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Public Istanbul Frank Eckardt, Kathrin Wildner (eds.) Public Istanbul Frank Eckardt, Kathrin Wildner (eds.) Public Istanbul Spaces and Spheres of the Urban Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbib- liothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deut- sche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de © 2008 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Cover illustration: Kathrin Wildner, Istanbul, 2005 Proofred by: Esther Blodau-Konick, Kathryn Davis, Kerstin Kempf Typeset by: Gonzalo Oroz Printed by: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-89942-865-0 CONTENT Preface 7 PART 1 CONTESTED SPACES Introduction: Public Space as a Critical Concept. Adequate for Understanding Istanbul Today? 13 FRANK ECKARDT Mapping Social Istanbul. Extracts of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area Atlas 21 MURAT GÜVENÇ Contested Public Spaces vs. Conquered Public Spaces. Gentrification and its Reflections on Urban Public Space in Istanbul 29 EDA ÜNLÜ YÜCESOY Globalization, Locality and the Struggle over a Living Space. The Case of Karanfilköy 49 SEVIL ALKAN Fortress Istanbul. Gated Communities and the Socio-Urban Transformation 83 ORHAN ESEN/TIM RIENIETS Peripheral Public Space. Types in Progress 113 ELA ALANYALI ARAL Old City Walls as Public Spaces in Istanbul 141 FUNDA BA BÜTÜNER Regenerating »Public Istanbul«. Two Projects on the Golden Horn 163 SENEM ZEYBEKOLU Public Transformation of the Bosporus. Facts and Opportunities 187 EBRU ERDÖNMEZ/SELIM ÖKEM PART 2 EXPERIENCING ISTANBUL Introduction: Spaces of Everyday Life 209 KATHRIN WILDNER Istanbul's Worldliness 215 ASU AKSOY Public People. Temporary Labor Migrants in Nineteenth Century Istanbul 233 FLORIAN RIEDLER The Public and the Private. Discourses and Identifications among Vanlı Women in Istanbul 255 ANNA GRABOLLE-ÇELIKER Creating New Spaces, Claiming Rights. West African Immigrants in Istanbul 279 KORAY ÖZDIL Whose Space, Whose Culture? Struggle for Cultural Representation in »French Street« of Istanbul 299 SUSANNE PREHL Sabiha in »Public Istanbul« 319 FERIDE ÇIÇEKOLU Subjects that don’t count. Places that are not important. 5 Artistic Approaches 333 SUSANNE BOSCH Notes on Contributors 349 Preface Since ancient times, Istanbul has been one of the most important cities on the European continent. In the 20th century, urban transformation processes marked the metropolis. As a result of intense internal migra- tion from the 1950’s to the end of the 20th century, the city grew to an official population of 12 million, with inhabitants on both sides of the Bosporus. In spite of master plans to control the city’s development, the growth is spontaneous and informal. At the same time, as an industrial and service city, the metropolis is a subject of national politics and global competition. The simultaneous coexistence of these disparities has affected the development of urban space in Istanbul. Therefore, in urban space, cultural conflicts about the definition of locality and iden- tity are manifested and materialized. In contemporary social and cultural science, urban space is no longer conceived as an objective or static container for social practices, but as a complex analytic category. Cities as complex structures are com- binations of localized places, institutions and actors, activities, imaginar- ies and narratives. Urban space is analyzed as a social process that is based on spatial structures and space constructing activities. Urban spaces are continuously (re)constructed in planning processes, as well as in everyday practices. In this sense, the existence of public space – where spatial structures are materialized and social interactions take place – is a central characteristic of »urbanity«. It is temporarily used for different utilizations and has differing attributions of meaning. It is thus a heterogeneous space of negotiation, materially and discursively dis- puted. In the first decade of the 21st century, on the brink of entering the European Union, Istanbul is a place of exemplified urban transforma- 7 KATHRIN WILDNER/FRANK ECKARDT tion. The significance of public spaces is becoming a popular topic in re- search and discussion about Istanbul’s development and modernization. In research projects public space is analyzed not only concerning its shape as architectural design projects but as a social and political space. The discussions reflect the effort to overcome polarizations and di- chotomist attributions like the »historic« and the »contemporary« city, »tradition« and »modernity«, »periphery« and »center«, the »local« and the »global«. The outcome of new discourses arising on migration, so- cial exclusion, or the definition