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Muhammad Speaking of the Messiah: Jesus in the Hadīth Tradition
MUHAMMAD SPEAKING OF THE MESSIAH: JESUS IN THE HADĪTH TRADITION A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Fatih Harpci (May 2013) Examining Committee Members: Prof. Khalid Y. Blankinship, Advisory Chair, Department of Religion Prof. Vasiliki Limberis, Department of Religion Prof. Terry Rey, Department of Religion Prof. Zameer Hasan, External Member, TU Department of Physics © Copyright 2013 by Fatih Harpci All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Much has been written about Qur’ānic references to Jesus (‘Īsā in Arabic), yet no work has been done on the structure or formal analysis of the numerous references to ‘Īsā in the Hadīth, that is, the collection of writings that report the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. In effect, non-Muslims and Muslim scholars neglect the full range of Prophet Muhammad’s statements about Jesus that are in the Hadīth. The dissertation’s main thesis is that an examination of the Hadīths’ reports of Muhammad’s words about and attitudes toward ‘Īsā will lead to fuller understandings about Jesus-‘Īsā among Muslims and propose to non-Muslims new insights into Christian tradition about Jesus. In the latter process, non-Muslims will be encouraged to re-examine past hostile views concerning Muhammad and his words about Jesus. A minor thesis is that Western readers in particular, whether or not they are Christians, will be aided to understand Islamic beliefs about ‘Īsā, prophethood, and eschatology more fully. In the course of the dissertation, Hadīth studies will be enhanced by a full presentation of Muhammad’s words about and attitudes toward Jesus-‘Īsā. -
Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended exceptions. -
Contributors
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contributors Ahmed Abdel Meguid, Syracuse University Meir M. Bar-Asher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ash‘aris; free will; human nature; prophecy Druze As‘ad AbuKhalil, California State University,Stanislaus Michael Barry, Princeton University Lebanon Afghanistan Camilla Adang, Tel Aviv University Abbas Barzegar, Georgia State University Ibn Hazm ayatollah; commanding right and forbidding Asma Afsaruddin, IndianaUniversity wrong; source of emulation; al-Zawahiri, Ayman martyrdom Shahzad Bashir, Stanford University Ahmed Afzaal, Concordia College messianism nonviolence Orit Bashkin, University of Chicago Irfan Ahmad, Monash University (Australia) ‘Abd al- Raziq, ‘Ali Aligarh; Jama‘at- i Islami; Mawdudi, Abul al- A‘la; Sayyid Ahmad Mangol Bayat, Independent scholar Khan al- Afghani, Jamal al-Din Sadaf Ahmad, Lahore University of Management Sciences (Pakistan) Amira K. Bennison, University of Cambridge veil Algeria; Berbers; Morocco; North Africa Farish Ahmad- Noor, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) Lindsay J. Benstead, University of Michigan andErasmusUniversiasMuhamadiyahSurakarta,Yogjarta(Indonesia) parliament Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Herbert Berg, University of North Carolina,Wilmington Rafiuddin hmed,A Elmira College Muhammad, Elijah; Nation of Islam Bangladesh Jonathan P. Berkey, Davidson College Shahrough Akhavi, University of South Carolina madrasa communism; guardianship of the jurist; socialism Michal Biran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mehmetcan Akpinar, University of Chicago Transoxiana Mawardi Khalid Yahya Blankinship, Temple University Omar Alí-de Unzaga, Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) Malik b. Anas; obedience; al-Shaybani, Muhammad b. al-Hasan Brethren of Purity Antoine Borrut, University of Maryland Adel Allouche,YaleUniversity ‘Umar b. -
Review Essay: Some Thoughts on the Greater Integration of Islamic Sources Into the Wider Framework of Medieval History
Quidditas Volume 28 Article 11 2007 Review Essay: Some Thoughts on the Greater Integration of Islamic Sources into the Wider Framework of Medieval History John J. Curry University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Curry, John J. (2007) "Review Essay: Some Thoughts on the Greater Integration of Islamic Sources into the Wider Framework of Medieval History," Quidditas: Vol. 28 , Article 11. