DOCSLIB.ORG

Unit 3 Handout Byzantium Byzantion Byzantium Bosporus Constantine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unit 3 Handout Byzantium Byzantion Byzantium Bosporus Constantine Unit 3 Handout Byzantium Islam Byzantion Arabian Peninsula Byzantium Bedouin Bosporus Persian Gulf Constantine Red Sea Constantinople Muhammad ibn Abdullah Caesaropapism Khadija Justinian Mecca Theodora Allah Hagia Sophia Gabriel Corpus juris civilis Quran Belisarius Hadith Greek fire Ka’ba Theme Medina Basil II “the Bulgar-Slayer” Hijira Charlemagne Umma Peasantry Yahweh Silk Hajj Bezant Five pillars of Islam “the city” Jihad Latin and Greek Sharia Council of Nicea Caliph Arian Abu-Bakr Iconoclasm Shia Emperor Leo III Sunnis Asceticism Umayyad Dynasty Monasticism Abu al-Abbas St. Basil of Caesarea Abbasid Monks and Nuns Baghdad Rome during Byzantium Ulama Schism Qadis Eastern Orthodox Church Saljuq Slavic Sultan Normans Camels and Caravans Turks Sakk Anatolia Al-Andalus Balkans Women Bulgaria Sufis Cyril Madrasas Methodius The Arabian Nights Cyrillic Hindi Kiev Arabic Volga Ibn Rushd Prince Vladimir of Kiev Empire in East Asia India Yang Jian Gupta Sui Harsha Grand canal Sind Sui Yangdi Islam in India Chang’an Turks Tang Dynasty Mahmud of Ghazni Tang Taizong Sultanate of Dehli Ningbo Hindu Equal-field system Chola Kingdom Bureaucracy of merit Coromandel Coast Confucian education Vijayanagar Silla Kingdom Monsoons Song Dynasty Surat Song Taizu Quilan Kaifeng Masulipatam Hangzhou Ceylon Uighurs Emporia Jurchen Caste Urbanization Jati Foot binding Hinduism Porcelain Vishnu Gunpowder Shiva Market economy Shankara Paper money Bhagavad Gita Guangzhou Islam Quanzhou Sufis Mahayana Buddhism Bhakti Dunhuang Ramayana Daoism Mahabharata Chan Buddhism Funan Neo-Confucianism Isthmus of Kra Silla Dynasty Raja Korea Srivijaya Vietnam Angkor Japan Singosari Nara Period Majapahit Shinto Khmers Heian Melaka Shogun Samurai Nomadic Empires & Eurasian Integration W. Europe in Middle Ages Karakorum Odacer Central Asia Charlemagne Steppes Carolingian Clans Aachen Yurts Franks Khan Otto I Saljuq Turks Holy Roman Empire Sultan Voltaire’s quote Anatolia Capet Chinggis Khan Normans Mongol Empire William Duke of Normandy Temujin Iberia Ulaanbaatar Lords Jurchen Retainers Song Serfs Khanbaliq Manors Khubilai Khan Hanseatic League Yuan 3 Estates: Clergy, Fighters, Workers Golden Horde Chivalry Hulegu Courtly behavior Ilkhanate Hansa Shamanism Guilds Uighurs Papacy and Popes Bubonic Plague Pope Gregory I Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) St. Benedict Osman The Rule Ottomans St. Scholasitca Monasticism Universities St. Thomas Aquinas Sacraments Saints Virgin Mary Relics Pilgrimage Vinland Leif Erikson Scandinavia Baltics Sicily Reconquista Crusades Urban II First Crusade Saladin Americas and Oceania Tenochtitlan Tezcatlipoca Pachacuti Texcoco Quetzalcoatl Quipu Mexica Pueblo Cuzco Yucatan Navajo Ayllu Itzcoatl Iroquois Inti Motecuzoma Cahokia Viracocha Oaxaca Chucuito Nan Madol Toltecs Incas Tonga calpulli Chimu Tahiti Nahuatl Chanchan Kapu Quechua marae Primary Sources P 210 – Quran on Allah P 234 – Suleiman on Business P 273 – Marco Polo on Mongol Military Tactics P 307 – Life on an Early Medieval Manor Images p 191 – Emperor Justinian p 192 – Church of Hagia Sophia p 212 – Islamic Expansion p 230 – Chinese Peasant Life p 259 – Angkor Wat p 267 – Nomadic Life p 306 – Manor House p 329 – Mexica Sacrificial Bloodletting Focus Questions What are the main religions of this time? How do they spread? How does the spread of religion affect the world? Explain the emergence of Islam and its impact on societies. How did legal, social, and cultural traditions provide unity among these very diverse peoples? How did encounters with Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia shape the development of Islam? Explain the impact of nomadic societies during this time. How did Mongol rule lead to cultural interaction among Eurasians, even though it was so violent? What are the influence of Classical Greece and the WESTERN Roman empire in Byzantium? What traces can you see in culture and politics? Compare this to the ways that Byzantium influenced societies outside of its borders. What were its major impacts? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus Anca Dan
