DOCSLIB.ORG

INTRODUCTION South African Periurban Land PERIURBAN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTRODUCTION South African Periurban Land PERIURBAN INTRODUCTION • Practical policies, strategies and practices that PERIURBAN TENURE effectively integrate the urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes are critical MANAGEMENT IN • I will cover legislation and agriculture SOUTH AFRICA • Urban areas continually grow Michael Barry • Consume agricultural land in the process. – Impacts on food security University of Calgary • Urban sprawl unsustainable – Public transport subsidies greater than income – Health problems, unemployment and crime South African Periurban Land PERIURBAN ENVIRONMENT • In land proximate to urban areas, there is a mix • Apartheid city spatial structure of rural, industrial and urban land uses. • Upper income whites on residential small • Different land tenure practices, range from holdings where land is not utilised for food individual ownership to traditional African land production. tenure, with continuum of hybrids and adaptations – Inappropriate land use – tourism, illegal industry • Income levels, land values, land use and land – Land held for speculative purposes, and is sometimes deliberately stripped of its agricultural potential parcel sizes vary considerably – Security a major factor - crime impacts on personal – “Merc & manure”, commercial & subsistence farming, informal settlements, low cost housing, traditional safety as well as theft of product. areas – Providing services to smallholdings is costly Low Cost Housing and informal Traditional Areas settlements • Land tenure dynamics involve disparate overlapping • In areas where the urban area interfaces with claims and different power structures such as warlords, civics, traditional leaders. former African customary areas, groups have • Competing agendas for land use been known to split away from the main tribal • Informal settlements are often created by organised coalitions to create informal settlements. invasions or shack farming • Reluctance on the part of many traditional • 1.5 million houses built. But, incorrect assumption that leaders to contemplate development initiatives in most households are urbanised and immobile. their areas, for fear of losing control • Informal trading in land, housing and accommodation takes place. • Inappropriate, over-detailed and inflexible – Backyard infill shacks in land reform housing projects. regulatory and legal frameworks. – Landlordism occurs as powerful individuals purchase houses informally and then rent them out. − Lack of capacity to carry out effective governance 1 Imperatives Apartheid Spatial Planning • Need an urban edge • Soft edge, a buffer zone of green space wherein intensive agriculture is the predominant use of arable land • Social and political imperative - black South Africans practice agriculture under secure tenure. – Urban edge provides opportunities Post 1994 Provinces Zimbabwe Botswana e u iq b nd m ila za Transvaal az o Namibia Sw M Free State Natal Lesotho c n Cape ti a n e Province tla C A O Cape Indian Ocean Town N Nelspruit Cape Town 2 3 The Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 (DFA) • addressing the spatial patterns inherited from apartheid • to fast track formalising land rights • provides for a range of tenure options including individual, communal or tribal based systems • Provides for initial ownership which can be converted into full ownership • Local government is required to set land development objectives – services (including public transport), urban and rural growth, interests of beneficial occupiers, coordination with other authorities and finance. Constitution 1996 Constitution 1996 • Recognises the institution, status and role of • Category A municipalities have exclusive traditional leadership. municipal executive and legislative authority in their areas • A traditional authority that observes customary law may function subject to any applicable •A Category B municipality shares municipal executive and legislative authority in its area with legislation and customs, subject to the supreme a category C municipality within whose area it law of the land, the Constitution. falls • Details of policy relating to how this should be •A Category C municipality has municipal achieved have been published in the Draft White executive and legislative authority in an area Paper on Traditional Leadership and that includes more than one municipality. Governance (RSA 2002). Category C municipalities may contain a number of category B municipalities and rural areas. Enabling Policy and Legislation KwazuluNatal District Councils (C- Municipalities) • Municipal Demarcation Act 27 of 1998 • Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998 • Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 • Communal Property Associations 1996 • Communal Land Rights Bill, 2002 • Draft White Paper on Traditional Leadership and Governance 4 Municipal Systems Act 32 of Legislation Analysis 2000 • Compels municipalities to formulate