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol28/iss1/11 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 158 John J. Curry Books Review Essay Some Thoughts on the Greater Integration of Islamic Sources into the Wider Framework of Medieval History John J. Curry University of Nevada, Las Vegas Introduction The study of Islam has been attracting greater interest in recent years, due to high-profile political and economic events. In addition, the rise of world history programs has generated a need for resources by which both students and faculty alike can strengthen their knowledge in this field. Still, general knowledge on the field is limited. This disparity has occurred, in part, because the field of Islamic history, especially in its formative and medieval periods, has been oriented toward specialists rather than a general audience. Often, world history sourcebooks are content to give only short selections from religious sources such as the Qur’an, the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions (hadith), and perhaps a scattering of political or cultural documents. -
Gwendolyn Brooks
EDITOR'S NOTE Gwendolyn Brooks What shall I give my children? who are poor, Who are adjudged the leastwise of the land, Who are my sweetest lepers, who demand No velvet and no velvety velour... —Annie Allen In Annie Allen as in her other poetry over the last sixty years, Gwendolyn Brooks offers powerful insights into the human experience. In this issue of Humanities we look at the life and work of Brooks, who has been chosen as the 1994 Jefferson Lecturer in the Humanities. She is the twenty-third recipient of the honor, which is the highest Gwendolyn Brooks, 1994 Jefferson Lecturer in award the federal government bestows for distinguished achievement the Humanities. — © 1994 by Jill Krementz in the humanities. Brooks calls Chicago her home. The South Side, where she grew up and still lives, has become her poetic world as well. Vivid characters have come to inhabit it: Satin-Legs Smith in "wonder-suits in yellow Humanities and in wine,/ sarcastic green and zebra-striped cobalt." Gas Cady, "the A bimonthly review published by the man who robbed J. Harrison's grave of mums/ and left the peony bush National Endowment for the Humanities. only because it was too big (said Mama)..." Mary, the gang girl, Chairman: Sheldon Hackney "a rose in a whiskey glass." The sixtyish sisters of the Mecca, Director of Communications Policy: "the twins with the floured faces, who dress in long stiff blackness,/who Gary L. Krull exit stiffly together and enter together/ stiffly,/ muffle their Mahler, finish their tea..." Brooks gives "a view of life," writes Blyden Jackson in Black Poetry in Editor: Mary Lou Beatty Assistant Editors: Constance Burr America, "in which one may see a microscopic portion of the universe Susan Q. -
The Qur'an Comes to America: Pedagogies of Muslim Collective Memory
The Qur'an Comes to America: Pedagogies of Muslim Collective Memory Timur Raufovich Yuskaev A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religious Studies Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Professor Carl W. Ernst Professor Bruce B. Lawrence Professor Omid Safi Professor Yaakov Ariel Professor Charles Kurzman ©2010 Timur Raufovich Yuskaev ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Abstract Timur Raufovich Yuskaev: The Qur‘an Comes to America: Pedagogies of Muslim Collective Memory (Under the direction of Carl W. Ernst) This dissertation examines contemporary American Muslim exegesis of the Qur‘an. I argue that local interpretations of the Qur‘an are shaping a new Muslim culture of global importance, where English serves as a Muslim tongue and the Qur‘an as an American sacred text. The dissertation is organized in four sections, each exploring the rhetoric of a prominent Muslim American intellectual who represents a distinct stream of Muslim discourse. The first two chapters focus on written exegesis and highlight the work of Fazlur Rahman, a Pakistani-American modernist scholar, and Amina Wadud, an African- American Muslim feminist. I analyze how Rahman and Wadud translate the modern notion of gender to resonate with the Qur‘an. The next two chapters present oral interpretations advanced by two preachers, Warith Deen Mohammed, the leader of the largest African-American Muslim movement, and Hamza Yusuf, the most recognizable spokesperson to the second generation of immigrant Muslims. Mohammed and Yusuf serve as examples of the discourse of Islam as an American public religion. -
How the Term Jihad Has Been Manipulated by Political Actors Throughout Islamic History