    The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus Anca Dan To cite this version: Anca Dan. The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus. I∆ΥMAMEIZOOΣ EΛΛHIΣMOΥ. Eγκυκλoπαιδϵια Mϵιζoνo& Eλληνισµoυ, K!νσταντινoυπoλη, 2008. hal-02435580 HAL Id: hal-02435580 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02435580 Submitted on 15 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Dan Anca (30/9/2008) Για παραπομπή : Dan Anca , "European shores of the Bosporus", 2008, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10951> European shores of the Bosporus Περίληψη : The “Thracian”or “Mysian”Bosporus separates the continents of Europe and Asia and the waters of the Black Sea from the Sea of Marmara. Its names distinguish it from the ancient Cimmerian Bosporus (Βόσπορος Κιμμέριος), which separates the modern Black Sea (ancient Pontus Euxinus, Πόντος ὁ Εὔξεινος) from the modern Sea of Azov (ancient Palus Maeotis, Μαιῶτις λίμνη) and corresponds to the modern Russian Kertch. Άλλες Ονομασίες Thracian Bosporus; Mysian Bosporus; ancient Greek Βόσπορος Θρακικὸς; Latin Bosphorus Thracicus 1. Anthropogeography 1a. Geographical location Bosporus is generally considered as the narrowest natural strait continuously used for navigation since Antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model Mehmet Ilicak 1,* , Ivan Federico 2 , Ivano Barletta 2,3 , Sabri Mutlu 4 , Haldun Karan 4 , Stefania Angela Ciliberti 2 , Emanuela Clementi 5 , Giovanni Coppini 2 and Nadia Pinardi 3 1 Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey 2 Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Ocean Predictions and Applications Division, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] (I.F.); [email protected] (I.B.); [email protected] (S.A.C.); [email protected] (G.C.) 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Universita di Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, 40126 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] 4 TUBITAK MRC Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (H.K.) 5 Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, 40126 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Turkish Strait System, which is the only connection between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, is a challenging region for ocean circulation models due to topographic constraints and water mass structure. We present a newly developed high resolution unstructured finite element grid model to simulate the Turkish Strait System using realistic atmospheric forcing and lateral open boundary conditions. We find that the jet flowing from the Bosphorus Strait into the Marmara creates Citation: Ilicak, M.; Federico, I.; an anticyclonic circulation. The eddy kinetic energy field is high around the jets exiting from the Barletta, I.; Mutlu, S.; Karan, H.; Ciliberti, S.A.; Clementi, E.; Coppini, Bosphorus Strait, Dardanelles Strait, and also the leeward side of the islands in the Marmara Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY of the BOSPORUS, SEA of MARMARA, and DARDANELLES and the SURROUNDING REGION
    Table of Contents THE TURKISH STRAITS BOSPORUS - SEA OF MARMARA - DARDANELLES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHY OF THE BOSPORUS, SEA OF MARMARA, AND DARDANELLES AND THE SURROUNDING REGION Historical geography Economic geography Cultural geography Chapter 3 GEOLOGY Physiography Black sea Bosporus Submarine sills and canyons Golden horn Sea of Marmara Izmit Bay Cekmece Lakes Dardanelles Submarine sills and canyons Aegean Sea Izmir Bay Regional Lithology Structure Seismicity Marine Sediments Distribution of grain size Age Mineralogy Life Historical geology Chapter 4 CLIMATE Black Sea Sea of Marmara Aegean Sea Eastern Mediterranean Regional Contents (continued) Chapter 5 HYDROLOGY Precipitation Runoff Chapter 6 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Western Black Sea Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Bosporus Distribution of properties Temperature Salinity Density Sea level Waves Tides Seiche Surface currents Normal Vortices Reversals Two-layer flow system Normal Effects upon sedimentation Internal waves Hydraulic geometry Stirring and mixing Golden Horn Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Two—layer flow system Sea of Marmara Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Two-layer flow system Contents (continued) Chapter 6 (concluded) Izmit Bay Distribution of properties Cekmece Lakes Distribution of properties Dardanelles Distribution of properties Surface currents Two-layer flow system Aegean (including Izmir Bay) Distribution of properties Sea level Surface currents Regional Chapter 7 CHEMICAL AND
    [Show full text]
  • The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology
