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Sustainability of the Karst Environment Dinaric Karst and Other Karst Regions

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Sustainability of the Karst Environment Dinaric Karst and Other Karst Regions The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2010 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Printed by UNESCO © UNESCO 2010 IHP-VII/2010/GW-2 SUSTAINABILITY OF THE KARST ENVIRONMENT DINARIC KARST AND OTHER KARST REGIONS International Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference (Plitvice Lakes, Croatia, 23-26 September 2009) Convened and Organised by: Centre for Karst (Gospi, Croatia) International Scientific Committee Ognjen Bonacci (Croatia), Chairman Franci Gabrovšek (Slovenia) Mladen Jurai (Croatia) Božidar Biondi (Croatia) Wolfgang Dreybrodt (Germany) Arthur Palmer (USA) Derek C. Ford (Canada) David Culver (USA) Andrej Mihevc (Slovenia) Jacques Mudry (France) Daoxian Yuan (China) Nico Goldscheider (Switzerland, Germany) Zoran Stevanovi (Serbia) Mario Parise (Italy) Hans Zojer (Austria) Elery Hamilton - Smith (Australia) Neven Kreši (USA) Bartolomé Andreo (Spain) Local Organizing Committee Jadranka Pejnovi, Chair Željko Župan, Secretary Ivo Lui Neven Boi Aleksandar Luki Ljudevit Tropan Dubravka Kljajo Krešimir ulinovi Ivica Tomljenovi Foreword The objective of the international interdisciplinary scientific conference “Sustainability of the karst environment - Dinaric karst and other karst regions”, organized by Centre for Karst, Gospi, Croatia, was to give a theoretical and practical contribution to the concept of sustainable development in karst regions, with a special emphasis on the experiences achieved in the Dinaric karst region. The exchange of information and findings obtained in other karst regions worldwide allows for an integral approach to this complex issue, and thereby contribute towards finding reliable solutions. The basic objective of the conference was to apply an interdisciplinary approach to scientifically assess the issues of sustainable development of all forms of karst. The issue was approached from different perspectives, from those of a technical and biological nature, to those addressing the social aspects of environmental issues and life on the karst. The conference itself was held at the Plitvice Lakes (World Heritage Site), one of the most fascinating phenomena on Earth. During the conference, one half-day excursion was organized to visit National Park Plitvice Lakes. Following the conference, an excursion was organised to visit several other significant phenomena of the Dinaric karst in Croatia. Conference themes were: - Geological aspects - Geomorphological aspects - Hydrological and hydrogeological aspects - Coastal and submerged karst - Biological and ecological aspects of karst - Anthropogenic impacts and protecting karst - Sociological, demographic and social aspects of karst - Dinaric karst and other karst regions (China, Alpine, Caribbean karst, etc.) The publication will serve as a contribution to the VIIth Phase of the International Hydrological Programme (IHP 2008-2013) of UNESCO, which has endeavoured to address demands arising from a rapidly changing world. Chairman of Scientific Committee Ognjen Bonacci International Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference SUSTAINABILITY OF THE KARST ENVIRONMENT DINARIC KARST AND OTHER KARST REGIONS (Plitvice Lakes, Croatia, 23-26 September 2009) TABLE OF CONTENTS International scientific and local organising committees …………………………………......3 Foreword ...................................................................................................................................4 Table of contents (authors in alphabetical order) ……………………………………..………5 BONACCI Ognjen Sinking, losing and underground karst streamflows …………………..……9 BORDA Daniela, RACOVI Gheorghe, NSTASE-BUCUR Ruxandra, CIUBOTRESCU Christian Ecological reconstruction of bat cave Roost in western Carpathians ….....17 BRINKMANN Robert Karst and sustainability in Florida, U.S.A. …………………………..…......25 DELLE ROSE Marco, PARISE Mario Water management in the karst of Apulia, southern Italy ……………..….33 DÖRFLIGER Nathalie, FLEURY Perrine , BAKALOWICZ Michel , EL HAJJ Hahmad, AL CHARIDEH Abdoul, EKMEKCI Mehmet Specificities of coastal karst aquifers with the hydrogeological characterisation of submarine springs – overview of various examples in the Mediterranean basin ………………………………………………..…41 DÖRFLIGER Nathalie, PLAGNES Valérie, KAVOURI Konstantina PaPRIKa a multicriteria vulnerability method as a tool for sustainable management of karst aquifers - Example of application on a test site in SW France ………………………………………………………………….