an • Governance structure and legislation are integrated development plan (IDP). excellent th • Each municipal council must, within a • Criticism that 4 tier of government introduced prescribed period after the start of its elected • Devil in the detail of defining mandates and term, adopt a single, inclusive and strategic plan financing of Municipalities and the District for the development of the municipality. councils (C-level municipalities) • Capacity and morale problems at municipal • These must be aligned with, and complement, level; this can be expected during transformation the development plans and strategies of other • Daring too much and then achieving too little so affected municipalities and other organs of state that laws are dismissed as rhetoric to give effect to the principles of co-operative – … but few alternatives provided by critics government. Management strategy Peri-urban Agriculture • Urban agriculture initiatives • People have multifaceted livelihoods. • Realistically, agriculture can augment income and • Land Tenure options nutrition • Small scale farming operations can provide buffer zones – path to ownership around installations – Or advantages for owners to densify e.g. • Urban and periurban conservancies in partnership with traditional healers and medicine suppliers superblocks. • Need to manage township livestock for health reasons. • Opportunity for recycling waste and for the usage of grey water. • Small parcel farming operations can serve a role in restoring environmentally damaged areas • Green space - might deter invasion if cultivated by locals Strategy Components • Systemic approach. • All the parts must be in place High risks of failure, there are − Low success rate numerous uncontrollables, but − Experience of infrastructure vandalised have to proceed anyway • Institution like agricultural cooperative − Distribution, marketing, irrigation, fertiliser • Training and capacity building “Do Nothing” is not an option • Select people who want to farm • Change management – engage resistors • Design public transport for agricultural traders to get their products to markets. 5 Municipal Demarcation Act 27 of Municipal Demarcation Act 27 of 1998 1998 • Factors to be taken into account • effectively; • 25.In order to attain the objectives set out in section 24, the Board • d.the need to share and redistribute financial and must, when determining a municipal boundary, take into account - administrative resources; e.provincial and municipal • a.the interdependence of people, communities and economics as indicated by- boundaries; • i.existing and expected patterns of human settlement and migration; • f.areas of traditional rural communities; ii.employment; • g.existing and proposed functional boundaries, including iii.commuting and dominant transport movements; iv.spending; magisterial districts, voting districts, health, transport, v.the use of amenities, recreational facilities and infrastructure; and police and census enumerator boundaries; vi.commercial and individual linkages; • h.existing and expected land use, social, economic and • b.the need for cohesive, integrated and unfragmented areas, transport planning; i.the need for co-ordinated municipal, including metropolitan areas; provincial and national programmes and services, • c.the financial viability and administrative capacity of the municipality including the needs for the administration of justice and to perform municipal functions efficiently and. health care; Municipal Demarcation Act 27 of Demarcation Process 1998 • j.topographical, environmental and physical characteristics of the area; • k.the administrative consequences of its boundary determination on - When coupled with the serious shortfalls of capacity throughout our country and the existing spatial inequalities in resource provision it is clear that the • i.municipal creditworthiness; transformation process will require intensive monitoring and adjustments as ii.existing municipalities, their council members and staff; the system evolves. From assigning functions and powers to municipal and governance, to restructuring administrations, the demarcation process has not iii.any other relevant matter; and only initiated a whole series of processes which will forever change the • l.the need to rationalise the total number of municipalities geography of South Africa, but has challenged the way western mindsets within different categories and of different types to organise space and politics: as urban and rural, as locations of achieve the objectives of effective and sustainable primary/secondary/tertiary activity, as spaces of production and reproduction service delivery, financial viability and macro-economic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality Increased from 695 934 in 2011 to 742 822 in 2016
