again many of the same developmental themes that dominated the theory and practice of imperialism in the nineteenth century. Of course, there are important differences as well. For one thing, the differentiation and institutionalization of the human sciences in the intervening years means that these themes are now articulated and elaborated within specialized academic disciplines. For another, the main field on which developmental theory and practice are deployed is no longer British – or, more broadly, European – imperialism but American neoimperialism. At the close of the War, the United States was not only the major military, economic, and political power left standing; it was also less implicated than European states in colonial domination abroad. The depletion of the colonial powers and the imminent breakup of their empires left it in a singular position to lead the reshaping of the post-War world. And it tried to do so in its own image and likeness: America saw itself as the exemplar and apostle of a fully developed modernity.2 In this it was, in some ways, only reproducing the self-understanding and self- regard of the classical imperial powers of the modern period. But in other ways America’s civilizing mission was marked by the exceptionalism of its political history and culture, which was famously analyzed by Louis Hartz fifty years ago.3 Picking up on Alexis de Tocqueville’s observation that Americans were “born equal,” Hartz elaborated upon the uniqueness of the American political experience. -
Ithe Emporia State Studies
ITHE EMPORIA STATE STUDIES 0 THE GRADUATE PUBLICATION OF THE EMPORIA STATE UNIVERSITY ' .w L'.;;q bm bm mF. Parsons, Behavioralism, and the ResponsibilitvJ Walter B. Roettger EMPORIA STATE UNIVERSITY EMPORIA, KANSAS J Parsons, Behavioralism, and the Notion of Responsibility Walter B. Roettger Volume XXV Spring, 1977 Number 4 THE EMPORIA STATE RESEARCH STUDIES is published quarterly by The School of Graduate and Frofessional Studies of the Emporia State University, 1200 Commercial St., Emporia, Kansas, 66801, Entered as second-class matter September 16, 1952, at the post office at Emporia, Kansas, llnder the act of Angust 24, 1912. Postage paid at Emporia, Kansas. EMPORIA STATE UNIVERSITY EMPORIA, KANSAS JOHN E. VISSER President of tlle University SCHOOL OF GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES HAROLD DURST, Dean EDITORIAL BOARD WILLIAMH. SEJLER,Profezsor of History and Chirporson, Division of Social Sciences CHARLESE. WALTON,Professor of English and Chairperson of Department GREEND. WYRICK,Professor of English Editor of this Issue: WILLIAMH. SEILER Papers published in this periodical are written by faculty members of the Emporia- State University and by either undergraduate or graduate students whose studies are conducted in residence under the supervision of a faculty member of the University. , r,l-v-a PROCESSBNB APH eg 3d~ "Statement required by the Act of October, 1962; Section 4369, Title 39, United States Code, showing Ownership, Management and Circula- tion." The Emporia State Research Studies is published quarterly. Edi- torial Office and Publication Office at 1200 Commercial Street, Emporia, Kansas. (66801). The Research Studies is edited and published by the Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. A complete list of all publications of The Emporio State Research Studies is published in the fourth number of each volume. -
Ilidigital Master Anton 2.Indd
services are developed to be used by humans. Thus, understanding humans understanding Thus, humans. by used be to developed are services obvious than others but certainly not less complex. Most products bioengineering, and as shown in this magazine. Psychology mightbusiness world. beBe it more the comparison to relationships, game elements, or There are many non-business flieds which can betransfered to the COGNTIVE COGNTIVE is key to a succesfully develop a product orservice. is keytoasuccesfullydevelopproduct BIASES by ANTON KOGER The Power of Power The //PsychologistatILI.DIGITAL WE EDIT AND REINFORCE SOME WE DISCARD SPECIFICS TO WE REDUCE EVENTS AND LISTS WE STORE MEMORY DIFFERENTLY BASED WE NOTICE THINGS ALREADY PRIMED BIZARRE, FUNNY, OR VISUALLY WE NOTICE WHEN WE ARE DRAWN TO DETAILS THAT WE NOTICE FLAWS IN OTHERS WE FAVOR SIMPLE-LOOKING OPTIONS MEMORIES AFTER THE FACT FORM GENERALITIES TO THEIR KEY ELEMENTS ON HOW THEY WERE EXPERIENCED IN MEMORY OR REPEATED OFTEN STRIKING THINGS STICK OUT MORE SOMETHING HAS CHANGED CONFIRM OUR OWN EXISTING BELIEFS MORE EASILY THAN IN OURSELVES AND COMPLETE INFORMATION way we see situations but also