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2009 Spirituality or Savagery? How the term jihad has been manipulated by political actors throughout Islamic history Alexander Charles Mayer College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Mayer, Alexander Charles, "Spirituality or Savagery? How the term jihad has been manipulated by political actors throughout Islamic history" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 243. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/243 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mayer 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….………………………3 – 6 PART I: The Historical Origins, Debates, and Practice of Jihad Jihad’s origins in Islamic sacred texts……………... ………………………..7 –11 Jihad in the early years of Islam…………………..………………………..11 – 14 The early Islamic conquests………………………………………………...14 – 18 The early Islamic scholars and the debate over the doctrine of jihad………18 – 27 Ibn Taymiyya and the jihad of rebellion……………………………………27 – 31 Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the Sa‘udi jihad…………………….32 – 37 The Ottomans and jihad…………………………………………………….37 – 43 PART II: Political Islam and Jihad in the 20th and 21st Century Political Islam and the modern jihad……………………………………….44 – 45 Hasan al-Banna and the jihad of the Muslim Brotherhood………………...45 – 47 Mawdudi and Qutb: jihad as worldwide revolution………………………..47 – 56 Jihad and terrorism: Islamist militant groups and the rise of al-Qaeda…….56 – 65 CONCLUSION The U.S. -
Islam and Tattooing
GÖRAN LARSSON Islam and tattooing An old question, a new research topic* Abū Bakr looked out over his people from the enclosure while Asmā’ bt. ‘Umays was steadying him with tattooed hands [mawshūmat al-yadayni]. He said, ‘Will you be satisfied with him who I have left as [my] successor over you? For, by God, I do not shun the effort [to reach] the best opinion, nor have I appointed a relative. I have designated ‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb as my successor; therefore, hear him and obey.’ They responded, ‘We hear and obey.’ (al-Ṭabarī 1993: 146–7.)1 Apart from its great significance relative to the formation of early Muslim society, the above quotation from Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī’s Ta’rīkh al-rusul wa’l-mulūk (History of the Messengers and the Kings) contains an interesting, if incidental, bit of information: the hands of Asmā’ bt. ‘Umays’ were tattooed. This fact, as we shall see in the following discussion, is an im- portant reminder that when scrutinizing and comparing historical sources on religious dogma and societal practices, discrepancies between theory and practice are commonly found. While most Muslim theologians have argued on the basis of the ḥadīth- literature that tattooing is ḥarām (forbidden), it is nonetheless possible to find both historical and contemporary examples indicating that, at different times and in different places, this art was practiced by certain Islamic groups. The historicity of the above quotation and the election of ‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb has, of course, been called into question—not the least by historians associated with Shī‘a Islam, but also by other ḥadīth-reports which stress that Asmā’ bt. -
The Construction of Sino-Muslim Histories and Identities in the Early Twentieth Century
“Awakening” Country and Faith: The Construction of Sino-Muslim Histories and Identities in the Early Twentieth Century Mengyu Huang Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in East Asian Studies April 2012 © 2012 Mengyu Huang Acknowledgments It is my pleasure to thank the many people who made this thesis possible. Foremost, I must express sincere gratitude to my advisors Professors C. Pat Giersch and Y. Tak Matsusaka. Their guidance, encouragement, patience, and knowledge were all key ingredients in bringing this thesis to fruition. Professor Giersch’s “Chinese Frontier Experience, 1600 to the Present” seminar deserves credit for sparking and sustaining my interest in exploring Chinese ethnopolicy and Sino-Muslims. I am indebted to his advice throughout the initial planning and research stages. I am equally indebted to Professor Matsusaka for his assistance throughout the writing process. His careful reading of the drafts and always-insightful comments helped me sharpen my arguments and bring out the “melody” of each chapter. Any remaining mistakes are, of course, my own. I must also extend my gratitude to the East Asian Studies Department for being my academic home throughout my four years at Wellesley and to director Professor Katharine Moon for her tremendous efforts in strengthening the program and resources available to majors. Professors Ellen Widmer and David Lindauer also deserve many warm and heartfelt thanks for serving as my major advisors and for further enriching my undergraduate academic experience. The History Department deserves recognition for generously allowing me to participate in its honor thesis writing workshop. A special thanks to Professor Alejandra Osorio for leading the workshop and providing the extra push (i.e. -