    DR KENNETH KAUNDA District NW Page 1 of 35 Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. INTRODUCTION: BRIEF OVERVIEW ...................................................................... 5 2.1. Location ................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Historical Perspective............................................................................................................................ 5 2.3. Spatial Status ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Land Ownership .................................................................................................................................... 6 3. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROFILE ........................................................................ 6 3.1. Key Social Demographics ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1. Population.............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.2. Race Gender and Age ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.1.3. Households ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sub National Implementation of Strategies and Action for Biodiversity Conservation
    Sub national Implementation of Strategies and Action for Biodiversity Conservation Regional Workshop for East, South and Southeast Asia on Cities and Biodiversity Qingdao, China 21st -24th May, 2014 Rajendra Dhungana Nepal Presentation Outline 1. Nepal and the Convention on Biological Diversity 2. Efforts for sub national implementation 3. Organizations involved in implementation 4. Results seen so far 5. Future plans Nepal and the CBD Nepal became party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in1994 Focal Point of CBD in Nepal:- Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Nepal prepared: 1. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS), 2002 2. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Implementation Plan (NBSIP), 2006- 2010 3. Fifth National Report to CBD (2014) Is in the process of preparation of: Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2014-2020 Efforts for sub national implementation What has been done so far for sub national implementation ?? Sub national implementation of strategy 1. Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework, 2013 Has made the provision of formation of “Environmental Friendly Local Governance Committees” at different levels 1.1 Central Direction Committee •Vice-chairman, National Planning Commission (NPC) is the Chair •Relevant ministries, Municipality/Village Development Committee (VDC) association and Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FNCCI) serve as the Members The committee provides direction and is the central coordinating body for sub national implementation Sub national implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Cles Scholars on the Move
    INTERACTIVE NAVIGATION Editorial Dear Reader, It’s almost surreal that we are already in the third quarter of the year. With less than five months left of 2019, we certainly hope that you have had just as exciting, productive, informative and adventure-filled few months as the CLES-team has had. We are therefore glad to be able to let you in, in the second issue of CLES InPress, on the activities that went down here at CLES. As you will see, the CLES team has been travelling nationally and internationally, adding much value to our research. There have been many developments in the realm of cities, law, and environmental sustainability in the last few months. South Africa recently submitted its first Voluntary National Review (VNR) on its progress in the implementation of Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development. Significant progress has been made on the implementation “We are excited for of SDG 11 in making the first CLES and cities and human SALGA Annual National settlements inclusive, Postgraduate Student safe, resilient, and sustainable. However, Conference ” the VNR points out that fragmentation remains an issue of concern. The City of Cape Town has been in the news for a variety that they are made up of warm bodies who see to the of reasons, including fighting for a right to purchase effective functioning of duties extending beyond mere power from independent power producers (IPPs) rather service delivery. It is often underestimated how much than solely from Eskom, and the drafting of a beach goes into the day-to-day functioning of municipalities by-law for the protection of its coastline.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Amathole District Municipality
