DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge? City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge? Yael S. Oelbaum The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1597 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF i UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF EFFECT: WHY ARE FEMALE LEADERS BEING PUSHED TOWARD THE EDGE? by Yael Shira Oelbaum A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF ii © 2016 YAEL SHIRA OELBAUM All Rights Reserved UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF iii Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge? by Yael Shira Oelbaum This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Psychology to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Dr. Kristen Shockley Chair of Examining Committee Date Dr. Rich Bodnar Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Dr. Kristin Sommer Dr. Erin Eatough Dr. Charles Scherbaum Dr. Loren Naidoo THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF iv Abstract UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF EFFECT: WHY ARE FEMALE LEADERS BEING PUSHED TOWARD THE EDGE? by Yael Shira Oelbaum Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Kristen Shockley The glass cliff effect describes a real-world phenomenon in which women are more likely to be appointed to precarious leadership positions in poorly performing organizations, while men are more likely to be appointed to stable leadership positions in successful organizations (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). This effect represents a subtle, yet dangerous, form of gender discrimination that may limit workplace diversity as well as women’s ability to become successful leaders. Importantly, research exploring why women are preferred for more perilous leadership positions is lacking. The main focus of this dissertation is to systematically organize previous theory and empirically examine processes underlying the glass cliff effect. Data was collected through an online study in which participants evaluated fictional leadership candidates for an open leadership position (Study 1) as well as a media study in which coders content analyzed media perceptions regarding CEO appointments using a matched sample of 84 male and female Fortune 500 CEOs (Study 2). Findings from both studies most strongly demonstrate that females are likely to be preferred over males when being promoted to a precarious position as a way for the organization to signal change. Theoretical implications of the study findings regarding gender and leadership as well as practical implications regarding organizational procedures and women’s careers are discussed. UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF v Keywords: glass cliff, gender, leadership, diversity UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF vi Acknowledgements I would not have been able to reach this important milestone without the instrumental guidance and support of my advisor, Dr. Kristen Shockley. Your willingness and availability to meet, quick responses to my many, many emails, and rapid feedback to my work was invaluable in accelerating my progress each step of the way. The constructive advice and consistent encouragement that you offered enabled me to continuously improve my work. Beyond your professional help, the emotional support and rational voice you provided throughout the process, and especially in the last few weeks before sending out my dissertation, were critical to my ability to meet my deadline in finishing this manuscript. I would also like to express my gratitude to each of my committee members, Dr. Kristin Sommer, Dr. Erin Eatough, Dr. Charles Scherbaum, Dr. Loren Naidoo, and my committee chair, Dr. Kristen Shockley. Your comments and insights were critical to the formulation and achievement of this work. Additionally, I was lucky enough to work with and take classes with many of you. I know that I would not have had the tools and skills needed to construct and carry out this dissertation if not for what I learned in classes and interactions with each of you. A special thank you to my Study 2 coders, Jenna Roman, Viviana Petreanu, David Cassell, and Patrick Dempsey. I know that coding was an arduous and time-consuming task, and I truly appreciate you putting in the effort to complete this undertaking, on top of the work you were already balancing from school and your jobs. My appreciation for my family and friends, who have played a vital role in my graduate school career, is immense. Thank you to my friends in the program, and particularly to those in my cohort. You balanced out the stress and anxiety with laughter and fun throughout the years, UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF vii and provided a strong social network in which I felt comfortable and secure. I truly enjoyed our shared experiences of professional and personal growth. I owe enormous gratitude to my parents, without whose love, praise, and reinforcement, I would not be where I am today. The upbringing and education that I received at your hands provided me with the background and confidence I needed to complete this difficult journey. I want to particularly acknowledge my mother, who opted to take on graduate school herself within the past ten years. Not only did you commiserate with me during this time, but you also enthusiastically acted as my sounding board for numerous presentations, papers, and projects. Your feedback means the world to me. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my husband and daughter, Asaf and Liana Fligelman. Asaf, you have been my rock throughout graduate school. You have gone above and beyond what I ever expected from a spouse in your understanding for my long work hours, unquestioning support, perpetual willingness to discuss school and work with me, and genuine interest in my research. I could not have asked for a more considerate and inspiring partner. Finally, my incredible daughter, Liana, has given me added incentive to make strides forward. Not only do I wish to be a worthy role model for my daughter, but I was motivated by the prospect of spending my free time with my amazing family rather than on my dissertation! UNDERSTANDING THE GLASS CLIFF viii Table of Contents I. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 II: Review of the Literature...........................................................................................................9 A. The Glass Cliff Effect ...................................................................................................9 B. What Drives the Glass Cliff Effect? ...........................................................................21 III. Study 1 ................... ..............................................................................................................44 A. Hypotheses .................................................................................................................44 B. Method .......................................................................................................................52 C. Analyses .....................................................................................................................63 D. Results .......................................................................................................................65 E. Discussion ...................................................................................................................76 III. Study 2 ................... ..............................................................................................................84 A. Hypotheses .................................................................................................................84 B. Method........... .............................................................................................................89 C. Results........... ..................................................................................................…….102 D. Study 2 Discussion ...................................................................................................114 IV. General Discussion ................... .........................................................................................124 V. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................145 Footnotes................... ................... ............................................................................................147 Figures.......................................................................................................................................150 Tables................... .....................................................................................................................190 Appendices................... .............................................................................................................291 Appendix A: Job Description, Company
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Ex Post Facto Study of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon in Higher
    AN EX POST FACTO STUDY OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON IN HIGHER EDUCATION PRESIDENCIES by Michelle Louise Samuel Liberty University A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Liberty University 2021 2 AN EX POST FACTO STUDY OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON IN HIGHER EDUCATION PRESIDENCIES by Michelle Louise Samuel A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 2021 APPROVED BY: Jillian L. Wendt, Ed.D., Committee Chair Eric G. Lovik, Ph.D., Committee Member 3 ABSTRACT This study reviews if the glass cliff phenomenon is occurring in U.S. higher education presidential hires. This topic is essential to review as U.S. higher education institutions are primarily presided over by male presidents. Female presidents do exist, but more often at more risky institutions. One reason for the lack of equity may be the glass cliff phenomenon, which asserts that women are more likely to be hired into leadership roles at riskier institutions. This inequity in hiring practices places women in leadership positions at considerable career risk. This study is a nonexperimental study using an ex post facto, causal-comparative design using publicly available data. The methods review data on female presidents of private and for-profit U.S. institutions from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. Purposive sampling matched female presidents with male presidents at similar institutions. Data from the financial responsibility composite score database from the U.S. Department of Education (2020) are used to look for patterns in financial responsibility composite scores (FRCS) before and after presidential hires.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Client Religion, Counselor Religiosity, and Spiritual
    THE ROLES OF CLIENT RELIGION, COUNSELOR RELIGIOSITY, AND SPIRITUAL COMPETENCE IN COUNSELORS’ CLINICAL JUDGMENT A DISSERTATION IN Counseling Psychology Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by DOMINICK A. SCALISE B.A., Truman State University, 2004 M.A., Truman State University, 2006 Kansas City, Missouri 2011 © 2011 DOMINICK ANTHONY SCALISE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ROLES OF CLIENT RELIGION, COUNSELOR RELIGIOSITY, AND SPIRITUAL COMPETENCE IN COUNSELORS’ CLINICAL JUDGMENT Dominick Anthony Scalise, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2011 ABSTRACT The present study explored the roles that clients’ religious beliefs, therapists’ spiritual/religious beliefs, and therapists’ attitudes toward spirituality and religion may play in how therapists conceptualize a prospective client case. The study also explored the role that the construct “spiritual competence” played in moderating the relationship between therapists’ attitudes toward spirituality and religion and factors related to their clinical judgment of the client’s concerns. One hundred seventy-six therapists and doctoral students were randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes differing only on the client’s spiritual/religious beliefs and practices (Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, or an unstated religious preference). In order to account for various forms of clinical decision-making, a MANCOVA was used with dependent constructs of psychopathology, attribution for the problem, and prognosis. A separate MANCOVA was conducted in order to determine whether the interaction of client religious orientation (religious vs. unidentified religion) and counselor spiritual competence (high vs. low) would be related to different clinical judgments.