    The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology Dedicated to Henry and Renee Kahane* DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. A few abbreviations are listed: AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. AJP = American Journal of Philology (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.). BB = Bezzenbergers Beitriige zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. BNF = Beitriige zur Namenforschung (Heidelberg). OGL = Oorpus Glossariorum Latinorum, ed. G. Goetz. 7 vols. Lipsiae, 1888-1903. Chantraine, Dict. etym. = P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. 2 vols: A-K. Paris, 1968, 1970. Eberts RLV = M. Ebert (ed.), Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. 16 vols. Berlin, 1924-32. EBr = Encyclopaedia Britannica. 30 vols. Chicago, 1970. EEBE = 'E:rccr'YJel~ t:ET:ateeta~ Bv~avnvwv E:rcovowv (Athens). EEC/JE = 'E:rcuJT'YJfhOVtUn ' E:rccrrJel~ C/JtAOaocptufj~ EXOAfj~ EIsl = The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden and London) 1 (1960)-. Frisk, GEJV = H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch. 2 vols. Heidelberg, 1954 to 1970. GEL = Liddell-Scott-Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1925-40. A Supplement, 1968. GaM = Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. C. Miiller. GLM = Geographi Latini Minores, ed. A. Riese. GR = Geographical Review (New York). GZ = Geographische Zeitschrift (Berlin). IF = Indogermanische Forschungen (Berlin). 10 = Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin). LB = Linguistique Balkanique (Sofia). * A summary of this paper was read at the meeting of the Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota on 24 October 1970. My thanks go to Prof. Edmund Berry of the Univ. of Manitoba for reading a draft of the present study and for stylistic and other suggestions, and to the Editor of Names, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn Migration of Soaring Birds at Bosporus: 5 Validating a New Survey Station Design
    View metadata,TBIS907236 citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Techset Composition India (P) Ltd., Bangalore and Chennai, Indiabrought 4/2/2014 to you by CORE provided by University of Debrecen Electronic Archive Bird Study (2014), 1–7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2014.907236 SHORT REPORT Autumn migration of soaring birds at Bosporus: 5 validating a new survey station design ATTILA FÜLÖP1,2*, ISTVÁN KOVÁCS1, EMANUEL BALTAG1,3, SZILÁRD J. DARÓCZI1, ANDREEA S. DEHELEAN1, LUCA A. DEHELEAN1, RÉKA B. KISS1, ISTVÁN S. KOMÁROMI1, HANA LATKOVÁ1, 10 TAMÁS MIHOLCSA1, ATTILA NAGY1, SZILÁRD Z. ÖLVEDI1, TAMÁS PAPP1, ATTILA K. SÁNDOR1, RÓBERT ZEITZ1 AND MÁRTON A. KELEMEN1 1‘Milvus Group’–Bird and Nature Protection Association, Crinului street 22, Târgu Mureş RO-540620, Romania; 2MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary; 3Department of Zoology, Faculty of 15 Biology, ‘Al. I. Cuza’ University, B-dul Carol I 20A, Iasi̦ RO-700505, Romania Capsule Using a new survey station network we report the highest number of migrating raptors and Black Storks ever recorded on Bosporus during the autumn migration period. Also, we show that migration occurs 20 with similar intensities over the full length of the strait, but individual migration patterns differ for some species at a local scale. 25 Migration is an annual seasonal movement between development of thermals and (2) natural barriers (e.g. regular breeding and wintering grounds, covering large seas, deserts, ice fields or mountains) can be avoided or geographical distances over continents, caused passed with minimum risk (Elkins 2004, Newton primarily by seasonal changes in food abundance 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • [Poster Başlığı] Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetuer Adipiscing Elit
    Teaching of the subject “density difference caused by salinity", one of the reasons that plays role in the occurrence of currents in straits, seas and oceans by the use of a teaching material Verim Gümüşsoy 1, 2 1 Poster B29, Abstract EGU2015-2437 Geography Teacher, Harmandere Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey ([email protected]) 2 Postgraduate Student, Department of Geography, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey ([email protected]) CURRENTS IN STRAITS, SEAS AND OCEANS SUBSURFACE CURRENTS IN THE BOSPORUS CURRENT DEMONSTRATION • I get my students to carry out a small demonstration to help • Large masses of moving water in seas The Black Sea Black Sea them understand the occurrence of ocean currents and and oceans are called currents. currents in the seas and the Bosporus by the use of a material. • Fundamental reasons of currents are The Bosporus Marmara Sea steady winds that occur due to the Istanbul • We need very simple materials to carry out this Aegean global atmospheric system and the Marmara Sea Sea demonstration: An aquarium, a bowl, water, salt, dye and any density differences caused by different stick to mix. heat and salinity levels of water masses. • As Marmara Sea has higher salt amount than Black Sea, • Different feeding and there is a great density difference between these two seas. evaporation • Marmara Sea has a higher concentration of salt and characteristics of seas therefore a higher density than Black Sea. and oceans result in • The demonstration is carried out as follows: we put water, salt salinity and density • And this leads to occurrence of subsurface currents in the and dye in the bowl and mix it well.