    SUSTAINED POOR AUDIT OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF THE AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY Jacobus S Wessels, Makhosandile H Kwaza and Edwin Ijeoma Sponsored by the European Union under the NSG's Public Service Training & Capacity Building Programme Disclaimer: 'This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union' 1 SUSTAINED POOR AUDIT OUTCOMES: THE CASE OF THE AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY Jacobus S Wessels1, Makhosandile H Kwaza2 and Edwin Ijeoma3 ABSTRACT It is generally accepted that reliable financial statements and credible reporting on the activities of government institutions are necessary for the continued improvement of their services to the public. Within the South African context, the Auditor-General of South Africa recently reported that only a few municipalities obtained clean audit reports. In fact, the drive towards clean municipal audit outcomes initiated by the South African government in 2009 evidently failed. Subsequently, this study set out to obtain a deepened understanding of why municipalities repeatedly fail to achieve clean audit outcomes. For this purpose, the Amathole District Municipality and its constituted local municipalities were selected as a case for this study. The reviewed material consisted of a rich collection of audit reports, annual reports, regulatory documents, and a wide variety of other official documents. In addition, the findings of a survey amongst municipal officials and councillors also informed this study. As a result, enduring and deep-rooted systemic leadership deficiencies, financial and performance management restraints, and ineffective and inefficient governance structures were revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Municipal Incorporation Proposals: Canadian Approaches and Considerations for the British Columbia Context
    Evaluating Municipal Incorporation Proposals: Canadian Approaches and Considerations for the British Columbia Context Monika Fedyczkowska, MPA candidate School of Public Administration University of Victoria July 2017 Client: Marijke Edmondson, Director of Local Government Structure Program Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Supervisor: Dr. Kimberly Speers School of Public Administration, University of Victoria Second Reader: Dr. Lynda Gagne, CPA (CGG) School of Public Administration, University of Victoria Chair: Dr. Bart Cunningham School of Public Administration, University of Victoria Acknowledgements I want to thank the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing for bringing me back for a second co-op term to work on this project. My time as a co-op student in the Local Government Division stimulated my curiosity and nurtured my abilities as a graduate student and public servant. I am proud to contribute this report to the important work done in this Division. Thank you to all the Division staff. Special thanks to Karen Lynch and Marijke Edmonson for their supervision and for giving me meaningful work that challenged me and stirred my interest. Their mentorship has helped me to become more thoughtful, engaged, and effective. Many thanks are due to a dozen more individuals who engaged me about my project, offered suggestions and insights, and volunteered many hours to answering my questions and challenging my assumptions. My acknowledgements would be incomplete without mentioning the invaluable support of my family and my partner. Thank you for your limitless support and encouragement! [i] Executive Summary Introduction The Province of British Columbia (the Province) and communities work together to find the best local government structure to address community needs, preferences, and issues.
    [Show full text]
  • PAGES 1-2 3-11 12-19 20-26 the DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY of MUSKOKA PLANNING and ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE AGENDA Meeting No. P
    THE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY OF MUSKOKA PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE AGENDA Meeting No. PED-11-2007 Thursday, July 12, 2007 9:00 a.m. Council Chamber, District Administration Building PAGES 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. DECLARATION OF PECUNIARY INTERESTS 3. DELEGATION 1-2 a) Muskoka Tourism Marketing Agency L Recap of 2006 Financial Performance ii. Financials for the month ended May 2007 iii Marketing Update 4. ASSIGNED FUNCTIONS 3-11 a) Submission for Draft Approval Subdivision File No .. S2004-1 (Hammell Estates Subdivision - Town of Bracebridge) Report No .. PED-11-2007-1 Recommendation THAT By-law 2007-53 to approve Subdivision File No .. S2004-1 (Hammell Estates) be passed, 12-19 b) Submission for Draft Approval Condominium File No .. C2007-2 (Pinecone Condominiums - Town of Bracebridge) Report No .. PED-11-2007-2 Recommendation (Delegated decision) THAT Condominium Description File No .. C2007-2, (Pinecone Condominiums) in the Town of Bracebridge, dated January 2007, be approved as detailed in Schedule 'A' attached hereto .. 20-26 c) Amendment to Draft Approval Subdivision File No .. 44T-89002 (Clearbrook Subdivision - Town of Bracebridge) Report No .. PED-11-2007-3 Recommendation (Delegated decision) THAT the approval of Plan of Subdivision File No .. 44T-89002 (Clearbrook Subdivision), in the Town of Bracebridge, be amended, as detailed in Schedule "A" attached hereto, 27-30 d) Submission for Draft Approval Subdivision File No .. S2006-10 (Pine Street Subdivision - Town of Gravenhurst) Report No .. PED-11-2007-4 Recommendation None .. Submitted for information only .. 31-34 e) Approval of Township of Muskoka Lakes By-law 2007-38 Lifting of Part Lot Control (Port Carling Golf and Country Club Villas - Township of Muskoka Lakes) Report No .
