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Features and Evaluation of Plant Resources of Yuntaishan World Geopark

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Features and Evaluation of Plant Resources of Yuntaishan World Geopark International Journal of Geoheritage. 2017, 5(1): 53-68 DOI: 10.17149/ijg.j.issn.2210.3382.2017.01.006 © 2017 Darswin Publishing House Features and evaluation of plant resources of Yuntaishan World Geopark Pengtao Zhang1, Yanbo Wang2 1 Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100875 2 China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute, Beijing, China, 100037 Abstract: The field investigation revealed that Yuntaishan World Geopark possessed abundant plant resources including 1173 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 136 families of vascular plants, of which 58 species of 20 families are ferns, 5 species of 3 families are gymnosperms, 874 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 96 families are dicotyledons, and 237 species (including infraspecific taxa) of 17 families are mono- cotyledons. With wide distribution, the vegetation is distinctive on vertical dimension and different between shady and sunny slopes. There are many endemic plants in Yuntai Mountain, of which 247 species are endemic in China. There are 8 species and one varietas respectively belonging to 9 families of rare and endangered plants, among which some are in National Key Protected Wild Plants List and others have not been listed in National/Provincial Key Protected Wild Plants List but are of great economic value and endangered in the wild. There are 910 kinds of plant resources in Yuntai Mountain. In the quantitative evaluation, the diversity, attraction and scientificity of the biological resources in Yuntai Mountain got full scores, respectively 8, 6 and 6. The scores of zonation and rareness are 8, up to the high grade. Plant resources are of high value of landscape and great potential of development with many plants being of scientific and educational value. Keywords: Yuntai Mountain; World Geopark; plant resources; features; evaluation 1 Introducation Yuntai Mountain (E 113 22.70711414.097, N 3521.323–3524.966), 80 km away from Zhengzhou and covering an area of 280km2, is situated on the south of Taihang Mountain and the north of Xiuwu County which has a history of thousands of years. It is a superior tourist attraction featured by the unique landform, various wa- terscape and profound culture and history. It is known for the imposing mountains and peaks enveloped in cloud and mist. The mountain crossing about 31 km in East-west and 25 km in north-south directs administratively belongs to Xiuwu County of Author: Pengtao Zhang, doctoral student, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100875 Email: [email protected] Yanbo Wang, Junior researcher, China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute, Beijing, China, 100037 Email: [email protected] 54 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOHERITAGE Jiaozuo in Henan Province, sitting opposite to Jincheng of Shanxi Province in the northwest, bordering on Lingchuan County of Shanxi Province in the north, adjoining Huixian of Henan Province in the northeast and adjacent to outskirts of Jiaozuo in the southwest. Its summit, Zhuyu peak, is at an altitude of 1308 meters and the mountains are at an altitude of about 700 m on average. Yuntai Mountain possesses not only ge- ological wonders of towering mountains, steep cliffs and criss-cross ravines, but also abundant hydrological resources, green and luxuriant forests and varied animals and plants plus to the culture with a long history, making it a ecological and sightseeing resort for science popularization as well as a National Park of China, the 5A National Tourist Attraction, National Geological Park, National Natural Heritage, National Nature Reserve of Macaque, National Forest Park and National Water Park. The Yun- tai Mountain has been titled World Geologic Park by UNESCO on February 13, 2004; it has also established "Sister Park" relationship with Grand Canyon National Park. There are 5 categories and 12 basic kinds of landscape resources in Yuntaishan Na- tional Forest Park showed in Table 1 according to China Forest Park Landscape Re- sources Grade Evaluation. Table 1 Classification of main landscape resources Category Basic type Name of the tourism resources Physio- Geological Structure Yuntai Landform, World Geopark graphical resources Peak, stone, cave Zhuyu Peak, Sanxiu Stone, Yaowang Cave Hydrological Man-made Zifang Lake (close to the west of the Park) resources Ancient and Acer pictum subsp. mono, Sophora japonica Linn., Valuable Trees Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. Chinese First-class Na- Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. tional Protected Plants Biological Chinese Medical Herb- Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., Forsythia suspensa, Crataegus resources al pinnatifida Bunge, Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Schisandra chinensis Taihangia rupestris Yu et Li, Opisthopappus taihangensis, Exotic Plants Oresitrophe rupifraga Bunge Macaca mulatta, Sus scrofa, Sciuridae, Lepus sinensis, Sciurus vulgaris Wild Animals Linneaeus, Erinaceinae, Phasianus colchicus, Cuculus, amphibian, reptile Yaowang Cave, Yanwang Cave, Stele for Banning