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Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY of the BOSPORUS, SEA of MARMARA, and DARDANELLES and the SURROUNDING REGION

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Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY of the BOSPORUS, SEA of MARMARA, and DARDANELLES and the SURROUNDING REGION Table of Contents THE TURKISH STRAITS BOSPORUS - SEA OF MARMARA - DARDANELLES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY OF THE BOSPORUS, SEA OF MARMARA, AND DARDANELLES AND THE SURROUNDING REGION Historical geography Economic geography Cultural geography Chapter 3 GEOLOGY Physiography Black sea Bosporus Submarine sills and canyons Golden horn Sea of Marmara Izmit Bay Cekmece Lakes Dardanelles Submarine sills and canyons Aegean Sea Izmir Bay Regional Lithology Structure Seismicity Marine Sediments Distribution of grain size Age Mineralogy Life Historical geology Chapter 4 CLIMATE Black Sea Sea of Marmara Aegean Sea Eastern Mediterranean Regional Contents (continued) Chapter 5 HYDROLOGY Precipitation Runoff Chapter 6 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Western Black Sea Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Bosporus Distribution of properties Temperature Salinity Density Sea level Waves Tides Seiche Surface currents Normal Vortices Reversals Two-layer flow system Normal Effects upon sedimentation Internal waves Hydraulic geometry Stirring and mixing Golden Horn Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Two—layer flow system Sea of Marmara Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Two-layer flow system Contents (continued) Chapter 6 (concluded) Izmit Bay Distribution of properties Cekmece Lakes Distribution of properties Dardanelles Distribution of properties Surface currents Two-layer flow system Aegean (including Izmir Bay) Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Regional Chapter 7 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Black Sea Bosporus Golden Horn Sea of Marmara Izmit Bay Aegean Regional Chapter 8 ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS Navigation Shipping Construction Fisheries Recreation Pollution control APPENDIX A ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES Climatology Hydrology Oceanography Contents (concluded) APPENDIX B ATLAS Geography Historical Economic Cultural Geology Regional physiography Regional lithology Regional structure Regional seismicity Details of marine sedimentation Details of submarine morphology and hypsometry Climate Regional temperature Regional humidity Regional winds Regional fog Regional cloud cover Estimates of spectral density of winds at Yesilkoy Hydrology Regional hydrogeology Regional precipitation Physical Oceanography Areal and cross-sectional distribution of properties Historical 1965-1968 Sea level Waves Tides Estimate of spectral density for Bosporus Surface currents Bosporus and Dardanelles after L. Moller Bosporus, 1965-1968 Chemical and Biological Oceanography Dissolved oxygen PH Plankton Fisheries ,**-*. it ii<_ h«6i ^ "f^ ,3/~<-' THE TURKISH STRAITS BOSPORUS - MARMARA - DARDANELLES Eastern Slack " Golden Sea of Izmit pekmece Izmir Mediier0""*—^ Sea Bosporus Horn Marmara Bay Lakes Dardanelles Aegean Bay ranean Regional Introduction and Methods Geography - historical •X - economic •X - cultural •X Geology physiography • X Bathynetric data and discussion of possible sill at Black Sea lithology •X entrance to Bosporus structure •X seismicity •X sediments •X •X •X •X Climate temperature •X humidity •X winds •X Spectral analyses available for data from Yesilkoy (neur Istanb fog •X cloud cover •X Based on surface and NIMBUS dat,-. Hydrology - precipitation - drainage basins - runoff - water quality Physical Oceanography Distribution of properties - temperature •X •X• •X •X Dardanelles data primarily from Merz/Mbller and NODC files - salinity •X •X• •X •X - density •X •X• •X •X Sea level- waves •X Spectral analyses available lor Bosporus data - tides •X :) Surface currents •X - vortices - reversals Two-layer flow system Effects upon sedimentation; internal waves; hydraulic geometry - estuarial analogy - submerged weir analogy Chemical and Biological Oceanography Dissolved oxygen Nutrients Plankton Fisheries . f £ %*>*w.-c. Benthos Engineering Aspects Navigation Construction Pollution control ; 0/9 •-/ " - /A.X^t • t*y No -a: X indicates inclusion in atlas. /M&Jc G,~SOC *,M^v^_y. /• ciuJXXZ-fr^jLtJ //U*~tr^ ^EUjujtLa n /& ha* Jo.
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