    [Show full text]
  • TURKEY Threats to the World Heritage in the Changing Metropolitan Areas of Istanbul
    Turkey 175 TURKEY Threats to the World Heritage in the Changing Metropolitan Areas of Istanbul The Historic Areas of Istanbul on the Bosporus peninsula were in- scribed in 1985 in the World Heritage List, not including Galata and without a buffer zone to protect the surroundings. Risks for the historic urban topography of Istanbul, especially by a series of high- rise buildings threatening the historic urban silhouette, were already presented in Heritage at Risk 2006/2007 (see the visual impact as- sessment study by Astrid Debold-Kritter on pp. 159 –164). In the last years, dynamic development and transformation have changed the metropolitan areas with a new scale of building inter- ventions and private investments. Furthermore, the privatisation of urban areas and the development of high-rise buildings with large ground plans or in large clusters have dramatically increased. orld eritagea,,eerules and standards set upby arely knownconveyrthe ap- provedConflicts in managing the World Heritage areas of Istanbul Metropolis derive from changing the law relevant for the core area- sisthe . Conservation sites and areas of conservation were proposed in 1983. In 1985, the historic areas of Istanbul were inscribed on the basis of criteria 1 to 4. The four “core areas”, Archaeological Park, Süleymaniye conservation site, Zeyrek conservation site, and the Theodosian land walls were protected by Law 2863, which in Article I (4) gives a definition of “conservation” and of “areas of conservation”. Article II defines right and responsibility: “cultural and natural property cannot be acquired through possession”; article Fig. 1. Project for Diamond of Dubai, 2010, height 270 m, 53 floors, Hattat 17 states that “urban development plans for conservation” have to Holding Arch.
    [Show full text]
  • Bianca Elliott Lesson Title WHAT to THINK ABOUT the BALKAN
    Bianca Elliott Lesson Title WHAT TO THINK ABOUT THE BALKAN SITUATION IN THE 1800S AND 1900S Class and Grade level(s) High School World History Classes or Western Civilization Classes Goals and Objectives The student will be able to: • Read and view materials that provide multiple views of the Balkan situation in the 1800 and 1900 AD. • After reading the selections, students will determine the geographic relevance of the activi- ties that occurred in the Balkans and the political entities involved. • Students will then decide if geography played a critical part in the decision they made and the decisions made in the past. They will verify their answers. • Students will analyze the different forces pulling at and within the Balkans and determine if there were any other ways the end could have changed and how. Curriculum standards addressed: Geography: The student uses a working knowledge and understanding of the spatial organiza- tion of Earth’s surface and relationships between peoples and places and physical and human environments in order to explain the interactions that occur in Kansas, the United States, and in our world. Benchmark 1: Geographic Tools and Location: The student uses maps, graphic representations, tools, and technologies to locate, use, and present information about people, places, and environ- ments. The student: 1. (K) locates major political and physical features of Earth from memory and compares the rela- tive locations of those features. Locations will be included in indicator at each grade level (e.g., Beijing, English Channel, India, Iraq, Moscow, Sahara Desert, South Africa, Venezuela, Balkan Peninsula, Berlin, Black Sea, Bosporus Strait, Euphrates River, Geneva, Hong Kong, Israel, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Suez Canal, Tigris River, Tokyo, Yangtze River).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Russian Policy in the Balkans, 1878-1914
    1 Russian Policy in the Balkans, 1878-1914 At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Balkans were the most turbulent region in Europe. On the one hand were the Balkan peoples with their aims of creating their own national states with the broadest borders possible, and on the other, the ambitions of the Great Powers to gain spheres of influence in the European territories of the Ottoman Empire. This led to a continually strained and unstable situation. 