    [Show full text]
  • Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift Ny Följd, Årg 90
    n112 2010/1 Innehåll Uppsatser Jan Tullberg: Stereotypfördömandet – en fördom om fördomar? . 3 Översikter och meddelanden Nya forskningsanslag från Vetenskapsrådet och Riksbankens jubileumsfond . 21 Erik Amnå: Skolornas institutionella karaktär och elevernas medborgarkompetens: en jämförelse av olika kommunala och fristående skolor över tid och rum. 23 Ludvig Beckman: Universal suffrage for real? A global index of suffrage restrictions and an explanatory framework . 33 Ludvig Beckman: Globalisation and New Political Rights. The Challenges of the Rights to Inclusion, Self-Determination and Secession . 42 Christina Bergqvist: Vem tar hand om barnen? En jämförande studie av samspelet mellan politik och kultur för beslutsfattande i familjen . 50 Sverker Gustavsson: Thick and thin constitutionalism . 56 Anna K. Jarstad: Local Peace Agreements: The Road to Peace and Democracy in KwaZulu Natal? . 60 Christer Karlsson: Hur regleras EU-medlemskapet?. 69 Johannes Lindvall: The Political Consequences of The Crisis. 79 Ulf Mörkenstam: Indigenous rights to self-determination: The Institutional Design and Policy Process of the Swedish Sami Parliament. 83 Alexa Robertson: Europe as Other: Difference in global media discourse Bo Rothstein: The Determinants of Institutional Quality. How Leaders´ Perceived Threat of Losing Power Without Compensation Affects Economic Development. 85 nStatsvetenskaplig tidskrift Ny följd, årg 90. Utgiven av Fahlbeckska stiftelsen . redaktionssekreterare Mats Sjölin (ansvarig ut- givare) bitr redaktionssekreterare Björn Badersten
    [Show full text]
  • I NOT BAD, for a MAN: SHIFTING STANDARDS in the PROVISION of EMOTIONAL SUPPORT WITHIN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS by Melinda Ciccoci
    NOT BAD, FOR A MAN: SHIFTING STANDARDS IN THE PROVISION OF EMOTIONAL SUPPORT WITHIN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS by Melinda Ciccocioppo Bachelor of Arts, Carlow University, 2002 Master of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 2008 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgi h 2012 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Melinda Ciccocioppo It was presented on April 17, 2011 for approval by Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Martin Greenberg, Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology Brooke Feeney, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University Thesis Director/Dissertation Advisor: Irene Frieze, Professor, Department of Psychology ii NOT BAD, FOR A MAN: SHIFTING STANDARDS IN THE PROVISION OF EMOTIONAL SUPPORT WITHIN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS Melinda Ciccocioppo, PhD University of Pittsburgh, [year] Copyright © by Melinda Ciccocioppo 2012 iii NOT BAD, FOR A MAN: SHIFTING STANDARDS IN THE PROVISION OF EMOTIONAL SUPPORT WITHIN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS Melinda Ciccocioppo, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Previous research has found mixed results in terms of gender differences in the provision of emotional support to a relationship partner. Some studies support the popular stereotype that women are more emotionally supportive than men, while others find no gender differences in the amount of emotional support men and women provide to one another in a romantic relationship. These conflicting findings may be the result of shifting standards for men and women in terms of the amount of emotional support that is expected to be provided by each within a relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Committees and Welcomes
    Committees and Welcomes SPSP Execut ive and Com m it t ees Welcome to the Fourth Annual SPSP President Jim BlascovichMeeting! Past President Claude SteeleDear SPSP Colleagues, President Elect Hazel Markus It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the annual meetings Executive Officer Harry Reis of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Co-Secretary Treasurers Leslie Zebrowitz Sharon Brehm This is our fourth annual meeting – a remarkably brief history Members-at-Large David Dunning for a convention that is now so firmly established. Our confer- David Funder ences in Nashville, San Antonio, and Savannah each drew crowds that were greatly in excess of expectations. In so doing, Judith Harakiewicz they rapidly established SPSP as the major national or interna- APA Council Representatives Monica Biernat tional scientific meeting for personality and social psycholo- June Tangney gists. Publication Committee John Dovidio Gifford Weary We now look forward to building on this string of success in Universal City/Los Angeles, site of our 2003 meeting. This Joanne Wood year, we once again have an exceptionally strong and diverse Convention Committee Dan Cervone chair set of scientific presentations. Our program is expanded even Lynne Cooper beyond last year’s offerings, thanks in part to funding from the Rick Hoyle Decade of Behavior initiative, which is supporting a plenary Training Committee Lisa Aspinwall address by the renowned biologist and author Jared Diamond. Kim Bartholomew We also have expanded on the lighter side of things; on Satur- Allen Omoto day night, we will end our meetings with a social event featur- PSPB Editor Fred Rhodewalt ing DJ’d music at 8 pm followed by a live performance by the PSPR Editor Eliot Smith LA rock band Lustra.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: a META-ANALYSIS of the GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 1 the Who, When, and Why of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon: a Meta-Analy
    Running head: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 1 The Who, When, and Why of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon: A Meta-Analysis of Appointments to Precarious Leadership Positions Thekla Morgenroth a1, Teri A. Kirby a1, Michelle K. Ryan a,b, Antonia Sudkämper a a. Psychology, University of Exeter, UK b. Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands © 2020, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors' permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/bul0000234 Author note The authors would like to thank Alex Haslam for his helpful feedback on this manuscript, Leire Gartzia, Helix Grosse-Stolentenberg, Max Montgomery, and Paweena Orapin for their help with the coding of reports in languages other than English, and Clara Tucker for her help with the reference list. We would also like to thank all authors who shared their unpublished data with us or provided additional information about their studies. 1 The first two authors contributed equally to the paper and should be considered joint first authors A META-ANALYSIS OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 2 Thekla Morgenroth and Teri Kirby contributed equally to the paper and are joint first authors. Thekla Morgenroth uses they/them/their pronouns, and Teri Kirby, Michelle Ryan, and Antonia Sudkämper, use she/her/hers pronouns. This work was supported by a European Commission Grant (725128) awarded to Michelle Ryan and a New Investigator Grant awarded to Teri Kirby by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/S00274X/1].
