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University of Oklahoma Graduate College UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE EFFECTS OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON LIVABILITY IN TURKISH CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF DENIZLI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ARIF KECELI Norman, Oklahoma 2012 EFFECTS OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON LIVABILITY IN TURKISH CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF DENIZLI A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BY Dr. Darren Purcell, Chair Dr. Bruce Hoagland Dr. Kirsten de Beurs Dr. Charles Warnken Dr. Guoqiang Shen © Copyright by ARIF KECELI 2012 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to gratefully and sincerely express my deepest thank to my advisor, Dr. Darren Purcell. I would never have been able to finish this without his excellent guidance, caring and patience with me in every level of this program. I will always mention about his kind supports for course works, comprehensive exam, proposal defense and dissertation progress. These all have been kindly appreciated sir. I would also like to thank all the committee members for guiding my research and helping me to develop my background in urban geography. Also, I will always remember all your kind and supportive approaches both in comprehensive exam and dissertation defense. That is what I would take a model for my professional career. I would also like to thank my parents Safi and Aysel Keceli, my mother and father in –law, Seref and Ayten Akbulut, elder sister and brother in law, Vildan and Ali Keskin and my nieces, Ece and Irem for their faith in me and allowing me to go as far as I wanted in my academic career. They were always supporting and encouraging me with their best wishes and prayers. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my wife Kadriye Keceli for her support, encouragement and patience. Her words with love are always the backbone of my life and success. Her understanding of my occasional exhausted moods is an undeniable part of accomplishing this work. She sacrificed four years out of her professional career by coming with me ten thousand kilometer away from home. I will never forget her contribution to this work by her great devotion and love. You, Ferid and Safiye are my life. iv TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF GRAPH ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Objective and Scope: ................................................................................................. 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND BACKGROUND ......................................................... 11 2.1. What Constitutes Urban Geography? ...................................................................... 11 2.2 Urban Geography .................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Urbanization .................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Where Urbanization and Globalization Meet? ................................................ 24 2.2.3 Social Aspects of Urbanization ....................................................................... 30 2.2.4 Urban Patterns ................................................................................................. 31 2.2.5 Urban Growth and Urban Development: What is Good and Bad Growth? .... 35 2.3 Urban Livability and Indicators .............................................................................. 39 2.3.1 What is Urban Livability? ............................................................................... 39 2.3.2 What are Urban Livability Indicators? ............................................................ 41 2.3.2.1 Accessibility ................................................................................................ 46 2.3.2.2 Availability of Green Spaces ....................................................................... 48 2.3.2.3 Environmental Quality ................................................................................ 50 2.3.3 Livability as an Urban Problem during Globalization..................................... 51 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 55 3.1 General Information ................................................................................................ 55 3.2 Survey ...................................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Mapping, Data and Sources ..................................................................................... 60 3.4 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 63 4. STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................... 65 4.1. General Displays ..................................................................................................... 65 4.2. Local Administration and Neighborhood ................................................................ 68 4.3. Why Study Denizli? ................................................................................................ 69 4.4. Brief History of Denizli ........................................................................................... 70 4.5. Urban Development of Denizli ............................................................................... 70 5. CHARACTERISTIC FORMS OF URBAN PATTERNS IN TURKISH CITIES ..... 73 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 73 5.2. Urbanization Period and Transition......................................................................... 77 5.3. What is there in Turkish Urban Studies? ................................................................. 79 5.4. What is Common in Urban Patterns of Turkish Cities? .......................................... 84 5.4.1. Castles and City Walls as City Landmark ....................................................... 84 5.4.2. Historic Centers ............................................................................................... 87 5.4.3. City Squares and Main Streets ........................................................................ 89 5.4.4. Topography ..................................................................................................... 91 5.4.5. Intercity Highways and Surrounded Areas ...................................................... 92 v 5.4.6. New Settlements and Forms of City Growth .................................................. 94 5.4.7. Concept of Green Space .................................................................................. 97 5.5. Summary of Current Urban Problems in Turkish Cities ......................................... 98 5.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 100 6. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF RESIDENTIAL URBAN PATTERNS IN DENIZLI: DETAILED VIEW OF NEIGHBORHOODS ............................................... 102 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 102 6.2. General Displays of Neighborhoods ..................................................................... 105 6.2.1. General Land Use Change ............................................................................. 108 6.2.2. Growth of Built Environment ........................................................................ 109 6.2.3. Defining of Old and New Neighborhoods and Specific Features ................. 111 6.3. General Characteristics and Spatial Organization of Urban Patterns in Denizli ... 114 6.3.1. Growth of Residential Urban Pattern ............................................................ 114 6.3.2. Locational and Structural Changes ................................................................ 117 6.3.3. General Distribution of Public Services: Schools, Healthcare Centers, Green Spaces and Transportation ............................................................................................. 121 6.3.4. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Public Services: Schools, Healthcare Centers, Green Spaces and Transportation .................................................................................. 125 6.4. How Does Rapid Urbanization Affect the Urban Patterns? .................................. 130 6.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................
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