Mighty to the End: Utilizing Military Models to Study the Structure, Composition, and Effectiveness of the Mamlūk Army
Mighty to the End: Utilizing Military Models to Study the Structure, Composition, and Effectiveness of the Mamlūk Army by Adam Ali A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Adam Ali 2017 Mighty to the End: Utilizing Military Models to Study the Structure, Composition, and Effectiveness of the Mamlūk Army Adam Ali Doctor of Philosophy The Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations 2017 Abstract This dissertation investigates the structure, composition, and effectiveness of the Mamlūk army through the use of two military models, the Diversified Army Model and the Ṣāliḥī Mamlūk Model, that dominated its organization between 1250 CE and 1517 CE. The Diversified Army Model was the dominant form of military organization in the polities of the Muslim world prior to the rise of the Mamlūk sultanate. The Ṣāliḥī Mamlūk Model came into existence in the late Ayyūbid period during the reign of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (r. 1240-1249 CE) and continued to dominate the military organization of the Mamlūk sultanate until the third reign of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (r. 1310-1340 CE), when the Diversified army Model once again came to the fore. This period has often been viewed as one of major change or a turning point by several historians. However, there was a return to the Ṣāliḥī Mamlūk Model under several Circassian sultans and by the latter half of the sixteenth century, there was a merging of the two military models. The current study thus argues that the Mamlūk army was constantly in a state of change and that the reign of every sultan, not only that of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, was a turning point for the military. -
The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours
The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Greek, Eric E. 2019. The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42004241 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe after the Battle of Tours Eric E. Greek A Thesis in the Field of History for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University March 2019 Abstract The Battle of Tours and its victorious leader Charles Martel are often presented as a single event that defined the course of historical events in Western Europe. The motives that drove Arab forces to invade Gaul in 732 have their roots in a century of expansion beginning in 634 in the Arabian Peninsula. The factors that drove the success of the conquest, including the incorporation of local forces would weaken over time. By the time the Battle of Tours was fought the forces driving Arab expansion were stretched to the point of breaking. -
Miami1323655921.Pdf (653.14
ABSTRACT IMAGES OF CIVIL CONFLICT: ONE EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIAN’S REPRESENTATION OF THE UMAYYAD CIVIL WAR CALIPHS by Kathryn Ann Rose This thesis examines the ninth-century Baghdadi scholar al-Tabari and his narrative representation of the three civil war caliphs of the Umayyad era (661-750 CE). It explores this important early Muslim historian’s methodological approach to writing narrative history as a way of understanding his own religio-political world rather than a factual recounting. It argues that al-Tabari’s narrative discussion of the first and last Umayyad civil war caliphs differ from that of the second. This study reveals that al-Tabari was less concerned with generating caliphal histories as he was with pointing out the lack of stability within the Islamic Empire and associating that instability with the reigning caliph of the time. This study contributes to a more systemized model of source analysis by which modern scholars fruitfully use the historiography of early Arabic/Islamic sources. IMAGES OF CIVIL CONFLICT: ONE EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIAN’S REPRESENTATION OF THE UMAYYAD CIVIL WAR CALIPHS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Kathryn Ann Rose Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2011 Advisor_____________________ Dr. Matthew Gordon Reader______________________ Dr. Charlotte Goldy Reader______________________ Dr. Kevin Osterloh TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….....i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….ii