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Leadership: a Proposal to Examine the Trends and Experiences of Senior Executive Level Women in the Workforce
    St. John Fisher College Fisher Digital Publications Education Doctoral Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. School of Education 5-2020 Women in Leadership: A Proposal to Examine the Trends and Experiences of Senior Executive Level Women in the Workforce Rhoda Overstreet-Wilson [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_etd Part of the Education Commons How has open access to Fisher Digital Publications benefited ou?y Recommended Citation Overstreet-Wilson, Rhoda, "Women in Leadership: A Proposal to Examine the Trends and Experiences of Senior Executive Level Women in the Workforce" (2020). Education Doctoral. Paper 442. Please note that the Recommended Citation provides general citation information and may not be appropriate for your discipline. To receive help in creating a citation based on your discipline, please visit http://libguides.sjfc.edu/citations. This document is posted at https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/education_etd/442 and is brought to you for free and open access by Fisher Digital Publications at St. John Fisher College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in Leadership: A Proposal to Examine the Trends and Experiences of Senior Executive Level Women in the Workforce Abstract Although the presence of women in the workforce has increased and despite the advances women have made in the workplace, women still account for a small percentage of senior-level executive positions (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017). Federal regulations exist to eliminate workplace discrimination, but there remains scholarly evidence that discriminatory behavior has not declined but evolved into a much more ambiguous form of discrimination defined as gender microaggressions.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbolic Management and the Glass Cliff. Evidence from the Boardroom Careers of Female and Male Directors
    Symbolic management and the glass cliff. Evidence from the boardroom careers of female and male directors. May 2016 Abstract This paper uses archival board data to demonstrate that women who take positions as directors of UK companies have shorter tenures than their male counterparts. We show that female directors face a much higher risk of dismissal as they approach nine years of service on the board when their long service deprives them of the all-important classifi- cation as ‘independent’. At this point, their position on the board becomes precarious. Male directors do not suffer the same increase in boardroom exit. This gender-specific difference is shown to be clearly linked to the independence status. It is argued that these observations are consistent with the notion that female directors are being used in the symbolic management of corporate governance and that at nine years, when the cloak of independence disappears, women directors are then exposed to the biases that arise from role congruity issues. JEL codes: J31; J62; J63 1 Introduction The Sex Discrimination Act became law in the UK in 1975. It was intended to eliminate labour market discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status. In the year 2000, some 25 years after it came into force, only around 6% of board positions on FTSE 100 companies were held by women. By 2015 this had risen to 25%, but only after considerable government pressure 1. The situation in the FTSE250 and elsewhere is less encouraging. The analysis in this paper will show that the challenge facing women on UK boards is not only their under- representation but also their subsequent experience once they are appointed to a board.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Emotion and Power in Work Relationships☆
    Human Resource Management Review 21 (2011) 377–393 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Human Resource Management Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humres Gender, emotion and power in work relationships☆ Belle Rose Ragins a,⁎, Doan E. Winkel b,1 a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Sheldon B. Lubar School of Business, Milwaukee, WI 53201, United States b Illinois State University, College of Business, Normal, IL 61790, United States article info abstract Keywords: We offer a theoretical account of how gender and emotion combine to influence the Gender in the workplace development of power in work relationships. We document the profound impact gender has on Gender and emotion at work the display, perception and evaluation of emotion in the workplace. We illustrate the reciprocal Gender and discrimination at work relationship between emotion and power, and identify cycles of powerlessness that prevent Gender and power at work women from developing and leveraging power in their work relationships. By exploring the nexus of gender, emotion and power in work relationships, we offer new insights into how the gendering of emotion creates and perpetuates gender differences in power in organizations. Implications for research and practice are offered. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. “If you get too emotional, that undercuts you. A man can cry; we know that. Lots of our leaders have cried. But a woman, it's a different kind of dynamic.” Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton (Dowd, 2008) Despite women's increasing workforce participation, the gender gap in power in organizations has not changed appreciably over the past twenty years (Catalyst, 2010; Eagly & Carli, 2007a; Ryan & Haslam, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Glass Cliff: How Seat Selection Contributes to The
