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A Phylogenetic Analysis of Antrodia S.L. Based on Nrdna ITS Sequences, with Emphasis on Rhizomorphic European Species

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A Phylogenetic Analysis of Antrodia S.L. Based on Nrdna ITS Sequences, with Emphasis on Rhizomorphic European Species Mycol Progress (2012) 11:93–100 DOI 10.1007/s11557-010-0732-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE A phylogenetic analysis of Antrodia s.l. based on nrDNA ITS sequences, with emphasis on rhizomorphic European species Annarosa Bernicchia & Sergio Pérez Gorjón & Petr Vampola & Leif Ryvarden & Antonio Prodi Received: 25 August 2010 /Revised: 28 November 2010 /Accepted: 3 December 2010 /Published online: 24 December 2010 # The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The rhizomorphic European species of Antrodia, Introduction belonging to the traditionally called Antrodia radiculosa group, are investigated. On the basis of morphological and The genus Antrodia P. Karst. in a wide sense includes molecular analysis, the genus Fibroporia is supported. species with a dimitic hyphal system, clamped generative Specimens from Central Europe previously ascribed to hyphae and causing a brown rot (Ryvarden 1991; Ryvarden Antrodia radiculosa constitute a species of their own, and and Gilbertson 1993). The genus thus defined is heteroge- are herein described as Fibroporia bohemica. Moreover, a neous, and it has long been regarded as a polyphyletic new combination, Fibroporia citrina, is proposed. group due to variations in macro- and micromorphological characters such as the structure of basidiomata, basidio- Keywords Antrodia . Fibroporia . Wood-inhabiting fungi . spores morphology, an iodine reaction of hyphae and Polypores . ITS . Molecular phylogeny sexuality (Lombard 1990; Ryvarden 1991; Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1993; Kim et al. 2001). About 50 species have been described (Kirk et al. 2001; Dai and Niemelä 2002), of A. Bernicchia : A. Prodi which around 30 are known to be present in Europe. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali, Among the polyporoid fungi, Antrodiella Ryvarden & I. Università degli Studi di Bologna, Johans. and Diplomitoporus Domanski have been tradi- Via Fanin 42, tionally regarded as the closely related genera to Antrodia, 40127 Bologna, Italy sharing similar basidiomata and dimitic hyphal system with A. Bernicchia clamped generative hyphae, but differing in the type of rot, e-mail: [email protected] brown in Antrodia and white rot in Antrodiella and A. Prodi Diplomitoporus. Wood rot type seems to be of phylogenetic e-mail: [email protected] importance and Antrodia has been shown more closely S. P. Gorjón (*) related to other genera with brown rot such as Fomitopsis Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Salamanca, P. Karst., Daedalea Pers., Gloeophyllum P. Karst., and Avda. Licenciado Méndez s/n, Oligoporus Bref. than to other polypores with white rot 37007 Salamanca, Spain e-mail: [email protected] such as Antrodiella, Diplomitoporus, Junghuhnia Corda, and Ceriporiopsis Domanski (Kim et al. 2003). P. Vampola Parmasto (1968) described the genus Fibroporia to č Smr na 109, accommodate species with fimbriate to rhizomorphic margin 588 01 Smrčna u Jihlavy, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] and ellipsoid basidiospores with Polyporus vaillantii DC. as the generic type species, proposing the following combina- L. Ryvarden tions: Fibroporia vaillantii (DC.) Parmasto, F. gossypium Botanical Institute, University of Oslo, (Speg.) Parmasto, F. destructor (Fr.) Parmasto, F. radiculosa P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway (Peck) Parmasto, and F. overholtsii (Pilát.) Parmasto. e-mail: [email protected] Ryvarden (1991) regards the rhizomorphs as an adaptive 94 Mycol Progress (2012) 11:93–100 character not enough to justify a generic separation and Base, 27.5 g boric acid, 20 ml EDTA pH 8.0), stained with synonymised Fibroporia to Antrodia. Molecular studies by ethidium bromide (0.4 μg ml-1) and photographed under Kim et al. (2001), however, support the monophyletic group UV. The molecular weight of the amplified DNA was of F. vaillantii and F. gossypium.Inaddition,Fibroporia is estimated by comparison with a “100 bp DNA ladder” distinguished from Antrodia by the generative hyphae that do (Promega). not possess irregularly thickened walls, distinct to slightly The amplified products were purified (Wizard SV Gel thick-walled basidiospores, and tetrapolar sexuality (usually and PCR Clean-Up System, Promega) and ligated into the homothallic or heterothallic bipolar in Antrodia) (Rajchenberg pGEM-T easy vector (Promega), which was then used to 2006). transform competent cells of JM109 Escherichia coli Neolentiporus Rajchenb. is phylogenetically closely related (Promega), and recombinant plasmid DNA from trans- to Antrodia s.str. as was recently showed by nuc-LSU rDNA formed cells was purified (Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA sequence data (Yu et al. 2010). Amyloporia Bondartsev & Purification System, Promega). Colonies containing the Singer is separated from Antrodia s.str. by the skeletal hyphae insert were screened by PCR with primers designed on the that either are amyloid or swell in KOH solution, and by the polylinker of the vector. Sequencing work was done by a heterocytic nuclear behaviour (normal in Antrodia). The commercial company (MWG - Germany). phylogenetic relationships of Amyloporia are still not fully Sequences were aligned using the multiple-sequence resolved (Yu et al. 2010). alignment program Clustal W (Higgins and Sharp 1989) In the present study, rhizomorphic Antrodia species from the Megalign package (DNAStar, USA). Phylogenetic (Antrodia radiculosa complex) from Europe have been analysis were performed by the maximum parsimony morphologically and phylogenetically analyzed and com- method using the heuristic search algorithm of PAUP* pared with American and East Asian specimens of Antrodia program version 4.0b10 (Swofford 1998), and the radiculosa as well with other non-rhizomorphic Antrodia neighbor-joining method of MEGA 4 (Tamura et al. species. 2007). Maximum parsimony trees were obtained with heuristic research with 1000 random taxa stepwise addition sequences, tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR) branch swap- Material and methods ping algorithm was performed. Robustness of clades was assessed by the bootstrap method using 1000 heuristic Macro- and microscopic examinations search replicate. Trees were edited in MEGA 4 (Tamura et al. 2007). The sequences of Antrodia juniperina (AY Specimens were studied in Melzer's reagent (IKI) and KOH 966454), Antrodia malicola (AY 966449), Antrodia sinuosa (3%) under a Leitz Dialux 22 EB microscope. Measure- (AY 966450), Antrodia sitchensis (AY 966451), Antrodia ments (where basidiospores apiculus is excluded) and variiformis (AY 966453), Antrodiella semisupina drawings were made in KOH (3%) reagent. (AF126905), Auricularia auricula-judae (EU520237), Daedalea quercina (FJ403214), Diplomitoporus flavescens Phylogenetic analysis (FN907908), Exidia recisa (AF291276), Fibroporia radi- culosa (FJ644284), Fibroporia vaillantii (AM286436, Genomic DNA of strains was extracted from basidiomata AJ421008), Fomitopsis pinicola (EF530947), Gloeophyl- of the different analyzed species. The extraction method of lum abietinum (GQ354271), Gloeophyllum sepiarium Lohdi et al. (1994) with CTAB was adapted. Primers ITS4 (AY089732), Laetiporus sulphureus (AY089742), Oligopo- and ITS5 (White et al. 1990) were used to amplify part of rus lacteus (FJ627254), and Piptoporus betulinus the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). PCR was carried out (EU661888) are from the National Centre for Biotechnol- in a final volume of 25 μl containing: 5 μl of diluted ogy Information (NCBI) GenBank. New sequences of sample, 0.75 units of GoTaq Flexi DNA polymerase Antrodia sinuosa (GU991578), Fibroporia bohemica (Promega, Madison, Wi, USA), 5X Green GoTaq Flexi (GU991575, GU991577, HM590887, HM590888, Buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 3 mM MgCl2 (Promega) and HM590889, HM590890), Fibroporia citrina (GU991573, 2.5 pmol of each primer. HM542005, HM542006), Fibroporia gossypium Amplifications were performed in a thermal cycler (T3 (GU991576, HM590880, HM590881), Fibroporia radicu- Thermocycler, Biometra) using an initial denaturation step losa (GU991574, HM590882, HM590883), Fibroporia of 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at vaillantii (HM590884, HM590885, HM590886), Poria 94°C for 1 min, annealing for 1 min at 56°C and elongation saxonica (GU991572) were deposited in GenBank (see for 1 min at 72°C. This was concluded with a final Table 1). Auricularia auricula-judae, Exidia recisa, Pipto- extension for 10 min at 72°C. PCR products were analyzed porus betulinus,andOligoporus lacteus were used as by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel in TBE 1X (54 g Tris outgroups. Mycol Progress (2012) 11:93–100 95 Table 1 Specimens included in this study. In bold the new accession Genbank number referred to the sequences obtained from this study Species Collector number or strain Locality GenBank accession n° Antrodia juniperina H.S. Wu & Y.S. Yu, strain FP97452T ? AY966454 Antrodia malicola H.S. Wu & Y.S. Yu, strain MJL1167SP ? AY966449 Antrodia sinuosa H.S. Wu & Y.S. Yu, strain RLG1182R ? AY966450 Antrodia sinuosa HUBO 8400 Italy, Sardinia GU991578 Antrodia sitchensis H.S. Wu & Y.S. Yu, strain HHB12513 China AY966451 Antrodia variiformis H.S. Wu & Y.S. Yu, strain FP90100SP ? AY966453 Antrodiella semisupina Coll. P. Renvall 3497 (KUO) Finland, Lammi AF126905 Auricularia auricula-judae Coll. Z. Yu, isolate NW484 China ? EU520237 Daedalea quercina Coll H.H. Burdsall, Jr. 8735 U.S.A. FJ403214 Diplomitoporus flavescens H. Gunter s.n. lab no O. Miettinen X84 Germany FN907908 Exidia recisa M. Weiss 315 Germany AF291276 Fibroporia bohemica Coll. P. Vampola 12/12/2000
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