…49 EFTIMI Romeo Investigation about recharge sources of Bistrica karst spring, the biggest spring of Albania, by means of environmental hydrochemical and isotope tracers …………………………………………………………....57 GANOULIS Jacques, AURELI Alice, KUKURI Neno Importance of transboundary karst aquifer resources in South Eastern Europe (SEE) ………………………………………………………………....67 GUO FANG Jiang Guanghui The resources, environment and development in Fengshan Geopark karst area ………………………………………………………………….......75 HUBINGER Bernhard , REHRL Christoph, BIRK Steffen Linking generic models to site-related models of conduit evolution ………83 JAMES Julia M., SPATE Andy Sustainability in a karst - the Bungonia Caves, New South Wales, Australia ………………………………………………………………….…...91 KATSANOU Konstantina, NIKOLAOU Euaggelos, SIAVALAS George, ZAGANA Eleni, LAMBRAKIS Nikolaos Hydrogeological conditions and water quality of the karstified formations of Louros basin, Epirus, Greece ……………………………......97 KNEZ Martin, SLABE Tadej Karstology and motorway construction ……………………………….…..107 KNEZ Martin, SLABE Tadej Shilin - lithological characteristics, form and rock relief of the Lunan Stone Forests (South China karst) …………………………………………115 KOVAI Gregor, PETRI Metka Contribution of time series analysis to the study of the Malenšica karst spring, Slovenia …………………………………………………….…123 MALEKOVI Sanja, TIŠMA Sanja , FARKAŠ Anamarija Capacity for managing local development in karst areas …………….…..129 MUDARRA Matías, ANDREO Bartolomé Hydrogeological functioning of the karst aquifer drained by Yedra Spring (Southern Spain) from hydrochemical components and organic natural tracers ………………………………………………………………………......137 NAUGHTON Owen, JOHNSTON Paul, GILL Laurence The hydrology of turloughs as groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems …………………………………………………………………...147 PARISE Mario Hazards in karst …………………………………………………………….155 PERNE Matija Modelling of rillenkarren formation ………………………………………163 RUBINIC Josip, KATALINIC Ana, SVONJA Mirjana, GABRIC Ivana, BUSELIC Gordana, CUZE Maja, HORVAT Bojana Salinization of the Vrana Lake in Dalmatia within the context of anthropogenic influences and climate changes (situation in 2008) ………171 TERZI Josip, PAVII Ante, MARKOVI Tamara, LUKA REBERSKI Jasmina Protection of the Miljacka karst spring: an underground connection between the rivers Zrmanja and Krka ……………………………………179 Sinking, losing and underground karst streamflows Ognjen BONACCI Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Split University, 21000 Split, Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Sinking, losing and underground streamflows are typical and relatively frequent karst phenomena. A sinking surface streamflow can be defined as a surface river or stream flowing onto or over karst and which then disappears completely underground through a swallow hole and which may or may not rise again and flow as a resurgent surface river or stream. A losing streamflow can be defined as an open stream or river that loses water as it flows downstream. The level of water in a losing stream is above the water table: in comparison, the level of water in a gaining stream is below the water table. In a losing stream water infiltrates underground, because the water table is below the bottom of the stream channel. Underground or subterranean streamflows are subsurface karst passages with the main characteristics of open rivers or streams. In underground streamflows water flows through caves, caverns, karst conduits and large galleries in karst underground. The paper treats some conceptual aspects of sinking, losing and underground streamflows. Some cases of the special hydrological and hydrogeological behaviour of karst sinking, losing and underground streamflows are explained. Keywords: karst, sinking, losing, underground streamflow 1 Introduction Karst is defined as a terrain, generally underlain by limestone or dolomite, in which the topography is chiefly formed by the dissolving of rock, and which is characterised by sinkholes, sinking streams, closed depressions, subterranean drainage and caves (Field 2002). A wide range of closed surface depressions, a well-developed underground drainage system, and strong interaction the between circulation of surface water and groundwater typify karst. Due to very high infiltration rates, especially in bare karst, overland and surface flow is rare in comparison with non-karst terrains. Carbonate rocks are more soluble than many other rocks. They are subject to a number of geomorphological processes. The processes involved in the weathering and erosion of carbonate rocks are many and diverse. The varied and often spectacular surface landforms are merely a guide to the presence of unpredictable conduits, fissures and cavities beneath the ground. But at the same time these subsurface
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