    Olivet Nazarene University Digital Commons @ Olivet Honors Program Projects Honors Program 5-23-2017 The olitP ical Glass Cliff: Potential Causes of Female Underrepresentation in the U.S. House of Representatives Erica Browning Olivet Nazarene University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/honr_proj Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Browning, Erica, "The oP litical Glass Cliff: Potential Causes of Female Underrepresentation in the U.S. House of Representatives" (2017). Honors Program Projects. 62. https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/honr_proj/62 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at Digital Commons @ Olivet. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Olivet. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Political Glass Cliff: How Seat Selection Contributes to the Underperformance of Female Congresswomen By Erica M. Browning Honors Scholarship Project Submitted to the Faculty of Olivet Nazarene University for partial fulfillment of the requirements for GRADUATION WITH UNIVERSITY HONORS March 2017 Bachelor of Arts in Political Science ______________________________ _________________________ _______________ Scholarship Project Advisor (printed) Signature Date ______________________________ _________________________ _______________ Honors Council Chair (printed) Signature Date ______________________________ _________________________ _______________ Honors Council Member (printed) Signature Date “We’re half the people; we should be half the Congress” -Jeannette Rankin, U.S. Representative This project is dedicated to Jeannette Pickering Rankin, who became the first woman to be sworn into Congress in 1917. A hundred years later there is still a long way to go for representative equality, but it is thanks to women like her that we have come this far.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences in the Leadership Advancement of African American Women
    EXPERIENCES IN THE LEADERSHIP ADVANCEMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Lisa E. Dubose A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION December 2017 Committee: Patrick Pauken, Advisor Dalton A. Jones, Graduate Faculty Representative Paul A. Johnson Angela R. Logan Paul Christian Willis © 2017 Lisa E. Dubose All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Patrick Pauken, Advisor The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the experiences in leadership advancement of African American women. Over 10 million African American women are in the civilian labor force (United States Department of Labor statistics, 2015)). The population of African American women with degrees having significantly increased over thirty years, with 264% more Bachelor’s degrees and 353% more Master’s degrees being earned, however barriers to opportunities continue to exist (Nooks-Wallner, 2008). Although anti-discrimination laws have existed since 1964, covert discriminatory patterns continue and are often entrenched in workplace systems, which prevent advancement opportunities (Cook & Glass, 2013) Phenomenology was the qualitative research method utilized for this study. Phenomenology is a scholarly study method that provides meaning-making, to more effectively comprehend the perspective of an individual or group of individuals. Meaning is gained through attaining data about situations or events surrounding a specific phenomenon. The intention is to determine how and why it influences others as it goes beyond the surface to gain depth. This study gathered data through various methods, such as an advance questionnaire, semi-structured interview protocol, review of participant leadership samples, and resumes/curriculum vitaes.
    [Show full text]
  • Biernat, P. 1 Curriculum Vitae Monica R
    Biernat, p. 1 Curriculum Vitae Monica R. Biernat Work Address: Home Address: Department of Psychology 4801 Tempe St. Fraser Hall Lawrence, KS 66047 1415 Jayhawk Blvd. (785) 843-7597 University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045-7556 phone: (785) 864-9815 fax: (785) 864-5696 email: [email protected] Birth Date and Place: January 18, 1963, Detroit, MI Professional and Educational History: 2010 - present Associate Chair for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Kansas 2003 - present Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas 2000 - present Director of Social Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of Kansas 1995 - 2003 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas 1992 - 1995 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas 1989 - 1992 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Florida 2008 Visiting scholar, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 2001 Visiting scholar, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 1989 Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Psychology (Social) 1986 M.A., University of Michigan, Psychology 1984 A.B., University of Michigan, Psychology and Communication Awards: APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of Social Psychology, 1998/1999 [Citation appears in American Psychologist (1999), Vol. 54, pp. 897-899.] Association for Women in Psychology, Distinguished Publication Award, 2005 W. T. Kemper Fellowship for Teaching Excellence, University of Kansas, 2004 Docking Faculty Scholar, University
    [Show full text]