the way we situationsbutalsotheway wesee way the biasesnotonlychange Furthermore, overload. cognitive avoid attention, ore situations, guide help todesign massively can This in. take people information of kind explainhowandwhat ofperception egory First,biasesinthecat andappraisal. ory, self,mem perception, into fourcategories: roughly bedivided Cognitive biasescan within thesesituations. forusers interaction andeasy in anatural situationswhichresults sible toimprove itpos and adaptingtothesebiasesmakes ingiven situations.Reacting ways certain act sively helpstounderstandwhypeople mas into consideration biases ing cognitive Tak humanbehavior. topredict likely less or andmore relevant illusionsare cognitive In each situation different every havior day. -
Mind Perception Daniel R. Ames Malia F. Mason Columbia
Mind Perception Daniel R. Ames Malia F. Mason Columbia University To appear in The Sage Handbook of Social Cognition, S. Fiske and N. Macrae (Eds.) Please do not cite or circulate without permission Contact: Daniel Ames Columbia Business School 707 Uris Hall 3022 Broadway New York, NY 10027 [email protected] 2 What will they think of next? The contemporary colloquial meaning of this phrase often stems from wonder over some new technological marvel, but we use it here in a wholly literal sense as our starting point. For millions of years, members of our evolving species have gazed at one another and wondered: what are they thinking right now … and what will they think of next? The interest people take in each other’s minds is more than idle curiosity. Two of the defining features of our species are our behavioral flexibility—an enormously wide repertoire of actions with an exquisitely complicated and sometimes non-obvious connection to immediate contexts— and our tendency to live together. As a result, people spend a terrific amount of time in close company with conspecifics doing potentially surprising and bewildering things. Most of us resist giving up on human society and embracing the life of a hermit. Instead, most perceivers proceed quite happily to explain and predict others’ actions by invoking invisible qualities such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and feelings and ascribing them without conclusive proof to others. People cannot read one another’s minds. And yet somehow, many times each day, most people encounter other individuals and “go mental,” as it were, adopting what is sometimes called an intentional stance, treating the individuals around them as if they were guided by unseen and unseeable mental states (Dennett, 1987). -
The Empirical Approach to Political Science 27
THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH 2 TO POLITICAL SCIENCE olitical scientists Jeffrey Winters and Benjamin Page wonder CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Pif the United States, despite being a nominal democracy, is not in fact governed by an oligarchy, a relatively small num- 2.1 Identify eight characteristics of ber of very wealthy individuals and families.1 Their work leads empiricism. them to conclude: 2.2 Discuss the importance of distributetheory in empiricism. We believe it is now appropriate to . think about the possibility of extreme political inequality, involving great 2.3 Explain the five steps in the political influence by a very small number of wealthy or empirical research process. individuals. We argue that it is useful to think about the 2.4 Describe practical obstacles US political system in terms of oligarchy.2 that challenge the empirical approach. What are we to make of a (perhaps startling) claim such as this? How do we know it’s true? Should we accept it? 2.5 Summarize competing As the title of our book and this chapterpost, suggest, we have perspectives. confidence in a statement like Winters and Page’s if they arrive at their (tentative) conclusion through empiricism. This term is perhaps best explained by reference to an old joke. Three baseball umpires are discussing their philosophy of calling balls and strikes. The first umpire says, “I call ’em as I see ’em.” The next one replies, “That’s nothing. I call ’em as they are.” Finally, the third chimes in, “Oh yeah! Well, they ain’t nothing until I call ’em.” We put aside Umpirescopy, 1 and 3 until later in the chapter. -
Illusion and Well-Being: a Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health