    [Show full text]
  • Results from the Questionnaire: Analysis of Needs and Preferred Methods of Co-Operation
    Results from the questionnaire: analysis of needs and preferred methods of co-operation Following the demand-driven approach and in order to better assess the needs of the regional and local level, a questionnaire was sent in April 2012. The main findings were: 103 replies from 26 different countries were received in response to the questionnaire. Among the respondents there were several capital cites (for instance Berlin, Budapest, Lisbon, Belgrade, Vilnius, Tirana) as well as many other big cities. The majority of the respondents were municipal authorities and in particular mayors or deputy mayors. 88,3% gave a positive answer when responding to whether they would be interested in taking part in the activities of the Alliance The following graphs present other main findings: Graph 1 - Interest of cities to be part of the Alliance Graph 2 - Thematic issues of interest 1 Graph 3 - Transversal issues of interest Graph 4 - Activities of interest 2 Answers by countries cities and regions (26 Countries replied out of 43 contacted) Cities/Regio Cities/Regions ns Not- Total Number of Country Interested in Interested in Cities/Regions the Alliance the Alliance Austria 1 1 2 Albania 6 _ 6 Belgium 1 _ 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 _ 2 Bulgaria 6 1 7 Croatia 3 _ 3 Czech Republic 5 _ 5 Finland 1 _ 1 France 1 _ 1 Germany 2 1 3 Greece 9 _ 9 Hungary 2 _ 2 Italy 9 1 10 Lithuania 7 4 11 Portugal 2 _ 2 Romania 1 _ 1 “the former Yugoslav Republic of 4 _ 4 Macedonia” Russia 1 _ 1 Serbia 7 _ 7 Slovakia 1 _ 1 Spain 5 _ 5 Sweden 2 _ 2 Switzerland _ 1 1 The
    [Show full text]
  • PTAX-1-T (R-03/21) 1 Printed by the Authority of the State of Illinois Web Only, One Copy
    Township Assessor Introductory Course # 001-034 PTAX-1-T (R-03/21) 1 Printed by the authority of the state of Illinois web only, one copy 2 1-T Township Assessor Introductory Course Outline Glossary ....................................................................................................... Page 4 Where to Get Assistance .............................................................................. Page 17 Guide to Mathematical Terms and Equations .............................................. Page 18 Unit 1 An Overview of the Property Tax Cycle ...................................... Page 23 Unit 2 Duties, Responsibilities and Procedures ..................................... Page 41 Unit 3 Using the Property Tax Code ...................................................... Page 51 Unit 4 PINs and Mapping ...................................................................... Page 99 Unit 5 Land Valuation ............................................................................ Page 121 Unit 6 The Cost Approach to Value ....................................................... Page 133 Unit 7 Mass Appraisal and the Residential Square Foot Schedules ..... Page 145 Unit 8 The Sales Comparison (or Market) Approach to Value ............... Page 193 Unit 9 The Income Approach to Value ................................................... Page 207 Unit 10 Levy ............................................................................................ Page 217 Unit 11 Sales Ratio and Equalization .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Public Istanbul
    Frank Eckardt, Kathrin Wildner (eds.) Public Istanbul Frank Eckardt, Kathrin Wildner (eds.) Public Istanbul Spaces and Spheres of the Urban Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbib- liothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deut- sche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de © 2008 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Cover illustration: Kathrin Wildner, Istanbul, 2005 Proofred by: Esther Blodau-Konick, Kathryn Davis, Kerstin Kempf Typeset by: Gonzalo Oroz Printed by: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-89942-865-0 CONTENT Preface 7 PART 1 CONTESTED SPACES Introduction: Public Space as a Critical Concept. Adequate for Understanding Istanbul Today? 13 FRANK ECKARDT Mapping Social Istanbul. Extracts of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area Atlas 21 MURAT GÜVENÇ Contested Public Spaces vs. Conquered Public Spaces. Gentrification and its Reflections on Urban Public Space in Istanbul 29 EDA ÜNLÜ YÜCESOY Globalization, Locality and the Struggle over a Living Space. The Case of Karanfilköy 49 SEVIL ALKAN Fortress Istanbul. Gated Communities and the Socio-Urban Transformation 83 ORHAN ESEN/TIM RIENIETS Peripheral Public Space. Types in Progress 113 ELA ALANYALI ARAL Old City Walls as Public Spaces in Istanbul 141 FUNDA BA BÜTÜNER Regenerating »Public Istanbul«. Two Projects on the Golden Horn 163 SENEM ZEYBEKOLU Public Transformation of the Bosporus. Facts and Opportunities 187 EBRU ERDÖNMEZ/SELIM ÖKEM PART 2 EXPERIENCING ISTANBUL Introduction: Spaces of Everyday Life 209 KATHRIN WILDNER Istanbul's Worldliness 215 ASU AKSOY Public People.