1.1 Between the Two Wars: 1856-1877 The Crimean War proved to be the turning point in the relations between Russia and the Near East. After this first serious defeat of the Russian army in a war with the Ottoman Empire, Christians of the Near East and the Balkans looked more and more towards Europe. The image of Russia as the liberator of the Orthodox inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire faded and the authority of the Russian tsar was to a great extent lost. Russian diplomacy after 1856 focused totally on the restoration of Russia’s former authority. Of great significance in this process were the activities of Count N. P. Ignatiev, the ambassa- dor to Constantinople from 1864 to 1877.11 His idea of creating ‘Greater Bulgaria’, a large south-Slavonic state in the Balkans, as a base for Russian interests and further penetra- tion towards the Straits, received the support of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and coincided with the intentions of Tsar Alexander II. In 1870, the Russian government declared that it would no longer comply with the restrictions of the Paris Treaty of 1856.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Earthquake Response Analysis of Little Hagia Sophia
    13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2652 STRUCTURAL AND EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF THE LITTLE HAGIA SOFHIA MOSQUE Kadir GÜLER 1, Ahmet SAĞLAMER2 , Zekai CELEP2 , Ferhat PAKDAMAR3 SUMMARY In this study, the structural and earthquake response of the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque (Kucuk Ayasofya Camii) of Istanbul is investigated. The building has lived several earthquakes, various parts of the building were damaged, plasters fell and cracks appeared in the walls and in the main dome. Recently, a large scale restoration has been started by the Great Municipality of Istanbul. Within this activity, the building is investigated in detail and soil testing is been carried out to identify the properties of the soil. This paper presents the primary results of the structural and earthquake response analysis of the historical building within the development of appropriate methods and techniques for repair and strengthening of the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque. A brief discussion is presented for possible strengthening of the foundation and the structure of the historical building. INTRODUCTION The Little Hagia Sophia Mosque (Kucuk Ayasofya Camii) is one of the oldest historical buildings in Istanbul. In fact the building is also known as Sergius and Bacchus Church which was converted to a Mosque following the Ottoman conquest of the city. It remains the oldest surviving Byzantine monument in Istanbul. Due to numerous internal and external alterations as well as natural disasters that have occurred since its construction, severe cracks, especially in its dome and vaults have developed. The building has been subjected to a number of earthquakes of different level of intensities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study on Integrated Urban Transportation Master Plan for Istanbul Metropolitan Area in the Republic of Turkey
    Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality & Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) THE STUDY ON INTEGRATED URBAN TRANSPORTATION MASTER PLAN FOR ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN AREA IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Final Report January 2009 IMM Directorate of Transportation Planning & ALMEC Corporation Nippon Koei Co., Ltd Exchange Rate used in the Report (as of August 2008) YTL 1.0 = US$ 0.86 = EU 0.64 = JY 92 US$1.0 = YTL 1.16 EU 1.0 = YTL 1.54 JY 1000 = YTL 10.9 PREFACE In response to a request from the Government of the Republic of Turkey, the Government of Japan decided to conduct “The Study on Integrated Urban Transport Master Plan for the Istanbul Metropolitan Area” and entrusted to the study to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Tetsuo Wakui of ALMEC Co., LTD. And consists of ALMEC Co., LTD. And NIPPON KOEI Co., LTD. between June, 2007 and October, 2008. The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Republic of Turkey and conducted field surveys at the study area. Upon returning to Japan, the team conducted further studied and prepared this final report. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of this project and to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Republic of Turkey for their close cooperation extended to the study. January, 2009 EIJI HASHIMOTO, Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency January 2009 HASHIMOTO Eiji Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency Tokyo Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, We are pleased to formally submit herewith the final report of the Study on Integrated Urban Transportation Master Plan for Istanbul Metropolitan Area In the Republic of Turkey.
    [Show full text]