Psyehologlcal Bulletin Copyright 1988 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1988, Vol. 103, No. 2, 193-210 0033-2909/88/$00.75 Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health Shelley E. Taylor Jonathon D. Brown University of California, Los Angeles Southern Methodist University Many prominenttheorists have argued that accurate perceptions of the self, the world, and the future are essential for mental health. Yet considerable research evidence suggests that overly positive self- evaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control or mastery, and unrealistic optimism are characteris- tic of normal human thought. Moreover, these illusions appear to promote other criteria of mental health, including the ability to care about others, the ability to be happy or contented, and the ability to engage in productive and creative work. These strategies may succeed, in large part, because both the social world and cognitive-processingmechanisms impose filters on incoming information that distort it in a positive direction; negativeinformation may be isolated and represented in as unthreat- ening a manner as possible. These positive illusions may be especially useful when an individual receives negative feedback or is otherwise threatened and may be especially adaptive under these circumstances. Decades of psychological wisdom have established contact dox: How can positive misperceptions of one's self and the envi- with reality as a hallmark of mental health. In this view, the ronment be adaptive when accurate information processing wcU-adjusted person is thought to engage in accurate reality seems to be essential for learning and successful functioning in testing,whereas the individual whose vision is clouded by illu- the world? Our primary goal is to weave a theoretical context sion is regarded as vulnerable to, ifnot already a victim of, men- for thinking about mental health. -
Prior Belief Innuences on Reasoning and Judgment: a Multivariate Investigation of Individual Differences in Belief Bias
Prior Belief Innuences on Reasoning and Judgment: A Multivariate Investigation of Individual Differences in Belief Bias Walter Cabral Sa A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Education University of Toronto O Copyright by Walter C.Si5 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationaIe of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue WePington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KtA ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre rëfërence Our fi& Notre réterence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraq of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforni, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor subçtantial extracts fi-om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Prior Belief Influences on Reasoning and Judgment: A Multivariate Investigation of Individual Differences in Belief Bias Doctor of Philosophy, 1999 Walter Cabral Sa Graduate Department of Education University of Toronto Belief bias occurs when reasoning or judgments are found to be overly infiuenced by prior belief at the expense of a normatively prescribed accommodation of dl the relevant data. -
John Collins, President, Forensic Foundations Group
On Bias in Forensic Science National Commission on Forensic Science – May 12, 2014 56-year-old Vatsala Thakkar was a doctor in India but took a job as a convenience store cashier to help pay family expenses. She was stabbed to death outside her store trying to thwart a theft in November 2008. Bloody Footwear Impression Bloody Tire Impression What was the threat? 1. We failed to ask ourselves if this was a footwear impression. 2. The appearance of the impression combined with the investigator’s interpretation created prejudice. The accuracy of our analysis became threatened by our prejudice. Types of Cognitive Bias Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases | Accessed on April 14, 2014 Anchoring or focalism Hindsight bias Pseudocertainty effect Illusory superiority Levels-of-processing effect Attentional bias Hostile media effect Reactance Ingroup bias List-length effect Availability heuristic Hot-hand fallacy Reactive devaluation Just-world phenomenon Misinformation effect Availability cascade Hyperbolic discounting Recency illusion Moral luck Modality effect Backfire effect Identifiable victim effect Restraint bias Naive cynicism Mood-congruent memory bias Bandwagon effect Illusion of control Rhyme as reason effect Naïve realism Next-in-line effect Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect Illusion of validity Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Outgroup homogeneity bias Part-list cueing effect Belief bias Illusory correlation Selective perception Projection bias Peak-end rule Bias blind spot Impact bias Semmelweis