Gambling, Tomb Historic Sites of Ning Fengzi who is the ancestor of Chinese ceramics Cultural re- sources Special Architecture Palace of Emperor Zhenwu, Yun Tai Taoist Temple, Chong Yang Tower Cultural Landscape Temple of Ling Guan, Temple of Guan Yu Meteorologi- Typical Landscape Observing stars at night, sunrise, sunset, sea of clouds, rime cal phenomena 2 Climate and geology The area of Yuntai Mountain is the transition zone from Qinjin Plateau in the south of Taihang Mountains to the North China Plain (Wu, 1983). From north and west to south and east, the elevation of plain is gradually lower. The Yuntai Mountain has gone through the eustasy process, revealing the characteristics of paleo-environment of epicontinental sea and paleogeographic evolution of North China in the Paleozoic Era and perfectly recording the earth history and tectonic evolution. Due to the unique landscape of mountains, canyons and cliffs, the Yuntai Landform named by geological Pengtao Zhang: Features and evaluation of plant resources of Yuntaishan World Geopark 55 experts is distinct from the karst landform in the south of China, and it is considered as a type of northern karst. The peculiar landform consists of canyons, cliffs and ridges and their combinations under the effects of rifting. Yuntai Mountain is of continental monsoon climate in the warm temperate zone (Wu, & Wang, 1983). Its four seasons are distinctive: in spring, it's dry and windy; in summer, it's hot and rainy; in autumn, it's cool and in winter it's dry and cold. The diurnal amplitude can reach 13.5. With a varied topography, the climate varies with terrain and altitude. In the area at an altitude of 200-500m, the climate is mild. In the deep mountain, it's cool and rainy. In some parts of the mountain and river valley, the climate obviously varies with the altitude and exposure of slopes. The annual average temperature is 14.9. The annual average temperature in the southern valley area is 15.3 while that in the northern mountain area is 11.4. The annual accumulated tem- perature above 0 is 43005500. The annual sunshine duration is 2272 hours; the an- nual sunshine rate is 51%; the frost free period is less than 200 days. The annual pre- cipitation is 711794 mm, decreasing from the north to the south. The average amount of precipitation in spring is 110150 mm, accounting for 18.7% of the annual precipitation. In summer, the amount of precipitation is more and the intensity is higher, accounting for the most of the annual precipitation. With the diverse landforms and complex structures of rocks, as well as the good water and heat conditions resulting from the humid air from the eastern ocean, Yuntai Mountain is rich in plant species. 3 Categories and distribution of plant resources With the effects of the climate and soil, Yuntai Mountain is rich in plants with 1174 species of 137 families of ferns and spermatophytes. There are Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Populus L., Quercus Linn, Paulownia and Ailanthus altissima that could be found in the warm temperate zone. Understory scrubs include Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Crataegus cuneata Sieb. & Zucc., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Forsythia suspensa and Lonicera maackii (Rupr.)Maxim.. Gramineae plants, Viola verecunda, Potentilla chi- nensis Ser., Cruciferae, Asteraceae and Carex rigescens are herbaceous plants com- monly seen here. In addition, there are rare and endangered plants under national and provincial key protection, as well as those that have not been listed in the Nation- al/Provincial Key Protected Wild Plants List but of high economic value and have been endangered in the wild. Such as: Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc., Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd., Taihangia rupestris Yu et Li and Pteroceltis tatarinowii Max- im. 3.1 Features of distribution of plant resources in Yauntai Mountain The Yuntai Mountain is in deciduous broad-leaved forests in the warm temperate zone (Wu, 1980; Wu, & Wang, 1983), but the distribution of plants in the vertical dimen- sion varies with the altitude distinctly with the alpine meadow at the altitude over 1300 m, the mixed conifer-broadleaf forests at the altitude of 12001300 m, the de- ciduous broad-leaved forests at the altitude of 10001200 m and scrubs at the altitude of 7001000 m. Natural secondary forests dominated by trees including Quercus acutissima, Pinus 56 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOHERITAGE and Pistacia chinensis Bunge stand on the brown soil at the altitude over 800-1000m. Intact natural secondary forests could be found in Juchi Mountai, Matoushan Forest, Doushui Village, Donglinghou Village, Henghe Village, Yingsi Village, Houhe Vil- lage. Scrubs mainly include Spiraea salicifolia L., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Vasc. et Franco and Viburnum opulus Linn. var. calvescens; herbs mainly include Potentilla reptans L, Epimedium pubescens (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Primula malacoides Franch., Adenophora stricta Miq., Asteraceae and Carex rigescens; vegetation coverage rate is over 85%. Shrubs and herbs grow on the cinnamon soil area at the altitude less than 8001000 m. Some Quercus acutissima, Ulmus pumila L., Aceraceae and Melia azedarach L.
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