    [Show full text]
  • WCER Special Economic Zones
    Consortium for Economic Policy Research and Advice WCER Canadian Association Institute Working Academy International of Universities for the Economy Center of National Development and Colleges in Transition for Economic Economy Agency of Canada Reform Special Economic Zones Moscow IET 2007 UDC 332.122 BBC 65.046.11 S78 Special Economic Zones / Consortium for Economic Policy Research and Advice – Moscow : IET, 2007. – 247 p. : il. – ISBN 9785932552070 Agency CIP RSL Authors: Prihodko S., Volovik N., Hecht A., Sharpe B., Mandres M. Translated from the Russian by Todorov L. Page setting: Yudichev V. The work is concerned with free economic zones classification and basic principles of operation. Foreign experience of free economic zones creation is regarded. Considerable attention is paid to the his tory of free economic zones organization in Russia. The main causes of failures of their implementation are analyzed. At present the work on creation of special economic zones of main types – industrial and production, innovation and technological, tourist and recreation has started in Russia. The main part of the work is devoted to Canadian experience of regional development. JEL Classification: R0, R1. The research and the publication were undertaken in the framework of CEPRA (Consortium for Economic Policy Re search and Advice) project funded by the Canadian Agency for International Development (CIDA). UDC 332.122 BBC 65.046.11 ISBN 9785932552070 5, Gazetny per., Moscow, 125993 Russia Tel. (495) 6296736, Fax (495) 2038816 [email protected], http://www.iet.ru Table of Contents I. Regional Development in Canada..........................................7 1. An Introduction to Regional Development in Canada................7 2.
    [Show full text]
  • District Profile Eastern Cape OR Tambo District Municipality
    Annexure 5: District Profile Eastern Cape O.R. Tambo District Municipality (DC15) Programme of Support to Local Economic Development in the Eastern Cape Eastern Cape Competitive Advantage Assessment And Training Support Project Produced by Melinda McCann For European Consultants Organisation (ECO) EC FRAMEWORK CONTRACT AMS/451 – LOT N°9 MISSION N°2005/109496 Contents 1 District Profile: O.R. Tambo District Municipality (DC15) ___________________ 1 2 The District Development Framework: O.R. Tambo District Municipality (DC15) ___ 7 2.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage ___________________ 7 3 The Local Development Framework: Mbizana Local Municipality (EC151) ______ 10 3.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 10 4 The Local Development Framework: Ntabankulu Local Municipality (EC152) _____13 4.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage ___________________13 5 The Local Development Framework: Qaukeni Local Municipality (EC153) ______ 16 5.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 16 6 The Local Development Framework: Port St Johns Local Municipality (EC154) __ 19 6.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 19 7 The Local Development Framework: Nyandeni Local Municipality (EC155) _____ 22 7.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 22 8 The Local Development Framework: Mhlontlo Local Municipality (EC156) ______ 25 8.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 25 9 The Local Development Framework: King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality (EC157) _____________________________________________________ 28 9.1 Key Elements of Municipal Competitive Advantage __________________ 28 Annexure 5: District Profile: O R Thambo District Municipality (DC15) 1 District Profile: O.R. Tambo District 1 Municipality (DC15) The O.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Dispersed Minorities and Non-Territorial Autonomy
    Introduction: dispersed minorities and non-territorial autonomy Coakley, J. (2016). Introduction: dispersed minorities and non-territorial autonomy. Ethnopolitics, 15(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1101842 Published in: Ethnopolitics Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2015 The Editor of Ethnopolitics. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:27. Sep. 2021 Published in Ethnopolitics 15 (1) 2016, pp. 1-23 doi: dx.doi.org.ucd.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1101842 INTRODUCTION: DISPERSED MINORITIES AND NON-TERRITORIAL AUTONOMY John Coakley Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland; University College Dublin, Ireland Correspondence address : John Coakley, School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.
    [Show full text]