of the Other, are propositions for built environments that would create the physical conditions necessary for »new public spaces« as well as »public spheres«, where different cul- tural groups would have access and representation. With its layers of the past, present, and future, Istanbul is an appro- priate city to study the contemporary urban condition: the constitution of public spaces and spheres. Nevertheless, while more attention has been drawn to Istanbul’s metropolitan life, profound studies on the complex cultural and urban situation are still rare. In 2006 – succeeding research projects about other metropolis and the production, perception and appropriation of urban space – our inten- tion was to initiate an interdisciplinary discussion with theoretical ap- proaches and case studies on Istanbul. As urban scholars – with so far limited knowledge on Istanbul – we organized the conference »Public Istanbul – Spaces and Spheres of the City« at Bauhaus University, Weimar (19th and 20th January 2007). The conference had an interdisci- plinary focus, with contributors from fields of geography, ethnography, history, cultural studies, architecture, and urban planning. We invited young urban scholars and well-known experts from Turkey and Ger- many, encouraging a dialog between different approaches and disci- plines. Finally the conference was organized along four main axes of re- search: »Divided Istanbul« – dealing with socio-demographic aspects in a fragmented urban space, »Experiencing Istanbul« – an ethnographic and artistic look at everyday practices, »Planning Istanbul« – concentrat- ing on the typology of public spaces, larger city planning projects, and new forms of urbanism, and finally »Representing Istanbul« – (historical) investigations about the image of the city and its reflection in cinema and art. This book is an outcome of the conference, a selection of the per- spectives and papers, which represent interdisciplinary approaches to urban transformation and everyday life in Istanbul as a globalizing me- tropolis. The collection of articles includes different levels and degrees of research experience, a combination of scientific and subjective ap- 8 PREFACE proaches, various means of data collection, methodology and analysis, and different writing genres. The volume is divided into two parts. The first part concentrates on geo- graphical and sociological perspectives. Aspects of urban planning are also presented, and public space is analyzed in a spatial and political sense. Istanbul’s urban organization of what we call the »public sphere«, has undergone substantial change, like many other cities. Unlike other cities in Europe, however, fast growth has challenged urban planning and local politics in a yet-unknown way. The question then is what the term »public« still means in Istanbul under contemporary conditions. The second part takes a closer look at everyday life, investigating specific sites, social interaction, and individual biographies. Focusing on the micro level of local places and everyday practices, the historic and ethnographic case studies in this part give insight to possible interpreta- tions of public spaces as arenas for production and reproduction of the urban. The book represents fragments of contemporary discourses on Istan- bul. It is not meant to be complete; there are many topics which could not be mentioned in the span of this work as well as many more schol- ars, planners, and scientists working on Istanbul and public space. We understand this compilation as a first step towards further discussions and exchanges between disciplines, knowledge, and local perspectives on the multi-dimensionality of urban public spaces in Istanbul. Kathrin Wildner and Frank Eckardt, Mai 2008 9 PART 1CONTESTED SPACES Introduction: Public Space as aCritical Concept. Adequate for Understanding Istanbul Today? FRANK ECKARDT Bridges have tremendous impacts on cities. They are defining geo- graphic markers lending its inhabitants a sense of orientation. In Istan- bul, especially the famous Galata Bridge has shaped our perception of the city. The bridges crossing the Bosporus are not only vital conductors of traffic between the European and Asian side of the city, moreover, they offer a perspective, which defines the city. To understand the city without these symbolic elements would leave Istanbul’s sense of urban- ity devoid of its essence. Imagination is one of the most powerful aspects of urban life (Pile 2000). As the American sociologist Robert E. Park once said, cities are a »state of mind«. In the same way we can understand Istanbul as being lived by its metaphorical landscape which is? Most visible in the built environment,
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