On the Growth of National Geoparks in China: Distribution, Interpretation, and Regional Comparison Guifang Yang China University of Geosciences
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2011 On the growth of national geoparks in China: distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison Guifang Yang China University of Geosciences Zhenghong Chen China University of Geosciences Wuhan Mingzhong Tian China University of Geosciences Fadong Wu China University of Geosciences Robert A. L Wray University of Wollongong, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Publication Details Yang, G., Chen, Z., Tian, M., Wu, F., Wray, R. A. L. & Ping, Y. (2011). On the growth of national geoparks in China: distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison. Episodes, 34 (3), 157-176. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] On the growth of national geoparks in China: distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison Abstract Since the year 2000 China has created 139 National Geoparks; it started under the guidance of the former UNESCO's Division of Earth Science, and has therefore become one of the pioneers in this aspect. Many National Geoparks in China have been described over the past decade, but an understanding of the range of various landform features and their connection with geological and climatic constraints has not previously been published. Based on an increasing awareness of National Geoparks, the aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive overview of the National Geoparks of China by reviewing the geological heritage and their intrinsic linkages with geological and climatic controls. A regional comparison of the widespread clastic and karst Geopark landforms indicates that the development of these terrains can only be understood within a synthesis of tectonic constraints, climatic changes and lithological properties, whereas the variety of types, forms, scales and development patterns reflect processes in various climatic settings. Disciplines Life Sciences | Physical Sciences and Mathematics | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Yang, G., Chen, Z., Tian, M., Wu, F., Wray, R. A. L. & Ping, Y. (2011). On the growth of national geoparks in China: distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison. Episodes, 34 (3), 157-176. Authors Guifang Yang, Zhenghong Chen, Mingzhong Tian, Fadong Wu, Robert A. L Wray, and Yamin Ping This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/4086 157 by Guifang Yang1, Zhenghong Chen2, Mingzhong Tian1, Fadong Wu1, Robert A.L. Wray3, Yamin Ping1 On the growth of national geoparks in China: Distribution, interpretation, and regional comparison 1 School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China. Email: [email protected] 2 Development Research Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China 3 UOW College and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia Since the year 2000 China has created 139 National Since 1992, W. Eder (Director of UNESCO’s Division of Earth Geoparks; it started under the guidance of the former Sciences) has argued for the designation of new “Geoparks” which focus on the sustainable utilization and conservation of geoheritage UNESCO’s Division of Earth Science, and has therefore sites (Eder, 1999). As a continuation of earlier initiatives, and with become one of the pioneers in this aspect. Many National support from UNESCO, the International Union of Geological Geoparks in China have been described over the past Sciences (IUGS) began in 1995 to compile a global inventory of key decade, but an understanding of the range of various geoscience localities and terrains (UNESCO, 156Ex/11Rev, 1999). landform features and their connection with geological In response to the development of the geopark concept the European Geopark Network was formed in 2000 (Zouros, 2002), followed in and climatic constraints has not previously been 2001 by the establishment of UNESCO Global Network of National published. Based on an increasing awareness of National Geoparks. In 2001 a meeting of interested scientists and policy makers Geoparks, the aim of this contribution is to provide a at UNESCO’s Paris headquarters took a substantial step forward in comprehensive overview of the National Geoparks of promoting the establishment of national or regional Geoparks in collaboration with UNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences. A further China by reviewing the geological heritage and their important milestone in the global geoparks movement came in 2004, intrinsic linkages with geological and climatic controls. when an initial Global Geoparks Network (GNN) was established on A regional comparison of the widespread clastic and the basis of 25 geoparks in Europe and China. The GNN has now karst Geopark landforms indicates that the development expanded to 67 Geoparks representing 25 countries from four different of these terrains can only be understood within a continents. In parallel to the work of geoscientists in other countries, the synthesis of tectonic constraints, climatic changes and geoscience community of China attaches great importance to the lithological properties, whereas the variety of types, conservation of geosites, striving for the goal of scientific protection forms, scales and development patterns reflect processes and sustainable development. The conservation of geological sites in various climatic settings. emerged in China in the 1980s, and has continued ever since in accordance with national laws and regulations, supported by government agencies, and promoted by nongovernmental Introduction organizations (Pan, 1995; Zhao and Zhao, 2003). The result of these A Geopark is a well-defined area that contains one or more efforts over the past two decades has been the designation of 139 geoheritage sites selected on the basis of scientific importance, rarity, conservation localities or districts (including the recently established scenic quality, or relation to geological history, events and processes Hong Kong National Geopark) as National Geoparks. Establishment (Eder and Patzak, 2004; UNESCO, 2008). The general perception of an additional 325 sites is currently in progress. over the past century or so has been that most geological features are Despite their unique geological and scientific importance, the highly resistant and thus do not require protection, and therefore distribution pattern of many national geoparks within China remains geological surveys have been most commonly linked to the questions poorly documented in the international literature (Zhao and Zhao, of mineral resource exploration and economic development. But as 2003; Leman et al., 2008). Reports of a relatively small number of time has progressed, more attention is now being paid to preservation Chinese National Geoparks with more spectacular features are widely of sites of natural geoheritage, areas that in many cases demonstrate scattered throughout the international earth sciences literature (such the real and nonrecurring nature of Earth’s evolution (Leman et al, as karst landscapes in Guangxi of southeastern China or sandstone 2008). Establishment of new geoparks can also favor non-traditional landforms in Zhangjiajie (forming some of the spectacular backdrops economic development based upon geo-tourism and geo-products in the movie Avatar). But except for brief summaries by Zhao and (Eder, 1999; UNESCO, 2008). Zhao (2003), Sun (2006), and Zhao and Zhao (2009) no Episodes Vol. 34, no. 3 158 comprehensive countrywide review of the diversity and range of of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China established Chinese geoparks have been published. The need for such a review is in 2008 the classification system outlined in Table 1. pressing, especially because the national geoparks that have already been designated cover a wide latitudinal and climatic ranges (Fig. 1). Geological and climatic framework of The chief goal of this study is therefore to review the scattered reports of Chinese national geoparks to more clearly describe, firstly, National Geoparks in China the actual geographic locations of the geoparks, and secondly, the morphological and geological relationships between these Geoparks. Tectonic controls On the basis of this we then assess and discuss the relative importance China has a wide range of geological and tectonic settings, owing of lithological, tectonic and climatic controls in generating the diversity in large measure to its location on the southeastern edge of the Eurasia of landforms displayed in these Chinese geoparks. We finally combine Plate, and adjoining the Pacific Plate and Gangdise - Indian plates geological and geographical information to attempt a systematic (Wu, 2001). Many prior studies (Li et al., 2002; Ministry of Land classification of the national geoparks of China. and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 2004) have shown that the major fault and fracture systems in the region exert a dominant Materials and methods control on landform development, via differential uplift and widening of fractures and joint sets. The basement structure of most of southern In order to meet the primary objectives of our present study we China was established by the Wuling-Xuefeng Orogenic Movement collected the relevant published references and reports (e.g., Wu, 2001; (~1400-850 Ma), and during the Late Triassic Indosinian