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El Neoliberalismo (1989-1999)

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El Neoliberalismo (1989-1999) SINDICAL POLITICO FORMACION FORMACION POLITICO SINDICAL POLITICO FORMACION a caída del mUro de Berlín en 1989 • Ley de Reforma del Estado jeros fijaran sUs ojos en estas tierras permi- L abría paso a Un mUndo en el qUe Una tiría de este modo financiar las inversiones sola potencia, los Estados Unidos, ejercía • Ley de Emergencia Económica necesarias en obras de “modernización”, Una hegemonía militar indiscUtible, administrar “eficazmente” (lo qUe se con- acompañada de Un poder económico for- En 1989 se sancionaron dos leyes fUnda- traponía a la corrUpción, la bUrocracia y midable. mentales qUe crearon el marco jUrídico de lentitUd con qUe se caracterizaba a las em- las transformaciones qUe iban a tener presas estatales) y finalmente bajo el pos- En ese contexto el 14 de mayo de 1989 lUgar a lo largo de la década: la Ley de Re- tUlado aqUel de qUe el “mercado manda” Carlos Menem, el candidato del Frente forma del Estado (Nº 23.696) y la Ley de provocaría Una competencia qUe permi- JUsticialista PopUlar (FrejUpo) y Una coali- Emergencia Económica (Nº 23697). tiría el mejoramiento de los servicios. ción con diversos partidos, se impUso ante el candidato radical EdUardo Angeloz, con Se trataba de leyes aprobadas por el Con- AlgUnos de esos argUmentos se basaban el 49,3% de los votos. greso Nacional, tanto por el radicalismo en qUe las empresas estatales daban pér- como por el jUsticialismo. Esta legislación didas, eran ineficientes y fUente de co- El 8 de jUlio, ante la delicada sitUación y en particUlar la de la Reforma del Estado, rrUpción. Al privatizarlas se desregUlarían económica y social Menem se hacía cargo otorgó al Poder EjecUtivo Nacional la posi- los mercados, con la consigUiente compe- de la Presidencia de la Nación (Ver Capí- bilidad de avanzar en Un programa de pri- tencia, mayor eficiencia y rebaja de las ta- Tulo: 1983 La Democracia) con consignas vatizaciones de empresas, sin necesidad de rifas. La teoría del derrame sostenía qUe de campaña qUe prometían “RevolUción pasar por el Congreso. las licitaciones internacionales atraerían FORMACION POLITICO SINDICAL POLITICO FORMACION ProdUctiva” y “Salariazo”. Lejos de cUm- inversores extranjeros, creación de em- plir con las mismas inició Una serie de Este espaldarazo, en términos políticos, pleos y mejoramiento salarial de los em- proyectos qUe claramente marcaron Un permitió Una propUesta de reformas am- pleados qUe pasaban a la órbita privada. camino: la acUmUlación de la riqUeza en biciosas y profUndas qUe modificarían la pocas manos y la continUidad de la enaje- matriz del Estado en favor de los grUpos Estos inversores devolverían a los argenti- nación del patrimonio nacional como concentrados de la economía. Un esce- nos dinero qUe se Utilizaría en aUmentar ningún otro gobierno. nario en el qUe se argUmentaba qUe las el presUpUesto edUcativo y mejorar la si- empresas del Estado sólo ocasionaban gas- tUación de los jUbilados. Por otra parte los tos y perjUdicaban al UsUario. Así también pagos se harían con títUlos de la deUda ex- la posibilidad de qUe los capitales extran- terna, lo qUe la redUciría drásticamente. Menem heredó Una economía en rápida Una vez en la presidencia, cambió las siones en la CGT y acUsaciones de diversos descomposición, Una hiperinflación cer- consignas de salariazo y revolUción pro- sectores, por considerarlo contrario a los cana al 3.000% y Una deUda externa qUe dUctiva por Un dUro programa de ajUste, postUlados del General Perón y a los in- rondaba los 63.000 millones de dólares. cUyo carácter Ultraliberal provocó divi- tereses del pUeblo. El Consenso de Washington • Disciplina fiscal • Recorte del gasto público, por ejemplo, en edUcación y salUd. • Reforma tribUtaria, tasas de interés positivas determinadas por el mercado l nUevo presidente no hacía más qUe • Tipos de cambio competitivos Eponer en marcha aqUello qUe académi- • Políticas comerciales liberales cos, economistas y fUncionarios esta- • Mayor apertUra a la inversión extranjera doUnidenses y del Banco MUndial y del • Privatización de empresas públicas Fondo Monetario Internacional estable- • DesregUlación y protección de la propiedad privada cieron a comienzos de 1989 en el denomi- nado Consenso de Washington. (*) (*) Dicho consenso consisTe en la aplicación de los DaTos y aporTes exTraídos de: En el docUmento aparecían aqUellos pUn- diez insTrumenTos de políTica económica neoliberal Nahon , Cecilia (2010). Transformaciones económicas para llevar adelanTe el objeTivo de un sisTema capi- en la década del novenTa en la ArgenTina: la consoli- tos desde los qUe se expresaban las necesi- TalisTa mundial basado en la liberTad del mercado dación de la valoración financiera, en Arceo, Nicolás dades y las opciones del mUndo hacia el para operar, donde predominan los más “apTos” en y Socolovsky, Yamila (Coords.). “Desarrollo económi- siglo XXI, bajo este patrón de acUmUlación una especie de “Darwinismo social", donde la vida co, clase Trabajadora y luchas sociales en la ArgenTina social se concibe gobernada por las leyes de la com- conTemporánea”. InTroducción de: Basualdo, E- para pocos. peTencia y del conflicTo, llevando a una selección na- duardo. Buenos Aires: Ediciones CONADU- CTA. Tural de la supervivencia del más apTo y a la ZaiaT, Alfredo direcTor. RapoporT, M. (2007). “HisToria eliminación del más débil. económica, políTica y social de la ArgenTina (1880- 2003)”. Buenos Aires: Emecé. Los indultos de Menem terminio de la dictadUra genocida de 1976-1983. os indUltos fUeron Una de las primeras L acciones del Gobierno de Menem. Las acciones titUbeantes del Gobierno de Sirvieron para completar el plan sis- Alfonsín en materia de derechos hU- temático de reestrUctUración de la vida manos, se consolidaron con los indUltos política, social y cUltUral de la Argentina, del Presidente Menem, en octUbre de FORMACION POLITICO SINDICAL POLITICO FORMACION qUe había comenzado con el plan de ex- 1989 y en la Navidad de 1990. Los indUltos inclUían de manera indiscrimi- con procesos abiertos, entre los qUe se en- nada a altos mandos de la FUerzas Arma- contraban la totalidad de los altos jefes das acUsados– y en algUnos casos conde- militares qUe no habían sido alcanzados nados- por sU participación y responsabili- por las Leyes de Obediencia Debida y dad en los crímenes del Terrorismo de Es- PUnto Final, personal de las fUerzas de se- tado, en pie de igUaldad con militantes gUridad qUe habían intervenido en los le- popUlares qUe habían sido víctimas, dU- vantamientos de Semana Santa (1985) y rante la dictadUra cívico-militar qUe fUe de Villa Martelli (1987), los jefes militares de 1976 a 1983. la Junta de Gobierno responsables de la Guerra de Malvinas (1982) y Un cierto Los indUltos fueron considerados por al- número de ciUdadanos acUsados de “sUb- gUnos, como Una reedición y consoli- versión”, mUchos de ellos ya mUertos o de- dación de las Leyes de Obediencia Debida saparecidos. y PUnto Final, y Una profUndización de la teoría de los dos demonios, para llegar a La segUnda tanda de IndUltos el presidente la tan mentada “Reconciliación y Pacifi- Menem los firma en diciembre de 1990, cación Nacional” qUe se había expresado con los Decretos 2741, 2742 y 2743. Com- con la Ley de AUtoamnistía hacia fines de prenden a los condenados y a Unos cUan- la dictadUra. tos procesados, de manera indiscriminada tanto militares como civiles, responsables Emilio F. Mignone, fUndador y Director del Unos y víctimas los otros del Terrorismo de CELS (Centro de EstUdios Legales y Sociales) Estado. realizó Un análisis exhaUstivo sobre a qUié- nes beneficiaron los indUltos, el alcance (*) Ver: Mignone, Emilio F. (1991). “Los decreTos de In- SINDICAL POLITICO FORMACION político de los mismos, las repercUsiones in- dulTos en la Repúblico ArgenTina”. TexTo CompleTo ternacionales y las resistencias y condenas en: hTTp://www.derechos.org/nizkor/arg/doc/indul- qUe tUvieron estas medidas en el país. Tos.hTml. ConsulTado el 02 de AgosTo de 2012 Mignone describe en sU docUmento (*), las dos tandas en qUe los indUltos se llevaron a la práctica: La primera en octUbre de 1989 con los De- cretos 1002,1003, 1004 y 1005. Estos bene- ficiaban a cerca de tres cientas personas Ese ESTADO Para entender el proyecto en profUndidad Consecuencias para el campo popular es necesario retomar el marco jUrídico con l primer paqUete económico fUe cono- la Ley 24.013 de Flexibilización Laboral, Es preciso mencionar qUe el plan fracasó Ecido como el Plan BB, por el nom- dado qUe ésta permitía qUe se incorpo- para los trabajadores en relación de de- bramiento de representantes de BUnge & raran modalidades de contratación labo- pendencia, para la peqUeña y mediana in- Born. Menem nombró Ministro de Econo- ral laxas, a plazo determinado y sin indem- dUstria, en definitiva para el conjUnto del mía a MigUel Roig qUien falleció al poco nización o protección de los contratos. pUeblo. Para Un sector minúscUlo de capi- tiempo, y fUe reemplazado por Néstor Ra- Este aspecto era complementario de la Ley tales nacionales asociados con capitales panelli, ambos altos ejecUtivos de BUnge de Reforma del Estado. extranjeros en realidad el plan fUe Un éxi- & Born. El llamado Plan BB estableció el to: ganaron fortUnas, literalmente. Claro control de precios y la apertUra a las im- Roberto Dromi, Ministro de Obras y Servi- ejemplo de ello fUe Amalita Fortabat, portaciones. cios Públicos, Usó Una frase qUe qUedaría qUien hoy, con sU mUerte, es recordada en los anales de la historia: Nada qUe deba como Una íntima, Una embajadora de la Este hecho le daba Un condimento sim- ser del Estado qUedará en manos del Es- cUltUra y las artes por la prensa de los bólico adicional al nombramiento, pUes- tado. JUstificaba la necesidad de este grandes grUpos económicos. Con sU ce- to qUe a esta empresa se la identificaba marco legal mediante los sigUientes obje- mento se constrUyeron en dictadUra, sin como opUesta a los intereses popUlares.
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